D2.2 Concepts and methods to characterise and integrate local and scientific knowledge

ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchand innovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101037293              DeliverableD2.2 Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocaland scientificknowledge   September2023   ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchand innovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101037293    InnovatingClimateservicesthroughIntegratingScientificandlocalKnowledge          DeliverableTitle:Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientific knowledge Author(s):510,MarcvandenHomberg IHESumiranRastogi,MichaWerner UNIVERSIDADCOMPLUTENSEDEMADRID:LuciaDeStefano,Nuria Hernandez‐MoraZapata VUA:MarijeSchaafsma SMHI:RemcovandeBeek,IliasPechlivanidis IDEAS:VeronikaFabok  ContributingAuthors(s): DateMarch2023 Suggestedcitation:VandenHombergM.,RastogiS.,Hernandez‐MoraZapataN.,etal.(2022) Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientific knowledge Availability:☒PU:Thisreportispublic[Pleaseselect] ☐CO:Confidential,onlyformembersoftheconsortium(includingthe CommissionServices)  DocumentRevisions: AuthorRevisionDate MarcvandenHomberg,SumiranRastogiFirstdraftJanuary2023 MarcvandenHomberg,SumiranRastogi,Nuria Hernandez‐MoraZapataetal. SeconddraftFebruary2023 MichaWerner,MarijeSchaafsma ReviewMarch2023 MarcvandenHomberg,SumiranRastogiFinalversion March2023 MichaWernerRevisionfollowingPOcommentsSeptember2023 D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 3 ExecutiveSummary I‐CISKrecognisesthatknowledgeonclimateandadaptationfromallstakeholders(e.g.,scientists,localkey institutionsandpotentialend‐users)isrelevantforthedesign,production,validation,andeffectiveapplication anduseofCS.ThislocalknowledgehasitsroleineachstepoftheI‐CISKco‐creationframeworkwhichdrives theinteractionprocesswithinthelivinglabs.Localknowledgeisintegraltotheprocessofco‐exploring,co‐ identifying,andco‐developing.Assuchlocalknowledgeprioritiesareinterwovenacrossseveralworkpackages andtaskswithintheproject. Thisdeliverable,morespecifically,linkswithtask2.2(T2.2)andisconceptualizedtobeaniterativeone.The combinedobjectiveofthedeliverable(thisiterationandthenext)istoidentifyandcollectlocalknowledge, throughmostlyparticipatorymethodologies,tolinkexpertisefromtheconsortiumscientistsandlocal knowledgefromtheLLandcomplementclimatedatafromCopernicusandGEOSSandresearchwithlocal data.Thisco‐identificationisconsideredwithintheparticularsocial,economic,andsectoralcontextsofthe LL,andaimstowardsbeinggoal‐orientedandexplicitlyrecognizingthemultiplewaysofknowing.Thisfirst iteration,inparticular,summarizescurrentscholarshiponlocalknowledge,therebylayingthefoundationto buildaframingoflocalknowledgethatwillbeadoptedandoperationalisedwithintheI‐CISKproject. Thisdeliverablearguesforabroaderframingoflocalknowledge,regardingitasanall‐encompassingtermto describearangeofdifferentknowledgesderivedeitherthroughtraditionalorculturalnorms,personal observations,livedoroccupationalexperiences.Basedonthis,theholdersoflocalknowledgeandtheways inwhichtheyaccumulateknowledgearealsovaried.Adoptingsuchaframingoflocalknowledgewithinthe climateserviceprovisionprocessisbeneficialwhenconsideringtheknowledgesofthedifferentagents involvedintheCSdesignandprovision,particularlylocalserviceprovidersandpurveyors. Chapter1situatesthedeliverableinthecontextoftheprojectestablishingrelevanceandsynergieswiththe I‐CISKco‐creationframework.Chapter2reviewstheconceptoflocalknowledgeandprovidesaworking definitionforthesame.Additionally,thechaptergoesintoadiscussionaboutthevariousdimensionsoflocal knowledgeprovidingexamplesfromclimatechangeadaptation,disasterriskreductionandotherrelevant literature.Finally,thechapteralsodescribestheroleoflocaldataandhowitfitswithinourframingoflocal knowledge.Chapter3delvesintothewaysinwhichlocalknowledgeorlocaldatacanbecollectedand integratedwithinthecontextofclimateservices.Thechapterspecificallydiscussestheimportanceof participatorymethods.ThechapterconcludeswiththeapproachcurrentlybeingpilotedwithintheI‐CISK projectwhichaimstointegratelocaldataandknowledgeupstreamintheclimateservicevaluechain(i.e.,by climateserviceprovidersandmodellers).Chapter4bringsthelocalknowledgediscussiontothelivinglabs withinI‐CISKproject.ForthisfirstiterationofD2.2,weprovideexamplesfromlivinglabsinSpainandHungary, wheredatacollectionsprocesseshavehelpedinidentifyingandcharacterisingthelocalknowledgeofvarious knowledgeholders.Finally,thedeliverableconcludeswithdescribingthenextstepsthatwillbeundertaken tooperationalizetheframingoflocalknowledgeadoptedwithintheI‐CISKprojectaswellasengageina discussionwiththebroaderclimateservicescommunity.    D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 4 TableofContents ExecutiveSummary.............................................................................................................................................3 TableofContents................................................................................................................................................4 ListofFigures.......................................................................................................................................................5 ListofTables........................................................................................................................................................6 ListofBoxes.........................................................................................................................................................7 1Introduction:theimportanceoflocalknowledgeintheClimateServicesvaluechainanditsroleintheco‐ creationframework.............................................................................................................................................9 2Backgroundonlocalknowledgeandlocaldata........................................................................................12 2.1Defininglocalknowledgeanditsholders..........................................................................................12 2.2Dimensionsandindicatorsoflocalknowledge..................................................................................15 2.3Defininglocaldata.............................................................................................................................19 3Methodstointegratescientificandlocalknowledge,characteriselocalknowledgeandcollectlocaldata 21 3.1WaystomakeuseoflocalknowledgeandlocaldataacrosstheCSvaluechain..............................21 3.2Overviewofmethodstointegratescientificandlocalknowledge...................................................22 3.3Methodstocharacteriselocalknowledgeandcollectlocaldata......................................................24 3.4Upstreamintegrationoflocalknowledgebythedataintegratoranddeveloper.............................29 4CharacterizationanduseoflocalknowledgeintheLivingLabs...............................................................32 