DiSSCo Prepare Milestone report MS5.3 - Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure

DiSSCo related output This template collects the required metadata to reference the official Deliverables and Milestones of DiSSCo-related projects. More information on the mandatory and conditionally mandatory fields can be found in the supporting document 'Metadata for DiSSCo Knowledge base' that is shared among work package leads, and in Teamwork > Files. A short explanatory text is given for all metadata fields, thus allowing easy entry of the required information. If there are any questions, please contact us at [email protected]. Title DiSSCo Prepare Milestone report MS 5.3 "Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure" Author(s) Sabine von Mering Julia Pim Reis Falko Glöckler Wouter Addink Robert Cubey Mathias Dillen Anton Güntsch Elspeth Haston Sharif Islam Mareike Petersen Identifier of the author(s) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-7792 (SvM) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-6148 (JPR) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-2738 (FG) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-1761 (WA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7902-3843 (RC) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-1252 (MD) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-4030 (AG) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-2848 (EH) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-0299 (SI) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-1931 (MP) Affiliation Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Contributors Kessy Abarenkov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-55264845 David Fichtmueller https://orcid.org/0000-00020829-5849 Alex Hardisty https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-4310 Claus Weiland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-03516523 Matt Woodburn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-64961423 Publisher DiSSCo Prepare Identifier of the publisher Resource ID https://doi.org/10.34960/1xr6-hr45 Publication year 2021 Related identifiers Is it the first time you submit this outcome? Yes Creation date 01/11/2021 Version 1 Citation von Mering, S. et al. (2021): DiSSCo Prepare Milestone report MS 5.3 "Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure". DiSSCo Prepare. https://doi.org/10.34960/1xr6-hr45 Abstract The DiSSCo Prepare Milestone report MS5.3 "Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure" compiles information on different persistent identifiers and discusses its relevance to DiSSCo. Different alternative Handle-based PID schemes are discussed. While not all PIDs will be directly used by the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data architecture of the DiSSCo research infrastructure, it is important to be aware of other developments for interoperability reasons. Content keywords scientific Project reference DiSSCo Prepare (GA-871043) WP number WP5 Project output Milestone report Deliverable/milestone number MS5.3 Dissemination level Public Rights License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Resource type Text Format PDF Funding Programme H2020-INFRADEV-2019-2 Contact email [email protected] 36 DiSSCo Prepare WP5 – Milestone report MS5.3 Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure Work package lead: Mareike Petersen (MfN) Authors: Sabine von Mering (MfN), Julia Pim Reis (MfN), Falko Glöckler (MfN), Wouter Addink (Naturalis), Robert Cubey (RBGE), Mathias Dillen (MeiseBG), Anton Güntsch (BGBM), Elspeth Haston (RBGE), Sharif Islam (Naturalis), Mareike Petersen (MfN) Contributors: Kessy Abarenkov (U Tartu), David Fichtmueller (BGBM), Alex Hardisty (U Cardiff), Claus Weiland (Senckenberg), Matt Woodburn (NHM) 2 Abstract The DiSSCo Prepare Milestone report MS5.3 "Documentation of PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure" compiles information on different persistent identifiers and discusses its relevance to DiSSCo. Different alternative Handle-based PID schemes are discussed. While not all PIDs will be directly used by the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data architecture of the DiSSCo research infrastructure, it is important to be aware of other developments for interoperability reasons. Keywords PID, PID schemes 3 INDEX 1. Introduction & background ................................................................................................................ 4 2. PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure ............................................................................. 6 2.1 Identifiers for metadata ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Identifier for people (researcher and other agents) .............................................................. 6 2.1.2 Identifier for (research) organizations and their subunits ..................................................... 9 2.1.3 Identifier for grant-giving organizations............................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Identifier for taxa .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.5 Identifier for localities, geographical names and sites ......................................................... 14 2.2 Identifier for physical objects (collection items, specimens and samples) ................................. 17 2.3 Identifier for literature (scientific articles and other publications) ............................................. 20 2.4 Other identifiers .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Identifiers for images or other media .................................................................................. 21 2.4.2 Identifier for nucleotide sequence data and genomic data ................................................. 