Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ISSN(print): 2643-9840, ISSN(online): 2643-9875 Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijmra/v8-i09-20, Impact Factor: 8.266 Page No. 5093-5108 IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5093 Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo Anani Ogou1 6*, Essowè Palaï2, Komi Agboka3, Asafor Henry Chotangui4, Honoré Beyegué-Djonko5, Koffi Kokou Zovodu6, Christopher Mubeteneh Tankou7 1,4,5,7Department of Crop Sciences, Climate Smart Agrifood Systems Program, University of Dschang, Cameroon. 2Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Togo. 3West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), University of Lomé, Togo. 6National Agronomic Research Institute (ITRA), Togo. 1ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2881-8011 2ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9698-8661 3ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-3908 4ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-4134 5ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6447-5889 6ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5401-8276 7ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-6389 ABSTRACT Background: Family farming remains an important source of food and income for households in rural settings. Aim: To improve knowledge on family farming systems and the contribution of fonio and common bean production, the neglected crops, to household food security and resilience in the Amou prefecture in Togo. Setting: Semi-structured survey in eight villages in the Amou prefecture in Togo. Methods: 215 farming households were surveyed from October to November 2024. The food security level of households was measured using the "food consumption" and "dietary diversity" scores within the community. Data collected were analyzed using STATA15 software. Results: The results showed that the areas farmed by producers are small for fonio and common beans, less than 0.25 ha per household. Four Family farming systems have been categorized. 78.60% of households have an acceptable food consumption, thanks to the nutritional importance of fonio and common bean in the daily food consumption of the population in the area. Fonio and common bean are more consumed during the food shortage period within a year, providing resilience for 92% of the community. Conclusion: The study showed that fonio and common bean play a key role in food security and resilience of rural households in Amou Prefecture, even though the areas farmed are very small. Contribution: The study recommended to take into account fonio and common bean value chains in the national agrifood policies, as they have high nutritional and medicinal values that could contribute significantly to improving food and nutrition security and resilience. KEYWORDS: Fonio, common bean, family farming, resilience, food security, Togo. I. INTRODUCTION Agriculture remains a central element of the economy of West African countries, providing 30 to 50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most countries and representing the largest source of income and livelihood for 70 to 80% of the population. It Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5094 is the main source of food supply and export earnings from cash crops (IFPRI, 2004). Agriculture will likely remain central to income and livelihoods for the foreseeable future (Fafchamps et al. 2001). West African agriculture is mainly based on family farms or smallholder schemes. Family farming is "a mode of organization in which agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production is managed and operated by a family and is mainly based on family labor, both female and male." The family and the farm are often linked, evolve together, and perform economic, environmental, social and cultural functions (FAO, 2014). In these types of family farms, we often find indigenous crops with high nutritional values usually described as neglected, given the low importance given to them in national agricultural production (Sourisseau, 2015). Nevertheless, these often-underestimated crops play a major role in the food security of rural households (Graeub et al. 2016). Family farming is the main food production modality in both developed and developing countries. Family farming provides more than 80% of the world's food in terms of value (FAO, 2014). One of the challenges faced by family farmers is to improve their production: "to produce more in the face of demographic and urban growth, but also to produce better and in a more diversified and regular way to meet the expectations of consumers, including themselves. Family farming is a pillar of strengthening food security and sustainable growth, as well as fighting rural poverty and to an extent environmental degradation." Family farmers are at the heart of this transition. They are often poor and themselves suffer from food insecurity. Despite enormous agricultural potential