4.1Introduction.......................................................................................................................................32 4.2LocalknowledgeintheAndalucía‐LosPedrochesLivinglab.............................................................32 4.2.1MethodsusedtoidentifytheLKusedintheLL............................................................................33 4.2.2SomeremarksonLKbasedontheworkcarriedoutsofar..........................................................37 4.3LivingLabHungary.............................................................................................................................37 5Conclusionsandfuturework.....................................................................................................................41 6References.................................................................................................................................................43     D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 5 ListofFigures Figure1CSvaluechainasdescribedintheICISKproposal.................................................................................9 Figure2Co‐creationofuser‐centredCS:buildingblocksoftheprocessthattakeplaceinaLLcontext........10 Figure3DifferenttypesofknowledgesascharacterisedbyRaymondetal.(2010)........................................13 Figure4DimensionsofLKforfloodriskmanagementinMalawi.....................................................................16 Figure5MethodologyoflinkinglocalknowledgeanddataintoCStoservelocalneeds................................31 Figure6Responsestothequestion:Isthereachangingurbanclimate?.........................................................38 Figure7ResponsestoQuestion:Whatdoyouexperienceduringheatwaves?..............................................39 Figure8Hotspotsinthedistrictmarkedbyrespondents................................................................................39   D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 6 ListofTables Table1Examplesofdefinitionsoflocalknowledgeacrossdisciplines.............................................................12 Table2Anon‐exhaustiveoverviewofCSdeliverydomains,theirtemporalscaleandlocalknowledge dimensionsacrossliteratureDRR,DRMandCCA.............................................................................................18 Table3Overviewofthedifferentknowledges,theirgenerationprocess,andholders...................................20 Table4Possibleformsofcollaborationandmeansandmeansofintegrationasdiscussedintransdisciplinary literature............................................................................................................................................................23 Table5TypologyofapproachestointegratinglocalandscientificknowledgeanddatainCS........................24 Table6Participatorymethodsandtheirrelevanceforlocalknowledge.........................................................25 Table7Overviewofmethodstocharacterizetheknowledgeandtocollectthedata(forbothscientificand localknowledge)................................................................................................................................................27 Table8Overviewofdatatypesperknowledgecategory.................................................................................28 Table9CharacterizationofknowledgeanddataidentifiedintheAndalucía‐LosPedrocheslivinglab...........35 Table10WaysinwhichlocalknowledgeisinterwovenacrossdifferentWPs.................................................42   D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 7 ListofBoxes Box1Localknowledgeandco‐creation............................................................................................................11 Box2Whoaretheholdersoflocalknowledge?...............................................................................................14 Box3Reliabilityoflocalknowledge..................................................................................................................15 Box4Localknowledgefordecisionmakingonclimateadaptation.................................................................17 Box5Climateserviceproductversusprocessandtheroleoflocalknowledge...............................................22   D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 8 ListofAbbreviations ABM–AgentbasedModelling CCA–Climatechangeadaptation CS–ClimateService DRM–DisasterRiskManagement DRR–DisasterRiskReduction EWS–EarlyWarningSystem FGD–FocusGroupDiscussion LL–LivingLab LK–Localknowledge MAP–MultiActorPlatform SK–Scientificknowledge  D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 9 1 Introduction:theimportanceoflocalknowledgeintheClimateServices valuechainanditsroleintheco‐creationframework TheI‐CISKprojectacknowledgesthatmultiplesourcesofknowledgefeedintotheclimateservice(CS)value chainFigure1Figure1).Atoneendofthevaluechain,endusersbuildtheiradaptationdecisions,whichthey dobasedonmultiplesourcesofknowledge.Basically,enduserstriangulatebetweenthelocalknowledgeon climateandweathertheyholdandthescientificknowledgethatreachesthemfromavarietyofinformation sources(suchastheCSfromtheNationalMeteorologicalandHydrologicalServices)(Hermansetal.,2022). Foreachend‐usergroup,theremaybeadifferentvarietyofsourcewithvaryingimportancethattheyrely uponandtriangulate.Theirlocalknowledgeincludespresentandpastexperiences,observationsonfor exampleecological,meteorological,andcelestialdimensions,andofadaptationoptionsandtheir effectiveness.AttheotherendoftheCSvaluechain,thedataproviders,integrators,anddevelopersprimarily usescientificknowledge,buttheyalsomayintegratelocalknowledgeonimportantclimateparameters, thresholds,andtriggers,aswellasclimate(suchascomingfromtheCopernicusClimateDatastore),atthe appropriatespatialandtemporalscale,inaclimateproduct.Serviceprovidersandpurveyors,suchas meteorologicalexpertsoragriculturalextensionworkersworkingattheregionalorlocallevel,mayinclude theirownpriorexpertknowledgeandexperienceregardingclimatepatternsandimpactsinthetransmission ofthescientificforecastscomingfromthenationallevel.Inthisway,scientificclimatedataistailoredand translatedintounderstandableandusefulinformationsothatend‐userengagementandempowermentof theservicepurveyorsendusersisimproved.Thesemultiplesourcesofknowledge,thattheactorsalongthe CSvaluechainhold,canbemappedonacontinuumoflocalandscientificknowledge.Calveletal.(2020), Lemosetal.(2012),Kumar(2010),demonstratetheneedtocombineandintegratethemultiplesourcesof knowledgeastherearealltoooftengapsinusabilityandusefulnessoftheCSastheserviceisoftennot sufficientlylocalisedandcontextualised.  