23 2.4.3 Identifier for projects ........................................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 Identifier for instruments ..................................................................................................... 24 2.4.5 Identifiers for collecting events / collection objects ............................................................ 25 2.4.6 Identifier for trait data ......................................................................................................... 25 2.4.7 Identifier for antibodies, model organisms, cell lines and plasmids .................................... 26 2.4.8 Identifier for software .......................................................................................................... 27 2.4.9 Identifier for patents ............................................................................................................ 27 2.5 Overview of PIDs used for different use cases (Matrix) .............................................................. 28 3. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 29 4. References......................................................................................................................................... 31 4 1. Introduction & background The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) is a new Research Infrastructure (RI) of European natural science collections (NSC) currently in its Preparatory phase (DiSSCo Prepare). The DiSSCo RI aims to create a new business model for one European collection that digitally unifies all European natural science assets under common access, curation, policies and practices that ensure that all the data is easily Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR principles; Wilkinson et al. 2016). Persistent identifiers (PIDs) are an essential element of global data infrastructures and fundamental for the digital transformation of collections-based science. They facilitate unambiguous citation and tracking of physical samples thus allowing linking of specimens, data and publications; and serve as identifiers but also connectors. Such connections can be recognized by both machines and humans (machineand human-readable), which reveals and gives access to a wide range of associated information, ensuring that relationships can be understood, knowledge gained and conclusions to be reached. Acting as a long-lasting reference to a digital entity or resource, PIDs are used to uniquely and unambiguously identify digital representations of natural science objects. PIDs are identifiers that are globally unique, resolvable (i.e. can be expressed as an URI which can take users or machines to a resource or information about a resource) and they are actively managed so that they remain persistent in the long term. Therefore, PIDs play an important role in digital preservation of data. Persistent identifiers were originally developed to address challenges arising from the distributed and disorganised nature of the internet and the so-called “link rot” that made it difficult to maintain a persistent record or digital resources including research data (see Klump & Huber 2017 and references within). PIDs have been in use for over 20 years and there is ongoing discussion on which PID schemes to use in a given community. There are several types, categories and levels to broadly group PIDs (see Meadows et al. 2019): • identifiers for researchers, organizations, and research objects and outputs; • open, i.e. fully interoperable vs. proprietary, i.e. for use within a single organization; • local to an individual organization, national or global. A highly desirable quality for PIDs is to have FAIR metadata. As well as significantly reducing the risk of reference rot, this enables the discovery of open, interoperable, well-defined (FAIR) metadata containing provenance information in a predictable manner – and the PIDs themselves are also open. DOIs are a good example. For DiSSCo's envisaged FAIR Digital Object (FDO) infrastructure, PIDs for the digital objects should be based on the Handle system to be compliant with the Digital Object Architecture as described by the DONA foundation and CORDRA as its reference implementation. There are currently eight PID schemes using the Handle system which could potentially be used as a PID scheme for a Digital Specimen, these have been described in Hardisty et al. (2021): • Digital Object Identifier (DOI) • International GeoSample Number (IGSN) • European PID Consortium (ePIC) 5 • Five-digit prefix (CNRI) • Second-level prefix • Three-segment prefix • Two-digit top level prefix • National-level services A PID scheme relates not only to the technical elements but the whole arrangement around PIDs for using and operating them including the ownership, authority, governance and financial elements. The comparison of the different PID schemes resulted in DOI as the preferred option for Digital Specimen (with a tailored metadata schema; Hardisty et al. 2021). PIDs can uniquely link physical objects to digital artefacts, to records of transactions, the identification of specific vocabulary terms and concepts, etc. Different PID schemes can be used for identifying different things - DOIs for documents and datasets, for example; ORCiD for persons, ROR for organisations. These are described in more detail below. DiSSCo, which is planned to commence full operations in 2026, will have services for indexing, enriching and assisting reuse of specimen data, and needs PIDs and PID services • to support the ambition for Digital Specimens, virtual collections, workflows, etc. on the Internet; • for loans and visits like implemented in ELViS, for annotations, citations, attribution of work and microcredits; • to pursue aims of common policies and procedures; and to transform work practices. PIDs