that is more than enough to feed their populations, many African countries are still deeply affected by hunger and malnutrition. The question that arises is how are family farms structured, what is the contribution of fonio and common bean crops to food security and the resilience of smallholders in the study area? The general objective of this study is to characterize family farming systems and assess household food security in the Amou prefecture of Togo. Thus, this study sought to (i) Characterize family farms at the socio-economic and technical levels with a view to classifying them into homogeneous groups (ii) Determine the contribution of sovereignty foods, including fonio, and common beans in the formation of household agricultural income, and (iii) Analyze their contributions to food and nutrition security as well as the resilience of rural communities. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS Presentation of the study area The study was carried out in eight (08) villages of the Prefecture of Amou in Togo whose capital is Amlamé. Amou Prefecture is located in the Plateaux Region of Togo (Figure 1), between Ogou Prefecture to the east, Est-Mono Prefecture to the north, Wawa Prefecture to the west, and Agou Prefecture to the south. Latitude/Longitude: 7° 30' 0" N/1° 3' 0". Most of the area is covered by forest. The prefecture of Amou was chosen for this study due to the fact it is amongst the four priority production prefectures for fonio and common bean in Togo and is also an area of action for the development of family farming by certain local nongovernmental organizations in Togo. This area benefits from a climatic regime of transition between bimodal in the south and monomodal in the north. The average annual rainfall contrasts between 1350 mm in the mountains and 1200 mm in the plains. The temperature variation during the year varies between 1°C and 5°C, with an annual average of around 27°C. It is part of the agroecological forest zone of Togo, enjoying bimodal seasons characterized by two rainy seasons, with a short dry period from mid-July to mid-August between the main season which begins in March, and the second rainy season which lasts from three and a half months until the end of November. Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5095 Figure 1. Location of the study area Socio-economically, the prefecture of Amou is located in the Plateaux region, considered the breadbasket of Togo. The various food crops produced there are used for local consumption, but also supply regional markets and the country as a whole, with some being exported to neighbouring countries, mainly Ghana and Benin. Beans and maize are the main food crops in the prefecture. The main cash crops include coffee, cocoa, cotton and cashew nuts. Fonio, locally called "Ova" is the favorite crop of the Akposso-Akebou people. The prefecture of Amou is a typical prefecture of a rural area full of family farmers. Data collection Primary data were collected by individual survey conducted during the period from October 3 to November 15, 2024 by means of a digitized questionnaire on Kobo Tool Box, among 215 sampled farm managers affiliated with households. The questionnaire was administered to the Head of Household (HHH). The data collected, which were used to characterize family farms, concerned, among other things, the general characteristics of households and production factors; information on the farm manager, sources of income, areas farmed, income, persons in charge of the household, number of crops grown, poultry and ruminant numbers. To determine the minimum sample size, the method was based on three parameters: representativeness, homogeneity and precision. The following formula of Slovin (1960) was used: ²)(1 Nxe N n  n: minimum sample size for meaningful results N: total number of households concerned in the Amou prefecture, e: +/- 5%, accuracy level. This formula allowed us to obtain a minimum sample size (n) of 213 households to which we added two households. This brings our sample size to 215 in total. Two-stage stratified sampling was conducted, with village as the primary unit (PU) and household as the secondary unit (SU). Eight (08) of the 15 villages: Edoko, Owanibe, Okama, Beteyi, Kojo aza, Azafi, Iwassi and Yaokopé were selected because they contain many more family producers who are beneficiaries of the project to support the repositioning of sovereignty food in a territorial development dynamic for sufficient, healthy and sustainable food for the populations of the NGO's Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5096 Family Farming Development Support Program Inades-Formation-Togo. At the village level, random sampling was carried out. The 215 households were surveyed in eight villages, based on the list of members of the savings and credit groups (GEC) set up by the "Project for the Repositioning of Sovereignty Foodstuffs for a Sufficient, Healthy, Sustainable Food for the Population. These