Figure1CSvaluechainasdescribedintheICISKproposal Thisdeliverableisaniterativeone,withthisfirstversionsummarisingcurrentscholarshiponlocalknowledge andlayingthefoundationtobuildtowardsaframingoflocalknowledgethatwillbeadoptedand operationalisedwithintheI‐CISKproject.Knowledgeonclimatefromallstakeholders(e.g.,scientists,localkey institutionsandpotentialend‐users)isrelevantforthedesign,production,validation,andeffectiveapplication anduseofCS.Therefore,theobjectiveofthisdeliverable(andthecorrespondingtask2.2withinwhichthis deliverablehasbeendeveloped)istoidentifyandcollectlocalknowledge,throughmostlyparticipatory D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 16   Figure4DimensionsofLKforfloodriskmanagementinMalawi (Source:SakicTrogrlicetal.2019) Table2providesexamplesfromliteraturewhereresearchcapturedforvariousCSdeliverydomainsand temporalscaleslocalknowledgedimensions.TheCSdeliverydomainsrangefromDRR(DisasterRisk Reduction),DRM(DisasterRiskManagement)toCCA(ClimateChangeAdaptation).Temporalscalescanvary fromweathertoclimate,sofromcurrentandpastconditions,1‐10days,30‐90+daystomorethan5years. MostofthestudiesinTable2arefromtheMajorityWorld,withonestudythatincludedamultitudeofcase studiesaroundtheworldandonefromtheUSA.Box4givesmorebackgroundastohowlocalknowledgecan informdecisionmakingforDRR,DRMandCCA. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 17 Box4Localknowledgefordecisionmakingonclimateadaptation          D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 18 Table2Anon‐exhaustiveoverviewofCSdeliverydomains,theirtemporalscaleandlocalknowledgedimensionsacrossliteratureDRR,DRMandCCA. CSdeliverydomainTemporalscaleLocation Localknowledge dimensionDescriptionReference DRRPreparedness Longrange seasonal outlooks 30‐90+ daysMalawi Meteorological conditions Anomaliesinambienttemperatureand/orwind directionandspeedpriortowetseasonrelated todrought(Streefkerketal.2022) DRRPreparedness Longrange seasonal outlooks 30‐90+ daysZimbabweFloraandFauna Densityofleavesandfruitsandfloweringlevels asanindicationofdroughtconditions(Chisadzaetal.2015) DRREarlywarning Shortto medium‐term forecasts 1‐10 daysMalawi Meteorological conditions Windspeed,temperatureandcloudformations overLakeMalawiasprecursorstoflashflood events(Bucherieetal.2022) DRRPreparedness Shortto medium‐term forecasts 1‐10 daysNepalLocalimpacts Awarenessandjudgementoflocalimpactsof heavyrainfallfordisasterpreparedness(Sudmeier‐Rieuxetal.2012) DRRPreparedness Shortto medium‐term forecasts 1‐10 daysMalawiEarlyactions Livelihoodmodification,foodandlivestock management,relocationandevacuation, adjustmentstohousingunits(ŠakicTrogrlicetal.2019) DRRResponse Currentand past conditions Today and pastCambodia Hydro‐ meteorological conditions Localknowledgeofspatialandtemporalpatterns offloods,droughtsandrainfall(Paulietal.2021) DR MRecovery Currentand past conditions Today and pastMalawiLivelihoods Structuralandlivelihoodmeasuresimplemented postfloodevent(ŠakicTrogrlicetal.2019) DR MMitigation Currentand past conditions Today and pastTaiwan Agricultural livelihoods adaptationCropselection(ChenandCheng2020) DR MMitigation Currentand past conditions Today and pastMalawi Agricultural livelihoods adaptationChangingplantingschedules(ŠakicTrogrlicetal.2019) DR MMitigation Currentand past conditions Today and past Philippine s Water management Improvingirrigationandwatermanagement systems(LiragandEstrella2017) CCA Climate projection Climate projection >5 years GlobalFloraandFauna Changestothebiophysicalsystemasan indicationofachangingclimateatthelocallevel(Reyes‐Garcíaetal.2016) CCA Climate projection Climate projection >5 years USA Climatechange perception Experiencedclimateknowledgetoimprove servicedeliveryofCS (Clifford,Travis,and Nordgren2020)  D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 19 2.3 Defininglocaldata Figure3showsthespectrumoflocalandscientificknowledges.KnowledgecanbepositionedintheData InformationKnowledgeWisdom(DIKW)pyramid.CapturingDIKWintheshapeofapyramidseemstosuggest thatdataaretherawbuildingblocksofknowledge.However,Mulderetal.(2016)flippedthisconventional view,arguingthatdataisgeneratedfromdifferentsourcesofknowledge,becausethereisasocialprocess thatunderliesthecreation,editingandtranslationofdata.Theknowledgeonehasorwantstoobtain influencesthissocialprocess.Mulderetal.(2016)analysedthisintheveryspecificcontextofcrowdsourcing datainahumanitariancrisis.Wearguethatforeachcontextthedata‐to‐knowledgegenerationprocesswill bedifferentandshouldbedisentangled.Datacollectedthroughscientificinstrumentsatthelocallevelcan throughanalysisgeneratenewscientificknowledge.Alsointhiscase,theexistingscientificknowledgeand associatedsocialprocessesinfluence–tosomeextent‐wherethelocaldatacollectionisgoingtobedone. Usually,aresearchershouldbeawareofanddescribethisinfluenceinthescientificreporting,suchasviaa positionalitystatementinsocialsciencerelatedpaperoranexplanationofthelimitationsinthedatacollection inthemethodssectioninforexampleageosciencespaper.Observationsofthenaturalenvironmentsover timeleadtothebuildingupoflocalknowledge,butalsoherepeoplemaybeinclinedtoobservewhatthey areusedto,giventheirexistinglocalknowledgeandoccupation.Apartfromthesemoreconceptual considerations,fortheincorporationoflocalknowledgeinCS,itisimportantthatweunderstandthetypesof datathatcomewiththespectrumoflocalandscientificknowledges. Table3labelsdatabytheirprocessofgeneration(i.e.,throughforexample,arigorous,evidence‐based scientificprocessorthroughpersonalexperience)andtheholders.Table3willbeintroducedinsection3.3 withtheaimtodescribethemethodstocharacteriselocalknowledgeandtocollectlocaldata. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 20 Table3Overviewofthedifferentknowledges,theirgenerationprocess,andholders CategoryDescriptionof knowledge Knowledge generatedthrough Holderofknowledge   DescriptionUsualplaceinCS valuechain Local knowledge Tacit,implicitand informalknowledge Personal experience Tribalor indigenous communities, other communities, includingthose inruraland urban environments, settledand nomadic communities, original inhabitants,and migrants User Lay,personal,local, andsituated knowledge Indigenous knowledge Traditionalcultural norms,rules,and observations Traditional ecological knowledge Localecological knowledge Morerecent human‐climate interactions Occupational knowledge Formalizednon‐ scientificprocess Employeesofthe NMHSatthe locallevel; agricultural extension workers; farmers;hotel ownersetc Serviceprovider orservice purveyor Expertknowledge Scientific knowledge  Rigorous, evidence‐based scientificprocess ScientistDataprovider, dataintegrator anddeveloper CitizenDataprovider    D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 21 3 Methodstointegratescientificandlocalknowledge, characteriselocalknowledgeandcollectlocaldata 3.1 WaystomakeuseoflocalknowledgeandlocaldataacrosstheCSvaluechain Thissectionaimstogiveanoverviewofthedifferentapproachesandpracticesthatarecurrently usedtobringSKandLKtogether.LocalknowledgehasaroleinaddingcontextalongtheCS valuechain.Acrossthisrangeofapproachesandexperiences,asetofbestpracticescanbe identifiedwhichunderpineffectivewaysofworkingtoleverageknowledgewhichsupports developingadequateCS.Morespecifically,theobjectiveofthissectionistoidentifythose approachesthataremosteffectiveandadequateforanactorintheCSvaluechain.Research onexpandingtheusabilityofclimateinformationarguesforproducinginformationthatis perceivedascredible(validandtrust‐worthy),salient(relevanttodecisionmaking)and legitimate(outcomeofaninclusiveandfairprocess)bystakeholders(Cashetal.2003;I‐CISK, 2022).Buildingonthis,Lemos,Kirchhoff,andRamprasad(2012),describepathwaystoachieving usableclimateinformationthroughimproved‘fit,interplayandinteraction’.Theauthors describefitastheusers’perceptionofcredibilityandsalienceoftheinformation;interplayis howtheinformationinteractswiththeexistingknowledgeandexperiencesofusers(local knowledge);andinteractionistheprocessthroughwhichclimateinformationwasproduced (ibid).Inthecontextofenvironmentalmanagement,Dyballetal.