Silicate Sundogs: Probing the Effects of Grain Directionality in Exoplanet Observations - Supplementary Material

Draft version June 21, 2025 Typeset using L A T EXtwocolumn style in AASTeX7 Silicate Sundogs: Probing the Effects of Grain Directionality in Exoplanet Observations - Supplementary Material Elijah Mullens 1and Nikole K. Lewis 1 1Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, 122 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 1. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Prolate spheroid modeling following D. Fabian et al. (2001a) methodology for SiO2, Mg2SiO4, and MgSiO3 are shown in Figure 1. The full retrieval suite with dayside, directional SiO2clouds tested on WASP-17b transmission and emission JWST MIRI LRS data is highlighted in Figure 2. The full suite of directional, temperature dependent (with polymorphs) of aerosols with their optical properties added to POSEIDON2(R. J. MacDonald & N. Madhusudhan 2017;R. J. MacDonald 2023)’s pre-computed aerosol database added in V1.2 (E. Mullens et al. 2024) are detailed in Table 1. Forward model parameters and retrieval priors for all figures in the paper are detailed in Table 2. Effective, extinction cross sections for 0.01 µm sized particles for the aerosols added in Table 2compared to the aerosols in the E. Mullens et al. (2024) database are shown in Figure 3-22 (one for each entry in Table 1). In those figures, cross sections computed using the miepython V2.5.53(W. J. Wiscombe 1979;S. Prahl 2024) package with the methodology described in E. Mullens et al. (2024) (where we have updated POSEIDON to include both the miepython and the algorithm adapted from LX-MIE4(D. Kitzmann & K. Heng 2018) in POSEIDON V1.3.1). Refractive index references follow from Table 1 in E. Mullens et al. (2024): WS15 (H. R. Wakeford & D. K. Sing 2015), KH18 (D. Kitzmann & K. Heng 2018), B21 (B. Burningham et al. 2021), gcmCRT (E. K. H. Lee et al. 2022). All other references are to aerosols in Table 1. 2https://github.com/MartianColonist/POSEIDON 3https://github.com/scottprahl/miepython 4https://github.com/NewStrangeWorlds/LX-MIE 2 11 10 9 8 7 C-Axis Elongation C ext (cm 2 ) SiO 2 a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:1:3 a:b:c = 1:1:10 a:b:c = 1:1:100 11 10 9 8 Mg 2 SiO 4 a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:1:3 a:b:c = 1:1:10 a:b:c = 1:1:100 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 MgSiO 3 a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:1:3 a:b:c = 1:1:10 a:b:c = 1:1:100 11 10 9 8 7 B-Axis Elongation C ext (cm 2 ) a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:3:1 a:b:c = 1:10:1 a:b:c = 1:100:1 11 10 9 8a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:3:1 a:b:c = 1:10:1 a:b:c = 1:100:1 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 1:3:1 a:b:c = 1:10:1 a:b:c = 1:100:1 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 Wavelength ( m) 11 10 9 8 7 A-Axis Elongation C ext (cm 2 ) a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 3:1:1 a:b:c = 10:1:1 a:b:c = 100:1:1 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 Wavelength ( m) 11 10 9 8a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 3:1:1 a:b:c = 10:1:1 a:b:c = 100:1:1 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 Wavelength ( m) 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 a:b:c = 1:1:1 a:b:c = 3:1:1 a:b:c = 10:1:1 a:b:c = 100:1:1 Prolate Ellipsoid Extinction Cross Sections Figure 1. Prolate spheroid absorption modeling following the simplified prescription found in D. Fabian et al. (2001a). Legend describes the stretching of each optical axis from a ‘sphere’ configuration (1:1:1) to a ‘needle’ configuration (100:1:1). While these models can induce shifts in the cross sections, a more complete model is required to confirm. 3 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.68 Transit Depth ( Rp/R ∗ )2 × 10 2 WASP-17b Random Orientation SiO 2 (66% E c + 33% E c assumed) Random Orientation (Median) Random Orientation ( 1 σ ) Random Orientation ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS WASP-17b Directional Orientation SiO 2 (E c and E c not assumed) Directional (Median) Directional ( 1 σ ) Directional ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Emission Spectrum ( Fp/F ∗ ) × 10 3 WASP-17b Random Orientation Mg 2 SiO 4 (Forced Cloud, log Biaxial = -13) (33% E a + 33% E b + 33% E c assumed) Random Orientation (Median) Random Orientation ( 1 σ ) Random Orientation ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS WASP-17b Directional Mg 2 SiO 4 (Non-forced Cloud) (E a, E b, E c not assumed) Directional (Median) Directional ( 1 σ ) Directional ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS 55 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 Wavelength ( m) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Emission Spectrum ( Fp/F ∗ ) × 10 3 WASP-17b Random Orientation SiO 2 (Forced Cloud, log Uniaxial = -13) (66% E c + 33% E c assumed) Random Orientation (Median) Random Orientation ( 1 σ ) Random Orientation ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS 55 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 Wavelength ( m) WASP-17b Directional SiO 2 (Non-forced Cloud) (E c and E c not assumed) Directional (Median) Directional ( 1 σ ) Directional ( 2 σ ) JWST MIRI LRS 30 25 20 15 10 5 log Uniaxial = − 11 . 04+2 . 52 − 2 . 