THE IDENTITY OF MOZAMBICAN CULTURE: PARADIGMS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANIFESTATIONS.

Certificate of Reviewing Reference: IJIDT Date: October 29, 2025 The certificate is awarded to Venkatesan mj Department of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy As a Editorial Board Member of International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (IJIDT) http://www.sciencepg.com/journal/ijidt In recognition of the review (titled "THE IDENTITY OF MOZAMBICAN CULTURE: PARADIGMS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANIFESTATIONS.") SScciieenncceePPuubblliisshhiinnggGGrroouupp hhttttpp::////wwwwww..sscciieenncceeppgg..ccoomm 11RRoocckkeeffeelllleerrPPllaazzaa,,1100tthhaanndd1111tthhFFlloooorrss,, NNeewwYYoorrkk,,NNYY1100002200UU..SS..AA.. Manuscript Review Form Instructions to Reviewers: All m aterials subm itted to for co nsid eratio n are co nfid ential, and sho uld not be d istrib uted, shared, use d or otherw ise supplied to third parties prio r to p ublicatio n. P lease tell the Ed ito rs if there is any co nflict o f inte rest in reviewing o f the paper. Please resp ond w ithin the allotted tim e so that w e can give the autho rs tim ely re sponses and feed bac k. After the review is co m plete, please subm it your review report to: review er@ scienc epublishingg roup. co m . Manuscript Number: 2022322 Manuscript Title: THE IDENTITY OF MOZAMBICAN CULTURE:PARADIGMS,CHARACTERISTICS AND MANIFESTATIONS. Due Date: 4 November 2025 Reviewer’ s Name: M.J.VENKATESAN. Review Date: 29/10/2025 Assessment of the article: 1. Detailed Criteria Evaluation: Please evaluate the quality of the article from the fo llo w ing asp ec ts (Excellent: 5 Good: 4 Moderate: 3 General: 2 Poor: 1 ) Review items Rating Result [Excellent]5 - [Poor]1 The title is sp ecific and reflec ts the m ain ideas of the artic le. 5 The abstra ct c lea rly presents o bje cts, m ethods a nd results. 5 The lite rature review and significance of the article are explained c learly. 5 The resea rch study m e thods a re so und a nd a ppro priate . 5 The c onclusio ns or sum m ary are ac curate and suppo rte d by the c onte nt. 5 MMaannuussccrriippttRReevviieewwFFoorrmm Reference s are up-da te d, ade qua te and corre ctly c ited. 5 The structure is com p ac t, sequential and log ic al. 5 2. Overall Recommendation (Mark √for your recommendation): Acc ep t w itho ut any chang es √ Acc ep t w ith m ino r revisions Consider after m ajor revisio ns Revise and resub m it Reject the pap er 3. Comments and Suggestions to the Author(s): Please provide an overall evaluation of the manuscript briefly (100-200 words): Fo r the m a nuscrip ts tha t ca nnot be publishe d, ple ase spec ify the ina de quac ies. The article “ The identity of Mozambican Culture: Paradigms, characteristics and manifestation” is recommended for acceptance due to its clarity, depth and scholarly rigor. The title and abstract effectively convey the study’ s focus mozambique’ s multicultural, and multiethnic identity. The literature review is comprehensive, integrating both global and local perspectives. The qualitative and bibliographical methods are appropriate and well justified. The paper’ s structure is logical with coherent transitions and a strong conclusion supported by credible sources. Despite limited visual data, it offers rich descriptive content. The language is clear, academic, and contextually relevant. Notably, the work’ s innovation lies in its synthesis of historical, linguistic, and sociocultural dimentions, offering a nuance understanding of identity shaped by colonial and intercultural influences. Overall, the study makes a significant contribution to African cultural and postcolonial studies, meeting high academic standards for publication. MMaannuussccrriippttRReevviieewwFFoorrmm Please provide reasons for acceptance or rejection as well as any suggestions that you might feel are appropriate for revisions or improvements. Perspec tives: title, abstrac t, literature re vie w, re sea rc h m e thods, fig ures, tables, la nguage e fficie nc y, structural log ic , innovation points, e tc . The manuscript