(2009),discussprocessesof sociallearningamongactors.Theyexplainthatparticipationandinteractionamongdifferent actorscanrangefromcoercion(thewillofonegroupisimposedontheother),informing, consulting,enticing,co‐creationtoco‐acting(activeparticipation).Thisspectrumofinteraction betweencommunitiesandexternalactorscanbeused,tosomeextent,todescribewaysin whichtheholdersofLKandSKrelatetooneanother,reflectingthepowerrelationsbetween actors. Berggrenetal.(2011)defineknowledgeintegrationasacombinationofspecialisedknowledge toreachanendresult,whileithasalsobeeninterpretedastheprocessoftransforming individualknowledgetoacollectiveone(OkhuysenandEisenhardt2002).Oneofthemajor challengestointegrationarisesfromthedifferencesbetweenpositivistscienceandlocal knowledge,resultingin“epistemologicalanxiety”regardingthevalidityanduseoflocal knowledge(TayloranddeLoë2012).Nevertheless,literaturealsonotesthatdisregardinglocal knowledgewithinacollaborativeprocesscanleadtooutcomesthatareperceivedasillegitimate andimposed(Berkes,Colding,andFolke2000;TayloranddeLoë2012).Box5explainsinmore depththeroleoflocalknowledgeintheCSproductversusitsroleintheprocessofdeveloping aclimateservice. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 22 Box5Climateserviceproductversusprocessandtheroleoflocalknowledge  Section3.2discussestheimportanceofintegratinglocalknowledgeandapproachestodothe sameinthecontextofCS.Section3.3providesanoverviewofparticipatorymethodsthatare usefulincollectinglocaldatawithaviewtocharacteriselocalknowledge.Lastly,Section3.4 delvesintointegrationtechniquesusedbyupstream(dataprovidersandmodellers)withinthe I‐CISKprojecttoincorporatelocaldataandknowledge. 3.2 Overviewofmethodstointegratescientificandlocalknowledge Attheircore,CSaregearedtowardsprovidingsupporttosolvesocietalchallengesbymanaging thescience‐societyinterface.Thispresentsmethodologicalchallenges,particularlythe combiningofdifferentknowledgebasestoestablishacommonunderstandingoftheproblem, andacceptanceofproposedsolutions.Thesechallengeshavebeenextensivelydiscussedinthe contextoftransdisciplinaryresearchandwithintheco‐creationframework(PohlandHadron, 2008;I‐CISK,2022).Theco‐creationframeworkencouragestheacknowledgmentofadiversity ofperspectivestounderstandandclarifytheirdifferencesanduseofparticipatorymethods(I‐ CISK,2022).Thesemethods,incombinationwithquantitativemethods,canhelpindepicting D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 23 theperceptionofacollective,andtheirrationalewithoutqualifyingthem.Table4providesa matrixofformsofcollaborationandfour(simplified)meansofintegration,identifyingintotal twelveprimarywaysofintegration,asconceptualizedbyPohlandHadron(2008).Theformsof collaboration,originallyprovidedbyRossiniandPorter(1979)positthatwithincommongroup learning,integrationistheresultofalearningprocessthatinvolvesthewholegroup;whilein caseofdeliberationitisaconsequenceofknowledgeexchangebetweenexperts(scientificand non‐scientific)witheachexpertanalysingpartoftheproblemand;inthethirdformof collaboration,integrationisundertakenbyaspecificsubgroup.Thefourfundamentalmeansof integrationinclude(PohlandHadron,2008):  buildingmutualunderstandingthroughuseoflanguage;  buildingcommontheoreticalunderstanding(throughtransferofconceptsacross disciplines,adaptingdisciplinaryconceptsandtheiroperationalization,ordeveloping newbridgingconcepts);  using‘hard’and‘soft’modelstodepictsharedunderstandingorfacilitatemutual learningand;  integrationisstimulatedbytheendproductorprocess,joiningthediverseinterestsof groupsinvolved. Table4canalsobeinterpretedfromthelensoflocalknowledgeintegrationwherein,integration canbeintheformof,forexample,developingaglossaryinlocallanguagesandinformedby localunderstanding,re‐framingclimatechangeimpactsbasedonlocalrealities,developing modelstounderstandlocaldecisionmakingorsettingupstakeholderplatformasameansto captureandintegratelocalknowledge. Table4Possibleformsofcollaborationandmeansandmeansofintegrationasdiscussedin transdisciplinaryliterature. MeansofintegrationFormsofcollaboration Commongroup learning  Deliberation amongexperts  Integrationbya subgroupor individual  Mutualunderstanding(usingeveryday language,developingaglossary)  Theoreticalconcept(bridgingdifferent concepts,newconceptsthatmerge disciplinaryandlocalknowledge)  Models(qualitativeorquantitative models,scenarios)  Productsandprocesses(forums,database, technicaldevices,policyorregulation)  (Thedelineationofdifferentmeansofintegrationisforclarityandcomparison,inpracticeamix oftheseintegrationapproachesareused.(adaptedfromPohlandHadorn,2008)) WithinCSthediscussiononknowledgeintegrationisongoing.Table5revisitstheintegration typologyprovidedbyPlotzetal.(2017)andextendedinthisresearch.Wenotethatmostofthe approachesforintegratinglocalandscientificknowledgearewhenproducingtheCS,sopriorto theservicebecomingoperational,orwhenevaluatingCS.(Hironsetal.,2021)statethat evaluationshouldbeongoingandcombinemeteorologicalverificationwithdecision‐makers feedback.However,integrationalsotakesplacewhenaCSisdelivered.Forexample,whenCS userstriangulateinformationcontainedintheCSbetweentheirlocalknowledgeandthe knowledgeprovidedintheCS. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 24 Table5TypologyofapproachestointegratinglocalandscientificknowledgeanddatainCS (Source:Pesqueretal.2022) Levelof integration DescriptionReference Science‐ dominated Inthisapproach,theinformationprovidedthroughtheclimate servicederivedfromscientificknowledgeisconsideredthemost valuable(describedascoercion(Dyballetal.,2009)).Thislevelof integrationisoftenfoundinglobalforecastingsystemsthatare developedusingglobalscientificdatasetsandmodels.  ConsensusIntheconsensusapproach,scientificknowledge(e.g.,seasonal forecastsobtainedfromaclimatemodel)andlocalknowledge (e.g.,seasonalforecastbasedontraditionalknowledgeof meteorologicalsigns)areconsideredequallybyscientificexperts andtraditionalknowledgeholders.Thetwoknowledgesare combinedtodevelopaconsensusforecast. (Plotzetal., 2017) ValidationLocalknowledgeisusedtoevaluateinformationprovidedbythe climateservice,orscientificknowledgeisusedtoevaluatethe accuracyoflocalknowledge‐basedforecasts.Referredtoas scienceintegrationinPlotzetal. (Landmanet al.,2020;Gilles etal.,2022)  TriangulationScientificknowledgeprovidedthroughtheclimateserviceis triangulatedbyuserswiththeirlocalknowledgeoftheir environment.Thiscouldincludecomparisonof(seasonal) forecaststheclimateserviceprovideswithenvironmentalcues observedbytheuser. (Shahetal., 2012;Gwenzi etal2016)  InformingLocalknowledgeisusedtoinformhowscientificknowledgecan beinterpreted.Examplesincludewhere(Meteorological) indicatorsbasedonlocalknowledgeareusedtoinformhow scientificdatasetsandmodelsareinterpreted. (Bucherieet al.,2022; Streefkerket al.,2022) Conditioningand BiasCorrection Notes:herelocalknowledgeandinparticularlocaldataisusedto conditionmodeluncertaintiesandcorrectbiases.Thisisthrough formalmathematicalapproachessuchasquantilemappingor Bayesianapproaches.   