The anti–corruption component of digital competitiveness
Abstract
Subject of research. The relevance of the researched issue is due to modern digital transformations and the urgent need to reduce the impact of corruption on the economy. The issue of combating the phenomenon of corruption demonstrates positive results with the implementation of modern digital systems around the world. The features of digital competitiveness activate and contribute to the development of the anti–corruption imperative.The purpose of the study is to summarize the main approaches to the perception of the concept of competitiveness, to identify and highlight the main characteristics of digital competitiveness and their anti–corruption affiliation.Results of the work. The article presents the justification of different approaches to determining global competitiveness, a comparative analysis in the traditional and digital economy, and examines retrospective changes in digital competitiveness indicators and the perception of corruption in European countries and Ukraine. The analysis showed how the phenomenon of global corruption maintains basic status stability and in the modern movement appears in more and more alternative forms.Conclusion. A study of the development of corruption categories and digital competitiveness showed that European countries and Ukraine occupy leading positions in terms of forming the level in the global digital space, which is a promising prerequisite for the implementation of global anti–corruption policy.
Full text
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 111 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww © ÌÅËÜÍÈÊ Ò. Ì., ÄÅÌʲ Þ. Ì., ÒÓͲÖÜÊÀ Þ. Ì., 2025 ÌÅËÜÍÈÊ Ò. Ì. ÄÅÌʲ Þ. Ì. ÒÓͲÖÜÊÀ Þ. Ì. Àíòèêîðóïö³éíà ñêëàäîâà öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ Ïðåäìåò äîñë³äæåííÿ. Àêòóàëüí³ñòü äîñë³äæóâàíîãî ïèòàííÿ îáóìîâëåíà ñó÷àñíèìè öèôðîâèìè òðàíñôîðìàö³ÿìè òà íàäçâè÷àéíîþ íåîáõ³äí³ñòɸ çìåíøåííÿ âïëèâó êîðóïö³¿ íà åêîíîì³êó. Ïðîáëåìàòèêà áîðîòüáè ³ç ôåíîìåíîì êîðóïö³¿ äåìîíñòðóº ïîçèòèâí³ ðåçóëüòàòè ³ç âïðîâàäæåííÿì ñó÷àñíèõ öèôðîâèõ ñèñòåì ïî âñüîìó ñâ³òó. Îñîáëèâîñò³ öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ àêòèâ³çóþòü òà ñïðèÿþòü ðîçâèòêó àíòèêîðóïö³éíîãî ³ìïåðàòèâà. Ìåòà äîñë³äæåííÿ – óçàãàëüíèòè îñíîâí³ ï³äõîäè äî ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ïîíÿòòÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, âèçíà÷èòè òà âèä³ëèòè îñíîâí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ òà ¿õíüî¿ àíòèêîðóïö³éíî¿ ïðèíàëåæíîñò³. Ðåçóëüòàòè ðîáîòè.  ñòàòò³ ïðåäñòàâëåíî îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ ð³çíèõ ï³äõîä³â äî âèçíà÷åííÿ ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, ïîð³âíÿëüíèé àíàë³ç â òðàäèö³éí³é òà öèôðîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³, äîñë³äæåíî ðåòðîñïåêòèâè çì³í çà ïîêàçíèêàìè öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ òà ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êîðóïö³¿ êðà¿íè ªâðîïè òà Óêðà¿íè. Àíàë³ç ïîêàçàâ ÿê ôåíîìåí ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîðóïö³¿ óòðèìóº ñòàòóñíó áàçîâó ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü òà â ñó÷àñíîìó ðóñ³ ïîñòຠâñå â á³ëüø àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ ôîðìàõ. Âèñíîâîê. Äîñë³äæåííÿ ðîçâèòêó êàòåãîð³é êîðóïö³¿ òà öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ïîêàçàëà, ùî êðà¿íè ªâðîïè òà Óêðà¿íà çàéìàþòü ïåðåäîâ³ ïîçèö³¿ ùîäî ôîðìóâàííÿ ð³âíÿ â ñâ³òîâîìó öèôðîâîìó ïðîñòîð³, ùî ïîñòຠïåðñïåêòèâíîþ ïåðåäóìîâîþ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ãëîáàëüíî¿ àíòèêîðóïö³éíî¿ ïîë³òèêè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü, êîðóïö³ÿ, àíòèêîðóïö³éíà ïîë³òèêà, öèôðîâ³çàö³ÿ, ïîë³òèêà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, ºâðîïåéñüêèé ðîçâèòîê. TETYANA MELNYK YULIYA DEMKIV YULIIA TUNITSKA The anti–corruption component of digital competitiveness Subject of research. The relevance of the researched issue is due to modern digital transformations and the urgent need to reduce the impact of corruption on the economy. The issue of combating the phenomenon of corruption demonstrates positive results with the implementation of modern digital systems around the world. The features of digital competitiveness activate and contribute to the development of the anti–corruption imperative. The purpose of the study is to summarize the main approaches to the perception of the concept of competitiveness, to identify and highlight the main characteristics of digital competitiveness and their anti–corruption affiliation. Results of the work. The article presents the justification of different approaches to determining global competitiveness, a comparative analysis in the traditional and digital economy, and examines retrospective changes in digital competitiveness indicators and the perception of corruption in European countries and Ukraine. The analysis showed how the phenomenon of global corruption maintains basic status stability and in the modern movement appears in more and more alternative forms. Conclusion. A study of the development of corruption categories and digital competitiveness showed that European countries and Ukraine occupy leading positions in terms of forming the level in the global digital space, which is a promising prerequisite for the implementation of global anti– corruption policy. Keywords: competitiveness, corruption, anti–corruption policy, digitalization, competitiveness policy, European development.