for Digital Specimens complement identifiers of the physical specimens themselves and/or their corresponding digital database records in institutional collection management systems (Hardisty et al. 2021). Examples of such identifiers include the CETAF Stable Identifiers (Güntsch et al. 2017), the International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN; Lehnert et al. 2019), GUIDs (Globally Unique Identifier), Darwin Core Triplets (institutionCode:collectionCode:catalogNumber, https://dwc.tdwg.org/rdf/), or any other combination of institution/collection codes and catalog numbers. Community involvement was and is crucial to reach a broad consensus related to the future adoption of certain PID schemes. This has been done via online consultations and discussion forums. A consultation on Digital Specimens Persistent Identifiers (PIDs) for the operation of the DiSSCo RI took place in October 2020 (https://www.dissco.eu/dissco-pid-consultation/). Another global and virtual consultation hosted by GBIF under the umbrella of the Alliance for Biodiversity Knowledge has taken place in 2021. In Topic 7 of this community consultation, Persistent identifier (PID) schemes have been discussed. The discussion on technical convergence of DiSSCo’s Digital Specimen concept and the similar concept from the Extended Specimen Network strategy of the Biodiversity Collections Network (BCoN) in the USA (BCoN 2019, Lendemer et al. 2019) is expected to reach consensus on the new term 'Digital Extended Specimen' (DES) circumscribing the Digital Specimen and Extended Specimen ideas in one technical concept. Terms and acronyms related to and relevant for the DiSSCo infrastructure are described in the DiSSCo Knowledgebase Glossary. 6 2. PIDs relevant for DiSSCo technical infrastructure 2.1 Identifiers for metadata 2.1.1 Identifier for people (researchers and other agents) Name Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID iD) Focus ORCID provides a persistent digital identifier (an alphanumeric code called ORCID iD), to uniquely identify scientific and other academic authors and contributors. Further reading https://orcid.org/ https://github.com/ORCID Use Cases Widely used. There are approximately 1235 ORCID member organizations. Example ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-4310 (Alex Hardisty) Name Wikidata Q number (QID) Focus Wikidata makes use of identifiers for both internal organization of the knowledge base and for its connection to other databases. Wikidata is also a hub/broker for other identifiers. Further reading https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43649390 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Identifiers Use Cases Wikidata provides Q numbers for items on people (all those featured in Wikipedia and many more). Example ID https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63764 (Louisa Bolus) https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6694 (Alexander von Humboldt) Name International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) Focus ISNI is an ISO certified global standard number especially for contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution, including researchers, inventors, writers, artists, visual creators, performers, producers, publishers, aggregators, and more. The focus is to assign to the public name(s) of those persons a persistent unique identifying number in order to resolve the problem of name ambiguity in search and discovery. 7 ISNI aims to act as a bridge identifier across multiple domains and is becoming a component in Linked Data and Semantic Web applications. Further reading https://isni.org/ Use Cases ISNI holds public records of over 12.75 million individuals (of which 2.94 million are researchers) and of 1,588,535 organizations. Example ID https://isni.org/isni/0000000032197769 (Amalie Dietrich) https://isni.org/isni/0000000121013124 (Aimé Bonpland) Name Virtual International Authority File identifier (VIAF ID) Focus VIAF is an international authority file that combines several authority files in an authority data service. It is a joint project of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). Further reading http://viaf.org/ Use Cases VIAF identifiers are widely used in library catalogues but also added to biographical articles on Wikipedia and incorporated in Wikidata. Example ID https://viaf.org/viaf/98043389/ (Ernst Mayr) Name International Plant Name Index (IPNI) ID Focus The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a nomenclatural index of names of vascular plants from Family down to infraspecific ranks. IPNI IDs are also provided for botanical authors. The older index of authors of plant scientific names is incorporated in IPNI. Further reading https://ipni.org/about Use Cases International Plant Names Index (IPNI) https://www.ipni.org/ Plants of the World Online (POWO) http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ World Flora Online (WFO) Portal http://www.worldfloraonline.org/ 14 Name Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) TSN Focus ITIS provides authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world. ITIS uses a taxonomic serial number (TSN) system. Further reading https://itis.gov/pdf/faq_itis_tsn.pdf Use Cases https://itis.gov/ Exampl e ID https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=287 59#null 2.1.5 Identifier for localities, geographical names and sites Name GeoNames Focus GeoNames is an open geographical database that contains over 27 million geographical names and consists of over 12 million unique features. Each GeoNames feature is represented as a web resource identified by a stable URI, links to a HTML Wiki page or provides RDF. Further reading https://www.geonames.org/about.html Use Cases http://www.geonames.org/ Example ID https://www.geonames.org/2950159/berlin.html (Berlin) Name NGA GeoNames Focus National Geospatial intelligence Agency (NGA) GeoNames Search is a database that provides geographic names for the guidance of and use by the Federal Government and for the information of the general public. Geographic names have a Unique Feature Identifier (UFI). 