3.3 Methodstocharacteriselocalknowledgeandcollectlocaldata Table3givesanoverviewofthedifferentknowledges,theirholdersandhowtheknowledgeis generated.Inthissection,wewilldescribethedataassociatedwiththeseknowledgesandhow onecancollectthedata.Table6explainstherelevanceofparticipatorymethodsincapturing andutilisinglocalknowledgeinmoredetail.Theydepictsharedrepresentationsofrealityand allowustoengageinapurposefullearningprocess(Voinovetal.2018). D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 25 Table6Participatorymethodsandtheirrelevanceforlocalknowledge (adaptedfromVoinovetal.2018;IFRC,2023) Participatory method DescriptionRelevanceforlocalknowledgeExampleofuse Surveys  Surveyscompriseofsuiteofquestionsthatareaimed attryingtostudyanissue. Usefulapproachforfactfinding.Surveysareflexibleand lessresourceintensive. Understandingclimatechangeperception ofendusersofclimateservices(Clifford, Travis,andNordgren2020) Interviews (structuredand semistructured) Interviewscompriseofaseriesofquestionsthatare meanttosupportaface‐to‐faceconsultationwhen exploringanissue. Similartosurveys,theyareusefulinfactfinding. However,theycansufferfrombias,whichmaybe overcomebymovingtoasemistructuredformatthat allowsforamixofbothopenandclosedquestions Peoplecentreddisseminationand communicationofdroughtwarning (Calveletal.2020) Role‐playing games(RPGs)or Seriousgames RPGsinvolvethecreationofvirtualworld,with simplifiedreal‐worldconditionsandrules.Itaidsin exploringandunderstandingthecontextanddevelop possiblesolutionsthroughdialogueandcollective explorationbythestakeholders. Usefulinrevealingcompetinggoals,interests,implicit socialrules,andinteractions. Buildingcrossculturalknowledgeon climatechangetoenablesociallearning andsupportadaptationdecisionmaking (Blackettetal.2022) FocusGroup Discussion(FGD) FGDareaqualitativeresearchmethodanddata collectiontechniqueinwhichagroupofpeople participateinmoderateddiscussionregardingagiven topicorissue. Thesecanbeveryusefulinbringingtotheforelocal knowledgeonarangeofissues,forexample,revealing collectiveviewsandrationaleorbeliefsunderpinning thoseaswellascompetingnarrativesontopicsand issues.Itcanalsohelpingaugingtheawarenesslevels acrossdifferentmembersofthegroup. Exploringriskperceptionandadaptation decisionmakingamongfarmers(Singhet al.2022) RichpicturesThisisadiagrammingtoolwhichmakesuseofvisual media(likesymbols,texts,clipart)torepresenthowa groupofpeoplethinkaboutaparticularissue. Canhelpbringtotheforetacitknowledgeasitallows peopletodrawwhattheyarenotabletoarticulate Stakeholders’understandingof sustainabledevelopment(Bell,Berg,and Morse2016) Cognitive mapping Cognitivemapsorconceptmapsaregraphical representationsoforganizedknowledgethatareused illustraterelationshipsorindividual’sknowledgeor beliefaboutanissueofinterestorasystem. Usefulinpresentingtheorganisedunderstandingof individualsoftheworldaroundthem,orinrepresenting formalisedknowledge(fore.g.,organizationstructure, flowofinformation) Understandandanalysestakeholders’ perceptionofdroughtimpacts(Giordano, Preziosi,andRomano2013) Decisiontree analysesor problemtree Decisiontreesareusedtodepictthesequenceof decisionsandsystemchangesthatoccurovertimeand itsconsequenceonoutcomesviewedasrelevantby thestakeholders Usefulinunderstandingdecisionmaking,associated actionsandoutcomes. Adaptivemanagement(Haasnootetal. 2013) D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 32 4 CharacterizationanduseoflocalknowledgeintheLivingLabs 4.1 Introduction TheI‐CISKprojectaimstoinnovatethewayslocalknowledgeisunderstoodandutilisedwithin thedesignanddeliveryofCS.Intheearliersectionsofthisdeliverablethecurrentunderstanding anduseoflocalknowledge,andmethodstointegratelocalandscientificknowledgeare discussed.Inthischapter,wehighlightinitialworkthathasbeendoneintwoofthelivinglabs, SpainandHungary.Weadopttheframingpresentedearlierthatlocalknowledgeisanall‐ encompassingtermthatincludesarangeofdifferentknowledgesderivedeitherthrough traditionalorculturalnorms,personalobservations,livedoroccupationalexperiences.It providesaninsightintothe‘wayoflife‘ofindividualsandcommunities,sheddinglightonhow theyperceivetheirsurroundings,solveproblems,andvalidatenewinformation.Itis accumulatedovertimeandisverydynamicinnature.Localknowledgecanbebothtacitor implicitinnature,ormoreintentionalasinthecaseofitbeingderivedfromstructuredand formalizedprocesses.Finally,localknowledgeisdeeplyrootedinthecontextfromwhereit originatesandthereforemaynotbegeneralisabletoothercontexts.Withthisinmind,wetry tocharacteriselocalknowledgeanddataintheexampletwolivinglabs.Thisisbasedon,who theholdersoflocalknowledgeareandthedimensionsoflocalknowledgethatareidentified.In doingso,weutilisethecontinuumoflocalknowledge(developedbasedonthecharacterisation providedbyRaymondetal.(2010))toidentifyandcharacterisedifferentholdersoflocal knowledgeandthetypeoflocalknowledgetheypossess(seeFigure3,Chapter2).Intermsof thedimensionsoflocalknowledge,welimittoknowledgesrelevanttometeorological, hydrological,andbiophysicalobservations,climatechangeperceptionsandexperiences,culture andnorms,livelihoodpractices,copingandadaptationstrategies,decisionmaking,useof informationandothercontextrelevantdimensions.Currentcharacterisationcoversseveralof thesedimensions.Theinformationonlocalknowledgehasbeendevelopedbasedondiscussions withthemulti‐actorplatform(MAP)membersineachoftheLivingLabs,primarythrough targeteddatacollectionprocesses(forexamplethroughsurveysandquestionnaires)and throughreviewofexistingliterature. 4.2 LocalknowledgeintheAndalucía‐LosPedrochesLivinglab TheMAPintheSpanishAndalucía‐LosPedrochesLL(ALPLL)ismadeupofavarietyof stakeholdersthat,inmostcasesarebothproducersandconsumersofCSanduseavarietyof sourcesofinformationtomakeadaptationdecisions.MAPmemberssuchastheAndalusian environmentalinformationnetwork,REDIAM,ortheGuadalquivirandGuadianaRiverBasin authoritiesgenerateCS(forinstancemonthlydroughtriskreports,orREDIAM’sCLIMA database)butalsorelyonclimatedataandreportsfromtheSpanishNationalMeteorological Service(AEMET).SomeagriculturalextensionorresearchmembersofMAP,suchasIFAPAor CICAP,alsogeneratelocalclimateinformationthroughavarietyofprojects:anetworkoflocal meteorologicalstations;anetworkofmeasuringdevicesofevapotranspirationfrompasture anddehesaecosystems,measurementsofanimalstressorotherparametersinresponseto climaticconditions;orotherinitiativesincollaborationwithlocalfarmersandranchersto analysetherelationshipbetweenclimateandplantandanimalproductivity. ThemainclimaterelatedinformationusedintheALPLL,bothbynaturalareamanagersandby