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 112 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè ó çàãàëüíîìó âèãëÿä³ òà ¿¿ çâ’ÿçîê ç âàæëèâèìè íàóêîâèìè ÷è ïðàêòè÷íèìè çàâäàííÿìè. Àêòóàëüí³ñòü òåìàòèêè îáóìîâëåíà òðàíñôîðìàö³ºþ ñâ³òîâî¿ åêîíîì³êè, ïîâ’ÿçàíîþ, çîêðåìà, ç àêòèâíèì ðîçâèòêîì ðèíêó öèôðîâèõ àêòèâ³â. Êîðóïö³ÿ º ñåðéîçíîþ ïåðåøêîäîþ äëÿ ñòàëîãî åêîíîì³÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó, ï³äðèâàþ÷è äîâ³ðó ì³æ ó÷àñíèêàìè ðèíêó, âîíà çíèæóº êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü êîìïàí³é òà óñêëàäíþº äîñòóï äî ãëîáàëüíèõ ðèíê³â. Ìåòà äîñë³äæåííÿ – óçàãàëüíèòè îñíîâí³ ï³äõîäè äî ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ïîíÿòòÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, âèçíà÷èòè òà âèä³ëèòè îñíîâí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ òà ¿õíüî¿ àíòèêîðóïö³éíî¿ ïðèíàëåæíîñò³. Ó õîä³ ðîáîòè âèêîðèñòàíî ìåòîäè ñèñòåìàòèçàö³¿ òà êëàñèô³êàö³¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿, áàãàòîâèì³ðíîãî ñòàòèñòè÷íîãî àíàë³çó. Öèôðîâ³çàö³ÿ åêîíîì³êè íåñå ñåðéîçí³ âèêëèêè ³ñíóþ÷èì á³çíåñ–ìîäåëÿì – òàê ó åêîíîì³÷- í³é ñèñòåì³ êëàñè÷í³ ô³íàíñîâ³ ³íñòèòóòè ïðîõîäÿòü ñüîãîäí³ ïðîöåñè òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ó öèôðîâ³é îðãàí³çàö³¿, íàäàþ÷è ïîñëóãè, ùî áàçóþòüñÿ íà ³ííîâàö³éíèõ òåõíîëîã³ÿõ òà öèôðîâèõ ñåðâ³ñàõ. Ðîçãëÿä â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ òà çàðóá³æíèõ ìåòîäèê ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ êîìïàí³é ó öèôðîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³ ÷åðåç ïðèçìó ê³ëüê³ñíèõ òà ÿê³ñíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ðîçâèòêó ¿õí³õ á³çíåñ–ìîäåëåé íàäçâè÷àéíî àêòóàëüíà ñêëàäîâà ïîòî÷- íèõ äîñë³äæåíü. Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ íàóêîâîãî àíàë³çó âêëþ÷ຠâèêîðèñòàííÿ òàêèõ çàãàëüíîíàóêîâèõ ìåòîä³â, ÿê àíàë³ç, ñèíòåç, ïîð³âíÿííÿ, íàóêîâà àáñòðàêö³ÿ, òàê ³ ñïåö³àëüí³ åêîíîì³÷í³ ìåòîäè (àíàë³òè÷íà îáðîáêà äàíèõ, ðåéòèíãó ïîçèö³é, ïîáóäîâà êàðò ³íòåðåñ³â). Ìåíåäæìåíò êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ áàçóºòüñÿ íà ðîçóì³íí³ êàòåãîð³é, îö³íö³ ìîæëèâîñòåé òà êîìïëåêñíîìó ñïðèéíÿò³ ôàêòîð³â ôîðìóâàííÿ àíàë³çîâàíîãî ôåíîìåíó. Ó ñòàòò³ äàíî êðèòè÷íèé á³áë³îãðàô³÷íèé îãëÿä ùîäî ðîçêðèòòÿ çì³ñòó ñàìîãî ïîíÿòòÿ «êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü»; âèçíà÷åíî îñíîâí³ â³äì³ííîñò³ ó ðîçóì³íí³ êîíêóðåíòíèõ äæåðåë ó òðàäèö³éí³é òà öèôðîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³; âèâ÷åíî ìåòîäèêè ê³ëüê³ñíî¿ òà ÿê³ñíî¿ îö³íêè êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, ùî ïðèíöèïîâ³ ï³ä ïðèçìîþ àíòèêîðóïö³éíîãî êîíòåêñòó, óçàãàëüíåíà ê³ëüê³ñíà òà óòî÷íåíà ÿê³ñíà êîíñòðóêö³ÿ ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êàòåãî𳿠â óìîâàõ ãëîáàëüíîãî ïðîöåñó öèôðîâ³çàö³¿.  ïðîöåñ³ äîñë³äæåííÿ îïðàöüîâàí³ ìåõàí³çìè ïðîòè䳿 êîðóïö³¿ â êîíòåêñò³ ì³ñöÿ ï³äïîðÿäêóâàííÿ òà ïîçèö³îíóâàííÿ â öèôðîâ³é êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³. Îòðèìàí³ ðåçóëüòàòè íàóêîâîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ìàþòü ïðàêòè÷íó ö³íí³ñòü äëÿ âäîñêîíàëåííÿ ïðîöåñ³â ðîçðîáêè ñòðàòåã³é ðîçâèòêó ç óðàõóâàííÿì íîâ³òí³õ òðåíä³â öèôðîâî¿ åêîíîì³êè òà â³ðòóàë³çàö³¿ ïðîöåñ³â. Àíàë³ç îñòàíí³õ äîñë³äæåíü ³ ïóáë³êàö³é. Îö³íêà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ãëîáàëüíèõ àêòèâ³â º ñêëàäíèì ïðîöåñîì, ùî âèìàãຠâì³ííÿ ïðàöþâàòè ç ìàñèâîì äàíèõ, çàáåçïå÷óþ÷è äîñòóïí³ñòü ³íôîðìàö³¿ íå ò³ëüêè ïðî ê³ëüê³ñí³, àëå ³ ÿê³ñí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îö³íþâàíèõ àêòèâ³â.  äðóã³é ïîëîâèí³ ìèíóëîãî ñòîë³òòÿ îñîáëèâó óâàãó ôàõ³âö³ ïî÷àëè ïðèä³ëÿòè âïëèâó ïðîöåñ³â ãëîáàë³çàö³¿ òà ³íòåðíàö³îíàë³çàö³¿ íà êîíêóðåíö³þ îðãàí³çàö³¿ [1]. Êîíêóðåíö³ÿ, ÿê ÿâèùå ñóïåðíèöòâà º ïðèðîäíèì ÿâèùå â óìîâàõ ðèíêîâèõ â³äíîñèí. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü, ÿê ôàêò íàÿâíîñò³ ìîæëèâîñòåé ñóïåðíèöòâà íà ðèíêó, ïðîäîâæóº ëîã³÷í³ñòü ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ïðîöåñó. Ïðàãíåííÿ äîñÿãòè óñï³õó â êîíêóðåíö³¿ òâåðäî¿ ïðîäóêö³¿ îð³ºíòîâàíå ÷àñòî íà ïåðåãëÿä ö³í ³ áàçóºòüñÿ íà çíèæåíí³ ñîá³âàðòîñò³ òîâàð³â â îñíîâíîìó çà ðàõóíîê çðîñòàííÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ ïðàö³, ùî ñòèìóëþºòüñÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîþ îïëàòîþ. Íå äîïóñêàºòüñÿ øòó÷íå çíèæåííÿ ö³íè ç ìåòîþ âèò³ñíåííÿ êîíêóðåíòà òà ìîíîïîëüíîãî ñòàíîâèùà íà ðèíêó, à ñàìå ïðîâåäåííÿ äåìï³íãîâî¿ ïîë³òèêè. Îòæå, êîíêóðåíö³ÿ çìóøóº ïîêðàùóâàòè ÿê³ñòü ïðîäóêö³¿, ðîçøèðþâàòè àñîðòèìåíòè, çíèæóâàòè âèòðàòè âèðîáíèöòâà. Âîíà ôàêòè÷íî âèñòóïຠãîëîâíèì ôàêòîðîì ñïðèéíÿòëèâîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâ äî òåõí³÷íèõ íîâèíîê, îñê³ëüêè ñïðèÿº ïåðåòâîðåííþ ðèíêîâèõ â³äíîñèí ó ñèñòåìó åêîíîì³÷íîãî ïðèìóñó äî âèñîêîåôåêòèâíî¿ ïðàö³. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü àêòèâ³â ó ¿õ ð³çíîìàí³òíîñò³, öå ³ííîâàö³éíèé ôîðìàò ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êàòåãî𳿠òà êîìïëåêñí³ñòü ôîðìóâàííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ ó âèãëÿä³ äèíàì³÷íî–ëîã³÷íîãî éîãî ñòàíîâëåííÿ. Âíàñë³äîê ðîçâèòêó ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ç’ÿâèëèñÿ äâ³ íàéâàæëèâ³ø³ óìîâè äëÿ çì³öíåííÿ êîíêóðåíòíèõ ïåðåâàã ïðîäóêö³¿. Ïî–ïåðøå, åôåêòèâíå óïðàâë³ííÿ ³ííîâàö³éíèìè ïðîöåñàìè ìຠñòèìóëþâàòè ðåàë³çàö³þ ïðîäóêö³¿ íà çàêîðäîííèõ ðèíêàõ, óäîñêîíàëþâàòè ïðèéîìè êîíêóðåíö³¿. Ïî–äðóãå, êîìïàí³¿–âèðîáíèêè òîâàð³â ç ìåòîþ ñòâîðåííÿ äîâãîñòðîêîâèõ ïåðåâàã ïîâèíí³ ñïðèéìàòè âæå ³ñíóþ÷å ñïðèÿòëèâå ñòàíîâèùå íà ðèíêó ïåðñïåêòèâíî íåçàäîâ³ëüíèì, íàâ³òü êîëè âîíî ïðèíîñèòü ïîçèòèâí³ ðåçóëüòàòè. Òàêèé ï³äõ³ä â³äïîâ³äຠáàçîâèì ïðèíöèïàì íî-
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 113 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww âîãî âèäó ãëîáàëüíîãî óïðàâë³ííÿ – óïðàâë³ííÿ ä³ëîâîþ ðåïóòàö³ºþ, ñòàòóñîì, ³ì³äæîì. ²ñíóþòü ð³çí³ ï³äõîäè äî ïîÿñíåííÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³. Íàïðèêëàä, Ð. Íåëüñîí [2] âèä³ëÿº òðè îñíîâí³ ï³äõîäè: ì³êðîåêîíîì³÷íèé, ùî çîñåðåäæóºòüñÿ íà êîìïàí³¿, ìàêðîåêîíîì³÷íèé, ùî ôîêóñóºòüñÿ íà âèòðàòàõ êàï³òàëó, ñóêóïíèõ íîðìàõ çàîùàäæåíü òà ³íâåñòóâàííÿ, çðîñòàííÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³, òà îð³ºíòóºòüñÿ íà ï³äõ³ä, ùî âèâ÷ຠïðîìèñëîâó ïîë³òèêó äåðæàâè, ùî âòðó÷àºòüñÿ â åêîíîì³êó ÷åðåç ñóáñèäóâàííÿ ÍÄÄÊÐ òà çàõèñò âíóòð³øíüîãî ðèíêó. Ñ.Ä. Êîóåí ðîçä³ëÿº ñ³ì ð³çíèõ øê³ë â ñïðèéíÿòò³ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ÑØÀ ï³ñëÿ òîãî, ÿê âîíè îö³íþþòü ïðîáëåìó ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ [1]. Çàãàëüíîòåîðåòè÷í³ òà ïðàêòè÷í³ àñïåêòè îö³íêè êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ðîçêðèâàþòüñÿ â ðîáîòàõ òàêèõ ³íîçåìíèõ àâòîð³â, ÿê Ì. Ïîðòåð [3], Ô. Êîòëåð [4], À. Ñìèò [5], Á. Êàïðàðó, ². ²ãíàòîâ, Í.Ë. ϳíò³ë³º [6], À. Ãåðçàëëà, Ë. Äæ. Ãóòüºððåñ–Ãóòüºððåñ ³ Äæ. Ô. Ìóíüîñ Ðîñàñ [7], Ì. Åëüòàõ³ð ³ À. Àáäåëüãàä³ð [8], ×. Â. Âàí ³ ×. ×. ˳ [9], Ì. Äðàãè [10], Âåáåð Å.Ã., Ôåõíåðà Ã. [11], Øóìïåòåð É. [12] òîùî ; òà â³òÿèçíÿíèõ àâòîð³â: Áîíäàðåíêî ².Ñ [13], ²ñè÷åíêî ².Â[14], Áóæèí Î.À[15], Ãðàíàòóðîâ Â.Ì[16], Äóáíèöêèé Â.È. [17], Ìàçàðàê³ À.À. [18] òà ³íøèõ. Ïðîáëåìè êîðóïö³¿ ó ñôåð³ ì³æíàðîæíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ Óêðà¿íè òà ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí àíòèêîðóïö³éíî¿ áîðîòüáè çíàéøëè ÿñêðàâå â³äîáðàæåííÿ ó ðîáîòàõ áàãàòüîõ íàóêîâö³â (Ë. Ïàðôåíò³é, Ñ. Ðîä÷åíêî, Ê. Ãîâîðóõà, Â. Òðåïàê, ². Âîéòîâè÷, Ã. Ñàì³éëåíêî, Í. ²âàíîâà, ². Øàïîøí³êîâà, Ë. Âàñèëü÷åíêî, ². Ñîëîìàõà, Ñ. Ïîâíà, ß. Òåëåøóí, Ð. Ãî³íàðó, Ä. Áóäà, Ñ. Áîðëåà, Â. Âå³äåàí, Ì. Àê³ì, Ð. Õàíëîí, À. Õàñàí òîùî). Ìåòîþ ñòàòò³ º äîñë³äæåííÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ êîíñòðóêòèâíî–íàóêîâîãî ïîºäíàííÿ ôåíîìåí³â êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ òà êîðóïö³¿ øëÿõîì ïðîâåäåííÿ êðèòè÷íîãî îãëÿäó â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ òà çàðóá³æíèõ äîñë³äæåíü â óìîâàõ ñâ³òîâèõ åêîíîì³÷íèõ ñó÷àñíèõ òðàíñôîðìàö³é. Âèêëàä îñíîâíîãî ìàòåð³àëó äîñë³äæåííÿ. Îãëÿä äîñë³äæåíü, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ òà ôåíîìåíó êîðóïö³¿, äîçâîëÿº ä³éòè îá’ºêòèâíîãî îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ ó òîìó, ùî ó ðîáîòàõ ïðèä³ëÿºòüñÿ óâàãà çàãàëüíîìó ðîçóì³ííþ êàòåãîð³é ó ìåæàõ ¿õ ð³âí³â òà ãàëóçåé, àëå â³äñóòíº ðîçóì³ííÿ ñïåöèô³êè ôîðìóâàííÿ òà êîìïîíåíò³â ³, â³äïîâ³äíî ñïåöèô³÷íîñò³ ïîºäíàíü. Àíàë³çóþ÷è äîñë³äæåííÿ, âèíèêëà ìîæëèâ³ñòü â³äñóòíîñò³ âðàõóâàííÿ òà àíàë³òè÷íîãî âïëèâó òðàäèö³éíèõ ÷èííèê³â êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâà ó óìîâàõ ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿, ùî âðàõîâóþòü íå ëèøå íàö³îíàëüí³ â³äì³ííîñò³ óìîâ âèðîáíèöòâà òà âèõîäó íà çîâí³øí³ ðèíêè, à ³ áåçïîñåðåäíüî ãàëóçåâ³ òà ³ííîâàö³éí³ ñïåöèô³÷í³ ôàêòîðè âïëèâó ³ óìîâàõ ñó÷àñíèõ öèôðîâèõ òðàíñôîðìàö³é. (Òàáëèöÿ 1). Òàêèì ÷èíîì, àíàë³çóþ÷è ï³äõîäè â òàáëèö³ 1 äîö³ëüíî çãóðòóâàòè ïîãëÿäè òà òðàêòóâàííÿ çà ôóíêö³îíàëüíî–ïðåäìåòíèì ïîãëÿäîì íà êàòåãîð³þ «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³». Òàêà äèôåðåíö³àö³ÿ ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êàòåãî𳿠äîçâîëèòü çãðóïóâàòè äàí³ òà ñôîðìóâàòè ºäèíèé ïîãëÿä òà, äîçâîëèòü êîíêðåòí³øå ñôîðìóâàòè ïîãëÿä íà ïèòàííÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ â óìîâàõ öèôðîâ³çàö³¿. Êîìïëåêñíèé ïîíÿò³éíèé àïàðàò º ðåçóëüòàòîì çàãàëüíîãî ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ïî–ïåðøå, îñíîâíèõ ñêëàäîâèõ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâ–ó÷àñíèê³â çîâí³øíüîåêîíîì³÷íî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ïðè ä³ÿëüíîñò³ íà ãëîáàëüíèõ ðèíêàõ. Óçàãàëüíåíà ìåòîäèêà º êîíöåïòóàëüíîþ ³ äຠìîæëèâ³ñòü ¿¿ øèðîêîãî êîðèãóâàííÿ (àäàïòàö³þ) çàëåæíî â³ä êîíêðåòíî¿ ñèòóàö³¿, ùî ñêëàëàñÿ ñòîñîâíî îêðåìî¿ ãàëóç³ òà àêòèâó ì³æíàðîäíîãî ðèíêó.  