present a relevant topic on the identity of Mozambican culture, addressing the effects of globalization and cultural diversity. The title and abstract clearly reflect the study’ s purpose, and the qualitative and bibliographical approach is appropriate for cultural analysis. The paper’ s structure could also benefit from clear transitions between sections. The analysis have also been carried in accordance with Strauss and Corbin (2008). That’ s why this manuscript has been accepted. Confidential Comments (if any): N ote that any c om m ents in this sec tio n w ill no t be show n to the authors. Plagiarism 0% Unique 100% Comments to the Editor: N ote that any c om m ents in this sec tio n w ill no t be show n to the authors. Result: Manuscript accepted for publication. MMaannuussccrriippttRReevviieewwFFoorrmm 11 THE IDENTITY OF MOZAMBICAN CULTURE: PARADIGMS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANIFESTATIONS. Abstract: A s a result of g lobalisatio n, the cultures of vario us pe op les are und ergo ing transform ations m o tivate d by the co ntacts of po pulatio ns o f d ifferent o rig ins. Fo r this reaso n, this w ork aim s to analyse the ide ntity o f M o zam bic an c ulture. This stud y is b ased on qualitative and bibliog rap hic al research. The research results indicate that M ozam b ican culture is characterised as being m ulticultural, m ultilingual and m ultiethnic. The co nclusions o f the study indicate that M ozam b ic an culture is p artly the result of the inte rac tio n of the inhab itants o f this te rrito ry w ith peop le fro m other countrie s, especially the influence of the Arabs and P o rtuguese w ho d om inated this reg ion for m any years. Keywords: culture, identity, M ozam bique and custom Introduction In this intro ducto ry section of the pap er, w e w ill p resent the sub ject of the study, the relevance and significanc e o f the research, the m o st re le vant re sults, and the co nstituent parts of the artic le. This article, entitled ‘ Id entity o f M ozam b ic an Culture ,’ analy ses various aspects related to M ozam b ic an culture . The stud y is relevant in that it p ro vides an 22 overview o f the characteristic s of M ozam b ican culture, thereb y contributing to its pe rce ptio n and app re ciatio n. Therefo re, the m ultiplicity and dive rsity of languages and ethnic gro ups within the natio nal territo ry is rem arkable, w hich m akes it im p ortant to understand the essenc e of M ozam b ican cultural identity. Fro m this p erspective , this study raises the follow ing re searc h q uestion: W hat is the id entity of M ozam b ican culture? In this co ntext, this stud y co nsists o f two parts: in the first part, w e p re sent the m ethod olog y used to co nduct the research, and in the seco nd part, w e ad dress the ide ntity of M o zam bican c ulture. The study also p rese nts c onc lusio ns and bib lio graphical references, m entioning all the authors c ited in the bo dy of the w ork. The reason for cho osing this top ic is d ue to an ind ividual curiosity to und erstand the c harac teristics o f M ozam b ic an cultural id entity. In this regard, the results of the rese arc h indicate that M ozam b ic an culture is characterized as being m ulticultural, m ultiling ual and m ulti-ethnic . The co nclusions of the stud y p oint o ut that M o zam bican culture is partly the result of the interactio n of the inhabitants o f this territory w ith p eo ples fro m other co untries, esp ec ially the influe nce of the Arabs and P o rtugue se w ho do m inated this re gion fo r a long p eriod. 1. Methodology This stud y w as base d p rim arily o n qualitative and b ib lio graphic research. Accord ing to Strauss and Co rb in (2 008 ), qualitative research prod uces results that c annot b e achieve d thro ugh statistical proc ed ure s or other m eans o f quantificatio n. In this typ e o f researc h, som e d ata can b e quantified, suc h as in the c ase of a census or historical info rm ation abo ut people or ob jects studied , b ut the bulk of the analysis is interpretative. For Flick (2 005 ), q ualitative researc h is geared tow ards analyzing specific cases in their particularities of tim e and space, b ased on peop le's m anifestations and activities in their ow n co ntexts, and is co m m o nly used in the field o f psyc holog y and soc ial sciences. 