farmers,ranchersandfarmingcooperativesisdatawhichisprovidedprimarilybyAEMETaswell asinformationfromavarietyofmediachannels(eltiempo.es,TV,press).Apartfromtheseshort‐ termprevisions,usersrelyheavilyontheirownmemoryofpastclimaticconditionsandtheir experienceinordertomakeadaptationdecisions.Inordertofacilitatetheuseofthispast D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 33 knowledge,MAPmembershaverequestedI‐CISKtogenerateaCSthatmakesofficialhistorical climaticdata(temperatureandprecipitation)easilyavailable(throughanapp)tohelpcontrast empiricaldatawiththeirrecollectionandexperience,thushelpingimprovetheirdecision‐ makingprocess. Traditionallocalknowledgeintheformofweather‐relatedproverbsorthecabañuelas,a traditionalclimatepredictionsystem,arealsomentionedbyfarmersandforestguardsas informalsourcesofclimatepredictions.However,observedchangesintemperatureandrainfall patternsoverthelastfewyears,haveinfluencedperceptionsonthereliabilityoftraditional knowledgeandlocalexperience. IntheALPLLthreetypesoflocalinformationarecurrentlybeinggatheredinordertodevelop theco‐identifiedCS:  Climateinformationfromlocalmeteorologicalstationstoadaptclimatepredictionsand projectionstothetemporalandspatialresolutionneeded,andtocharacterise uncertaintyandfitofclimatemodeloutputs.  Phenologicalinformationonhistoricalplantproductivity–forpasture,olivetreesand foresttreespecies–inordertoestablishrelationshipsbetweenplantproductivityand climaticconditions.  Localknowledgeregardingtheevolutionsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcesanduses inordertocharacterisethehydrologicalcycleintheregionandmodelitsprojected evolutioninresponsetoclimatechangeprojectionsandchangesindemands.  4.2.1 MethodsusedtoidentifytheLKusedintheLL TheALPLLisrelyingondifferentmethodstoidentifyandgatherLKthatshouldbeconsideredin theco‐developmentofCSand,whererelevant,beincorporatedinco‐developedCS:  Documentreviewwithaspecialfocusonliteratureproducedbylocalactorsandrelated toprocessesthatareaddressedbytheCS.  Accessofonlinerepositoriesofpublicmeteorologicalandhydrologicaldatathatare publiclyavailable.  Reviewofsocialmediasitesrelatedtotheregion,includingblogs,twitteraccounts, Facebookpagesandotherforawhereinformationondifferentissues–suchaswater availability,climate,etc.–isexchangedbylocalresidents.  Interviews.Thesemethodsallowustoidentifythetypeofknowledgeavailable,what actorhasthatinformation,itslimitationsanditsrelevanceindecisionmaking.Inperson interviewshavecreatedthespaceforactorstomentiontraditionalknowledge– refranes,cabañuelas–thatareacknowledgedasnotscientificallyreliablebutareknown andusedlocally.  Workshops.Annualworkshopsallowustoidentifyexisting“formal”orscientificlocal knowledge,itsrelevanceindecisionmaking,potentialimprovementsandinterestin collaboratinginthegenerationofnewCSbuildingfromexistinginformation.  Onlineperiodicfollow‐upmeetingswithkeymembersoftheMAP.Thesemeetings havebeencriticalinobtainingmoreaccurateinformationandcharacterisinglocal knowledge,toclarifydoubts,andbuildonthecollaboration.  Surveytogatherlocalknowledgeonhydrologicaldata.Giventhelimitedavailabilityof officialdataonhydrologicalvariables,theLLteamhasdevelopedasurveyinorderto gatherinformationonsurfaceandgroundwaterhydrologyinordertofeedalocal hydrologicalmodel.Thesurveyisdividedintotwosections: D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 34 o Surfacewaterhydrology.Itincludesquestionsaboutindividuals’currentand pastmemoriesofthestatusoflocalriversandstreams:whentheyhavewater, whentheyaredry,forhowlong,existingponds,shorelinevegetationcoverage, etc.Thequestionnaireisbasedontheonlinetooldevelopedinthecontextof theLIFEprojectTRIVERS. o Groundwaterhydrology.Thissectionincludesquestionsaboutrespondents’ wells,evolutionofgroundwaterlevels,geologicalinformation,etc. Eachsurveyresponseisgeoreferenced.Responseswillbecombinedwithinformationanddata fromriverbasinauthoritiesandpreviousstudiesintheregion,informationontheevolutionof permittedwells,LANDSATinformationoftheevolutionoflandusesandvegetationcover. Table9belowcharacterisesthetypesoflocalknowledge(LK)identifiedintheALPLL. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 35 Table9CharacterizationofknowledgeanddataidentifiedintheAndalucía‐LosPedrocheslivinglab TypeofLKidentifiedLKHolderLKDimensionsDescriptionTimescale ReportsADROCHES Landuse Economic Production ADROCHESisaregionalruraldevelopmentorganisationfocusedonthe Pedrochesregionthatissueseconomicdevelopmentstrategies.Ithasreports onthelivestocksector–size,development,environmentalimpacts. Severalyears Localdatacollection stations CICAP‐COVAP MeteorologicalCICAP‐COVAPhasalocalmeteorologicalstationnetwork(15stations)Continuous Regionalgovernmentof AndalucíaMeteorologicalNetworkofmeteorologicalstationsinAndalucíawithafewstationsinthe region.Informationisfreelyavailableonline.Continuous REDIAMMeteorologicalCLIMAnetworkContinuous GuadianaandGuadalquivir RiverbasinauthoritiesHydrologicalNetworkofhydrologicalandhydrogeologicalmeasuringstations.Onlyafew stationswithinthePedrochesregion.Daily Oliveoilfarmers LivestockfarmersMeteorologicalRaingauges.Theyhaveanetworkofpersonalcontactsthatshareinformation onhowmuchwaterhasfallenandwhenShort‐term LocalhighschoolMeteorologicalLocalmeteorologicalstationlocatedinthecentraltown’shighschool.Datais availableonlineandisconsultedbyfarmersandcooperatives.Daily Records OLIPE–oliveoilcooperativeOliveproductionThecooperativehashistoricalrecordsofolivetreeandprocessedoliveoil productionforallmembersofthecooperative.Annual IFAPAPastureandacorn production Pastureproductionmodelswithaseriesof20years Currentlycollectinginformationforacorns(feedforextensivehog production) Annual COVAPlivestockcooperative Milkproduction Pastureproduction Meatproduction Historicalrecordsofmilkproduction,evolutionofthenumberofheads(cows, pigsandsheep)andmeatproduction.Annual RegionalagrarianofficeTotalheadsofcattleHistoricalrecordsofheadsofcattleintheregion(cows,pigs,sheep,goats)Annual Communitymemory andindividual observations CitizensHydrological Observationoftheevolutionofsurfaceandgroundwaterresources‐ decreaseinwateravailabilitybecausestreamsdonotcarrywaterand traditionalwellshavedriedup Midandlong term(years) Popularsayings (“refranes”) Farmers,forestguards, citizensMeteorological e.g.:"ifyoudon’tseetheGuadamura[ariver]runningbyEpiphany[January 6],buyhayandsellcattle." Explanation:iftheGuadamurainJanuarydoesnotcarrywater,therewillnot beenoughwaterforthelivestockthatyear Seasonal Traditionalknowledge basedonobservation: Cabañuelas Farmers LivestockfarmersMeteorologicalThesearetraditionalmethodsofweatherforecastingforthewholeyear basedontheweatherandotherconditionsduringthefirst24daysofAugust Seasonaland monthly D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 36 TypeofLKidentifiedLKHolderLKDimensionsDescriptionTimescale Occupational experience Farmers Livestockfarmers Hydrological Meteorological Thestateofannualplantsisareflectionofboththestateofthegroundwater andtheamountofrainfall,intimesofdroughttheircolorturnsyellow. Short‐ medium term Occupational experience Farmers Forestmanagers Hydrological Meteorological Woodycrops(oaks)andforestspeciesaccumulatethewaterdeficitandsignal longperiodsofdrought. Longterm (years) Occupational experience Farmers Forestmanagers Meteorological Phenological Changeinthephenologicalcyclesofplantsevidencingachangeinthe seasonalperiods Seasonal Annual Longterm (years) TraditionalknowledgeFarmers LivestockfarmersMeteorological Positionoftheplanets:therearecertainplanetsthatincertainpositions affectweatherconditionssuchasVenuswhichisawaterplanetandifthe moonaccompaniesitcancausegoodwaterconditions.   