D1.1 Characterization of the I-CISK Living Labs

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101037293 Deliverable D1.1 Characterization of the I-CISK Living Labs July, 2022 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101037293 Innovating Climate services through Integrating Scientific and local Knowledge Deliverable Title: Characterization of the I-CISK Living Labs Author(s): Ilyas Masih (IHE), Nora van Cauwenbergh (IHE), Alexandros Ziogas (EMVIS), Annelies Broekman (CREAF), Apostolos Tzimas (EMVIS), Béla Mihalik (IDEAS), Ester Prat (CREAF), Francesca Moschini (ECMWF), Francesca Renzi (GECOsistema), Györgyi Bela (IDEAS), Lluís Pesquer (CREAF), Lucia De Stefano (UCM), Marc van den Homberg (510), Marije Schaafsma (VUA), Megi Gamtkitsulashvili (CENN), Miranda Apakidze (CENN), Nino Tevzadze CENN), Nuria Comas (UCM), Nuria Hernández-Mora (UCM), Orla Canavan (510), Paolo Mazzoli (GECOsistema), Rebecca Emerton (ECMWF), Schalk Jan van Andel (IHE), Stefano Bagli (GECOsistema), Vakho Chitishvili (CENN), Veronika Fabók (IDEAS), Micha Werner (IHE) Date July, 2022 Suggested citation: Masih, I., Van Cauwenbergh, N., et al., 2022. Characterization of the I-CISK Living Labs, I-CISK Deliverable 1.1, Available online at www.icisk.eu/resources Availability: ☒ PU: This report is public ☐ CO: Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Document Revisions: Authors Revision Date Ilyas Masih First draft 06/06/2022 Contributing authors Review 13/06/2022 Ilyas Masih Second draft 18/06/2022 Francesca Moschini, Rebecca Emerton Review 27/06/2022 Ilyas Masih and Nora van Cauwenbergh Third draft 01/07/2022 [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] i Executive Summary This report characterizes the living labs (LL) established under the I-CISK project. It provides information on key features of each, such as geographical and climatic settings; weather, water and climate related hazards; sectors impacted by hazards, climate services (CS) use and needs; and potential impacts of the new CS services to be co-created under I-CISK project. Six Multi-Actor Platforms (MAP) are established, one in each LL, to effectively contribute to the development of these next generation CS, which are tailored to the user needs and the spatial and temporal scales relevant to them. The information synthesised in this report has been collected from various documents (e.g. journal articles, reports, websites), progress made under different work packages (WP) of I-CISK (e.g. deliverables and milestones), analysis of readily available data and information, and discussions with the key actors participating in MAP. A summary of the key characteristics of the I-CISK LL is provided in the following Table. The I-CISK LL are located in geographically diverse landscapes in the European Union (EU) region and beyond. Five LL are in the EU region (from west to east) in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Hungary and Greece; one is in Georgia in the Caucasus Region, one of the countries included in the European Neighbourhood Policy. We initially planned to establish one LL in Namibia, Southern Africa Region, but this did not work out well because the Namibia Red Cross Society (sub-contractor of RC 510 as mentioned in the I-CISK project proposal) decided that they could not host the Living Lab anymore due to changes in leadership, capacity constraints and strategic priorities. We are currently working on establishing an alternative LL in Lesotho, and will integrate its information to this report at a later stage. The I-CISK LL represent four distinct climate regions of the world: (1) Mediterranean climate, Köppen classification Csa (the LL in Andalucía, Spain and Crete, Greece); (2) Humid subtropical climate, Köppen classification Cfa (the LL in Emilia-Romagna, Italy and Alazani River Basin, Georgia); (3) Marine west coast climate, Köppen classification Cfb ( the LL in Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands); and (4) Humid Continental climate, Köppen classification Dfb ( the LL in Erzsébetváros municipality in Budapest, Hungary). These LL also represent the climate change hotspot regions of the world: 1) semi-arid regions (Andalucía), Deltas (Rijnland, parts of Crete Island), and glacier and snowpack dependant the river basins (Rijnland-Rijn River, Emilia-Romagna-Po River, Alazani River). The variability in precipitation and temperature is quite high within and across the LL. Climate change has and is projected to further change the precipitation (decrease in annual totals in most cases with increase in intra-and-interannual variability) and temperature (increasing trends in all the LL). Multiple weather, climate and water related risks are identified in each LL, with drought and water scarcity emerging as the major risk for most contexts, i.e., both in water-limited semi-arid environments as well as humid and coastal climate environments historically known as water-abundant, which are currently facing increasing pressures due to increasing water withdrawals for human use compounded by climate change impacts. The floods, heatwaves and high variability in climatic patterns and water availability are also important hazards in focus. All these hazards impact multiple sectors, and each LL will focus on developing at least one CS within the LL context that caters for the needs of two or more sectors i.e., water management, environment (including forestry), agriculture, livestock, tourism, health and energy. The role of the MAP is pivotal in the co-development of user centred CS, and the process of co-creation of new CS will be enriched by active participation of MAP members representing about 90 key actor organizations across the six LL. The diverse group of actors well represent policy makers, academia and research, industry and business community, and citizens, alongside actors representing the whole value chain of CS development (e.g. providers, purveyors and end-users). The participation of such a diverse and highly relevant group of actors will ensure that a transdisciplinary approach will be used throughout the process of co-creating [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] ii innovative next generation CS. It will also ensure that these CS are sustainable and contribute to safeguarding different economic sectors and society against multiple climate and water related risks in Europe and beyond. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] iii Summary of selected characteristics of the I-CISK living labs. (Source: Adapted from I-CISK D2.1 (Moschini and Emerton et al., 2022). Living Lab Climate information Köppen classification with mean annual precipitation in mm and temperature in oC (and monthly range) Main Hazards in focus under I-CISK Main sectors in focus under I-CISK Stakeholders participation in Multi Actor Platforms Climate services currently in use Climate services needs/ potential ambition under I-CISK Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands Marine West Coast (Cfb) P: 825 (40-90) T: 11 (4-18 Drought, water scarcity Water management, Tourism and water recreation, Agriculture, Policy makers (4 organizations), research and academia (2), business and industry (2), civil society organizations (2 ). Drought monitoring system (including medium-range forecasts), streamflow predictions Longer timescales, including subseasonal, seasonal and climate projections, strengthen stakeholder engagement and communication Andalucía, Spain Mediterranean (Csa) P: 485 (2-70) T: 17 (9-26) Drought, water scarcity, heatwaves, wildfire Water management, environment including forestry, agriculture, livestock, tourism and recreation Policy makers (4), education community (1), research and academia (3), business and industry (3), civil society organizations (1) and other relevant actors (1) reservoir management support, seasonal forecasts, climate projections, climate scenarios viewer, drought monitoring, river basin monitoring Sector-tailored information (e.g. forecasts of rainfall patterns, seasonal distribution, start of summer and winter seasons), impact-based forecasts, improved spatio-temporal resolution, longerrange forecasts EmiliaRomagna, Italy Humid subtropical (Cfa) P: 800 (45-100) T: 13 (2-23) Drought, water scarcity, floods and highly variable water supply Water management, agriculture, environment, energy Policy makers (2), education community (1), business and industry (2), civil society organizations (3) Regional climate projections, agriculture water demand forecasts Improved spatio-temporal resolution, integration of local data, river discharge forecasts, effectively communicated uncertainty Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary Humid Continental (Dfb) P: 570 (30-70) T: 11 (-1 to 22) Heatwaves, Urban heat islands Tourism and recreation, Health Policy makers (3), academia and research (2) and civil society (1 ). CLMS Urban Atlas, historical global land surface temperature, meteorological data, air quality monitoring Tailored CS and wider range of variables related to heatwaves, including health impacts Crete, Greece Mediterranean (CSa) P: 655 (0-140) T: 18 (11-26) Drought, water scarcity, floods Tourism and recreation, water management, energy, agriculture Policy makers (3), business and industry (2) and civil society (1) Weather forecasts, climate change impact assessments and vulnerability analysis, hindcasts, short-term forecast service for reservoirs Sector-tailored information and indicators, improved spatiotemporal resolution, hazard severity indicators, uncertainty and reliability, compound hazard CS Alazani river basin, Georgia Humid subtropical (Cfa) P: 730 (30-106) T: 10 (-3 to 22) Flood, drought, water scarcity Water management, agriculture, environment, energy, tourism and recreation Policy makers (5 organizations), research and academia (1) and civil society (9) meteorological and hydrological forecasts, extreme event warnings, agrometeorological bulletins, frost early warning, seasonal outlooks, climate projections Multi-hazard early warning system, impact-based forecasts, maintenance and integration of observation network and data, sector-tailored information [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] iv Table of Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Task objectives and Context within I-CISK .................................................................................................. 3 3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 2 3.1 Information compiled from various documents ................................................................................. 