33 For M arc oni and Lakatos (2 00 7), b ibliographic o r se co ndary source re search c overs all research already m ad e pub lic in relation to a p articular area o f stud y, fro m ind ividual pub licatio ns, bulletins, new spap ers, m ag azines, bo oks, rese arc h, m onog rap hs, these s, etc. H ow ever, it w ould b e im p ossib le to co nsult everything that has b ee n written on the subjec t under analysis, whic h is why w e have c hosen to select what we co nsid er relevant to em bo dy o ur study on the identity o f M o zam bic an c ulture. 2. The Identity of Mozambican Culture: Paradigms, Characteristics and Manifestations. This is the m ain part of o ur wo rk because we add ress the id entity o f M ozam b ican culture, sp ec ifically ho w it presents itself, m anifests itself and its m ain characteristic s. A ccording to N eto (200 8), c ultural identity c onsists o f analyzing the behaviours and identity strateg ies of individ uals in situatio ns of intercultural interaction. H o wever, there is am ple evid enc e that cultural identity can chang e, as it is a p sycho logic al dim ension that c an evolve thro ugho ut life and who se analysis can highlight proc esse s, strateg ies and interind ividual variations w ithin the sam e c ultural gro up. For G idd ens (20 10 ), culture refers to the w ays o f life of the m em bers of a soc iety o r group s belonging to that so ciety. There fore, c ulture includ es the way they d re ss, their fo rm s of m arriage and fam ily, their w ork p atterns, relig io us c erem onies and le isure activities. In another d evelop m e nt, the afo re m entio ned autho r states that the c ulture o f a so ciety enco m p asses b oth the intang ib le asp ects (beliefs, ideas, habits, custo m s, values) that constitute the content o f culture, as w ell as tangib le asp ec ts (ob jects, sym bo ls or technolog ies) that rep resent that co ntent. The United N atio ns E duc ational, Scientific and Cultural O rg anizatio n (UN E SCO , 2 002 ) 44 d efines culture as a set of distinctive sp iritual, m aterial, intellectual and em otional features that characterize a society o r so cial group . It enc om passe s not only the arts and letters, b ut also the value system , traditions and be liefs. A ccording to H all (20 06 ), cited by Lac ourt and B arb osa (n.d .), the natio nal culture o f the p lace w here an individ ual is bo rn is o ne of the m ain so urc es of c ultural identity. W hen individ uals seek a definition of them selve s, one o f the relevant asp ects is b elong ing to a particular nationality. Thus, it is o nly po ssible to und erstand w hat it m eans to be lo ng to a nationality by the w ay it is rep resente d, b y its set o f m eanings that result in national culture. Therefore, Lacourt and B arb osa (n. d .) state that it is no t p ossib le to detect an essentially M ozam b ican ide ntity, sinc e the re m iniscences of co lo nialism are p art o f the constitution of the p eo ple as a natio n. Thus, M ozam b ican c ultural identity is larg ely constructed b y cultural elem e nts that p redate P o rtuguese c olonization. D isc ussing the identity of M o zam bican c ulture leads us to analyses the histo rical facto rs that w ere at the origin of the transfo rm atio ns o f som e custom s and habits o f the M ozam b ican p eo ple. A cc ording to M ede iro s (19 97 ), co lo nial c onquest and o cc upation de stroy ed the p ow er and p olitical-territorial organization of the A jaua sultans o f N iassa (M ataka, M etarika, M akandjila, etc.) as w ell as the g reat M ac ua m am w ene o f M eto and Upp er Lúrio (M walia, M ug abu, M w eni, K w am b a, Petécula and M w eg am e), who had a very p ow erful sem i-feud al p olitical o rg anizatio n and rule d over num ero us subjects and vast reg ions. From another p erspective, M ede iro (19 97), notes that the succession of reg ulated g ro ups and village c hiefs in northern M ozam b ique c ontinued to be m