D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 37 4.2.2 SomeremarksonLKbasedontheworkcarriedoutsofar TheexploratoryworkcarriedoutintheALPLLduringthefirst15monthsoftheI‐CISKproject hasbeenkeytoshedlightintotheLKpresentintheregion:  LKintheformoflocalproductionofdataandknowledgeishighlydevelopedand sophisticated.Inthiscontext,theaddedvaluethatcanbeprovidedbyI‐CISKisinthe combination,analysisandvisualizationofexitingdataandknowledgeintotailoredCS.  LKintermsoftraditionalknowledge,personalandoccupationalexperienceisusedto makedecisionswithdifferentdegreesofintensityandconfidence.Localactorsarekeen tosystematicallycomparethatknowledgeandexperiencewith“hard”data(e.g. historicalrecordsofprecipitation,temperature,rainfall),sothattheycanassesstowhat extenttheirperceptionsreflectactual,observedtrends.Thisinterestincontrasting perceptionwithobservationhasspurredseverallocalinitiativesfordatacollectionin thepastfewyearsintheLLbeyondtheregionalandnationalmonitoringsystems.Since theseinitiativesarerecent,theystilldonothavelongenougharecordofobservations tofeedpredictionsandprojectionstobeproducedbyI‐CISK.However,theI‐CISKteam isworkingonassessinghowtoincorporatesomeoftheseintotheCSdevelopedbythe e.g.,toassessreliabilityofpredictions.  TheworkcarriedoutsofarhasbeenkeyestablishthebasisforCSdevelopment. However,theidentification,characterisationand,whererelevant,inclusionofLKinthe CSisaniterativeprocess.Thus,therelevantpoolofLKpresentintheLLislikelyto expandateachiterationwiththeMAP.Forinstance,thefieldworkforeseenfortheyear of2023tocharacterisethehydrologicalfunctioningoftheLLislikelytorevealadditional LK,whichwillbemappedandreportedinthenextphasesofthistask(Task2.2). 4.3 LivingLabHungary IntheHungarianLivingLab‐whichissituatedinErzsébetváros,aninnerdistrictofBudapest‐ weaimtoidentifyhowstakeholdersareexperiencingurbanheatwavesandurbanheatislands, andingeneraltheurbanclimate.Besidesthis,ourgoalistoidentifythelocalknowledgeofthe residents,theclimateinformationtheyuse,theirCSneeds,andtheiradaptationstrategies.The uncertaintiesandbarriersofadaptationstrategieswerealsothefocusofourinquiryinthe contextoftheLivingLab(individualconstraints:likecosts,andinstitutionalbarriers:like contesteduseofthepublicspaces). ThestakeholdersoftheHungarianLivingLabaremembersoftheClimateDepartmentofthe district’smunicipalityandthemunicipalityofBudapest(althoughtheyareincludedtoalesser extent),researchers,anenvironmentalNGO(CleanActionGroup),andtheresidentsof Erzsébetváros.WeconsidertheresidentsofErzsébetvárosasholdersoflocalknowledge. Aswedonothavepriorknowledgeofthelocalknowledgeoradaptationstrategiesofthe residents,aprimarydatacollectioneffortwasundertaken.Insteadofapplyingparticipatory methods,wechosetoconductanonlinesurveyamongtheresidentsofthedistrict.The reasoningfortheuseofthismethodwasthatitismoresuitableasanintroductorymethodfor atopicthatmaybeunfamiliarandrarelydiscussed,asitrequireslesscommitmentandeffort fromthestakeholdersthanaparticipatorymethod.Italsoallowsustounderstandtheopinions andperceptionsofmorestakeholdersinashortertimeonafairlyunresearchedtopic.Asanext step,andwiththehelpoftheresultsoftheonlinesurveyweareorganisingtwoworkshopsfor theresidentsintheSpringof2022.Inthesummeracitizensciencecampaign,whereresidents willcollectdataonurbanheatislandsinthedistrictwithsensorswillbelaunched. Theonlinesurveywasconductedintheautumnof2022amongresidentsofErzsébetváros,and thosewhoareworkinginthedistrictorregularlystayingthereforotherreasons.Initially,we D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 38 sharedthesurveyontheFacebookpageoftheClimateCabinet(MunicipalityofErzsébetváros), whilelateronthemembersoftheLivingLabalsospreadthesurveythroughotherplatforms.  100respondentsparticipatedinthesurvey.Themajorityoftherespondentsliveinthedistrict. Somerespondentsonlyworkedinthedistrictandlivedelsewhere,andthereweresomepeople whobothlivedandworkedinErzsébetváros. Localknowledgeamongend‐users:climatechangeandurbanheatwavesandurbanheat islandsinanurbansetting,perceptions,andexperiences Themajorityoftherespondentsnoticedchangesintheweather,whichtheyattributedto climatechange.Mostofthemmentionedthelonger,moreintensiveheatwavesduring summers,thehomogenisationofseasons,thediminishingamountofprecipitation,the generallymoreerraticweather,andthetorrentialrains. Themajorityoftherespondentsagreedwiththenextstatements,whichdiscussedthechanging urbanclimate.  Figure6Responsestothequestion:Isthereachangingurbanclimate? (Legend:1:don'tagreeatall,5:totallyagree) Themajorityoftherespondentsagreedwiththestatementsthatwerereferringtotheeffects ofurbanheatislandsandurbanheatwaves. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 39  Figure7ResponsestoQuestion:Whatdoyouexperienceduringheatwaves? (Legend:1:donotagreeatall;5:totallyagree) Themajorityoftherespondentsagreedthatthereareplacesinthedistrictthatcanbecalled hotspots,whereitisuncomfortabletostayduringsummer.Therespondentsmarkedthe followingplacesinthedistrictwheretheyexperiencedbeinguncomfortablyhotduringthe summerheatwaves.   Figure8Hotspotsinthedistrictmarkedbyrespondents Adaptationstrategies:individualandnon‐individualpracticesandcosts Therespondentsfollowedindividualadaptationstrategiesduringheatwaves:mostdrankmore fluids,andprotectedthemselveswithclothing.Otherthanthese,theyavoidedcertainplaces thatwereaffectedbytheheat,usedshadingintheirapartments,andescapedtogreen areas/forests/watershedstoadapttoheatwaves. D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 40 Therespondentsconsideredeffectivethefollowingnon‐individualadaptationpractices: enhancingtheextentofthegreenareas,thermalinsulationonbuildings,greeningthe backyards/inneryardsofthebuildings,greenroofs/walls,andshadingofwindows.Someofthe respondentsmentionedthatshadingsomepartsofthestreetsthataremoreexposedtosun radiationwouldbeusefulaswell. Mostoftherespondentsansweredthattheadaptationtoheatwavesresultedinextraduties. Theadaptationresultedinmoretasksbecauseoftherespondents'ownhealthsituationorage, becausetheyhadtocarefortheirchildren,ortheirolderrelatives/friends,oringeneralbecause oftheirresponsibilitiestowardstheirfamilies.Someoftherespondentsmentionedthatthey hadtocaremoreattentivelytotheirpetsduringheatwaves. Formostoftherespondents,theadaptationtoheatwavescausedextracosts.Theymentioned thecostsofheightenedwaterconsumption,theadditionalelectricitycosts,andthecostof escapingtogreenareas/forests/watersheds. ClimateinformationandCSinuse Therespondentsusedweatherdata/informationacquiredfromameteorologicalsite,TVand