2 3.2 Contribution from other I-CISK tasks and deliverables ....................................................................... 3 3.3 Establishment of MAP to participate in co-creation process .............................................................. 4 3.4 Analysis of additional data and information ....................................................................................... 5 4 Geographical settings and major challenges of the I-CISK living labs ......................................................... 6 4.1 Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands.......................................................................................................... 6 4.2 Andalucía, Spain ................................................................................................................................. 7 4.3 Emilia Romagna, Italy ......................................................................................................................... 9 4.4 Crete, Greece .................................................................................................................................... 10 4.5 Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary ................................................................................................... 12 4.6 Alazani River Basin, Georgia ............................................................................................................. 13 5 Climate and extreme events ..................................................................................................................... 15 5.1 Climatic setting ................................................................................................................................. 15 5.1.1 Climate of Rijnland Delta, the Netherland ................................................................................ 17 5.1.2 Climate of Andalucía, Spain ...................................................................................................... 17 5.1.3 Climate of Emilia-Romagna, Italy .............................................................................................. 18 5.1.4 Climate of Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary .......................................................................... 19 5.1.5 Climate of Crete, Greece ........................................................................................................... 20 5.1.6 Climate of Alazani River Basin, Georgia .................................................................................... 21 5.2 Climate and water related disasters in the I-CISK Living Labs ........................................................... 22 5.2.1 Drought and water scarcity: a major climate and water risk in the I-CISK living labs ............... 23 5.2.2 Flood risk in Emilia-Romagna, Crete and Alazani living labs ..................................................... 27 5.2.3 Highly variable water supply in Emilia-Ramagna, Italy ............................................................. 29 5.2.4 Heatwaves and urban heat islands in Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary ................................ 29 6 Natural resources and socio-economic sectors impacted by climate and water related hazards ............ 32 6.1 Water resources management ......................................................................................................... 32 6.2 Environment sector .......................................................................................................................... 33 6.3 Agriculture and livestock .................................................................................................................. 35 6.4 Tourism and recreation .................................................................................................................... 37 [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] v 6.5 Health ............................................................................................................................................... 38 6.6 Energy ............................................................................................................................................... 39 7 Stakeholder involvement in co-creation of human centred climate services ........................................... 43 7.1 Stakeholder Analysis to establish Multi Actor Platforms .................................................................. 43 7.1.1 Multi Actor Platform: Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands ............................................................. 45 7.1.2 Multi Actor Platform: Andalucía, Spain ..................................................................................... 46 7.1.3 Multi Actor Platform: Emilia-Romagna, Italy ............................................................................ 49 7.1.4 Multi Actor Platform: Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary ........................................................ 52 7.1.5 Multi Actor Platform: Crete, Greece ......................................................................................... 53 7.1.6 Multi Actor Platform: Alazani, Georgia ..................................................................................... 54 8 Innovating climate services in the I-CISK living labs .................................................................................. 56 8.1 Climate services use and needs ........................................................................................................ 56 8.2 Expected outcomes and impacts ...................................................................................................... 56 8.3 Exploitation and Upscaling ............................................................................................................... 58 8.4 Sustainability of climate services developed under I-CISK ................................................................ 60 References.................................................................................................................................................... - 64 - [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] vi List of Figures FIGURE 1. I-CISK PERT DIAGRAM SHOWING INTERACTION AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN WPS AND TASKS. ............................................ 1 FIGURE 2. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK USED FOR DEVELOPING REPORT ON CHARACTERIZATION OF THE I-CISK LIVING LABS ..................... 2 FIGURE 3: CO-CREATION OF USER-CENTERED CLIMATE SERVICES: BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE CO-CREATION PROCESS THAT TAKE PLACE IN A LIVING LAB CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 4. THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF I-CISK’S LIVING LABS IN EUROPE AND AFRICA ................................................................... 6 FIGURE 5. THE COMMAND AREA OF RIJNLAND, WITH KEY STRUCTURES INDICATED FOR WATER SYSTEM OPERATION DURING DROUGHTS. ........... 7 FIGURE 6. THE ANDALUCÍA LL, HIGHLIGHTING THE HYDROLOGICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP IN THE REGION OF LOS PEDROCHES, CÓRDOBA, SPAIN......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 FIGURE 7. DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES: A) MIXED FOREST, B) OLIVE GROVES, C) PANORAMIC VIEW, D) PINE FOREST, E) AGRO-SYSTEM FORESTRY AREA (DEHESA) AND F) WATER COURSE.............................................................................................. 9 FIGURE 8. THE LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA IN RERITALY, SOUTH OF THE PO RIVER, IN THE UPPER PROVINCES OF REGGIO EMILIA AND MODENA .................................................................................................................................................................. 10 FIGURE 9. THE CRETE LL IN GREECE. ....................................................................................................................................... 11 FIGURE 10. THE LOCATION OF ERZSÉBETVÁROS LL IN BUDAPEST, HUNGARY ..................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 11. THE LOCATION OF ALAZANI RIVER BASIN LL, HIGHLIGHTING HYDROLOGICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FEATURES OF THIS TRANSBOUNDARY BASIN. .............................................................................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 12. MONTHLY VARIATION IN PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE IN THE I-CISK LIVING LAB REGIONS. .......................................... 17 FIGURE 13. MONTHLY VARIATION IN PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE IN THE EMILIA-ROMAGNA LL REGION, ITALY ................................ 18 FIGURE 14. NUMBER OF EXTREME HEAT DAYS IN BUDAPEST BETWEEN 1901 AND 2021 ..................................................................... 19 FIGURE 15. MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN 4 STATIONS ACROSS THE ISLAND: (SOUDA: 1971-2000, CHANIA: 2006-2017, IRAKLIO: 2006-2017, AGHIOS NIKOLAOS: 2006-2017). ............................................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 16. MONTHLY PRECIPITATION IN 4 STATIONS ACROSS THE ISLAND: (SOUDA: 1971-2000, CHANIA: 2006-2017, IRAKLIO: 2006-2017, AGHIOS NIKOLAOS: 2006-2017). ................................................................................................................................. 20 FIGURE 17. MEAN MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION (HISTOGRAMS) AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS (VERTICAL LINES) FOR THE THREE GAUGING STATIONS IN THE ALAZANI RIVER BASIN .................................................................................. 21 FIGURE 18. DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF DISASTERS, NUMBER OF DEATHS, AND ECONOMIC LOSSES BY MAIN HAZARD TYPE AND BY DECADE, GLOBALLY. ................................................................................................................................................................. 22 FIGURE 19. SUMMER MEAN (APR-SEP) ANOMALIES IN 2018 FOR (A) PRECIPITATION [FRACTION], (B) TEMPERATURE IN [◦C] ...................... 24 AT KNMI STATIONS. ............................................................................................................................................................ 24 FIGURE 20. STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION DROUGHT INDEX (SPDI) BASED ON THE DATA OBTAINED FROM THE NETWORK OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS AVAILABLE IN ANDALUSIA REGION, SPAIN ............................................................................................................ 