atrilineal, i.e., from unc le to eldest ne phew of the eldest sister. H ow ever, when the latter was very young , the eld est son of the sisters could suc ceed the d ec eased. For N go enha (19 98 ), cited b y N hacum ba (20 11), M ozam b ic an identity is the result of the creation o f a M ozam b ican 1111 Conclusion The results of this stud y indicate that M o zam bican c ulture is characterised as being m ulticultural, m ultilingual and m ulti-e thnic . Therefore, the Rep ublic o f M ozam b iq ue is a territory inhab ited by vario us e thnic -ling uistic gro ups such as the M akond e, Y ao M acua-Lom w e, N go ni, Nyanja, Thonga and C hopi-Tho nga. Althoug h these group s express different cultural exp ressions, the y are sim ilar in som e aspects, such as the practice o f m agical-religio us rituals and ancesto r w orship, am ong o the r asp ec ts. In this reg ard , the re is a m ultip lic ity of national lang uages and dialec ts, suc h as M acua, Sena, Chang ana, Chuab o, am ong o the rs, w hich are part o f the c ultural ide ntity of M ozam b ic ans. In this co ntext, w hen add re ssing the ide ntity of M o zam bic an c ulture, the cultural values of the various ethnic g ro ups inhab iting this te rrito ry m ust be taken into ac co unt, i.e ., the habits, custo m s, be liefs, religion and other c ultural exp re ssions o f each ethnic group m ust b e co nsidered, and no group sho uld be g iven p riority o ve r ano the r. Thus, the study c onclud ed that the identity of M ozam b ic an culture is partly the result of the interac tio n of the inhabitants of this territory w ith peop le s fro m other c ountrie s, esp ec ially the influence o f the Arabs and Po rtug uese w ho dom inated this region fo r a long period . The m ost im p ortant m ilestones in the relatio nship and external influence that the M ozam b ican peop le have exp erienc ed are, on the one hand , the Swahili c ulture and Islam ic relig ion that is evid ent thro ughout the co astal reg io n, w hic h is the re sult of the A rab , Sw ahili and Persian influenc e that fo r a long tim e traded w ith the lo cal inhab itants, and on the other hand, w e have the exp ansio n of Christianity, esp ec ially in the inland regio ns, and the Portuguese lang uage, which end ed up b eing ad opted as the official languag e and language of national unity. In g ene ral, w e c an say that the vario us histo rical pro cesses that the M o zam bican co untry (peop le) has und ergo ne, beginning w ith the estab lishm ent of the first B antu c om m unities in this reg io n, fo llo we d b y co m m erc ial interactio n w ith 1122 Arab, Persian and Sw ahili m erc hants, then im p erialist agg re ssion (B erlin Co nference), w hic h m arked the fo rm al b eg inning of P ortugue se c olo nizatio n, and the po st-indep end enc e p eriod m arked by the influenc e o f so cialism , as the id eo lo gy o f the Frelim o p arty-state, have co ntributed to the M ozam bican cultural identity as it exists tod ay. Bibliographical References Cip ire, F. (19 92). . M aputo, M ozam b ique: Em ed il. Cisc ato , E. (2 01 2). . Porto , P ortugal: Clássica-A rtes. Co nceiç ão, R. (2 006 ). . M aputo, Prom éd ia. Cam po s, C. (n. d .). . In: https://d ocplayer.c om .b r. A ccessed on 5/08 / 2 01 8. Dias, H . (2 015 ). . Virus M agazine, 4, 1 -15 . Duarte, S. 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M aster's Thesis in C om m unic atio n Sciences. University of M inho, Portugal. P arede s, M . (20 14 ). The Co nstruc tion of M o zam bican National Identity in the Post-Ind ep end ence P eriod : Its Co m p lexity and Som e Research Prob lem s. Ro drigues, E ; R oc ha, A & Nasc im e nto , A. (20 09 ). . M ap uto , M ozam b iq ue: Alcanc e Ed ito re s. Sousa, L. (20 10 ). Cultural Interactions. Strauss, A . & C orbin, J. (2 008 ). Porto Aleg re, Portug al: Artm ed. 1144 UN E SCO (2 002 ). . In: http ://unesdo c.unesc o.o rg . Accessed o n 20 A pril 20 18 . W ane, M . (201 0). M aster's Thesis in Ethnic and Afric an Stud ies. Fed eral University of B ahia, B razil. W e gher, L. (19 95 ). A Lo ok at N iassa. M aputo, M ozam b ique: P aulinas P ublishing Ho use. 1155