GECs are made up of family farmers who integrate sovereignty foods (fonio, common beans) into their production systems that characterize the area. Thus, in each of the villages, 20 farm managers were surveyed by choosing the serial number from the GEC list without handing over. The characterization of family farms was carried out using data on the incomes of family farms, including, inter alia, total farm cash income, cash income from maize (the main cereal crop in the study area), fonio and common beans. Agricultural income at the farm level is estimated by the amount of sales of foodstuffs (including animals) produced since the beginning of the 2023 agricultural season using the method of measuring agricultural income, as described by Lourme-Ruiz et al. (2016). This income indicator does not value the quantities produced and not sold at the time of the survey (stored, self-consumed, given or lost). It reflects the availability of money from production. The analysis of food consumption was inspired by the World Food Programme (WFP) method (WFP, 2009). Two key indicators of food security were calculated.  The Food Consumption Score (FCS) as a proxy for household food security (WFP, 2009). The FCS is an indicator based on the diversity of the diet, the frequency of food consumption and the nutritional importance of the different food groups. The FCS was calculated using the following formula (MAP 2011): 𝐹𝐶𝑆 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠/𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠/𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑠) ∗ 𝐹(𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑠) + 𝑎(𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟) ∗ 𝐹(𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟) + 𝑎(𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘) ∗ 𝐹(𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘) + 𝑎(𝑜𝑖𝑙) ∗ 𝐹(𝑜𝑖𝑙) + 𝐹(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠) ∗ 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠) a= weight related to the energy value, F = frequency of consumption of food groups per day, over 7 days. The traditional food consumption profiles on the FCS established by the WFP made it possible to distribute the households surveyed according to their calculated food consumption scores. Information on Table I was used as a reference for the distribution of the dietary profiles of the households surveyed. Table I. Typical thresholds for FCS (WFP, 2011) Conventional thresholds Food Profiles 0-28 Poor food consumption 28,5-42 Limited food consumption > 42.5 Acceptable food intake  The Household Food Diversity Score (HFDS) was used to know the overall quality of consumption of rural people. It is also an indicator of access to food, which refers more specifically to the quality and quantity of access at the household level, defined as the ability of the household to acquire food of sufficient quality and quantity to meet the nutrient needs of household members for productive lives (Kennedy & Raz, 2009). This score from 0 to 12 (12 being the maximum possible diversity) is a simple count of the food groups that a household consumed in the 24 hours preceding the survey (within the household). It provides a snapshot of a household's economic capacity to access a variety of foods. The classic dietary diversity profiles (HFDS) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (FAO, 2013) made it possible to distribute the households surveyed according to their calculated HFDS. Table II was used as a reference for the distribution of the dietary profiles of the households surveyed. Table II. Typical HFDS thresholds Thresholds for food groups Dietary diversity 1-3 Poor food diversity 4-5 Medium food diversity > 6 High food diversity Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5097 Statistical analysis The Statistical Analysis was performed using STATA, version 15. Descriptive statistics were performed to show the mean, the standard error of the mean, the minima and maxima of the general characteristics of agricultural households. Also, the principal component analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical ascending classification (HAC) were carried out using eight discriminating variables (age of the head of household, persons in charge of the household, number of active persons, total agricultural monetary income, agricultural monetary income per active person, number of poultry, number of small ruminants, and total farmed area) to characterize the family farms surveyed. The chi-2 and t-tests were used to establish the relationships between variables related to the evaluation of food consumption and food diversity scores, on one hand, and the relationships between determinants and food consumption on the other hands. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results General characterizations of family farms Two hundred and fifteen (215) family farms, 86% of which were run by men and 14% by women, were surveyed (Table III). The age of the respondents varies between 20 and 90 years, with a mean of 44.30±0.83 years (Table III). Of these, only 2.8% are over 65 years old. These holdings have an average of 5.86±0.17 dependents, with a minimum of one person and a maximum of 17 people. The proportion of farm managers who have not received an education is 15.35%, while nearly 80% have received formal education (primary and secondary). As regards their marital status, it should be noted that more than 80% of farm managers are married (Table II). The mean cultivated field area is 1.93±0.69 ha, with a minimum of 0.5 ha and a maximum of 5 ha. These fields are acquired through several methods, including inheritance (83.72% of farms), purchase (2.33%), donation (6.05%) and finally by rental or loan (7.9%). Buying is not very common. More than 75% raise poultry, with an average of 9.00±67 and a maximum of 52 poultry. As far as small ruminants are concerned, 31% do not raise goats or sheep, 68% raise small ruminants with an average load of 4.42±0.46 animals and a maximum of 65 small ruminants (goats and sheep combined). Table III. General socio-economic characteristics of family farms surveyed in Amou Parameters Minimum Mean Maximum Age of the head of household 20 44.30 90 Household charges 1 5.86 17 Assets 1 3.67 12 Total area farmed (ha) 0.5 1.93 5 Crops grown 2 5.00 8 Poultry * 9.00 52 Small ruminants * 4.42 65 Marital status (%) Single 6.51 Married 83.26 Divorced 2.33 Widow 7.91 Educational attainment (%) None 15.35 Primary 40.47 College 40.00 High school 4.19 Land acquisition (%) Purchase 2.33 Gift 6.05 Inheritance 83.72 Rental 7.90 Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5098 Parameters Minimum Mean Maximum Second source of income (%) Breeding 39.07 Transformation 12.56 Trade 18.14 Sale of firewood 30.23 * It turns out that many do not breed and therefore those who practice the activity have at least two heads in both cases. Characterization of family farms From the principal component analysis, we can see that 52.36% of family farms are described by the first two axes of the factor plan (Table IV). In addition, households that had more small ruminants and poultry, and many people in charge, had less income. Those with higher incomes had more crops, a large area farmed and cultivated per worker (Figure II). Table IV. Eigen value, variance and cumulative variance of PCA on the first factor axes F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 Eigen value 3.02 1.69 1.20 1.03 0.69 0.58 0.43 0.26 0.09 Variability (%) 33.56 18.81 13.36 11.45 7.67 6.49 4.75 2.92 1.01 Cumulative (%) 33.56 52.36 65.72 77.17 84.84 91.32 96.07 98.99 100.00 Figure 2. Representation of variables on dimensions Figure 3. Dendrogram of family farms surveyed The ascending hierarchical classification (AHC) shows 04 categories of agricultural farming systems (Figure 3). Group 1 (G1) is made up of producers with large agricultural areas (2.29±1.10 ha) and cultivating several crops (5.18±1.11); This group represents almost half of the number of farmers surveyed (41.51%). This category of producers ranks first in terms of agricultural cash income, cultivated area, assets per household, and the number of poultry and small ruminants (Table III). Group 2 (G2), representing 22.33% of the respondents, is made up of farms with average areas (1.63±0.81 ha) (Table II) and with considerable livestock farming. They generate monetary income of 158708.33±113665.6 CFA francs on average (Table III &Table V). These producers occupy the second position in terms of cultivated area and food coverage in maize and the number of workers per household. Group 3 (G3), representing 23.72% of the respondents, is made up of households with high incomes, and is in second place in terms of agricultural cash income from maize cover (198549.0±238840.6). The particularity of this group lies in the fact that the heads of farms are very young, with an average age of 38.53±11.66 years (Table III & V). Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5099 Finally, group 4 (G4), representing 7.44% of respondents, is made up of family farms with smaller numbers of people in charge, and farming small agricultural areas of the order of one ha on average (1.2656±0.54) and small numbers of poultry. This group has total cultivated areas of the order of 1.63±0.81 ha on average. Table V. Main characteristics of family farms Variables Group 1 (46.51%) Group 2 (22.33%) Group 3 (23.72%) Group 4 (7.44%) Age of Head of household 46.74±10.19 45,125±14,52 38.53±11.66 44.94±12.58 Persons in charge of the household 7.46±2.27 5.15±1.69 4.24±1.58 3.19±1.60 Number of active persons 5.28±1.78 3.00±0.00 2.00±0.00 1±00 Total cultivated area 2,285±1,10 1.63±0.81 1.52±0.82 1.2656±0.54 Agricultural monetary income per worker 62055.14±54206.41 52902.78±37888.55 99274.5±119420.36 98875±120916,98 Total income 317310±265455,80 158708.33±113665.67 198549.0±238840.62 98875±120916,98 