25 FIGURE 21. VULNERABILITY INDEX AND PERCEPTION OF DROUGHT RISK FROM THE CITIZEN OBSERVATORY OF DROUGHT PROJECT INTERACTIVE MAPS FOR THE GUADALQUIVIR BASIN. FOR THE GUADIANA RIVER BASIN THIS INFORMATION IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR COMPARISON. ........ 26 FIGURE 22. STANDARD PRECIPITATION INDEX (SPI) DISTRIBUTION FOR CRETE FOR THE PERIOD 1980-2009 ............................................ 27 FIGURE 23 - FLOODS FROM PANARO RIVER NEARBY CITY OF MODENA (LEFT) DURING EVENT OF DECEMBER 2019, SOURCE (4), AND FLOODS FROM SECCHIA RIVER NEARBY MODENA (RIGHT) DURING JANUARY 2014 ................................................................................ 28 FIGURE 24. RELATIVE PERCENTAGE CHANGES OF THE FLOOD MAGNITUDE IN REFERENCE TO THE BASELINE SCENARIO EVENT FOR THE MIDCENTURY PERIOD (2000-2049): (A) T = 10 YEARS AND (B) T = 100 YEARS ............................................................................. 28 FIGURE 25. EXPOSURE TO HEATWAVES IN BUDAPEST, HUNGARY .................................................................................................... 30 FIGURE 26. SENSITIVITY TO HEATWAVES IN BUDAPEST, HUNGARY .................................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 27. SURFACE WATER OPERATION DURING SUMMER HALF-YEAR IN RIJNLAND WATER SYSTEM ...................................................... 33 FIGURE 28– SURFACE WATER BODIES QUALITY ACCORDING TO EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE, OUTLINE OF THE AREA OF INTERESTS. ...... 34 FIGURE 29. LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSES IN LOS PEDROCHES REGION, CÓRDOBA, SPAIN. ................................................................. 35 FIGURE 30. EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMS AND OLIVE GROVES PRODUCTS IN LOS PEDROCHES REGION, SPAIN. ........................................... 36 FIGURE 31. SHARE OF KAKHETI REGION IN TOTAL PRODUCTION IN 2020......................................................................................... 37 FIGURE 32. TOURISM SECTOR VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE FOR 2041-2060, RCP8.5 IN CRETE, GREECE .................................... 38 FIGURE 33. NATIONAL DAILY MORTALITY AND TEMPERATURE TRENDS 2012-2017, JUNE-AUGUST ....................................................... 39 FIGURE 34. SOME FACTS AND FIGURES ON HYDROPOWER PRODUCTION IN THE EMILIA-ROMAGNA REGION, ITALY: A) A RUN OF RIVER HYDROPOWER PLANT ALONG UPPER SECCHIA RIVER, B) GROWTH OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS AND PRODUCTION, AND C) OVERALL GROSS ENERGY PRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 41 [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] vii FIGURE 35. ENERGY PRODUCTION MIXTURE IN CRETE, GREECE. ..................................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 36. KEY ACTOR ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED IN I-CISK MULTI ACTOR PLATFORMS: A) ALL I-CISK LIVING LABS; B) INDIVIDUAL I-CISK LIVING LABS ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 FIGURE 37. MEETING OF KEY ACTORS REPRESENTED IN THE MULTI ACTOR PLATFORM IN THE RIJNLAND LIVING LAB HELD DURING APRIL 2022 46 FIGURE 38. SOME SNAPSHOTS TAKEN DURING THE FIELD VISITS IN FEBRUARY 2022 TO ANDALUCÍA LIVING LAB REGION, SPAIN .................... 48 FIGURE 39. MEETING OF KEY ACTORS REPRESENTED IN THE MULTI ACTOR PLATFORM IN THE USERS MEETING HELD IN FEBRUARY 2022 ......... 52 FIGURE 40. SOME SNAPSHOTS TAKEN DURING THE FIRST ONLINE MEETING WITH MAP, ALAZANI RIVER BASIN LL, GEORGIA ........................ 55 FIGURE 41. AN EXAMPLE OF POTENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THEORY OF CHANGE APPLICATION IN THE HUNGARIAN LIVING LAB ............................. 58 (SOURCE: BELA ET AL., 2022) ................................................................................................................................................ 58 FIGURE 42 - LOCAL DATA FROM RIVER STATIONS (LEFT) AND UPSTREAM SERVICES OUTPUT (CDS GRIDDED FORECASTS, RIGHT) THAT COULD BE USED TO FOSTER UPSCALING AND EXPLOITATION TOWARDS OTHER CONTEXTS OF THE SERVICE PROTOTYPE. ...................................... 60 [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 3 located in the Netherlands (Van Andel et al., 2022), Spain (Broekman et al., 2022), Italy (Mazzoli et al., 2022), Hungary (Bela et al., 2022), Greece (Ziogas and Tzimas, 2022), Georgia (CENN, 2022), and Namibia (NRCS and 510, 2022). The information provided in these reports was synthesized to write this integrated report. Additionally, relevant literature (e.g. journal papers, reports, information from various websites) was collected and analysed to supplement material available from the LL reports. The Namibia Red Cross Society (NRCS), sub-contractor of 510 as mentioned in the I-CISK project proposal, came in May 2022 to the conclusion that they could not host the Living Lab anymore due to changes in leadership, capacity constraints and shifting strategic priorities. Further information on the engagement with NRCS since the proposal phase of I-CISK until this decision are provided in a formal letter drafted by 510 who are the leading partner working on establishing the LL in Southern Africa region. This letter will be shared with the EU Officer dealing with the I-CISK project. This decision has obviously consequences for the characterization of the LL deliverable. The information on the Namibia LL was integrated in an earlier version of this document. Given the decision of not going ahead with this LL, we decided to remove this content from the report. The earlier version of this report and the individual characterization report of the Namibian LL are available upon request. The 510 and IHE Delft have been working on an alternative solution and are pleased to inform that the Lesotho Red Cross Society has given their commitment to host the LL, also around drought. Currently, we are working on developing the contract between Lesotho Red Cross Society and 510. We will develop the LL characterization report for the Lesotho LL and will integrate it to this main document within the next couple of months. 3.2 Contribution from other I-CISK tasks and deliverables Parallel to the process of establishing the I-CISK LL (WP1 Task 1.1), there were a number of tasks from other WPs that were initiated during the reporting period, M1-7, such as Tasks 2.1, 2.5, 3.1, 5.1 and 6.1. There was a two-way interaction and feedback among WP1 task 1.1 and other WPs and tasks, which contributed to preparing this synthesis report. For example, WP2 task 2.1 focusing on CS use and needs was running in parallel to WP 1 Task 1.1. The individual LL reports prepared as part of WP1 provided useful information for (task and deliverable) T/D 2.1, in addition to responses from stakeholders in the LL to the survey questionnaires circulated as part of task 2.1 to learn about the CS use and needs within the LL. The D2.1 ‘Preliminary Report: Information on Climate Service Needs and Gaps was available in April 2022 (Moschini and Emerton et al., 2022), and provided a useful summary on CS availability, use and needs for this report (see chapter 8). Similarly, I-CISK’s prototype framework for co-creating CS was developed under WP2 Task 2.5 (Figure 3), which is documented in a milestone report (I-CISK MS10, 2022). The interaction among WP1 and WP2 teams was instrumental in developing this framework, which provides a flexible and adaptable approach to LL on the pathway of co-creation of CS. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 4 Figure 3: Co-creation of user-centered climate services: building blocks of the co-creation process that take place in a living lab context (Source: I-CISK MS10, 2022) 3.3 Establishment of MAP to participate in co-creation process I-CISK recognizes that to achieve behavioral change, the active use of climate information in informing decision making toward climate adaptation and mitigation requires that citizens, stakeholders and decision makers are at the centre of the design, creation, implementation and evaluation of CS. The action-research approach of I-CISK, illustrated in Figure 3 (I-CISK MS10, 2022), shows the pivotal role the LL have in the human centred approach of I-CISK for developing the next generation of CS. In the I-CISK project, different types of stakeholders will be involved at different stages of the co-creation of the CS. Stakeholders in I-CISK are considered the broad group of people that are either affecting or affected by CS; these include end-users, decision-makers and citizens in general. Thus, the term, “stakeholders” encompasses all CS producers, intermediaries and consumers, or others who are affecting/affected by the decisions informed by CS (or absence thereof). Whereas, “actors” are the subset of stakeholders that are actively involved fully or in part of the I-CISK CS co-creation; these are the stakeholders affecting decisions, by creating either drivers or barriers. They include, for example, the project team, scientists, practitioners, decision-makers, private sector, public authorities, providers, end-users. In order to achieve the enhanced value of the CS, I-CISK aspires to close the gap between different actors involved in the CS value chain, and have grouped these value chain actors into three main categories (I-CISK MS10, 2022): (1) providers – actors who provide the necessary data, investment and regulatory context for the CS to be sustained, and supply climate information and knowledge, operating on a range of scales and in different sectors; (2) purveyors – actors who are knowledge brokers providing guidance on ways that CS can address regional problems, and ensure that products, scientific results and business opportunities are adequately communicated to end-users; and (3) end-users – actors who use CS at different levels of the decision chain, employ climate information and knowledge for decision-making, and may or may not participate in developing the CS itself, or may also pass information on to others, making them both users and providers. End-users include civilians, companies, developers, private organizations, local communities, governments etc. This formulation of climate change value chain actors is similar to that from Carter et al. (2019) who classified them as producers, intermediaries and national, regional and local users. Moreover, I-CISK follows Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles (https://rri-tools.eu/; Stahl et al., 2017; Thapa et al., 2019) and Multi