MEDICINAL SMALL-FLOWERED MOUNTAIN OREGANO (ORIGANUM TYTTANTHUM G.) RAW MATERIAL: PHYTOSCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

SCHOLAR ISSN: 2181-4147 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 12 | 2025 https://t.me/openscholar Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal Noyabr, 2025 95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17564866 MEDICINAL SMALL-FLOWERED MOUNTAIN OREGANO (ORIGANUM TYTTANTHUM G.) RAW MATERIAL: PHYTOSCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Boboyeva Xurshida Burxonovna Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology [email protected] Toxthaev Boboqul Yorqulovich supervised by Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor ABSTRACT This study investigates the introduction of Origanum tyttanthum G. (smallflowered mountain oregano) under the ecological conditions of the Samarkand valley, focusing on the composition of its essential oil and pharmacological significance. The major bioactive compounds of the essential oil—carvacrol, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, βcaryophyllene, and α-terpineol—were analyzed. GC–MS analysis demonstrated that the phytochemical profile of the plant adapts to environmental conditions, and the introduction process contributes to an increase in the content of bioactive compounds. The results are significant for enhancing the quality of medicinal raw materials and for developing natural pharmaceutical products. Keywords: Origanum tyttanthum, essential oil, carvacrol, introduction, phytochemistry, pharmacological significance. SCHOLAR ISSN: 2181-4147 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 12 | 2025 https://t.me/openscholar Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal Noyabr, 2025 96 Introduction In recent years, there has been a growing global demand for bioactive compounds obtained from medicinal plants as alternatives to synthetic substances. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 80% of the world population relies on plant-based natural preparations for the treatment of various diseases. [1]. From this perspective, plants of the Lamiaceae family, particularly species of the Origanum genus, hold significant importance in the pharmaceutical, food, perfumery, and cosmetic industries. Their essential oils are rich in biologically active compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and even anticancer properties. [2]. The bioactive compounds of medicinal plants are widely used in pharmaceuticals, traditional medicine, and the food industry, playing a crucial role in promoting human health. Studying their chemical composition and developing natural-based preparations, as well as enriching bioactive components through introduction, provides a scientific basis for further research. [3]. Origanum tyttanthum G. (small-flowered mountain oregano) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its essential oil contains bioactive compounds such as carvacrol (2-methyl-5-(methylethyl)phenol), γ-terpinene, o-cymene, βcaryophyllene, and α-terpineol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. The ecological and climatic conditions of the Samarkand valley significantly influence the biochemical composition of plants. Therefore, studying the introduction of O. tuttanthum G. in this region and analyzing changes in its essential oil composition is both scientifically and practically relevant. [5]. Materials and Methods The essential oils (EO) of O. tyttanthum G. strains AK-1 and AK-2M were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus at atmospheric pressure for SCHOLAR ISSN: 2181-4147 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 12 | 2025 https://t.me/openscholar Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal Noyabr, 2025 97 3 hours. The obtained distillate was extracted with n-hexane and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to obtain pure essential oil. The essential oil was stored at 4 °C in tightly sealed vials. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Analyses were performed using an Agilent 7890 GC chromatograph coupled with an Agilent 5975C Inert MSD mass spectrometer. Components were separated on an Agilent HP-INNOWax quartz capillary column. Mass spectra were compared with Wiley and NIST electronic libraries. Results and Discussion GC–MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the major compound in the essential oil of O. tyttanthum G. introduced in the Samarkand valley. The main components of the essential oils of AK-1 and AK-2M strains are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. Composition of AK-1 essential oil (GC–MS analysis) № Compound RI RT Content, % 1 2-methyl-5-(methylethyl)phenol (Karvakrol) 2049 23.792 87.51 2 γ-Terpinene 1181 3.091 5.13 3 o-Cymene 1202 3.338 1.94 4 β-Caryophyllene 1521 10.728 1.37 5 α-Terpineol 1604 12.907 0.16 Total: 98,23 Table 2. Composition of AK-2M essential oil (GC–MS analysis) № Compound RI RT Content, % 1 2-methyl-5-(methylethyl)phenol (Karvakrol) 2049 23.792 66.74 2 γ-Terpinene 1181 3.091 16.00 3 o-Cymene 1202 3.338 5.09 4 β-Caryophyllene 1521 10.728 3.28 5 α-Terpineol 1585 12.419 0.26 Total: 97.86 SCHOLAR ISSN: 2181-4147 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 12 | 2025 https://t.me/openscholar Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal Noyabr, 2025 98 The presence of these compounds is characteristic of the Origanum genus, and variations in their quantity depend on environmental conditions and the plant’s adaptive response. High concentrations of carvacrol and γ-terpinene enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil. Furthermore, o-cymene and β-caryophyllene strengthen its antimicrobial properties. The observed increase in carvacrol and γ-terpinene contents in AK-1 and AK-2M strains confirms the biochemical adaptation of the species to the Samarkand valley conditions. Conclusion GC–MS analysis conducted at the Samarkand University of Biotechnology laboratories demonstrated an increase in the content of major bioactive compounds in the essential oil of O. tyttanthum G. The carvacrol content reached 87.51% in the AK1 strain and 66.74% in the AK-2M strain. Moreover, the increase in γ-terpinene (5.13– 16.00%) and o-cymene (1.94–5.09%) enhanced the biological activity of the essential oil. These results indicate that the introduction process is significant not only for environmental adaptation but also for enriching the phytochemical composition and improving the medicinal value of the plant. Thus, introducing O. yuttanthum G. in the Samarkand valley can optimize the content of bioactive compounds, facilitate the cultivation of high-quality medicinal raw materials, and offer a promising direction for the pharmaceutical industry. REFERENCES 1. Isikov V.P., Rabotyagov V.D., Khlipenko L.A. Introduction and selection of aromatic and medicinal plants. Yalta: Nikitsky Botanical Garden, 2009, 110 p. 2. Isikov V.P., Ovcharenko N.S. Fungi in aromatic and medicinal plants cultivated in Crimea // Trudy Nikitskogo Bogsada, 2011, vol. 133, pp. 62–90. 3. Libus O.K., Rabotyagov V.D., Kutko S.P., Khlipenko L.A. Essential oil-bearing and aromatic plants. Kherson: Aylant, 2004, 270 p. 4. Khojimatov O.K., Khamraeva D.T., Khujanov A.N., Bussmann R.W. Overview of ethnomedicinal plants of Uzbekistan // Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 2020, pp. 1–19. 5. Ismoilova S. Cultivation of unique medicinal plants for the pharmaceutical industry // Science and Education, 2020, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 111.