41 30 25 20 15 10 5 log Ordinary (E c) < − 7 . 65 log Ordinary (E c) > − 26 . 89 30 25 20 15 10 5 log Extraordinary (E c) = − 10 . 29+2 . 42 − 6 . 23 log Extraordinary (E c) > − 26 . 44 30 25 20 15 10 5 log E c < − 7 . 03 30 25 20 15 10 5 log E b < − 3 . 64 30 25 20 15 10 5 log E a < − 5 . 98 Figure 2. Same as Figure 6 in the main text, but with the inclusion of dayside SiO2aerosols being retrieved on the WASP 17b JWST MIRI LRS emission data (D. Valentine et al. 2024). Similar to Mg2SiO4we ‘force’ the cloud with a tight prior on the mixing ratio to explore parameter space where a dayside cloud is favored. The directional SiO2retrieval with uniform uninformative priors on aerosol mixing ratio does not fit for aerosol absorption in the data. 4 Table 1. Temperature and Directional Dependent Aerosols added to the POSEIDON Aerosol Database Chemical Formula Reference Polymorph T (K) Direction Notes (Min, Max) µm (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Hibonite CaAl12O19 H. Mutschke et al. (2002)DCrystal Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (2.00,30) CaAl12O19 H. Mutschke et al. (2002)DCrystal Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (2.00,30) Corundum Al2O3B. Begemann et al. (1997)DAmorphous Compact (7.81, 30) Al2O3B. Begemann et al. (1997)DAmorphous Porous (7.81, 30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 300K Extraordinary (E∥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 551K Extraordinary (E∥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 738K Extraordinary (E∥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 928K Extrardinary (E∥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 300K Ordinary (E⊥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 551K Ordinary (E⊥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 738K Ordinary (E⊥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Al2O3S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαCrystal 928K Ordinary (E⊥c) Synthetic (6.67,30) Spinel MgAl2O4D. Fabian et al. (2001b)DCrystal Natural (2, 30) MgAl2O4D. Fabian et al. (2001b)DCrystal 1223K Natural, Annealed (1.67, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 10K Synthetic (7.70, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 100K Synthetic (7.70, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 300K Synthetic (6.71, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 551K Synthetic (6.71, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 738K Synthetic (6.71, 30) MgAl2O4S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DCrystal 928K Synthetic (6.71, 30) Fayalite Fe2SiO4D. Fabian et al. (2001a)DCrystal E∥z ((E∥c∗) Synthetic (2, 30) Fe2SiO4D. Fabian et al. (2001a)DCrystal E∥y (E∥b∗) Synthetic (2, 30) Fe2SiO4D. Fabian et al. (2001a)DCrystal E∥x (E∥a∗) Synthetic (2, 30) Titanium Dioxide TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DAnatase Crystal Extraordinary (E∥c) (2, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DAnatase Crystal Ordinary (E⊥c) (2, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DRutile Crystal Extraordinary (E∥c) (0.47, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DRutile Crystal Ordinary (E⊥c) (0.47, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DBrookite Crystal E∥z (E∥c∗) (2, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DBrookite Crystal E∥y (E∥b∗) (2, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D TiO2T. Posch et al. (2003)DBrookite Crystal E∥x (E∥a∗) (2, 30) S. Zeidler et al. (2011)D Silicon Dioxide SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 300K Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 551K Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 738K Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 833K Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DβQuartz Crystal 928K Extraordinary (E∥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 300K Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 551K Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 738K Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DαQuartz Crystal 833K Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2S. Zeidler et al. (2013)DβQuartz Crystal 928K Ordinary (E⊥c) Natural (Brazil) (6.26,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 295K A2-symmetry (E∥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 295K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 346K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 480K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 600K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 705K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)αQuartz Crystal 790K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1010K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1125K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1170K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1310K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1394K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1520K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1590K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βQuartz Crystal 1646K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βCristobalite Crystal 1810K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) Table 1 continued 5 Table 1 (continued) Chemical Formula Reference Polymorph T (K) Direction