Actor Approach (MAA) (https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/en; EIPAGRI, 2017; Fieldsend et al., 2021) in stakeholder identification and engagement processes. The RRI approach [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 5 recommends the inclusion of multiple actors representing policy makers, research community, education community, business and industry, and civil society organizations in the research and innovation process. The RRI approach is followed under I-ICISK in order to engage stakeholders in the co-creation process. While MAA aims to bring the right people together from science, practice, or anyone who can help achieve the project objectives. The approach aims to integrate transdisciplinary knowledge and experience to analyze issues and find solutions to address real problems. Under WP1 (Task 1.1), stakeholder analysis was conducted as part of establishment of the I-CISK LL, which resulted in the formation of a MAP for each LL. These MAP will be the main drivers of the co-creation process from the LL side. They will also further develop the core focus of the LL, and drive the collaborative process of co-creating CS. The analyses focused on mapping most relevant actors and examining their mandates, interest and influence within the scope of I-CISK project. A snowball sampling approach was followed in stakeholder identification process, starting with those stakeholders who were approached during the I-CISK proposal development phase. This process resulted in identification and analysis of most relevant actors participating in the MAP, playing significant role in CS co-creation process. 3.4 Analysis of additional data and information Additional data and information were collected through various sources (e.g. journal papers, websites providing data and information on climate variables and disasters), improving the consistency and comparison of some facts and figures across the LL. For example, The World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal (https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/) provides mean monthly precipitation and temperature data for the LL regions. This global data and information system facilitated coherent description of climatology of each LL as well as provided useful insights for comparing them (see chapter 5). [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 6 4 Geographical settings and major challenges of the I-CISK living labs The section discusses the relevance of the selected LL by providing information on the geographical and climate setting, and by presenting specific climate related challenges faced by important sectors of the economy, and the specific needs for advancing the CS development, availability and use in the local contexts. The I-CISK LL are located in diverse geographical and climatic regions facing various climate and water related hazards that impact multiple sectors of the economy in these regions (Figure 4). Five LL are within the EU region, located in The Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Hungary; one is one is in Georgia in the Caucasus Region, one of the countries included in the European Neighbourhood Policy. Another one will be established in Southern Africa (most probably in Lesotho replacing originally intended LL in Namibia). These LL are established across different global climatic hotspots regions (Zsabo et al., 2016): 1) semi-arid regions (Andalucía, Spain), deltas (Rijnland, the Netherlands; and parts of Crete Island), and glacier and snowpack dependant the river basins (Rijnland-Rijn River, Emilia-Romagna-Po River, Alazani River). A brief description on the geographical settings and major challenges relevant within the scope of the I-CISK project are discussed below. More details can be found in the individual LL characterization reports. Figure 4. The geographical location of I-CISK’s Living Labs in Europe and Africa 4.1 Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands The Rijnland LL is situated on the west-coast of the Netherlands, on the North Sea, between the cities of The Hague and Amsterdam. The Rijnland water board (https://www.rijnland.net/) is an important institution responsible for water management in this region. The LL area is mostly flat and below sea level. Extensive dunes along the coast are important for protection against the sea, but also for water supply to the cities through Managed Aquifer Recharge schemes. The surface water system serves both irrigation and drainage, with pumping stations discharging excess water to interconnected canals and out to the North Sea as shown in Figure 5 (Van der Zwan, 2022). During dry spells fresh water is let in from the Rhine river, and supplied to low-lying polders through the same interconnected canals. Currently during the dry season, a weekly drought monitor with a two-week forecast is prepared by the Water Authority. In case of imminent drought event, planned measures to manage water resources are shared with stakeholders. In this LL there is a need to develop sub-seasonal and seasonal drought forecasts. The information is lacking on the projections at the [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 7 decadal and climate change time scales with outlooks on drought characteristics and frequency. By combining the short and long-term climate information in one service, it is envisaged that a co-development of climate adaptation strategies involving the actors from the Rijnland water board, and water use sectors, mainly tourism and agriculture can be established. Figure 5. The command area of Rijnland, with key structures indicated for water system operation during droughts. (Source: Van der Zwan, 2022) 4.2 Andalucía, Spain The Andalucía LL is located between the Guadalquivir and Guadiana River Basin Districts (RBD) (Figure 6). It focuses primarily in the comarca 2 (region) of Los Pedroches, a primarily agricultural area located in the north of the province of Córdoba, in the autonomous region of Andalucía, Spain. It also includes the Sierra de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas Natural Park in the upper Guadalquivir RBD as a complementary site for testing the CS developed for forest landscapes. Spain is located within the Mediterranean region, where prolonged drought is a recurring feature. The country experiences significant climatic and rainfall variability, both seasonally—with dry, hot summers and colder, more humid winters—and interannual—with periodic drought cycles of varying intensity and duration. Spain has suffered several prolonged and extensive drought periods since the beginning of systematic hydrologic monitoring in 1941: 1941-1945; 1979-1983; 1990-1995; 2005-2008; and, most recently, 2016-2017. Climate change processes are predicted to affect the Mediterranean region severely (IPCC, 2021), and more severe 2 In Spain the term comarca refers to a portion of territory that is considered homogeneous in terms of natural, landscape, cultural or historic characteristics. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 8 droughts are predicted in the future among other adverse impacts such as decrease in runoff due to increased temperature and evapotranspiration, and seasonal shift of rainfall patterns - drier spring and fall seasons and rainfall concentration in winter (CEH-CEDEX, 2017). The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to drought. This is the case for both rainfed and irrigated agriculture, since climate change processes will affect the availability of both blue and green water. However, rainfed agriculture and extensive livestock farming have a limited range of adaptation options available in the short term. The Comarca is a primarily rainfed agricultural region, where different land use systems and landscapes coexist (Figure 7). This diversity of landscapes and land uses, the high ecological and socio-cultural value of the dehesa and the olivar de sierra agroecosystems 3 , their vulnerability to climate change and hydroclimatic risks, make Los Pedroches region a particularly relevant site for the I-CISK project. In addition, the Andalucía LL includes a second subregion, the Sierra de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas Natural Park, located in the Upper part of the Guadalquivir river basin. This is a mountain region in the eastern and northeastern part of the province of Jaén, Spain. This second region will be interesting to complement the forestry approach of the Sierra de Cardeña/Montoro protected area. This will add a different climate scenario for the I-CISK models and it will provide an interesting test site for the CS and models provided. Figure 6. The Andalucía LL, highlighting the hydrological and administrative set up in the region of Los Pedroches, Córdoba, Spain. [Source: Broekman et al., 2022 3 The dehesa is an agropastoral system unique to the Iberian Peninsula where oak trees – primarily holm oaks –, native grasses and free-range livestock – primarily Iberian black pigs, sheep and cows –, interact under management. The dehesa occupies almost 60% of Los Pedroches region, and is one of the best reserved holm oak dehesa in the Peninsula. The olivar de sierra is a unique olive tree agricultural system planted in the XIX century in the Sierra Morena mountain range in the southern part of the region, where the steep terrain requires traditional management and harvesting practices, and where remnants of the original Mediterranean forest can still be found. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 9 Figure 7. Different land use systems and landscapes: a) mixed forest, b) olive groves, c) panoramic view, d) pine forest, e) agro-system forestry area (dehesa) and f) water course. [Source: Broekman et al., 2022] 4.3 Emilia Romagna, Italy The Italian LL is located in the Emilia Romagna Region (RER) (Figure 8). Most of the RER territory is located in the geographical region belonging to the Po River basin district, one of the most economically productive and densely populated area of the country. The surface resources from the Po River and its tributaries are exploited by a wide range of users for agriculture, industry and human water consumption. Despite its abundant water resources, the area is vulnerable to the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events that contribute to the seasonal variation in water availability. The interconnected and “dense” human activities contribute to exacerbate the water vulnerability in the area, threatening for those sectors with low adaptive capacity. In recent years, Italy including the RER has been proactive in developing climate change impact assessments and adaptation strategies. (e.g., https://www.arpae.it/it; ARPAE 2017; ERVET and ARPAE, 2018; ART-ER and ARPAE, 2019; Pietrapertosa et al., 2021). In particular, within the "Climate Plans in Emilia-Romagna" initiative, provinces and main municipalities have been involved in the construction and implementation of their own climate adaptation plans, through a shared and structured path in various progressive steps. The RER is aware that climate change necessitates significant economic and social choices, as well as behavioural changes in every sector. Such high level of commitment in climate change effects’ characterization and adaptation at various levels, led in 2019 to the creation of a regional forum on climate change, guided by the regional Directorate-General for the Care of the Land and the Environment. The aim is to share transparently its choices on this issue, its efforts, and above all its results with citizens, businesses, and public administration. Moving to the connected risk for environment and economy, it shall be noted that since 2003, due to the increased demand from various human activities, there have been frequent water deficits. The increasing water consumption and lower water availability) can lead to the failure to meet water needs. This can also cause severe environmental problems, such as a lowering ecological and chemical quality of surface water bodies (depletion of freshwater environments and their eutrophication, with critical impact on hosted ecosystems and the most sensitive species). [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 10 The LL of interest is located where the availability of the water resource is crucial for maintenance of aquatic life and the natural environment, human quality of life and all the uses connected with economically relevant activities (such as agriculture and industrial production). Technical knowledge on use of climate information, availability of local data from wide and maintained ground monitoring network, and previous experience of some of the involved stakeholders in using and co-developing CS, set a favourable ground for this LL activities. Figure 8. The location of the study area in RERItaly, south of the Po River, in the upper provinces of Reggio Emilia and Modena Note: administrative boundaries and dots representing river stage monitoring stations from Regional Environmental Agency networks. (Source: Mazzoli et al., 2022) 4.4 Crete, Greece The island of Crete island has been selected as a LL region in Greece (Figure 9). The LL is situated at the southern country boundaries, in the eastern Mediterranean. Crete, like the rest of Greece, is characterized by variable landscape with extensive mountainous regions in the central part, and limited plain areas close to the shoreline. Crete is among the flag-ships of the country’s tourism industry, with a thriving tourism sector. Being a large island, the largest in Greece and the 5th largest in Mediterranean, it concentrates a significant and variable economic activity and plays an important economic role for the country. As an island, it offers a good opportunity to study a region with well-defined boundaries and autonomous physical and energy resources management. As inferred from the above, the primary sector this LL will consider is tourism. However, tourism Po river regional northern border southern regional borders/ catchments boundaries [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 11 is a cross-cutting sector with interlinkages among other sectors that are economically significant and vulnerable to climate change. Water availability can impede with tourism as an economic activity since it is directly associated with the guest experience. Further, energy demand, especially for cooling needs during the hot summer days and nights, is an important consideration for the tourism industry. Flood impacts (coastal and river) are primarily related to transportation infrastructure (mainly ports and roads), which supports the economic industry as well as tourism related infrastructure. According to CCISC (2011), the Crete is among regions of Greece that are most vulnerable to climate change, presenting high vulnerability on tourism and transportation sector, followed by health, agriculture and water resources. Figure 9. The Crete LL in Greece. (Source: Ziogas and Tzimas, 2022) [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 12 4.5 Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary The Danube divides Budapest city into two parts, the eastern part, Pest is a flat area, the western part, Buda is a hilly region. The city is structured in a way that the city centre is densely built, the houses were built mainly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have a low rate of green areas. On the Pest side, a couple of large avenues and boulevards are bordering the residential areas, that are closed and densely built, in the Buda side mostly the foothills and the areas adjacent to the Danube are densely built. Most of the slopes have more or less green areas, and the hilltops and upper parts are still covered by forests that are forming a protected area. Budapest’s natural ventilation channels are the northwest-southeast valleys and the Danube, in the Buda side a mountain breeze mitigates the summer heat and also produces cleaner, cooler air (Probáld 2014). These features led to very diverse local climatic conditions in Budapest, and in general, caused the more densely built Pest side more exposed to the urban heat island effect. In Budapest, the effects of climate change are influenced by the city climate effects, which are most significantly manifested through the urban heat island effect. This means that the urban heat islands are exacerbating the effects of the summer heatwaves in the city. The inner part of the city where there are fewer green areas, more artificial surfaces, and more buildings can experience a difference of 7°C (2-4 °C during the spring and 3-6 °C during summer) in surface temperature compared to the green areas surrounding the city, but during the heatwaves, the difference can be 20-25 °C between the inner city and the forest in the suburban areas (Zsombor et al., 2021). The Hungarian LL is situated in the Erzsébetváros district, an inner-city area of Budapest (Figure 10). The area is densely constructed with many protected-heritage buildings mostly from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Because of the historical value of the district and the entertainment opportunities, parts of the district are attracting a significant number of tourists. In general, the economy of the district is characterized by small businesses. Europe has experienced an increase in heatwaves frequency in the past few years; Hungary is no exception with a particularly hot summer in 2021 (the 5th hottest in history), where 4 heatwaves took place. (másfélfok.hu). According to the climate change predictions, the severity and the length of heat waves are expected to increase in urban areas. Urban heat islands are contributing to the severity of heatwaves in the cities, more profoundly in the inner areas, where green spaces are scarce. The selected district is a good “sample” on how co-created CS can contribute to mitigation/adaptation/early warning in the contest of extreme events in urban areas The Erzsébetváros district is more exposed to heatwaves as it has a very low percentage of green spaces, a high percentage of artificial surfaces, a high density of buildings, and it lacks natural ventilation. Heatwaves are primarily generating health problems, especially for those who are vulnerable (e.g., pregnant women, elder people, children, people living with chronic illness). Air quality and air pollution caused by traffic in the district are further contributing to the health problems generated by heat exposure. The health effects and possible risks are generating additional burden for the municipality and its institutions. It also negatively affects some parts of the economy in the district, for example, tourism sector. The adaptation strategies partly comprise passive measures like shading or providing water for the people during heatwaves, but they also encompass the improvement of green infrastructure in both public and private spaces. The establishment of new green areas is a challenge, as there is a demand for parking spaces, and in general, there is a shortage of available free spaces. In both strategies, the municipality has a defining role along with residents. Therefore, in this LL, we are dedicated to collaborating with the local stakeholders to co-create CS that are built on the integration of local knowledge, perspectives, needs. We are also dedicated in to have a special emphasis on the integration of the knowledge, perspectives, and needs of women. We are aiming to have a special emphasis on the involvement of the needs and perspectives of women, as they bear the responsibility of reproductive work, which means they are mainly responsible for care work: for children, for elderly. As children and the elderly are the most vulnerable groups to heatwaves, women have an [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 19 5.1.4 Climate of Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary The climate of Budapest can be characterized by a mildly cold winter (its coldest month is January), and a hot summer (the hottest month is July). The annual mean temperature is ~22 °C, with maximum value in June-July (~28 oC), and can go over 30 oC during heatwaves in these summer months. The mean annual precipitation in Budapest is about 525 mm. The least precipitation falls in February-March, while the most falls in May and June (https://www.met.hu/ ). In Budapest, the consequences of climate change can be observed through two main types of phenomena. The mean annual temperature has increased by 1.51°C in the period between 1901 and 2020 (Figure 14), and the duration of sunshine is increasing. Besides the average values of temperature, the occurrence of extreme events has also become more frequent; for example, the frequency of both heatwaves and extreme precipitation has increased over the last 25 years (Zsombor et al., 2021). Extreme heat days (with maximum temperature ≥ 30 °C) have increased in Budapest during the period between 1901 and 2021 (Figure 14). The climate change projections for urban heatwaves are foreseeing that the national average annual temperature will rise by 1-2 °C between 2021 and 2050. The extreme hot days during the summer could increase further, and the days below 0 °C will decrease. Moreover, the hot days are expected to be more intense. Extreme precipitation events are