ðîçóì³íí³ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ñåêòîð³â åêîíîì³êè òà ³ííîâàö³éíîãî öèôðîâîãî ñòàëîãî ðîçâèòêó, êàòåãîð³ÿ «êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» íàä³ÿºòüñÿ ³íòåðàêòèâíèìè ðèñàìè. (òàáë. 2.)  ôîðìàò³ öèôðîâ³çàö³éíîãî ñåðåäîâèùà êîðóïö³ÿ òà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü ñòàþòü á³ëüø «áëèçüêèìè» êàòåãîð³ÿìè, ùî âðàõîâóþòü àñïåêòè âèçíà÷åííÿ, àäàïòàö³¿, ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿ òà ïðîëîíãîâàíîãî ïðîãíîçóâàííÿ. Êîìïëåêñ ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, ñòàí ¿¿ öèôðîâî¿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ òà ó÷àñòü êîðóïö³éíî¿ ñêëàäîâî¿ ìîæóòü ïåðåòèíàòèñü â ³ííîâàö³éíîìó ïîãëÿä³ ³ ,ä³éñíî, âèçíà÷àòè ïðèíöèïîâ³ àñïåêòè òðàäèö³éíîãî òà öèôðîâîãî ôîðìàò³â, îñîáëèâî íà åòàï³ ôîðìóâàííÿ çàãàëüíî óçãîäæåíîãî ï³äõîäó. Òàê, äëÿ öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿, íà äóìêó àíàë³òèê³â McKinsey & Company, õàðàêòåðí³ òàê³ îñîáëèâîñò³: – ó êîíêóðåíòí³é áîðîòüá³ âèãðàþòü êîìïàí³¿, ÿê³ ïðàãíóòü çàáåçïå÷èòè íàéá³ëüøèé âèãðàø íå ñîá³, à ñâî¿ì ñïîæèâà÷àì. Öèôðîâ³ ïðîïîçèö³¿ ìîæóòü â³äòâîðþâàòèñÿ ìèòòºâî òà ìàéæå â³ëüíî, ùî çá³ëüøóº ö³íí³ñòü äëÿ ã³ïåðìàñøòàáîâàíèõ ãðàâö³â, çâîäÿ÷è ãðàíè÷í³ âèòðàòè äî íóëÿ ³ çìåíøóþ÷è ö³íè. Öèôðîâ³ òåõíîëî㳿 íàäàþòü ê볺íòàì ìîæëèâ³ñòü êóïóâàòè ò³ëüêè òå, ùî ¿ì ïîòð³áíî, à
114 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww Àâòîðè Âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ òà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìåòîäè÷íèõ àêöåíò³â Çàêîðäîíí³ àâòîðè Á. Êàïðàðó, ². ²ãíàòîâ, Í.Ë. ϳíò³ë³º «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» - öå çäàòí³ñòü á³çíåñó, ãàëóç³ àáî êðà¿íè â ö³ëîìó âèðîáëÿòè ïðîäóêòè àáî ñòâîðþâàòè ñåðâ³ñè, ùî â³äïîâ³äàþòü âèìîãàì ì³æíàðîäíîãî ðèíêó çà óìîâè â³ëüíèõ ³ ñïðàâåäëèâèõ ðèíêîâèõ óìîâ. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìåòîäè÷íèõ àêöåíò³â â ìåíåäæìåíò³ á³çíåñó ÷è äåðæàâè íà àíàë³ç âèìîã ì³æíàðîäíîãî ðèíêó. À. Ãåðçàëëà, Ë. Äæ. Ãóòüºððåñ-Ãóòüºððåñ, Äæ. Ô. Ìóíüîñ Ðîñàñ «Ì³æíàðîäíà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» - öå íàÿâí³ñòü ó á³çíåñó, ãàëóç³ ÷è íàö³îíàëüíî¿ åêîíîì³êè ðîçóì³ííÿ ñòàíó ðèíê³â ïðèñóòíîñò³, ñïðàâæí³õ òà ìàéáóòí³õ òðåíä³â ïîïèòó, óì³ííÿ àíàë³çóâàòè ñèãíàëè çîâí³øíüîãî ñåðåäîâèùà äëÿ ôîðìóâàííÿ ñòðàòåã³é âèïåðåäæóâàëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó ïðîäóêòîâîãî òà ñåðâ³ñíîãî ïîðòôåëÿ ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî êîíêóðóþ÷èõ ðèíêîâèõ àãåíò³â. Ì. Åëüòàõ³ð, À. Àáäåëüãàä³ð «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» - öå ìîæëèâ³ñòü á³çíåñó âèïåðåäæàòè êîíêóðåíò³â øëÿõîì á³ëüø ãëèáîêîãî àíàë³çó ðèíêó òà ñèãíàë³â çîâí³øíüîãî ñåðåäîâèùà, à òàêîæ óõèëÿòèñÿ â³ä ïðÿìîãî ñóïåðíèöòâà øëÿõîì ðîçâèòêó àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ ã³ëîê ðèíêó òà äèâåðñèô³êàö³¿ ôóíêö³îíàëó ïðîäóêö³¿ òà ñåðâ³ñ³â. ×. Â. Âàí, ×. ×. ˳ «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» - öå çäàòí³ñòü ìåíåäæìåíòó á³çíåñó ïåðåäáà÷àòè íîâ³ òå÷³¿ òà òðåíäè íà ðèêàõ ïðèñóòíîñò³ òà, âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è íàêîïè÷åí³ çíàííÿ, ïðîôåñ³éíèé äîñâ³ä òà òåõíîëî㳿, ï³äòðèìóâàòè ëîÿëüí³ñòü ê볺íò³â íà äîâãîñòðîêîâîìó ãîðèçîíò³ ñï³âïðàö³. Ì. Äðàãè Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíà åêîíîì³êà – öå åêîíîì³êà, ñò³éêèé ð³âåíü ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ ÿêî¿ çäàòíèé ñòèìóëþâàòè çðîñòàííÿ ³, ÿê íàñë³äîê, äîõ³ä ³ äîáðîáóò. Åêîíîì³÷íà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü º îäíèì ³ç êëþ÷îâèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïð³îðèòåò³â ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ñîþçó (ªÑ). Ïîíÿòòÿ «íàö³îíàëüíà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» - öå çäàòí³ñòü íàö³îíàëüíî¿ åêîíîì³êè äî ðîçâèòêó, â³äïîâ³äíî äî ð³âíÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ êðà¿íè. Áóòè êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíèì îçíà÷àº, ùî îñîáà, ãðóïà, á³çíåñ àáî êðà¿íà ìîæóòü ïîñò³éíî äîñÿãàòè êðàùèõ ðåçóëüòàò³â, í³æ êîíêóðåíòè, íà ïåâíîìó ðèíêó ÷è ãàëóç³. ³í âèì³ðþº, íàñê³ëüêè äîáðå êîìïàí³ÿ ìîæå âèãîòîâëÿòè òîâàðè ÷è íàäàâàòè ïîñëóãè øâèäøå, êðåàòèâí³øå òà äåøåâøå, í³æ ¿¿ êîíêóðåíòè, íàäàþ÷è ¿é ïåðåâàãó. Âåáåð Å.Ã., Ôåõíåðà Ã. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü - öå êîìïëåêñ ÿê³ñíèõ ³ âàðò³ñíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê òîâàðó, ùî ñïðèÿþòü çàäîâîëåííþ ïåâíèõ ïîòðåá ñïîæèâà÷³â òà àðãóìåíòóþòü ¿õ âèá³ð, ñóêóïí³ñòü âëàñòèâîñòåé, â³ä ÿêèõ çàëåæèòü ïðèâàáëèâ³ñòü òîãî ÷è ³íøîãî òîâàðó, ÿê³ ñïðèÿþòü çàäîâîëåííþ ïîòðåá Øóìïåòåð É. Êîíêóðåíö³ÿ – öå ñóïåðíèöòâî ñòàðîãî ç íîâèì, òîáòî ç íîâèìè òåõíîëîã³ÿìè, íîâèìè ôîðìàìè îðãàí³çàö³¿, íîâèìè òîâàðàìè òà ³ííîâàö³ÿìè. ³ò÷èçíÿí³ àâòîðè Áîíäàðåíêî ².