Notes (Min, Max) µm (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) SiO2D. D. S. Meneses et al. (2014)βCristobalite Crystal 1880K E-symmetry (E⊥c) Cut Crystal (6.67,30) SiO2S. E. Moran et al. (2024)βTridymite Crystal 295K Extrapolated (0.30,15) SiO2S. E. Moran et al. (2024)βTridymite Crystal 500K Extrapolated (0.30,15) SiO2S. E. Moran et al. (2024)αCristobalite Crystal 295K Extrapolated (0.30,15) Olivine Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 295K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 546K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 950K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1102K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1147K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1431K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1518K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1648K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1742K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1809K B1U (E∥c) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 295K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 547K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 720K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 946K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1122K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1303K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1417K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1535K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1617K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1818K B2U (E∥b) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 295K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 602K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 757K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 918K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1055K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1131K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1256K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1503K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1793K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg2SiO4M. Eckes et al. (2013) Crystal 1948K B3U (E∥a) Synthetic (2.5,30) Mg1.9Fe0.1SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2011)DCrystal E∥z (E∥a) Natural (Stubachtal) (2,30) Mg1.9Fe0.1SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2011)DCrystal E∥y (E∥b) Natural (Stubachtal) (2,30) Mg1.9Fe0.1SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2011)DCrystal E∥x (E∥c) Natural (Stubachtal) (2,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (0.32,6.99) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (0.32,6.99) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (0.32,6.99) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥z (E∥a) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥y (E∥b) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥x (E∥c) Natural (San Carlos) (6.71,30) Orthoenstatite Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥z (E∥c) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Table 1 continued 6 Table 1 (continued) Chemical Formula Reference Polymorph T (K) Direction Notes (Min, Max) µm (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥y (E∥a) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 10K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 100K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 200K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 300K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 551K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 738K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3S. Zeidler et al. (2015)DCrystal 928K E∥x (E∥b) Natural (Burma) (6.71,30) Note—Aerosol refractive indices, alongside pre-computed Mie properties, added to the aerosol database featured in E. Mullens et al. (2024). Groups of aerosols: Hibonite, Corundum, Spinel, Fayalite, Titanium Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide, Olivine, Orthoenstatite. Chemical formula (1), reference to where refractive index data is from (2), polymorph (3), temperature (if applicable, 4), direction (if applicable, 5), notes (5), and minimum and maximum wavelength of refractive index (where the absolute minimum and maximum of the precomputed aerosol database is 0.2 and 30 µm, 6). Drefers to refractive indices that can be found on the Database of Optical Constants for Cosmic Dust (DOCCD, https://www2.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/OCDB/index.html). Note that special care must be taken for determining which notation correlates to E∥a,b,c for (orthorhombic) biaxial crystals. For the Mg2SiO4refractive indices from M. Eckes et al. (2013), it is defined that B1U = E∥c, B2U = E∥b, B3U = E∥a (pers comm., D. D. S. Meneses). For the Mg1.72Fe0.21SiO4refractive indices E∥x=E∥c, E∥y=E∥b, E∥z=E∥a (assumed to be the same for Mg1.9Fe0.1SiO4) and for the Mg0.92Fe0.09SiO3refractive indices E∥x=E∥b, E∥y=E∥a, E∥z=E∥c as defined on DOCCD. ∗We assume that both Fe2SiO4in D. Fabian et al. (2001a) and TiO2, Brookite in T. Posch et al. (2003) follow the same D2hsymmetry group as Mg2SiO4(M. Eckes et al. 2013) and that E∥z = B1U = E∥c, E∥y = B2U = E∥b, E∥x = B3U = E∥a since neither text explicitly assigns their axes. Since in this work we only deal with orthorhombic biaxial