15 Further reading https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ Use Cases https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ Example ID Name ISO 3166 standard for country codes Focus The “ISO 3166 standard – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions” was created and is maintained by The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Further reading https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes Use Cases GBIF https://rs.gbif.org/areas/ IBAN https://www.iban.com/country-codes Example ID https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PT Name Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) Focus A SRID is a unique value used to unambiguously identify projected, unprojected, and local spatial coordinate system definitions used by all GIS (geographic information system) applications. Further reading https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/using-sql-with-gdbs/whatis-an-srid.htm Use Cases SRID implementations exist from many different spatial vendors. The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset (or EPSG registry) is one example. Example ID Name Wikidata Q identifier (Wikidata QID) Focus Number with a prefix “q” identifying Wikidata entities. 16 Further reading https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Identifiers Use Cases Wikidata items for geographical names and entities Example ID https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568396 (lake Krumme Lanke in Berlin) Name Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names® Online (TGN) Focus The TGN is an evolving vocabulary, thousands of TGN place names are added and edited every year. Types of places included in TGN are inhabited places (cities, towns, villages), nations, empires, archaeological sites, named general areas, tribal areas, lost settlements (historically documented, but the precise location is unknown), and physical features. Each record (place concept), name, and much other information in TGN are identified by persistent, unique numeric identifiers. Furth er readin g https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn/faq.html Use Cases https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn/index.html Exam ple ID http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=Paris&place=&nation=&prev_page=1&e nglish=Y&subjectid=7002980 Name Dynamic Ecological Information Management System - Site and dataset registry (DEIMS-SDR) Focus The aim of DEIMS-SDR is to be the globally most comprehensive catalogue of environmental research and monitoring facilities, featuring foremost but not exclusively information about all LTER sites on the globe and providing that information to science, politics and the public in general. Further reading https://deims.org/ Use Cases https://www.re3data.org/ Example ID https://deims.org/049de4d9-d7db-4b2c-ace5-de8873f5d277 17 Name GADM maps and data Focus GADM provides maps of the administrative areas of all countries, at all levels of subdivision. They provide data at high spatial resolutions that include an extensive set of attributes. They have UIDs - may not be considered as PIDs Further reading https://gadm.org/formats.html https://gadm.org/about.html Use Cases https://gadm.org/ Example ID 2.2 Identifier for physical objects (collection items, specimens and samples) Name Natural Science Identifier (NSId) Focus A Natural Science Identifier (NSId) is a universal, unique persistent identifier for digitised natural science specimens (i.e., Digital Specimens) and other associated object types. An NSId will help you unambiguously refer to a specimen you are working with or will help to find a specimen that someone else has told you about by giving you the NSId e.g., as a reference in a journal article. The best DOIs (and other kinds of Handle, including NSId) are opaque ones that carry no information that could potentially become out of date and incorrect. Further reading https://dissco.tech/2020/05/28/natural-science-identifiers-cetaf-stable-identifiers/ https://pidforum.org/t/a-global-natural-sciences-identifier-nsid-scheme-forspecimens-and-collections/860 Use Cases Example ID Name CETAF Stable Identifier (CSI) 18 Focus CETAF stable identifiers provide humanand machine-readable access to specimen information. Further reading https://cetaf.org/resources/best-practices/cetaf-stable-identifiers-csi-2/ https://cetafidentifiers.biowikifarm.net/ Güntsch et al. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bax003 Use Cases CETAF Botany Pilot https://services.bgbm.org/botanypilot/ CETAF Stable identifiers have been implemented by various CETAF institutions as well as other partners (see https://know.dissco.eu/handle/item/214). Example IDs http://herbarium.bgbm.org/object/B100277113 https://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00421509 https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000005516339 Name Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Focus The DOI system provides a technical and social infrastructure for the registration and use of persistent interoperable identifiers, called DOIs, for use on digital networks. A DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). DOIs are resolvable and interoperable. DOIs are an implementation of the Handle system. Further reading https://www.doi.org/ https://www.doi.org/factsheets/Identifier_Interoper.html Use Cases DOIs are widely used mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. However, they have also