Ñ «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» íà ð³âí³ íàö³îíàëüíèõ åêîíîì³ê ðîçãëÿíó òà ÿê çäàòí³ñòü êðà¿íè óòðèìóâàòè ïåâíó ïîçèö³þ ó ñâ³òîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³, ùî áàçóºòüñÿ íà ñóêóïíîñò³ ö³ëåñïðÿìîâàíèõ ä³é ñòðàòåã³÷íîãî õàðàêòåðó á³çíåñó é óðÿäó, ÿê³ íàö³ëåí³ íà ï³äâèùåííÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ âèðîáíèöòâà ³ ðîçâèòîê ðèíêîâî¿ ³íôðàñòðóêòóðè, íàêîïè÷åííÿ ³ííîâàö³éíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó, çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ìàêðîåêîíîì³÷íî¿ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³, ï³äâèùåííÿ ð³âíÿ æèòòÿ ãðîìàäÿí. ²ñè÷åíêî ². «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü», ÿê õàðàêòåðèñòèê ðåã³îíó – öå âàæëèâà ³íòåãðàëüíà ñîö³àëüíî-åêîíîì³÷íà êàòåãîð³ÿ: âëàñòèâ³ñòü ðåã³îíó ÿê ñêëàäíî îðãàí³çîâàíî¿ ãåîñèñòåìè ôóíêö³îíóâàòè òà åôåêòèâíî ðîçâèâàòèñÿ, çàáåçïå÷óþ÷è ïðîöåñè æèòòºä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà â³äòâîðåííÿ íàñåëåííÿ ³ ñòâîðþþ÷è óìîâè äëÿ äîñÿãíåííÿ ñòðàòåã³÷íèõ ö³ëåé ðîçâèòêó ðåã³îíó. Áóæèí Î.À «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü», ÿê êàòåãîð³ÿ ïîõ³äíà â³ä êîíêóðåíö³¿ – öå ì³ðèëî ñïðîìîæíîñò³ îá’ºêò³â àáî ñóá’ºêò³â äî ñàìîâèðàæåííÿ ³ ñàìîñòâåðäæåííÿ â óìîâàõ êîíêóðåíòíî¿ áîðîòüáè. Ãðàíàòóðîâ Â.Ì «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» â íàïðÿì³ íåáàíê³âñüêèõ ô³íàíñîâèõ óñòàíîâ çàïðîïîíîâàíî ðîçóì³òè ðèíêîâó ïîçèö³þ óñòàíîâè, ÿêà õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ åôåêòèâí³ñòþ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà çäàòí³ñòþ íàäàâàòè ÿê³ñí³ ô³íàíñîâ³ ïîñëóãè â³äïîâ³äíî äî ïîòðåá ê볺íò³â. Äóáíèöêèé Â.È. «Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü», ÿê õàðàêòåðíà ðèñà ï³äïðèºìñòâà íà ëîêàëüíîìó ñåãìåíò³ òîâàðíîãî ðèíêó – â³äíîñíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, ùî âèðàæຠâ³äì³ííîñò³ ð³âíÿ ðîçâèòêó àíàë³çîâàíîãî ï³äïðèºìñòâà â³ä ³íøèõ êîíêóðåíòíèõ ï³äïðèºìñòâ çà îñíîâíèìè ïîêàçíèêàìè ëîêàëüíîãî ñåãìåíòó ðèíêó, ùî âïëèâàþòü íà åôåêòèâí³ñòü ¿õíüî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³. Ìàçàðàê³ À.À. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü ÿê êàòåãîð³ÿ â³äîáðàæຠåêîíîì³÷í³ â³äíîñèíè ç ïðèâîäó ñòâîðåííÿ òà ðåàë³çàö³¿ êîìïëåêñó êîíêóðåíòíèõ ïåðåâàã, ùî ïðèòàìàíí³ ñóá’ºêòó ðèíêó. Òàáëèöÿ 1. ²äåíòèô³êàö³ÿ äåô³í³ö³¿ «êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» â êîìïëåêñ³ ñó÷àñíèõ ãëîáàëüíèõ äîñë³äæåíü Äæåðåëî: ñêëàäåíî àâòîðàìè çà äæåðåëàìè [3-18]
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 115 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww âèá³ð ðîáèòè ñàìîñò³éíî, ôàêòè÷íî áåç ïîñåðåäíèê³â ïî äèñòðèáóö³¿. Çà òàêèõ óìîâ êåð³âíèêàì ô³ðì íåîáõ³äíî íàâ÷èòèñÿ êîíêóðóâàòè, ñòâîðþþ÷è â³ä÷óòíó ö³íí³ñòü äëÿ ê볺íò³â; ò³ëüêè òàê âîíè áóäóòü îäåðæóâàòè ïðèáóòîê äëÿ ñåáå; – öèôðîâà êîíêóðåíö³ÿ ðîçâèâàºòüñÿ çã³äíî ç ïðàâèëîì «ïåðåìîæåöü îòðèìóº âñå». Íåâåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü ïåðåìîæö³â çáèðàþòü âåëè÷åçí³ îáñÿãè äàíèõ ïðî ê볺íò³â, âèõîäÿ÷è ç ìàñøòàá³â ³ ìåðåæåâèõ ïåðåâàã. ²íôîðìàö³ÿ äîïîìàãຠâèÿâëÿòè ìàéáóòí³ çàãðîçè ³ êðàùèõ ïàðòíåð³â ó çàõèñò³ ëàíöþæê³â ñòâîðåííÿ âàðòîñò³ ï³ä òèñêîì öèôðîâèõ òåõíîëîã³é. Ó öüîìó ñåðåäîâèù³ êîìïàí³ÿ, ñòðàòåã³÷íîþ ìåòîþ ÿêî¿ º çáåðåæåííÿ ðèíêîâî¿ ÷àñòêè, ìîæå áóòè ïðèðå÷åíà – ÿêùî ò³ëüêè âîíà íå º ë³äåðîì ðèíêó. ¯¿ êåð³âíèêè ïîìèëêîâî ïðèïóñêàþòü, ùî ÷àñòêà ðèíêó çàëèøèòüñÿ ñòàá³ëüíîþ, ùî ïðèáóòêîâ³ í³ø³ áóäóòü, ÿê ³ ðàí³øå, çàõèùåí³ ³ ùî ìîæíà çáåðåãòè ë³äåðñòâî, ïåðåðîñòàþ÷è òðàäèö³éíèõ êîíêóðåíò³â, à íå çîñåðåäæóþ÷èñü íà öèôðîâèõ ìîäåëÿõ, ÿê³ çàâîéîâóþòü ðèíîê; – öèôðîâà êîíêóðåíö³ÿ âèíàãîðîäæóº íîâàòîð³â òà ¿õ íàéøâèäøèõ ïîñë³äîâíèê³â, çàëèøàþ÷è îáåðåæí³øèõ äàëåêî ïîçàäó [19,20]. Ìîæíà çàçíà÷èòè, ùî öèôðîâà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê çäàòí³ñòü åêîíîì³êè çàïðîâàäæóâàòè òà äîñë³äæóâàòè öèôðîâ³ òåõíîëî㳿, ùî ïðèçâåäå äî òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ â äåðæàâíèõ ïðàêòèêàõ, á³çíåñ–ìîäåëÿõ òà ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ çàãàëîì. Çàãàëüíèé ðîçâèòîê öèôðîâ³çàö³¿ ìàâ âàãîìèé âïëèâ íà á³ëüø³ñòü ñôåð óïðàâë³ííÿ òà ä³ÿëüíîñò³. Ô³íàíñîâî–åêîíîì³÷íèé íàïðÿì ïðîñóíóâñÿ ôîðìóâàííÿì ïåðñïåêòèâíèõ íàïðÿì³â öèôðîâèõ ô³íàíñîâèõ àêòèâ³â òà ô³íòåõ–òåõíîëîã³é [20]. Ðàçîì ç òèì íîâàö³¿ ñòâîðèëè óñêëàäíèëè ïðîöåñ ¿õ ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿, ðåãóëþâàíí³ òà çàñòîñóâàíí³, ùî âàðòî äåêëàìóâàòè, ÿê â³äïîâ³äíèé ñèñòåìíèé êîðóïö³éíèé ³ìïåðàòèâ. Ïðè öüîìó ñâ³òîâèé ðèíîê öèôðîâèõ àêòèâ³â ïðîäîâæóº àêòèâíî ðîçâèâàòèñü òà àäàïòóâàòèñü – ñïîñòåð³ãàþòüñÿ âèñîê³ òåìïè çðîñòàííÿ ðèíêó êðèïòîàêòèâ³â òà ³íâåñòèö³é. Äèíàì³÷í³ çì³íè çà ïîêàçíèêàìè êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ êðà¿íè ªâðîïè ïðåäñòàâëåíî â òàáëèö³ 5. Ñòàòèñòèêà äåìîíñòðóº, ùî êðà¿íè ªâðîïè çàéìàþòü ë³äèðóþ÷³ ì³ñöÿ ùîäî ôîðìóâàííÿ ïîçèö³é â ñâ³òîâ³é öèôðîâ³é êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³. Ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è ïèòàííÿ ç ³íøî¿ ïîçèö³¿, à ñàìå ïîâ’ÿçàííîñò³ ³ç êîðóïö³éíîþ ñêëàäîâîþ, îñòàíí³ ðîêè ö³êàâî â³äîáðàçèëèñü íà ïîçèö³ÿõ êðà- ¿í ùîäî ²íäåêñó ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êîðóïö³¿ (Corruption Perceptions Index – CPI). Îñîáëèâèé ³íòåðåñ âèêëèêàþòü êðà¿íè–ñóñ³äè òà êàíäèäàòè íà âñòóï â ªÑ (òàáë. 4). Ïèòàííÿ ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîðóïö³¿ óòðèìóº ñòàòóñíó áàçîâó ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü, ïðè òîìó ùî, â ñó÷àñíîìó ðóñ³, ïîñòຠâñå â á³ëüø àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ ôîðìàõ.  