radio,anotherwebsite,ornewspapers.Mostoftherespondentsfollowedtheinformationon heatwavesandfollowedthesuggestionsaswell,aminorityfollowedtheheatwaveinformation, butdidnotactonthesuggestionsprovided. Mostoftherespondentsregularlyfollowedthenewsandinformationaboutclimatechange. Theyacquiredinformationfrommagazinesandwebsitesthatareproducingpopularscientific content(likeNatgeo),andpublicationsinnewspapersandnewssites. Therespondentsconsideredtheestablishmentofgreenareas,holdingbackconsumption,and themitigationofgreenhousegaseswithtechnologyasthemosteffectivewaysofclimate changemitigation. Summary Basedontheresultsoftheonlinesurveyweconcludedthattherespondentsperceivedthatthe urbanclimatewaschangingandexperiencedtheeffectsoftheurbanheatislands.The respondentsconsideredgreenareaseffectiveinclimatechangeadaptation.Theindividual adaptationcausedmostoftherespondentstohavemoreresponsibilitiesandcosts.Most respondentsacquiredweatherdata/informationfromameteorologicalsite.Tobeableto understandthesefindingsinmoredepthweplantocomplementtheresultsoftheonlinesurvey withthefindingsacquiredbyusingparticipatorymethods(workshops)andthecitizenscience sensorcampaign.       D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 41 5 Conclusionsandfuturework Thisdeliverableisaniterativeone,withthisfirstversionsummarisingcurrentscholarshipon localknowledgeandlayingthefoundationtobuildtowardsaframingoflocalknowledgethat willbeadoptedandoperationalisedwithintheI‐CISKproject. Knowledgeonclimatefromallstakeholders(e.g.,scientists,localkeyinstitutionsandpotential end‐users)isrelevantforthedesign,production,validation,andeffectiveapplicationanduseof CS.Therefore,theobjectiveofthisdeliverable(andthecorrespondingtask2.2withinwhichthis deliverablehasbeendeveloped)istoidentifyandcollectlocalknowledge,throughmostly participatorymethodologies,tolinkexpertisefromtheconsortiumscientistsandlocal knowledgefromtheLLandcomplementclimatedatafromCopernicusandGEOSSandresearch withlocaldata.Thisco‐identificationisconsideredwithintheparticularsocial,economic,and sectoralcontextsoftheLL,andaimstowardsbeinggoal‐orientedandexplicitlyrecognizingthe multiplewaysofknowing. Throughthisdeliverableandfuturework,I‐CISKaimstoinnovatethewaylocalknowledgeis currentlyunderstoodandutilisedwithinCS.Morespecifically,wewanttoexpandthecurrent framingoflocalknowledge,viewingitmoreascontinuumcomprisingofdifferenttypesof knowledgeeachcorrespondingtodifferentwaysthroughitwasgeneratedoraccumulated.The nextstepswilllookatwaystooperationalisethisframingwithintheprojectaswellasinform thediscourseonlocalknowledgeoutsideoftheproject.Furthermore,thelivinglabsthatform apartoftheI‐CISKprojectprovideauniqueopportunitytostudylocalknowledgeincontexts (countriesintheGlobalNorth,sectorsliketourismandurbanlocalknowledge)thatarecurrently lessresearchedandoftenexcludedfromthediscussiononlocalknowledge. Thefollowingarethenextstepsthatwillbeundertakenbuildinguptothenextiterationofthis deliverable.  Buildingacommonunderstandingandrepositoryoflocalknowledgeacrosstheliving labs Oneofthekeychallengesimpedingtheuseoflocalknowledgeisthelackofacommon understandingofthetopic.Therefore,asthefirstnextstep,theaimwillbetoestablisha commonunderstandingatthescaleoftheI‐ICISKproject.Weplantoorganiseone‐on‐one meetingswitheachlivinglabteamtodiscusswiththemthefindingsofthisdeliverableandthe proposedframingoflocalknowledge.Nexttothat,wewillalsoprovidealllivinglabteamswith aframeworkandtemplatetoidentifyandcharacterizelocalknowledgeanddatawithintheir contexts.Wealsoaimtoprovidesupportindevelopingmethodologiesandprotocolsifthereis interestincarryingoutprimarydatacollectionprocessesrelevanttolocalknowledge.  LinkingwithWorkPackages(WPs) EventhoughmostoftheworkassociatedwithlocalknowledgeprimarilyrestswithinWP2,the focuswillbetoensurethatlocalknowledgeisaddressedtovaryingextentsacrossseveralWPs. Table10providesanoverviewofWPs(andassociatedtasksanddeliverables)andlinkswith localknowledge.    D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 48 PesquerL.,PechlivanidisI.,DuY.,etal.(2022)Preliminaryreportontheskillassessmentand comparisonofstate‐of‐the‐artmethodsforforecastsandprojections.https://icisk.eu/wp‐ content/uploads/2022/11/D3.1‐Preliminary‐report‐on‐the‐skill‐assessment‐and‐ comparison‐of‐state‐of‐the‐art‐methods‐for‐forecasts‐and‐projections‐of‐extremes‐ final.pdf 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Ziervogel,G.,&Opere,A.(2010).Integratingmeteorologicalandindigenousknowledge‐based seasonalclimateforecastsfortheagriculturalsector:lessonsfromparticipatoryaction researchinsub‐SaharanAfrica.CCAAlearningpaper,1. Zvobgo,L.,Johnston,P.,Williams,P.A.,Trisos,C.H.,&Simpson,N.P.(2022).Theroleof indigenousknowledgeandlocalknowledgeinwatersectoradaptationtoclimatechange inAfrica:astructuredassessment.SustainabilityScience,17(5),2077–2092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625‐022‐01118‐x     D2.2–Conceptsandmethodstocharacteriseandintegratelocalandscientificknowledge 1 Appendix1Glossary  AcronymDefinition APIApplicationProgrammingInterface C3SCopernicusClimateChangeService CDSClimateDataStore CEMSCopernicusEmergencyManagementServices CMIPWorldClimateResearchProgramme’sCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject CORDEXCoordinatedRegionalClimateDownscalingExperiment CSClimateServices CSISClimateServicesInformationSystems DRRDisasterRiskReduction GEOGrouponEarthObservations GEOSSGlobalEarthObservationSystemofSystems GUIGraphicalUserInterface IPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange LLClimateServicesLivingLabs NHMSNationalHydro‐meteorologicalService MOOCMassiveOpenOnlineCourse OGCOpenGeospatialConsortium S2SSub‐seasonaltoSeasonal TRLTechnologyReadinessLevel UNCCDUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification UNDRRUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction UNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange WCRPWorldClimateResearchProgramme WFDWaterFrameworkDirective WMOWorldMeteorologicalOrganization     ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020 researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101037293                   Colophon : ThisreporthasbeenpreparedbytheH2020ResearchProject“InnovatingClimateservices throughIntegratingScientificandlocalKnowledge(I‐CISK)”.Thisresearchprojectisapartofthe EuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020FrameworkProgrammecall,“Buildingalow‐carbon,climate resilientfuture:ResearchandinnovationinsupportoftheEuropeanGreenDeal(H2020‐LC‐GD‐ 2020)”,andhasbeendevelopedinresponsetothecalltopic“Developingend‐userproductsand servicesforallstakeholdersandcitizenssupporting climateadaptationandmitigation(LC‐GD‐9‐2‐2020)”.Thisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromthe EuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo 101037293. Thisfour‐yearprojectstartedNovember1st2021andiscoordinatedbyIHEDelftInstitutefor WaterEducation.Foradditionalinformation,pleasecontact:MichaWerner(m.werner@un‐ ihe.org)orvisittheprojectwebsiteatwww.icisk.eu 