been used for other types of information resources. Example ID Name Archival Resource Key (ARK) 19 Focus ARKs are open, mainstream, non-paywalled, decentralized PIDs that identify anything digital, physical, or abstract. The ARK Alliance is an open global community supporting the ARK infrastructure on behalf of research and scholarship. ARKs are being assigned to a variety of different information resources including museum specimens, digitized documents and objects, historic maps, publisher content, genealogical records, scientific records, datasets, journals, etc. Further reading https://arks.org/about/ https://wiki.lyrasis.org/display/ARKs/ARK+Identifiers+FAQ Use Cases Since 2001 over 850 organizations across the world have registered and created some 8.2 billion ARKs. The registry includes national and university libraries and archives, art museums, natural history museums, publishers, data centers, government agencies, vendors, and research labs. Example ID http://ark.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8449691v/f29 Name International Geo Sample Number (IGSN) Focus The core purpose of IGSN is to enable transparent and traceable connections between research activities and objects, including samples, collections, instruments, grants, data, publications, people and organizations. Further reading https://www.igsn.org/ Lehnert et al. (2019), https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.37334 Buys & Lehnert (2021), https://doi.org/10.5438/thhf-kx17 Use Cases Operates a central registration system for physical samples. Recent partnership with DataCite that intends to support the global adoption, implementation, and use of physical sample identifiers. Example ID http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/sample/AU1243 Nam e AAT: Art & Architecture Thesaurus 20 Focus The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a controlled vocabulary used to describe and improve access to information about items of art, architecture, and other material culture. The AAT thesaurus is in compliance with ISO and NISO standards. It is a structured vocabulary of 55,000+ concepts, including terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts, archival materials, and material culture. A minimum record in AAT contains a numeric ID, a term, and a position in the hierarchy. AAT could also be used to express that an object in a collection is a “natural” object that occurs in nature and is not made by humans. Furth er readi ng http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/about.html http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=natural+object&logic=AND¬e=&engli sh=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300404125 Use Cases http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ Exam ple ID http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300404125 2.3 Identifier for literature (scientific articles and other publications) Name Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Focus The DOI system provides a technical and social infrastructure for the registration and use of persistent interoperable identifiers, called DOIs, for use on digital networks. A DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Further reading https://www.doi.org/ https://www.doi.org/faq.html https://www.doi.org/factsheets/Identifier_Interoper.html Use Cases DOIs are widely used mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. However, they have also been used for other types of information resources. Example ID https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e67379 (Hardisty et al. 2021) 21 The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. BHL has been retrospectively minting DOIs (#RetroPIDs) for historic publications since 2011, but the focus has primarily been on monographs. BHL’s new Persistent Identifier Working Group (PIWG) is dedicated to making the content on BHL persistently discoverable, citable and trackable via DOIs and is (at least initially) focusing on journal articles (Kearney 2021). The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier (comprising 13 digits, earlier 10 digits) that is a permanent and citable reference to the related book. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as newspapers, magazines and journals. ISBN and ISSN are not PIDs in the strict sense but important identifiers. 2.4 Other identifiers 2.4.1 Identifiers for images or other media DOIs and repository specific (stable) URIs are used for images, sound, media, etc. Name Entertainment Identifier Registry (EIDR) Focus EIDR is a global unique identifier system for a broad array of audio visual objects, including motion pictures, television, and radio programs as well as for video service providers, such as broadcast and cable networks. EIDR is an implementation of a digital object identifier (DOI). Further reading http://www.eidr.org/ Use Cases http://www.eidr.org/ Example ID https://ui.eidr.org/view/content?id=10.5240/EA73-79D7-1B2B-B378-3A73-M (the movie ‘Blade Runner’) Name IIIF Manifest Focus The International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) is a way to standardize the delivery of images and audio/visual files from servers to different environments on the Web where they can then be viewed and interacted with in many ways. It defines several application programming interfaces designed to operate with the storage and presentation of digitized objects via a web-based interface. 