êîíòåêñò³ ïîºäíàíü «êîðóïö³ÿ–öèôðîâ³çàö³ÿ», Òàáëèöÿ 2. Äèñîíàíñ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ó òðàäèö³éí³é òà öèôðîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³ Îñíîâà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ Òðàäèö³éíà åêîíîì³êà (óïðàâë³ííÿ) Öèôðîâà åêîíîì³êà (³ííîâàö³éíå óïðàâë³ííÿ) Áàçîâà êîíöåïö³ÿ Ô³çè÷í³ íàÿâí³ñòü ç àêòèâíèì íàðîùóâàííÿì ïðèñóòíîñò³ íà ðèíêó, â ðåã³îíàõ òà ³íøèõ äåðæàâàõ Àêòèâ³çàö³ÿ öèôðîâèõ åêîñèñòåì ³ç çàëó÷åííÿì äî ñïåêòðó óïðàâë³ííÿ ä³äæèòàë-³ííîâàö³é, ô³íòåõ-êîìïàí³é òà íåô³íàíñîâèõ á³çíåñ³â äëÿ ñòâîðåííÿ êîìïëåêñíèõ öèôðîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â òà ñåðâ³ñ³â Ñïîæèâ÷à ñåðåäà Ïîñòóïîâå çá³ëüøåííÿ ÷èñëà ñïîæèâà÷³â òîâàð³â (ïîñëóã); ñòðóêòóðèçàö³ÿ ñïîæèâà÷³â çà íàïðÿìêîì çàäîâîëåííÿ âèìîã (ãðóï òîâàð³â (ïîñëóã)) ²íòåíñèâíå ïîë³ïøåííÿ ÿêîñò³ áàçè ñïîæèâà÷³â øëÿõîì ïðîãíîçîâàíîãî âðàõóâàííÿ ðèçèê³â, ïðåäèêòèâíîãî ïëàíóâàííÿ òà ïðîãíîçóâàííÿ ðåçóëüòàò³â Ïðîäóêòîâà (òîâàðíà) áàçà Ìàñøòàáóâàííÿ ñàìîñò³éíèõ ïðîäóêò³â ³ ñåðâ³ñ³â òà ¿õ àãðåñèâíèé ìàðêåòèíãîâèé ðóõ ó ê볺íòñüêå ñåðåäîâèùå Ïåðñîíàë³çàö³ÿ ôóíêö³îíàëó ïðîäóêò³â ³ ñåðâ³ñ³â, à òàêîæ êîíñòðóþâàííÿ ³íäèâ³äóàëüíèõ ï³äõîä³â, ñåðâ³ñ³â íà áàç³ öèôðîâèõ ïëàòôîðì Ñèñòåìà ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ òîâàð³â (ïîñëóã) Ñòðàòåã³ÿ íàéøâèäøî¿ îêóïíîñò³: íîâ³ òîâàðè äëÿ ÒÎÏ-ê볺íò³â / ñòðàòåã³ÿ ëàòåíòíîãî äåìï³íãó – äëÿ ìàñîâîãî êîðèñòóâàííÿ òîâàð³â (ïîñëóã) òà ñåðâ³ñ³â ñåðåäíüîãî òà íèçüêîãî ð³âí³â äîõîä³â Ñòðàòåã³ÿ ãíó÷êîãî ðèíêó - ó â³äíîøåíí³ òîâàð³â ³ ñåðâ³ñ³â, ùî íàäàþòüñÿ îäíîîñ³áíî êîìïàí³ºþ; Ñòðàòåã³ÿ òðàíñôåðòíîãî ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ - ó â³äíîøåíí³ ïåðåõðåñíèõ ïàðòíåðñüêèõ òîâàð³â òà ñåðâ³ñ³â Äæåðåëî: ñêëàäåíî àâòîðàìè
116 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww äèäæèòàë³çàö³ÿ ñòðóêòóðíîñò³ ãëîáàëüíîãî á³çíåñîâîãî ñåðåäîâèùà çàáåçïå÷óº íå ëèøå çðó÷- í³ñòü, à é â³ä÷óòí³ ãëîáàëüí³ ïåðåâàãè. Òàê, çã³äíî ç äîñë³äæåííÿì Civitta, ç 2020 ïî 2025 ð³ê åêîíîì³÷íèé òà àíòèêîðóïö³éíèé åôåêò â³ä öèôðîâ³çàö³¿ ïîñëóã â Óêðà¿í³, íàéá³ëüø ñõèëüíèõ äî êîðóïö³éíèõ ðèçèê³â, âæå äîñÿã 26 ì³ëüÿðä³â ãðèâåíü. Çàâäÿêè öèôðîâ³çàö³¿ åêîíîì³êà çàãàëîì òà êëþ÷îâ³ êîìïîíåíòè ñòàþòü á³ëüø çðîçóì³ëèìè, â³äêðèòèìè òà ïðîñò³øèìè, ùî ùîð³÷íî åêîíîìèòü ãðîìàäÿíàì òà äåðæàâ³ áëèçüêî 4,2 ì³ëüÿðäà ãðèâåíü. À çà ïðîãíîçàìè àíàë³òèê³â, äî 2035 ðîêó öèôðîâ³çàö³ÿ íàïðÿì³â, íàéá³ëüø ñõèëüíèõ äî êîðóïö³¿, ìîæå çàáåçïå÷èòè 1% çðîñòàííÿ ÂÂÏ Óêðà¿íè [24]. Àíàë³ç ïèòàííÿ «öèôðîâî¿ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ Óêðà- ¿íè» çà îñòàíí³ ðîêè â³äçíà÷èëèñÿ íèçêîþ óñï³õ³â: Óêðà¿íà – ïåðøà êðà¿íà ó ñâ³ò³, ÿêà çàðåºñòðóâàëà öèôðîâå ïîñâ³ä÷åííÿ îñîáè ÿê þðèäè÷íèé äîêóìåíò; îäíà ç ïåðøèõ, ÿêà âïðîâàäèëà öèôðîâèé ñåðòèô³êàò COVID–19; ³ çîâñ³ì íåùîäàâíî ñòàëà ºäèíîþ äåðæàâîþ, ùî íå º ÷ëåíîì ªÑ, ÿêà áðàëà ó÷àñòü ó âèïðîáóâàíí³ âñ³õ øåñòè ³í³ö³àòèâ ªÑ ùîäî öèôðîâîãî ãàìàíöÿ äëÿ ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿ îñîáè. Íàéá³ëüø â³äîìèì ñòàâ «äîäàòîê ijÿ», à íàéóñï³øí³øîþ – «ïëàòôîðìà Prozorro», ÿêà ðîáèòü ïóáë³÷- Òàáëèöÿ 3. Ïåðåäîâ³ êðà¿íè ªâðîïè òà Óêðà¿íà çà ðåéòèíãîì ñâ³òîâî¿ öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ IMD 2017-2024 ð.ð. *- 2022-2024 ðîêè Óêðà¿íà íå äîñë³äæóâàëàñü Äæåðåëî: ñêëàäåíî àâòîðàìè [22] ¹ Êðà¿íà Ðîêè Çì³íè ðåéòèíãó 20172024 ð.ð. Îö³íêà, 2024ð. (ç³ 100-þ øêàëîþ) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 1 Øâåéöàð³ÿ 08 05 05 06 06 05 05 02 + 6 93,15 2 Äàí³ÿ 05 04 04 03 04 01 04 03 + 2 91,99 3 Øâåö³ÿ 02 03 03 04 03 03 07 05 - 3 90,42 4 ͳäåðëàíäè 06 09 06 07 07 06 02 08 - 2 87,03 5Íîðâåã³ÿ 10 06 09 09 09 12 14 10 0 84,58 6 ²ðëàíä³ÿ 21 20 19 20 19 24 21 17 + 2 80,34 7Âåëèêîáðèòàí³ÿ 11 10 15 13 14 16 20 18 - 7 78,21 8Ôðàíö³ÿ 25 26 24 24 24 22 27 20 + 4 76,58 9Áåëüã³ÿ 22 23 25 25 26 23 15 21 + 4 75,61 10 ͳìå÷÷èíà 17 18 17 18 18 19 23 23 - 6 75,32 11 Óêðà¿íà 60 58 60 58 54 - - - + 6* - Òàáëèöÿ 4. Äèíàì³êà êðà¿í çà ïîêàçíèêîì CPI â 2023-2024 ð.ð. ¹ Êðà¿íà Ðîêè (ì³ñöå/áàëè) Çì³íè ðåéòèíãó ì³ñöÿ 2023-2024 ð.ð. 2023 2024 1 Ïîëüùà 59/54 53/53 - 6 2 Ñëîâà÷÷èíà 71/44 59/39 -12 3 Ðóìóí³ÿ 67/46 65/46 - 2 4 Ìîëäîâà 76/42 76/43 0 5 Óãîðùèíà 88/40 82/41 - 6 6 Ãðóç³ÿ 53/53 53/53 0 7×îðíîãîð³ÿ 53/53 53/53 0 8Òóðå÷÷èíà 107/34 107/34 0 9 Ñåðá³ÿ 105/36 105/35 0 10 Àëáàí³ÿ 67/37 74/42 +7 11 Øâåéöàð³ÿ 82 81 -1 12 Äàí³ÿ 90 90 0 13 Âåëèêîáðèòàí³ÿ 71 71 0 14 Áåëüã³ÿ 73 69 -4 15 Óêðà¿íà 106/36 105/35 - 1 Äæåðåëî: ñêëàäåíî àâòîðàìè [23]
