EVALUATION OF MUMIJO'S EFFECTS ON BLEEDING TIME AND BLOOD LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL RAT MODELS.

ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 95 EVALUATION OF MUMIJO’S EFFECTS ON BLEEDING TIME AND BLOOD LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL RAT MODELS. Egamberdiyev Jasur Jumanazar ugli Assistant of Andijan State Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, and Medical Biotechnology. Abstract: Given the numerous studies and claims concerning the therapeutic properties of mumiyo in Traditional Medicine (TM), as well as in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems, and considering the lack of comprehensive scientific evaluations on this subject, the present study aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the effects of mumiyo a traditional remedy widely recognized in both Eastern and Western ancient medical practices on bleeding duration and blood loss in rats. Keywords: Shilajit, Traditional Medicine, Anticoagulant activity, Bleeding time, Blood loss, Wistar rats, Intraperitoneal administration, Herbal medicine, Hemostasis. INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Traditional Medicine (TM) encompasses health practices involving the use of plant, mineral and animal-based remedies either individually or in combination for the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for maintaining overall wellbeing (1). It is estimated that approximately 80% of the global population relies on TM to meet primary healthcare needs (2). Mumiyo is a herbo-mineral exudate with a long history of use in traditional folk medicine. It originates from the mountainous regions of India (3, 5) and Russia (including former USSR territories such as the Urals, Altai, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, the Sayan Mountains, Baikal, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan). It is also found in other countries, including China, Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Tibet (6). Mumiyo known by various names such as Shilajit, Silajita, Marathi or Gujarati (in Hindi), Asphalt (in English), Silajatu (in Bengali), Rock Juice (in Tibetan), Conqueror of Mountains (in Sanskrit), Hajarul-Musa or Arak al-Jabal (in Arabic), Mumiyo or Mumnaei (in Persian), μούμια (in Greek), Muemu (in Russian), Mumiyo (in German), Mineral Bitumen of Smolensk, Jewish Bitumen, Mineral Wax, and Bragshun is a natural substance ranging in color from pale brown to dark brownish-black. It has been used for over 3,000 years as a rejuvenating and adaptogenic remedy (4). The origin of mumiyo is explained by three main theories: biological, geological, and biomineralogical. According to the biological theory, mumiyo is believed to form from decomposed plant material or animal excreta under specific physicochemical conditions. The geological theory suggests that mumiyo results from long-term geological processes. The bio-mineralogical concept proposes that mumiyo is produced through the mechanical contamination of its liquid precursor with mineral substances. Regional factors including plant species, geological features of rocks and soil, temperature, humidity, altitude, and other environmental parameters play a crucial role in determining the composition and therapeutic properties of mumiyo (9). Although mumiyo from different regions exhibits similar physical characteristics, these environmental and geological variations influence its composition and the ratio of its components. Typically, mumiyo contains organic compounds (60–80%), inorganic compounds (20–40%), and trace elements such as Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, and P (10). ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 96 In the 10th century, Ahwazi, in his book Kamel al-Sanae, recommended mumiyo for the treatment of cold headaches, hemoptysis, asthma, and the removal of a dead fetus. Avicenna, the renowned Persian physician, in his classic work The Canon of Medicine, described mumiyo as a highly effective remedy for strengthening the brain, enhancing fertility, and treating various ailments. In the 12th century, the Persian medical text Zakhire Khwarazmshahi by Jorjani recommended mumiyo for inflammation, ulcers, and urinary and prostate disorders (7). Mumiyo has been prescribed in various doses for a wide range of health conditions, including urogenital diseases, jaundice, gallstones, gastrointestinal disorders, splenomegaly, epilepsy, hypersensitivity, nervous disorders, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, eczema, anemia, and diabetes (11). However, fungal contamination—particularly by mycotoxins remains a major obstacle to its widespread use in modern medicine (12). Traditional medicine practitioners claim that mumiyo is effective against conditions such as reduced libido, kidney stones, bone pain and fractures, osteoarthritis, spondylitis, edema, hemorrhoids, aging, rejuvenation, infections (as an antiseptic), obesity, anorexia, and weight loss (9). Owing to the antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and immunomodulatory properties of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), some studies suggest that mumiyo may also serve as a potential agent for cancer prevention (10). Furthermore, various doses of