22 A IIIF Manifest is the prime unit in IIIF which lists all the information that makes up a IIIF object. It communicates how to display your digital objects, and what information to display about them, including structure, to varying degrees of complexity as determined by the implementer. The Manifest is what is shown in a Viewer and is usually the thing that can be imported into viewers and other tools. It usually represents a physical object such as a book, an artwork, a newspaper issue, etc. The IIIF Manifest is accessible via a URL that points to a document online (in a format called JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation) which a IIIF tool can read and display. Further reading https://iiif.io/explainers/using_iiif_resources/ https://iiif.io/explainers/using_iiif_resources/#iiif-manifest Use Cases https://projectmirador.org/ https://universalviewer.io/ Example ID Archive of the poet Dioskoros of Aphrodit Name Preston Focus Preston is an open-source software system that captures and catalogs biodiversity datasets. It enables reproducible research: scientists can use Preston to work with a uniquely identifiable, versioned copy of all or parts of GBIF-indexed datasets; dataset registry lookups: institutions can use Preston to check if and when their collections have been indexed and made available through iDigBio; cross-network analysis: biodiversity informatics researchers can use Preston to evaluate dataset overlap between GBIF and iDigBio; and finally, decentralized dataset archival: archivists can distribute Preston-generated biodiversity dataset archives across the world. Further reading https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston Use Cases https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston Preston tracker Example ID 23 2.4.2 Identifier for nucleotide sequence data and genomic data The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC; Arita et al. 2021) is the core infrastructure for sharing nucleotide sequence data (NSD) and the corresponding metadata in the public domain. The collaboration is comprised of three partner organizations that keep the identical information through a daily data exchange process that has operated for over 30 years: • the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) at the National Institute of Genetics in Mishima, Japan; • the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in Hinxton, UK; and • GenBank at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Name GenBank (NCBI) accession number Focus Sequence IDs are provided by the sequence database GenBank (NCBI). Further reading https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/sequenceids/ Use Cases https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ Example ID https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG215994.1 Name BOLD sample IDs Focus The Barcode of Life Data System (commonly known as BOLD or BOLDSystems) is a web platform specifically devoted to DNA barcoding. It consists of four main modules, a data portal, an educational portal, a registry of BINs (putative species), and a data collection and analysis workbench. Further reading https://v3.boldsystems.org/ Use Cases Example ID https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG215994.1 2.4.3 Identifier for projects Name Research Activity Identifier (RAiD) 30 of ORCID IDs and Wikidata QIDs for people but referring to other identifiers in the metadata should also be possible. DOIs are the most widely adopted persistent identifier in research data repository systems (Klump & Huber 2017). While the underlying DOI system has a strong commercial backing, other PID systems such as URN and ARK have the backing of national libraries. Sustainability is an essential aspect of PID systems and as Klump & Huber (2017) point out “they do not come for free”. To ensure the persistence, resolvability, and discoverability for long periods (e.g., 100+ years) entails a cost. This cost, however, is not so high if compared to the value of research and economic opportunities lost because objects are not properly identified, research datasets lost, etc. Handle System mechanisms are proposed as the underlying technical and operational infrastructure making the PIDs needed by the natural sciences community persistent and resolvable. DiSSCo will adopt a ‘driven-by DOI’ persistent identifier (PID) scheme customised to the needs of the natural sciences community (Hardisty et al. 2021). This proposal of adopting DOI as the PID for Digital Specimens is based on a substantial evaluative comparison of 22 Handle System variants (Hardisty et al. 2021). The cost of operating an appropriate PID scheme based on the Handle System is estimated to be around €1m/$1.2m annually for the 30 billion PIDs needed for Digital extended Specimens in natural history domains. The cost could be shared globally among institutions and/or various research infrastructures but there should be no costs for individual researchers to make use of PIDs. Other initiatives are also facing the decision to choose the best PID system (e.g. Heritage PIDs) or are working on a sustainable business model to scale to growing demands (IGSN, Global Sample Number, a popular PID currently mostly applied to physical earth samples). The experience of these initiatives can be helpful throughout the process of implementing PIDs in DiSSCo. DiSSCo has become a member of the International DOI Foundation (IDF) and is working to develop the governance, operations, financing, and service portfolio models, potentially for a new Registration Agency (RA) operating on behalf of the global community. Establishing such a new RA is a practical way forward to support the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable; Wilkinson et al. 2016) data architecture of DiSSCo research infrastructure. This approach is compatible with the policies of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and is aligned to existing practices across the global community of natural science collections. 31 4. References Addink W. & Hardisty A. (2020): 'openDS' – Progress on the New Standard for Digital Specimens. 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