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 117 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww í³ òåíäåðè â êðà¿í³ äîñòóïíèìè äëÿ ãðîìàäñüêîñò³. Óí³âåðñàëüíèé öèôðîâèé ïîðòàë, âèïóñê ÿêîãî ç 2020 ðîêó äîçâîëèâ óêðà¿íöÿì âçàºìîä³ÿòè ç óðÿäîì ç óñ³õ ïèòàíü, â³ä çàÿâ íà ïåíñ³þ äî çàÿâ íà äîïîìîãó ïî áåçðîá³òòþ, ùî ìàêñèìàëüíî çðîñòèëî òà âäîñêîíàëèëî ìîæëèâîñò³ äèñòàíö³éíîñò³ òà îáìåæóâàííÿ ëþäñüêîãî ôàêòîðó, ùî º îäíèì ç ãîëîâíèõ àíòèêîðóïö³éíèõ åëåìåíò³â. Íàñòóïíèé ïåðñïåêòèâíèé íàïðÿì ïðîäîâæåííÿ òà âïðîâàäæåíü ïðèêëàäíî¿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ïîëÿãຠâ á³çíåñîâå ñåðåäîâèùå òà ìîæëèâîñò³ ñòâîðåííÿ á³ëüø ñïðèÿòëèâèõ óìîâ â öèôðîâîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ [25]. Îòæå, âðàõîâóþ÷è ºâðîïåéñüêå ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâî òà ïåðñïåêòèâí³ñòü ðîçâèòêó àíòèêîðóïö³éíèõ çàñàä â øèðîêîìó êîë³ ïèòàíü öèôðîâ³çàö³¿ ãëîáàëüíèõ ðèíê³â, êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü íàñè÷óºòüñÿ äîäàòêîâèìè ðèñàìè òà îçíàêàìè.  ô³íàë³ äîðå÷íî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî íàö³îíàëüíèé íàì³ð ðóõàºòüñÿ â óìîâàõ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ïåðñïåêòèâ. Òàê, Äðàã³ Ì., ç ïîçèö³¿ ªâðîïåéñüêîãî öåíòðàëüíîãî áàíêó, íàãîëîøóº íà íàäçâè÷àéí³é àêòóàëüíîñò³ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, à ñàìå íàö³ëåíîñò³ íà îáîâ’ÿçêîâ³ ³íâåñòèö³¿ â ³ííîâàö³¿, äîñë³äæåííÿ òà ðîçðîáêè. Çà ïðîåêòîì Äðàã³ ïðî ìàéáóòíº ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³, íîâà êîíêóðåíòíà ïîë³òèêà ñïîíóêຠêîìïàí³¿ ïðîïîíóâàòè ñïîæèâà÷àì òîâàðè òà ïîñëóãè íà íàéâèã³äí³øèõ óìîâàõ [25]. Öå çàîõîòèòü åôåêòèâí³ñòü òà ³ííîâàö³¿, ïîñë³äîâíî çíèçèòü ö³íè. Ùîá áóòè åôåêòèâíîþ, êîíêóðåíö³ÿ âèìàãàòèìå â³ä êîìïàí³é ä³ÿòè íåçàëåæíî îäíà â³ä îäíî¿ òà ï³ääàâàòèñÿ òèñêó ç áîêó êîíêóðåíò³â.  íàïðÿì³ ä³äæèòàë ï³äõ³ä áàçóºòüñÿ íà òðüîõ îñíîâíèõ çàñàäàõ òà ïåðåäáà- ÷ຠï³äêîíòðîëüîâàí³ñòü ïðîöåñ³â: òåõíîëî㳿 çàäëÿ ëþäåé, ñïðàâåäëèâà ³ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíà öèôðîâà åêîíîì³êà, à òàêîæ â³äêðèòå, äåìîêðàòè÷íå òà ñò³éêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî. Ïèòàííÿ àíòèêîðóïö³éíî¿ ñêëàäîâî¿ ï³äêðåñëþº êîæíó ³ç ñêëàäîâèõ òà àêöåíòóº óâàãó íà íàÿâíîñò³ ïåðåøêîäè àëå ³ îá- ´ðóíòîâóº ìîæëèâîñò³ çà äëÿ á³ëüø ïðîçîðîãî òà ñïðîùåíîãî ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ. Âèñíîâêè Ïðîâ³âøè äîñë³äæåííÿ, âàæëèâî â³äì³òèòè, ùî êð³ì ñòàíäàðòíèõ ÷èííèê³â êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâà ó óìîâàõ ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿ íàáèðàþòü ÷èííîñò³ íå ëèøå íàö³îíàëüí³ â³äì³ííîñò³ óìîâ âèðîáíèöòâà òà âèõîäó çîâí³øí³ ðèíêè, à ³ áåçïîñåðåäíüî ãàëóçåâ³ òà ³ííîâàö³éí³ ñïåöèô³÷í³ ôàêòîðè âïëèâó, à ñàìå ïðîöåñó öèôðîâ³çàö³¿. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ «êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü» äîçâîëèëî äåòàë³çóâàòè òà â³äîêðåìèòè ï³äõîäè äî òðàêòóâàííÿ ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ â öèôðîâ³é åêîíîì³ö³. Âèçíà÷åííÿ îñîáëèâèõ ñêëàäîâèõ ç ïîçèö³¿ öèôðîâîãî îçäîáëåííÿ äîçâîëèëî ïîáà÷èòè êîðóïö³éíó ìîæëèâ³ñòü òà çàóâàæèòè íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ¿¿ âðàõóâàííÿ â ñèñòåìè ïåðñïåêòèâíîãî ñòðàòåã³÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó ªÑ òà ¿¿ ñêëàäîâèõ. Äåìîíñòðàö³ÿ ðîçâèòêó öèôðîâî¿ êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ïîêàçàëà, ùî êðà¿íè ªâðîïè çàéìàþòü ïåðåäîâ³ ïîçèö³¿ ùîäî ôîðìóâàííÿ ð³âíÿ â ñâ³òîâîìó öèôðîâîìó ïðîñòîð³.  òîé æå ÷àñ êîðóïö³éí³ ïîêàçíèêè äåìîíñòðóþòü äîâîë³ ñò³éê³ òåíäåíö³¿, ï³äòðèìóþ÷è öèôðîâ³ ñòðàòåã³÷í³ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿. Ïðèêëàäíà ðåàë³çàö³ÿ íàö³îíàëüíîãî âèãîòîâëåííÿ, äåìîíñòðóº íàäçâè÷àéíî ïîêàçí³ ïðîãðàìí³ ïðîäóêòè, ùî ðîçâèâàþòü â ïðàêòè÷íî– åôåêòèâíîìó ôîðìàò³ àíòèêîðóïö³éíèé åëåìåíò á³çíåñîâîãî ñåðåäîâèùà. Ïåðøîþ ñòàëî ïîøèðåííÿ äîðîæíüî¿ êàðòè âèêîðèñòàííÿ öèôðîâ³çàö³¿ äëÿ áîðîòüáè ç êîðóïö³ºþ â ïðîÿâ³ â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ ÿñêðàâèõ ïðîãðàìíèõ ïëàòôîðì «Ä³ÿ», «Prozorro». Àëå ÷àñòî âàæëèâî, ùî íàéñêëàäí³øîþ ÷àñòèíîþ öèôðîââçàö³¿ º óðÿäîâà ÷àñòèíà, ÷àñòèíà á³çíåñîâîãî ñåðåäîâèùà, ùî ðåãóëüîâàíà äåðæàâàìè.  íàïðÿìó á³çíåñîâîãî ñåðåäîâèùà Óêðà¿íà ìຠáàãàòî ÷îãî åêñïîðòóâàòè, îêð³ì ñàìèõ òåõíîëîã³é. Çàêîðäîíí³ ïðàêòèêè âïðîâàäæåííÿ àíòèêîðóïö³éíèõ ìîäóë³â, ñèñòåì, ùî â³äòâîðþþòü ìàêñèìàëüí³ ðèíêîâ³ óìîâè äëÿ åôåêòèâíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ³ç âðàõóâàííÿì àíòèêîðóïö³éíèõ ìåõàí³çì³â çàëèøàþòüñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâîþ ðîçâèòêó, âïðîâàäæåíü òà äîñë³äæåíü öèôðîâîìó ïðÿì³. Cïèñîê âèêîðèñòàíèú äæåðåë: 1. Modelling the Composite Competitiveness Index of the Knowledge–based Society DOI:10.12700/ APH.12.1.2015.1.14 https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/282237966_Modelling_the_composite_ competitiveness_index_of_the_knowledge–based_society 2. Recent Writings on Competitiveness: Boxing the Compass https://doi.org/10.2307/41166697 https:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2307/41166697 3. Ïîðòåð Ì. Êîíêóðåíöèÿ / Ì. Ïîðòåð. – Ì. : Âèëüÿìñ, 2001. – 495 ñ. 4. Philip Kotler & Hermawan Kartajaya & Den Huan Hooi, 2017. «Marketing for Competitiveness: Asia to The World:In the Age of Digital Consumers,» World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.,
ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Ͳ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÐÎÇÂÈÒÊÓ ÃÀËÓÇÅÉ ÒÀ ÂÈIJ ÅÊÎÍÎ̲×Íί IJßËÜÍÎÑÒ² 118 ´ÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍßÐÈÍÊÎÂÈÕÂÄÍÎÑÈͳÊÐÀÍww number 10313, August. https://ideas.repec.org/b/ wsi/wsbook/10313.html 5. Timo Jutten. Competition and Justice in Adam Smith he Southern Journal of Philosophy, Volume 61, Issue 1, March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12490 6. Competition and diversification in the European Banking Sector B. Capraru, I. Ihnatov, and N.L. Pintilie https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2018.09.014 7. Herzallah A., Gutierrez–Gutierrez L.J., and Munoz Rosas J.F. Quality ambidexterity, competitive strategies, and financial performance: al firms // International Journal of Operations and Production Management. 2017. Vol. 37(10). Pp. 1496–1519. (íà àíãë.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM–01–2016–0053 8. Eltahir M., and Abdelgadir A. Strategies of Banking Marketing and role in fulfilling competitive charac– teristics for banks // European Journal of Academic Essays. 2015. Vol. 2(1). Pp. 29–39. 9. Wang C.W., Lee C.C., Yin C., and Choo M.R. Bank com–petition and firms’ dependence: evidence from firms’ role // Applied Economics. 2021. Vol. 53(10). Pp. 1143–1162. (íà àíãë.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1 080/00036846.2020.1827134 10. The Draghi Report: A Strategy to Reform the European Economic Model https://www.csis.org/analysis/draghi– report–strategy–reform–european–economic–model 11. Ïîïîâè÷ Ï. ß. Åêîíîì³÷íèé àíàë³ç ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ñóá’ºêò³â ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ. ϳäðó÷íèê. Òåðíîï³ëü: Åêîíîì³÷íà äóìêà, 2001. 365 ñ. 12. Ìà Õ. (2004). Äî ãëîáàëüíî¿ êîíêóðåíòíî¿ ïåðåâàãè. Æóðíàë «Ð³øåííÿ ìåíåäæìåíòó», 42 (7), 907–924. 13.Áîíäàðåíêî ².Ñ. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü åêîíîì³êè Óêðà¿íè â óìîâàõ ðîçâèòêó íàö³îíàëüíî¿ ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ñèñòåìè : àâòîðåô. äèñ. êàíä. åêîí. íàóê : 08.00.03. Äîíåöüê, 2009. 20 ñ. 14. ²ñè÷åíêî ².Â. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü ðåã³îí³â Óêðà¿íè : àâòîðåô. äèñ. ... êàíä. ãåîãð. íàóê : 11.00.02. Êè¿â, 2011. 21 ñ. 15. Áóæèí Î.À. Êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü ïðîäóêö³¿ òâàðèííèöòâà ñ³ëüñüêîãîñïîäàðñüêèõ ï³äïðèºìñòâ : àâòîðåô. äèñ. ... êàíä. åêîí. íàóê : 08.00.04. Ëóãàíñüê, 2009. 20 ñ. 16. Ãðàíàòóðîâ Â.Ì., Êîðàáëèíîâà È.À. Óïðàâëåíèå êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòüþ ïðåäïðèÿòèé: ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. Îäåññà, 2016. 152 ñ 17. Äóáíèöêèé Â.È. Êîíêóðåíöèÿ, êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòü, ðûíî÷íàÿ êîíúþíêòóðà : ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå / ïîä íàó÷. è îáù. ðåä. ä.ý.í., ïðîô. Â.È. Äóáíèöêîãî. Äíåïð, 2016. 400 ñ. 18. Òîðãîâåëüíå ï³äïðèºìñòâî: ñòðàòåã³ÿ, ïîë³òèêà, êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü : [ìîíîãðàô³ÿ] / À.À. Ìàçàðàê³, Ä.Ì. Ïøåñë³íñüêèé, ².Â. Ñìîë³í. – Ê. : Êè¿â. íàö. òîðã.–åêîí. óí–ò, 2010. –Ñ. 125. 19. IMD–International Institute for Management Development https://www.imd.org/research– knowledge/competitiveness/articles/the–imd– world–digital–competitiveness–ranking/ 20. Stankovic, J. J., Marjanovic, I., Drezgic, S., & Popovic, Z. (2021). The Digital Competitiveness of European Countries: A Multiple–Criteria Approach. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2), 117–134. https:// doi. org/10.7441/joc.2021.02.07 21. Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd. https://www. larksuite.com/en_us/topics/digital–transformation– glossary/digital–competitiveness 22. IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking https:// cedakenticomedia.blob.core.windows.net/cedamediatest/ kentico/media/attachments/2024/2024–digital– competitiveness–full–report–final.pdf 23. Àíòèêîðóïö³ÿ íà ïàóç³ Óêðà¿íà â ²íäåêñ³ ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êîðóïö³¿ (CPI) – 2024 https://cpi.ti–ukraine.org/ 24. The Anti–Corruption Effect of Digitalisation https:// eef.org.ua/en/antykoruptsijnyj–efekt–tsyfrovizatsiyi–2/ 25. With its Claim for Global Digitalization Leadership, Ukraine has More to Offer the World than Source Code and Developer Talent https://ukraineworld.org/en/ articles/opinions/digitalization–leadership–ukraine References: 1. Modelling the Composite Competitiveness Index of the Knowledge–based Society DOI:10.12700/ APH.12.1.2015.1.14 https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/282237966_Modelling_the_composite_ competitiveness_index_of_the_knowledge–based_society 2. Recent Writings on Competitiveness: Boxing the Compass https://doi.org/10.2307/41166697 https:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2307/41166697 3. Porter M. Konkurentsyya / M. Porter. – M. : Vyl’yams, 2001. – 495 s. 4. Philip Kotler & Hermawan Kartajaya & Den Huan Hooi, 2017. «Marketing for Competitiveness: Asia to The World:In the Age of Digital Consumers,» World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 10313, August. https://ideas.repec.org/b/ wsi/wsbook/10313.html 5. Timo Jutten. Competition and Justice in Adam Smith he Southern Journal of Philosophy, Volume 61, Issue 1, March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12490 6. Competition and diversification in the European Banking Sector B. Capraru, I. Ihnatov, and N.L. Pintilie https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2018.09.014
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