crystals, we opt to use crystallographic axis notation (a,b,c) in lieu of optical direction notation (x,y,z). Note that monoclinic and triclinic crystal systems are biaxial and do not have optical directions corresponding to crystallographic axes. 7 Table 2. Forward model parameters and priors Forward Models Transmission Random (SiO2) Transmission Directional (SiO2) Emission Random (‘Forced’ Cloud) Emission Directional Parameter Transmission Emission Informed T and H2O Priors Informed T and H2O Priors SiO2 Mg2SiO4 SiO2 Mg2SiO4 T(K) 1271 U(110,1300) U(110,1300) Tint (K) 600 U(500, 700) U(500, 700) U(500, 700) U(500, 700) Tequ (K) 1490 U(1450, 1550) U(1450, 1550) U(1450, 1550) U(1450, 1550) κIR -4 U(-4.0, -3.0) U(-4.0, -3.0) U(-4.0, -3.0) U(-4.0, -3.0) log γ-0.4 U(-1.0, 0.0) U(-1.0, 0.0) U(-1.0, 0.0) U(-1.0, 0.0) log H2O -2.96 -5.0 U(-3.0, -0.3) U(-3.0, -0.3) U(-5.5, -4.5) U(-5.5, -4.5) U(-5.5, -4.5) U(-5.5, -4.5) log Ptop,slab -6.6 -6.0 U(-8, 2) U(-8, 2) U(-8, 2) U(-8, 2) U(-8, 2) U(-8, 2) ∆ P 1.96 8.0 U(0, 10) U(0, 10) U(0, 10) U(0, 10) U(0, 10) U(0, 10) log rm-1.85 -2.0 U(-3,1) U(-3,1) U(-2.5,-1.5) U(-2.5,-1.5) U(-2.5,-1.5) U(-2.5,-1.5) log Xuniaxial -11.23 U(-30,-1) U(-14,-12) log Xextraordinary U(-30,-1) U(-30,-1) log Xordinary U(-30,-1) U(-30,-1) log Xbiaxial -13 U(-14,-12) log XE∥cU(-30,-1) log XE∥bU(-30,-1) log XE∥aU(-30,-1) Note—Table documenting the forward model parameters used to generate spectra in Figures 3, 4, 5, A9, A10, and A11 in the main text, and the retrieval priors used in retrieval analysis featured in Figure 6 in the main text (and Figure 2in Supplementary Material). Parameter name (1), forward model parameters for transmission and emission model spectra (2,3), priors for the transmission random orientation and directional orientation retrievals where isothermal temperature and water abundance had informed priors from extant JWST NIRISS SOSS and JWST MIRI LRS analysis in D. Grant et al. (2023) and D. R. Louie et al. (2024) (4,5), emission random orientation retrieval priors where the cloud was ‘forced’ to explore parameter space where the cloud was favored (6,7), emission directional retrieval priors where the cloud was not forced (8,9). 8 Facilities: Software: astropy 9 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Hibonite (WS15) CaAl 12 O 19 (Ordinary, E c) CaAl 12 O 19 (Extraordinary, E c) Hibonite Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Mutschke (2002) Figure 3. Comparison of effective extinction cross sections (σext,eff , mean particle radii = 0.01 µm with a lognormal distribution) computed from refractive indices used extensively in exoplanet literature vs those computed from temperature and/or directional-specific refractive indices. In this figure: Hibonite (H. Mutschke et al. 2002). 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Al 2 O 3 (WS15) + Amorphous Al 2 O 3 (KH18) Amorphous Al 2 O 3 (compact) Amorphous Al 2 O 3 (porous) Corundum Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Begemann (1997) Figure 4. Same as Figure 3, but for Corundum (B. Begemann et al. 1997). 16 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 546K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 950K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1102K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1147K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1431K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1518K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1648K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1742K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1809K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 547K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 720K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 946K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1122K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1303K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1417K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1535K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1617K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1818K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 602K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 757K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 918K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1055K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1131K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1256K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1503K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1793K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1948K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) Olivine Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Eckes (2013) Figure 16. Same as Figure 3, but for Olivine (M. Eckes et al. 2013). 