Number of crops grown 5.18±1.11 4.90±1.08 4.76±1.12 4.88±0.62 Number of Poultry 10.87±11.74 7.85±6.79 7.45±8.85 5.63±4.54 Number of ruminants 5.84±9.11 3.46±3.74 $2.88±3.59 3.31±3.7 Number of months covered by maize 8.17±2.35 8.00±2.98 7.27±2.54 7.47±2.29 HFDS 4.91±1.24 4.98±1.04 4.51±1.03 5±1.03 FCS 58.5±16.80 57.47±15.60 60.75±16.85 63.5±15.32 Area farmed with food crops 1.7585±0.73 1.31±0.69 1.22±0.51 1.0313±0.46 Area farmed with Fonio 0.09±0.28 0.03±0.16 0.04±0.14 0.09±0.26 Income structure of family farms The total average annual agricultural income for the 2020 season amounts to 237 474.42 F CFA, with a maximum of 1 000 000 and a minimum of 12 000 F CFA, including a standard deviation of 236 552.37. This reflects significant differences within households. Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5100 E Figure 4. Average annual monetary income structures during the farming year 2023-2024 The total annual per capita income varies between 3 571.43 F CFA and 250 000 and F CFA, with an average of 42 704.64 F CFA and a standard deviation of 42 830.70 F CFA. Half of the households surveyed generate per capita income of between 25 000 F CFA and 250 000 F CFA. On the other hand, the total annual income per worker varies between 5,000 and 450 000 F CFA, with an average of 71 580.67 F CFA and a standard deviation of 79 941.30 F CFA. The student's t-test showed a significant difference between the average incomes from maize, fonio and common beans. And it is fonio that provides the highest income (29% of the total revenue) compared to income from other speculations (Figure 4). Shares of crop income in farm cash income The analysis of the shares of contributions to total income shows that maize contributes little to total income within households. Moreover, 35% of households say they have not sold maize in the past year, despite having produced maize. While 2.80% of households have income (Table VI) from maize that contributes at least 50% of total agricultural cash income. 19.53% of households generate at least 50% of their total income from fonio. Income from common beans is low. Indeed, producers have had a bad year for speculation; Yields have been very low, and others mention losses related to transhumance herders which have also caused damage to the fonio farms of some producers. Table VI. shares of revenues from sovereignty foodstuffs in total income Shares Maize Fonio Common bean Fonio+Common Bean Actual % Actual % Actual % Actual % 0% 77 35.80 38 17.67 125 58.14 31 14.42 1-10% 43 20.00 29 13.49 32 14.88 15 6.98 11-24% 56 26.00 46 21.40 35 16.28 40 18.60 25-30% 19 8.80 20 9.30 8 3.72 22 10.23 31-49% 14 6.50 40 18.60 13 6.05 44 20.47 At least 50% 6 2.80 42 19.53 2 0.93 63 29.30 Total 215 100 215 100 215 100 215 100 NB: Workforce refers to the number of producers who produced the speculation in question according to the shares. Family Farming Systems and the Contribution of Fonio and Common Bean Production, Neglected Crops to Food Security and Household Resilience in the Amou Prefecture in Togo IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 09 September 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 5101 Household food consumption Food Consumption Score (FCS) The analysis of household food consumption shows that 78.60% of the households surveyed had an acceptable level of food consumption. This means that these households were food secure. Only 5.60% of the households surveyed had a FCS borderline below the threshold, indicating a situation of food insecurity (figure 5). Figure 5. Food Consumption Score (FCS In addition, factors such as the gender of the head of household, educational attainment, marital status and secondary source of income influence the food consumption index. The cross-analysis between the sex of the head of household and the food consumption index shows that there is no significant difference in the situation of food insecurity (P = 0.44) between households headed by men and those headed by women. This would mean that the head of the household is male or female, it has no influence on household food consumption. The results of cross-analysis between the level of education of the head of household and the food consumption index indicate that the different levels of education have no influence on household food consumption (P = 0.69). As for the relationship between food consumption ratio and marital status, the chi2 independence test was not significant (P = 0.25). This means that there was no influencing relationship between marital status and household food consumption. However, food consumption is significantly influenced by the secondary source of income (P = 0.01). Indeed, households with wood sales as a second source of income are more likely to have acceptable food consumption (92.30%) than households with livestock (70.20%), agricultural product processing (66.70%), and trade (82.10%) as a second source of income. 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