mumiyo have been shown to lower blood glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in rats (13). Mumiyo extract has also been found to enhance nucleic acid synthesis and promote mineral transport into muscle and bone tissues (6). Additionally, mumiyo increases diuresis and natriuresis (14). Objective of the Study In light of numerous studies and claims regarding the therapeutic properties of mumiyo in Traditional Medicine (TM), as well as in Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, and considering the lack of comprehensive evaluations on this subject, the present study aims to assess the effects of mumiyo a traditional remedy well known in the ancient medical practices of both the East and the West on the anticoagulant activity of blood in rats subjected to tail injury. Methods The experiments demonstrated that administration of mumiyo led to a prolongation of bleeding duration. To elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon, blood coagulation processes under the influence of mumiyo were further investigated. Experimental studies were performed on Wistar rats older than three months, weighing between 250 and 300 g. The animals were maintained in a temperature-controlled environment with free access to a standard diet and water. They were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups receiving mumiyo at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg. The effect of mumiyo on bleeding time and blood loss was evaluated using the method described by I.E. Akopov et al. (1971). In this procedure, the tip of the rat’s tail was excised, and bleeding duration and total blood loss were measured to assess the drug’s effect following intraperitoneal administration at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg. The results are presented in Table 1. Results and Discussion The results presented in Table 1 demonstrate that mumiyo significantly prolonged bleeding duration, which was accompanied by an increase in total blood loss. Furthermore, higher doses of mumiyo were associated with longer bleeding times and greater blood loss. ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 97 When the dose was doubled (1 g/kg), bleeding duration decreased slightly compared with the 0.5 g/kg group but remained higher than that of the 0.25 g/kg group. The total blood loss at 1 g/kg did not differ significantly from that at 0.5 g/kg (P > 0.5). Table 1. Effect of Alai Mumiyo Extract on Bleeding Time and Blood Loss in Rats (M ± m, n = 10) Experimental group Duration of bleeding (min) Blood loss (mg of dry residue) Control group 5,7 ± 0,21 35,0 ± 5,8 Mumiyo 0,25 g/kg 14,4 ± 1,07 440,0 ± 41,6 Mumiyo 0,5 g/kg 22,1 ± 4.16 322,2 ± 84,0 Mumiyo 1 g/kg 17,1 ± 0,47 364,2 ± 72,7 Conclusions 1. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that mumiyo, when administered intraperitoneally to rats at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg, significantly prolongs bleeding time. 2. This hemostatic-modulating property of mumiyo may be of potential use in practical medicine for the prevention and management of conditions associated with increased blood coagulation. References 1. World Health Organization (WHO), 2000. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine. World Health Organization,Geneva. 2. Kamboj, V.P., 2000. Herbal medicine. Current Science 78, 35–39. 3. Ghosal S. 2006. Shilajit in Perspective. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi India. 4. Olivieri MF, Marzari F, Kesel AJ, Bonalume L, Saettini F. Pharmacology and psychiatry at the origins of Greek medicine: The myth of Melampus and the madness of the Proetides. J Hist Neurosci. 2017;26(2):193-215. 5. Wilson E, Rajamanickam GV, Dubey GP,et al.2011. Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine.J Ethnopharmacol 136:1–9 6. Schepetkin I, Khebnikov A, Kwon BS. 2002. Medical drugs from humus matter: focus on mumie.Drug Devel Res57: 140–159 7. Shirbeigi L ZA, Naghizadeh A, Alizadeh Vaghasloo M. The Concept of Temperaments in Traditional Persian Medicine. Trad Integr Med. 2017;2(3):143-56. 8. Frolova N, Kiseleva L, Tatiana. Chemical composition of mumijo and methods for determining its authenticity and quality (a review). Pharma Chem J. 1996;30(8):543-7. 9. Agarwal SP, Khanna R, Karmarkar R, Anwer MK, Khar RK. Shilajit: a review. Phytother Res. 2007;21(5):401-5. 10. Verma A, Kumar N, Gupta L, Chaudhary S. Shilajitin Cancer Treatment: Probable Mode of Action. Int J Pharmaceutic Bio Arch. 2016;7(1):12-6. 11. Stohs SJ, Singh K, Das A, Roy S, Sen CK. 12-Energy and Health Benefits of Shilajit. In: Bagchi D, editor. Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity. Academic Press; 2017. p. 187-204 12. Ghosal S, Lal J, Singh SK, Goel RK, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK. The need for formulation of Shilajit by its isolated active constituents. Phytother Res. 1991;5(5):211-6 ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 98 13. Trivedi N, Mazumdar B, Bhatt J, Hemavathi K. Effect of shilajit on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2004;36(6):373-6. 14. Загрутдинов Ф.Ф., Мамадалиев Ш.И., Болтабоева Д.Ф. Влияние Среднеазиатских Видов Мумиё на диурез и натрий урез у Крыс. Open Herald: Periodical of Methodical Research. Volume 2, Issue 5, May, 2024, 12-14