17 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 546K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 950K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1102K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1147K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1431K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1518K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1648K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1742K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 1809K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B1U = E||c) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 547K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 720K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 946K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1122K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1303K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1417K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1535K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1617K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 1818K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B2U = E||b) 6.5 10.0 15.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 295K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 602K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 757K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 918K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1000K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 1055K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1131K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1256K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1503K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1793K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) 1948K - Mg 2 SiO 4 (B3U = E||a) Olivine (Zoom-in) Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Eckes (2013) Figure 17. Same as Figure 3, but for Olivine (M. Eckes et al. 2013), with a zoom-in on JWST MIRI-LRS wavelengths. 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) Mg 1.9 Fe 0.1 SiO 4 (E x = E c) Mg 1.9 Fe 0.1 SiO 4 (E y = E b) Mg 1.9 Fe 0.1 SiO 4 (E z = E a) Olivine Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Zeidler (2015) Figure 18. Same as Figure 3, but for Olivine (Strubachtal) (S. Zeidler et al. 2015). 18 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 20 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21) Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 VisNir (E x = E c) Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 VisNir (E y = E b) Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 VisNir (E z = E a) Olivine Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Zeidler (2015) Figure 19. Same as Figure 3, but for Olivine (San Carlos, VisNir) (S. Zeidler et al. 2015). 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21)) 10K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 100K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 200K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 300K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 551K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 738K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 928K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E x = E c) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21)) 10K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 100K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 200K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 300K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 551K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 738K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 928K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E y = E b) 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Crystalline Mg 2 SiO 4 (gCMCRT) Amorphous Mg 2 SiO 4 (B21)) 10K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 100K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 200K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 300K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 551K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 738K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) 928K - Mg 1.72 Fe 0.21 SiO 4 (E z = E a) Olivine Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Zeidler (2015) Figure 20. Same as Figure 3, but for Olivine (San Carlos) (S. Zeidler et al. 2015). 19 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 6.5 10.0 15.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) Ortho-enstatite (Zoom-in) Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Zeidler (2015) Figure 21. Same as Figure 3, but for Orthoenstatite (S. Zeidler et al. 2015), with a zoom-in on JWST MIRI-LRS wavelengths. 20 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO 3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO 3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E z = E c) 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO 3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO 3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E x = E b 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 0.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wavelength ( m) 19 18 17 16 15 Log 10 ext, eff Amorphous MgSiO 3 (B21) Crystalline MgSiO 3 (B21) 10K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 100K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 200K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 300K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) 551K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 738K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (E y = E a 928K - Mg 0.92 Fe 0.09 SiO 3 (Refractive Indices Averaged) Ortho-enstatite Sub-Micron (r m = 1e-2 m) ext, eff Comparison - Zeidler (2015) Figure 22. 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