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£ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 27 £UP® Albert Camu”s Existential Perspective in Geethari Novel Dr. TM. Salma Mahajabeen Associate Professor, Department of Tamil and Research Centre Government College, Chittur, Plakkad, Kerala Abstract Religious Tamil literature has developed in various ways over various periods. The emergence of literature through religions has been a defining feature of the early period. All the epics that appeared in Tamil appeared as epics. During the Bhakti literature period, Saiva and Vaishnava literature flourished. The contribution of religions can also be seen in the literature that emerged thereafter. People of Islamic and Christian faiths settled in India in ancient times due to trade relations. Those who are referred to as Yavanas in Sangam literature were Turks and Arabs. Islamic and Christian literatures also originated, as did Saiva and Vaishnava literatures. The role of Muslims in modern prose is also highlighted. The second novel to appear in Tamil was written by Siddhi Levvai Maraikayar. Islamic novels in Tamil were initially published in a historical context. After the 80s, they developed and developed on social, political, and economic grounds, family structure, and social inequalities. Women writers have made significant contributions to Islamic novels. They have written on themes such as caste inequalities, oppression of women, and the obscurantism of religion. This article highlights the significant role of Muslims in contemporary novels. Keywords: Asanbe Saritthiram (Asanbe History), Sithileppai Maraikayar, Sithi Jinaidha Begum, Thoppil Mohammed Meeran, Keeranur Jakir Raja, Meeran Maideen, Mujeeb Rahmaan, Salma, Arshiyam, Anwar Balsingam, Firdaus Rajakumaran, Other Novel Authors References 1. Akilan, Kathai Kalai (The Art of Story), Thagam, Chennai, Fifth Edition, 1997. 2. Abdul Kareem. M., Islam and Tamil, Saiva Siddhanta Publishing House, Chennai, First Edition, 1982. 3. Abdul Samad. M., Unknown Life and Culture Depicted in Islamic Tamil Novels, International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai, First Edition, 2004. ©»º: 10 ]Ó¨¤uÌ: 1 ©õu®: AU@hõ£º Á¸h®: 2025 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.17255837
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