expected to become more frequent, and more intense, although with an overall reduction of precipitation during the summer months (Zsombor et al., 2021). Figure 14. Number of extreme heat days in Budapest between 1901 and 2021 (source: https://www.met.hu/) [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 20 5.1.5 Climate of Crete, Greece Crete has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen classification: Csa) with mild and wet winters (December-March) and hot and dry summers (June-September). There is very high spatial and temporal variability of the climatic pattern. Figure 15 shows monthly average temperatures for 4 stations across the island. Precipitation presents an unequal distribution, both geographically (from east to west) and physiographically (lowland to mountainous areas), with annual mean of about 750 mm and high range of variability across the Island (4002100 mm/year. The average monthly precipitation ranges from ~37 -107 mm (December to January to ~0-3 mm (July to August). Figure 16 shows monthly precipitation for 4 stations across the island. According to the National Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change (MOEE, 2016), precipitation is expected to decrease by 5% to 19% by the end of the century, while extreme precipitation events are expected to rise in eastern Greece. Regarding temperature, projections show a rise by up to 3°C to 4°C by the end of the century. Figure 15. Monthly average temperature in 4 stations across the island: (Souda: 1971-2000, Chania: 20062017, Iraklio: 2006-2017, Aghios Nikolaos: 2006-2017). (Source: Ziogas and Tzimas, 2022) Figure 16. Monthly precipitation in 4 stations across the island: (Souda: 1971-2000, Chania: 2006-2017, Iraklio: 2006-2017, Aghios Nikolaos: 2006-2017). (Source: Ziogas and Tzimas, 2022) [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 21 5.1.6 Climate of Alazani River Basin, Georgia The Alazani River Basin is characterized by climate conditions varying from subtropical continental to humid. The most dominant Köppen climate type is humid subtropical (Cfa) (http://drm.cenn.org/index.php/en/background-information/paper-atlas). The mean monthly precipitation and temperature measured at three stations within the Alazani River Basin are shown in Figure 17, which illustrates the high spatial and temporal variability of the climatic pattern across the river basin. Figure 17. Mean monthly air temperature and atmospheric precipitation (histograms) and standard deviations (vertical lines) for the three gauging stations in the Alazani River Basin (Source: CENN, 2022). Climate change has already affected basic climate conditions of Georgia (GoG, 2021), and significant changes in air temperature and precipitation are projected in the future. Current trends and future changes in climate variables are presented in the Georgia’ Forth National Communication on Climate Change to the UNFCCC [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 22 (GoG, 2021) (IPCC rcp4.5 scenario was used to predict the expected climate change for the time horizon: 20412100). More specifically, the findings, with regard to the LL region are as follows: • Annual mean air temperature in 1986–2015, compared to 1956–1985increased by 0.4-0.7◦C. The most significant increase in temperature was registered in the lower part of the basin (Dedoplistskaro municipality), where the temperature rose up to 1 degree Celsius. The number of hot days and warm nights in the annual cycle has increased significantly in summer and autumn across the entire basin, confirming the summer warming trend. A significant increase of heatwaves episodes was observed together with the increase of average temperature; • According to the scenario, in 2041-2070 compared to 1971-2000, the average annual temperature will increase almost evenly by ~1.5◦C throughout the basin. By the end of the century, temperature will continue to rise up tp 1.4◦C-1.7◦C. As a result, the warming rate for this period will be within the range of 3.0◦C-3.2◦C with greatest deviations up to 3.4◦C-3.7◦C in summer and autumn seasons. In the past 30 years, annual precipitation total did not change in most of the basin area. According to climate change projections in the period between 2041-2070, annual precipitation over the entire area will be reduced by 9% on average by the end of the century (2071-2100). The variability in precipitation will increase with increasing frequency of dry spells and heavy rains. 5.2 Climate and water related disasters in the I-CISK Living Labs The I-CISK LL are facing multiple climate and water related risks such as droughts, water scarcity, floods, highly variable water resources, heatwaves, landslides and storms (e.g. hailing). Climate change is projected to aggravate the occurrence and impact of these disastrous events. The projected increase in the frequency of these hazards in the context of the I-CISK LL mirrors the global trends as many countries in the world face similar challenges. At the global scale, number of disasters and consequent economic losses has significantly increasing in the 21st century compared to 20th century records as indicated by Figure 18 (WMO, 2020). Figure 18. Distribution of number of disasters, number of deaths, and economic losses by main hazard type and by decade, globally. (source: WMO, 2020). [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 23 In the I-CISK LL, drought emerges as the major hazard in focus for most of the LL followed by water scarcity, floods, highly variable water supply and heatwaves (Table 2). Drought will be the primary hazard under study in the LL in the Netherlands and Spain, and for rest of the LL, except Hungary, drought is an important hazard of concern. Next to drought is the issue of water scarcity which is important in all the LL except Hungary (with focus on urban heat island issues rather than water management related issues). Floods and highly variable water supply are of major concern for the LL in Italy, Greece and Georgia, where drought is also a secondary concern-these three LL focus on multiple climatic hazards. Heatwaves will be studied in Hungarian LL, with focus on addressing the issue of urban heat islands. In general, most of the LL focus on multiple hazards. The following sections provide more details on the risk of different climate and water related disasters in the I-CISK LL. Table 2. Summary of the climatic settings of the I-CISK Living Labs Regions 5.2.1 Drought and water scarcity: a major climate and water risk in the I-CISK living labs Drought is the main risk under investigation in five of the six I-CISK LL, and is the hazard of primary concern for the LL located in the Netherlands and Spain. In the Netherlands’ marine coastal climate where flood control and draining access water has been the focus of water management in the past, drought was not of major concern few decades ago. However, over the last decade, drought issues have become a national concern in the Netherlands. The 2018 summer drought in the Netherlands (Figure 19) triggered policy discussions and actions to mitigate the impact of droughts across the country (e.g., Philip et al., 2020). The combination of precipitation deficit and low flows in the Rijn river during the 2018 drought caused serious problems in managing this water system. The Rijnland water authority had to take emergency actions to stop the system operations for recreational shipping as the fresh water inflows in the systems were too low to keep the system navigable while managing the saline water intrusion. The agricultural areas (both rainfed and irrigated) were also exposed to water shortages during 2018-2019 drought episode. Sea level rise may make it more difficult to manage this system in future drought conditions because of more difficulties in managing saline water intrusion. In general, when salinity levels are too high at the Noordzeecanal, the water board may limit operation of ship locks (Rijkswaterstaat, 2021a). In-line with Living Lab Drought Water Scarcity Flood Highly variable water supply Heatwave Wildfire Hail storm Landslide Rijnland Delta, the Netherlands Andalucía, Spain Emilia-Romagna, Italy Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary Crete, Greece Alazani river basin, Georgia Legend of I-CISK concern for hazards Primary concern Secondary concern Relevant for the LL but not in focus under I-CISK Not of significant concern [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 24 national level prioritisation of sectors to be supplied with water during droughts (Rijkswaterstaat, 2021b), the tourism sector will face restrictions earlier than agriculture and domestic use sectors. Figure 19. Summer mean (Apr-Sep) anomalies in 2018 for (a) precipitation [fraction], (b) temperature in [◦C] at KNMI stations. (Source: Philip et al., 2020) Drought is a major climatic hazard in most of the Mediterranean climatic regions, and Spain is no exception. The historic records clearly show the periodic exposure of the Andalucía region to droughts (Figure 20). The region faces frequent droughts, which may last through a season or span through multiple years (e.g. 2-4 years). Examples of multi-year droughts include those observed during 1980s, 2000s, and recently after 2018. During the latest intensive drought period in 2018, livestock producers urged the Association of Los Pedroche municipalities to lobby the Andalusian Agriculture Department to reduce the sectors´ chronic sensitivity to drought. Different proposals were suggested, such as the restoration of old wells and a new water transfer infrastructure between the La Colada and Sierra Boyera reservoirs. Initial interviews with local stakeholders clearly point out increased temperatures and sustained rainfall pattern disruption cause broad environmental impacts affecting natural areas, wildlife, agricultural activities and livestock farming. The deterioration of ecosystems induces key vulnerabilities, such as wildfire risk increase and plagues. Disruption of seasonal rainfall patterns also causes a cumulative effect, gradually reducing the resilience of ecosystems and fundamentally affecting functionality of the local water cycle, depleting aquifers, rivers and streams, crucial for environmental quality and territorial development. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 25 Figure 20. Standardized Precipitation Drought Index (SPDI) based on the data obtained from the network of meteorological stations available in Andalusia region, Spain (Source: https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/portal/web/guest/landing-page-%C3%ADndice/- /asset_publisher/zX2ouZa4r1Rf/content/informaci-c3-b3n-climatol-c3-b3gica-trimestral-1/) The Drought Citizen Observatory of Andalucía (https://observasequia.es/indice-de-vulnerabilidad/), a large interdisciplinary citizen science project coordinated by the Pablo de Olavide University in Seville, aims to make drought-related data produced by the Andalusian Environmental Information Network (REDIAM) more accessible (Figure 21). It has developed a drought vulnerability index for Andalucía based on exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. For the Comarca of Los Pedroches, results show low to moderate vulnerability (0.431), low overall exposure (0.263), and moderate to high adaptive capacity. Vulnerability of Los Pedroches is strongly linked to the climatic hazards, provided the majority of land use is dedicated to rainfed agriculture and extensive livestock production, and no major water supply systems are in place except for drink water supply for urban areas. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 26 Figure 21. Vulnerability index and perception of drought risk from the Citizen Observatory of Drought project interactive maps for the Guadalquivir basin. For the Guadiana river basin this information is not available for comparison. (Source: https://observasequia.es/indice-de-vulnerabilidad/) Like Spain, the Mediterranean climatic region of Crete has been challenged in the past by drought periods of various severities. Drought is a critical hazard for the island since its touristic industry leads to increased water needs, which are often temporally concentrated. In the frame of the AQUAMAN project (https://aquaman.tuc.gr/) funded within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism 2009-2014), Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) has been estimated for the historical period of 1980-2009, for three different timescales. The three-month period (SPI 3) has been used to reveal seasonal characteristics, the six-month period (SPI 6) is used to reflect mid-term trends of precipitation and the yearly period (SPI 12) is used to describe long term trends of drought. The results are presented in Figure 22. As an example, for January 2000, according to the SPI 12 index, 9.4 % of Crete experienced extreme drought conditions (SPI <-2), 14.6 % severe drought (-2 <SPI <-1.5), 23.4 % average drought (-1.5 <SPI <-1) and the remaining 52 % had almost normal conditions (-1 <SPI <1). The severe drought of the period 1989-1991 is evident for a large percentage of Crete, especially for the year 1990, for every SPI reference period examined. Periods of extreme and severe drought can be identified throughout the whole period examined. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 27 % of Crete island SPI 3 % of Crete island SPI 6 % of Crete island SPI 12 Figure 22. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) distribution for Crete for the period 1980-2009 (Source: Modified from AQUAMAN Deliverable 1, 2016). 5.2.2 Flood risk in Emilia-Romagna, Crete and Alazani living labs Floods are of primary concern in Emilia-Romagna, Crete, and Alazani River Basin LL. For example, in EmiliaRomagna region, during the Dec. 2019 flood from Panaro River, ~130 million euros 4 of damages have been suffered by citizens and businesses (the total estimated damage in the region is over 500 million euros only for the 4 most significant floods since 2014 according to the report of the Italian NGO “Legambiente 5 ,” also see Figure 23). In the case of Crete, several areas are prone to flooding. Figure 24 shows those areas where floods have occurred in the past 20 years along with the areas designated as flood plains (geographical areas which could be covered by a flood and that would have significant social and economic impacts). Additionally, the relative percentage changes of the flood magnitude in reference to the baseline scenario are presented. As shown there, the majority of the Crete’s basins face an increase in the magnitude of the extreme flood event (T = 10 years and T = 100 years), for the mid-century period (2000-2049) compared to the baseline 4 https://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/notizie/2021/maggio/danni-da-maltempo-da-roma-oltre-130-milioni-perlemilia-romagna-bonaccini-notizia-straordinaria-in-pochi-mesi-risorse-che-di-solito-richiedono-anni-grazie-al-lavoro-disquadra-con-governo-sindaci-e-comunita-locali 5 https://partecipazione.regione.emilia-romagna.it/seinonda/documenti/il-clima-ci-riguarda_dossier-legambiente-2.pdf [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 28 scenario (AQUAMAN Deliverable 2, 2016). For the LL in Georgia, the flooded Ilto and Alazani rivers during heavy rainfall threaten and cause significant harm to the local population, since the main agricultural land is located along the banks of the Ilto and Alazani rivers. Floods are recurring with different intensity every year and wash off arable lands of the population. The floods are intensifying due to heavy rains in the Alazani tributaries. Figure 23 - Floods from Panaro river nearby city of Modena (left) during event of December 2019, source (4), and floods from Secchia River nearby Modena (right) during January 2014 (Source: https://partecipazione.regione.emilia-romagna.it/seinonda/documenti/il-clima-ci-riguarda_dossierlegambiente-2.pdf) Figure 24. Relative percentage changes of the flood magnitude in reference to the baseline scenario event for the mid-century period (2000-2049): (a) T = 10 years and (b) T = 100 years (Source: Modified from AQUAMAN project, Deliverable 2, 2016). [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 35 Figure 29. Land use land cover classes in Los Pedroches region, Córdoba, Spain. (Source: Broekman et al., 2022) 6.3 Agriculture and livestock Agriculture is the very important socio-economic sector in the I-CISK LL in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Georgia. The agriculture sector is closely linked with livestock, and we discuss both sectors together in this report. Drought, water scarcity and high hydro-climatic variability are identified as the major hazards impacting the agriculture sector in the LL regions. Climate change is projected to increase the negative impacts of these hazards on agriculture and related sectors of economy. For example, in the Spanish LL region, the agricultural sector and, specifically, livestock breeding and agro-industry (Figure 30 and Table 4) are the main pillars of Los Pedroches’ economy. The business structure of this sector is characterized by a large group of agricultural companies producing -mainlylivestock products (e.g., Iberian pig meat products, dairy products, and other livestock meat) complemented by the olive grove, hunting and agrotourism sectors. Cooperative societies and in particular agri-food cooperatives (e.g., COVAP and Olipe) significantly contribute to the global economic value of the region. The economic activities related to agriculture sector are highly dependent on climatic conditions and in particular rainfall patterns. Drought significantly impacts agriculture sector in the region, for example, the multi-year drought of 2005-2008 in the Andalusian region significantly impacted agriculture sector productivity (especially rainfed agriculture), with an estimated economic loss of EUR 1512 million (Espinosa-Tasón et al., 2022). [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 36 Figure 30. Extensive livestock farms and olive groves products in Los Pedroches region, Spain. (Source: Broekman et al., 2022) Table 4. Characterization of livestock and agricultural farms in Los Pedroches region, Spain. Economic Sectors # of farms Area (ha) # of full-time jobs (total) Total Standard Production (K€/yr) Agricultural 2602 67723 1415 44.16 Olive groove 1661 22766 1025 29.04 Cereals 601 31729 232 7.98 Other crops 340 13228 158 7.14 Livestock 2284 152383 2956 186.43 Others 68 1710 11 0.02 Total 4954 221817 4382 230.61 (Source: Adroches, n.d.. based on data of INE 2009) Similar to Andalucía LL, agriculture and livestock are important sectors of economy in the Kakheti region including the Alazani River basin. On a regional level, about 32 % of gross domestic product created in Kakheti region is accumulated from agriculture. Agricultural land accounts for almost half of the river basins territory (48 %), which is 40 % of the total arable land of the country (MEPA, 2019). Furthermore, the LL region is predominant in the country in all major categories of agricultural land use, namely, arable (annually cultivated, or fallow but available for annual cultivation), perennial crops (trees, shrubs, and vine crops) and pastureland, including mown land. Total size of agricultural lands used by farmers in Kakheti is 315,499 ha, including 133,099 ha of arable land, 33,117 ha of perennial crops and 149,230 ha of hay meadows and pastures. As a result of these types of land and the climate, Kakheti is the leading region in the production of cereals, melons and sheep meat (Figure 31). The largest irrigation systems of the country are located in the Alazani River basin which supplies water to the local farmers in the regions of eastern Georgia. Around 76% of the labor force within the region is employed in the agriculture sector. It should also be noted that 76% of the country’s wine is produced in the Kakheti region. Kakheti also has 70 % of all Georgia’s vineyards. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the floodplains of the Alazani River and its tributaries. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 37 Among climate-related hazards, droughts, hail storms and floods are the most damaging for the agriculture sector. The hail events occur annually and cause significant economic loss to the agriculture sector. The most severe drought occurred in 2000 and 2001, which significantly impacted the agricultural productivity. The country was affected by a severe food crisis. Agricultural production in 2000 drastically dropped as a result of the event. The drought affected all crops (https://www.fao.org/3/x8374e/pays/geo0010e.htm). Georgia lost 5.6 % of GDP due to drought (350 million in US$), much higher portions of agricultural GDP (25.5 %) were lost. Kakheti was one of the most inflicted regions along with others. Moreover, agriculture is a highly sensitive sector and climate change has the potential to lead to major effects in the region. These include changes in climate variability and water availability, which may cause direct and indirect impacts on irrigation, crop production, livestock, viniculture, agricultural supply and values chains. Due to the high dependence on the agriculture sector, the region’s economy is vulnerable to weather, climate and water related risks. Figure 31. Share of Kakheti Region in Total Production in 2020 (Source: National Statistics Office of Georgia) 6.4 Tourism and recreation Tourism and recreation sectors are the main focus in the LL located in Greece, Hungary and the Netherlands. It is an important sector of the economy for the Spanish and Georgian LL as well. The sector is impacted by multiple hazards, pre-dominantly by high hydro-climatic variability, heatwaves, droughts and floods. Climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures will further aggravate the vulnerability of these sectors, as illustrated below. In Crete, the tourism sector is growing and the related demand motivated significant investments in hotel units, resulting in the quantitative and qualitative upgrade of the hotel infrastructure. At the same time, it faces structural problems which focus mainly on the intense seasonality and the limited diffusion of tourist traffic to the inland settlements, as the hotel infrastructure is concentrated mainly on the north coast and in small outbreaks in the south. Additionally, the sector’s economic performance is greatly affected from exogenous, uncontrolled conditions, which contribute to fluctuations. A significant competitive advantage of 80.4 80.7 16.7 16.0 12.0 51.0 19.6 19.3 83.3 84.0 88.0 49.0 Kakheti Georgia [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 38 the tourism industry on the island is the high percentage of high-quality hotel infrastructure. In Crete, various forms of tourism are developed: Conference Tourism, Urban Tourism, Coastal and Maritime Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Ecotourism - Agritourism, Fishing tourism and others. The tourism sector of Crete constitutes ~50 % of the GDP of Crete and about 2.5 % of the GDP of the country (data 2018, 2019) (Ikkos and Koutsos, 2019 & 2020). Based on the climate projections until 2040, the vulnerability of tourism sector climate change estimated as moderate for both the intermediate and the worst-case scenario (GRRoC, 2021). For the midcentury (up to 2060), the vulnerability is estimated as high and extreme in several areas of Crete (Figure 32). Figure 32. Tourism sector vulnerability to climate change for 2041-2060, RCP8.5 in Crete, Greece (Source: adopted from GRRoC, 2021). In the case of Budapest, climate change has, and will continue to have, a strong impact on tourism, and urban tourism will be negatively affected by heatwaves and urban heat islands (Csete et al 2013). Erzsébetváros is an inner-city district, where small businesses dominate the economy. Its economy is highly based on tourism, cultural services, and food services. Tourism is mostly based on the cultural heritage of the district. The urban heatwaves had already (moderately) affected tourism in the district (Éva and Cecília, 2020). Water tourism is an important economic sector in Rijnland Delta region, the Netherlands. Droughts may strongly limit navigability for recreational shipping because counter measures taken by the water board include limiting the operation of ship-locks. Interest from the water tourism sector is whether drought alerts could be provided by the water board further in advance than is currently available in order to improve planning. For the long term, the water tourism sector representatives expressed interest in information on potential changes in drought frequency. Increase of this frequency may require a change in their business strategy. The water board of Rijnland has expressed the objective to come to an informed and lively discussion with water tourism and agricultural stakeholders in the region on climate change outlooks for expected drought frequency and characteristics. Thus, Rijnland expressed the need for informative and attractive CS with tailored climate change outlook information. 6.5 Health Health is the primary sector in Focus for the LL in Hungary. The impact of extreme temperature is an important health risk in the study region, which causes increase in the mortality rates (Figure 33). According to the [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 39 National Centre for Public Health (Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet) (NCP) forecast, the frequency of heatwaves is expected to increase further in the future, doubling by 2050, significantly increasing the excess heat-related deaths by ~150 %. Between 2071 and 2100, climate change will increase the current excess mortality by a factor of six, based on current demographic and socio-economic conditions. The LL region (Erzsébetváros municipality) is significantly affected by the urban heat island, it is considered highly exposed, highly sensitive, highly vulnerable, and moderately capable of adaptive measures due to the low density of green areas and the lack of ventilation (Éva and Cecília, 2020). The most significant effect of heat waves in Budapest is concerning the health sector, as the heat waves can cause health problems, hospitalizations, and in some cases death. The heat waves are causing heart and circulation problems, breathing problems, heatstroke, dehydration, and kidney failure. The main vulnerable groups are the elderly, children, pregnant women, people with chronic health issues, and those who are working outside. The age distribution of the population shows that 23 % of the population is elderly, and the number of families with small children is increasing in the district, therefore, Erzsébetváros has a fairly significant vulnerable population (Éva and Cecília, 2020). Figure 33. National daily mortality and temperature trends 2012-2017, June-August (source: Páldy, n.d.) 6.6 Energy The energy sector is important consideration in the three LL: Emilia-Romagna, Italy; Alazani River Basin, Georgia; and Crete, Greece. The energy sector represents an economic sector particularly vulnerable to climate change in these regions. In general, a significant increase in electricity consumption is expected in the summer season. The production and supply of energy will also be affected by the probable reduction in the [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 40 availability of water resources for hydroelectric production or for the cooling of thermoelectric plants. Other possible impacts may occur following the variation in energy demand, the availability of natural resources (water, wind, etc.) and the vulnerability of the territory (instability phenomena, etc.); these will have direct repercussions on the location of energy plants and infrastructures. Furthermore, for the hydroelectric sector, increasing attention will be required to protect the ecological conditions of watercourses, guaranteeing a suitable release from the plants throughout the year, and to conflicts related to other uses of the resource. Hydropower is the main focus in Emilia-Romagna, Italy and Alazani River Basin, Georgia considering its importance in these regions. Figure 34 shows some facts and figures on hydropower production in the EmiliaRomagna. According to ARPAE (2020), the hydropower sector grew in the last decades (in number of new authorized plants) and the overall relative contribution to energy production is lower ~9 % (Figure 34). Currently, 12 run-off-river type hydropower plants (HPP) operate in the Alazani River basin (Table 5). Most of them were commissioned over the last decade. The region has the potential to expand the number of HPP, and there are several HPP planned in the Alazani River basin. The energy sector in the Alazani River basin is also highly exposed to climate change. Primarily, changes in the seasonal and sub-seasonal patterns of precipitation and temperature can lead to alter overall annual runoff and hydropower generation. Also, due to intensified extreme events (floods, landslides, debris flow) the infrastructure of the generation systems is under increased threats. Energy production in Crete is mainly composed of steam electric station production, accounting for up to 73% of total production, followed production by Renewable Energy Sources (wind and solar), which accounts for ~27% (data from GRRoC, 2021.), as shown by Figure 35. Regarding climate change impact in terms of energy demand (for cooling), in the short term (up to 2040) in both the intermediate and the worst-case scenario, most areas of Crete show moderate vulnerability (GRRoC, 2021). Higher vulnerability is estimated for the Heraklion R.U. (regional unit). In the mid-century (up to 2060), for the intermediate scenario, the projections show a vulnerability ranging from moderate, in most of the island, to high in the Heraklion R.U.. In the worstcase scenario, the average vulnerability of the island is projected to be high. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 41 a) b) c) Figure 34. Some facts and figures on hydropower production in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy: a) a run of River hydropower plant along upper Secchia River, b) growth of hydropower plants and production, and c) overall gross energy production (Source: ARPAE, 2020) [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 42 Table 5. Operational Hydropower Plants in Alazani River basin. N HPP Installed Capacity (MW) Type Commissioning Year 1 Khadorhesi 24 Run-of-River 2004 2 Akhmetahesi 9.2 Run-of-River 2014 3 Alazanhesi 6.1 Run-of-River 1942 4 Alazanhesi-2 6.1 Run-of-River 2013 5 Khadorhesi-2 5.4 Run-of-River 2012 6 Shildahesi 5 Run-of-River 2013 7 Avani HPP 3.5 Run-of-River 2019 8 Lopotahesi 2.5 Run-of-River 2021 9 Pshavelhesi 1.9 Run-of-River 2010-2015 10 Kabalhesi 1.5 Run-of-River 1953 11 Instobahesi 1.5 Run-of-River 1998 12 Shildahesi-1 1.2 Run-of-River 2018 Total 67.8 Figure 35. Energy production mixture in Crete, Greece. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 43 7 Stakeholder involvement in co-creation of human centred climate services 7.1 Stakeholder Analysis to establish Multi Actor Platforms A snowball sampling approach was followed in identifying the key actors, starting with those actors who confirmed their support during the I-CISK project proposal development phase. The number of participating organizations and individuals vary per LL, and in general, they represent policy and decision makers, research and education, business and industry, end users like farmers, tourists and citizens, and civil society organizations. These stakeholders also represent the whole value chain of actors involved in the CS sectors: Providers, Purveyors and End-Users. The stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities were examined and mapped using interest-influence matrix, which helped to formulate the stakeholder involvement strategies in the LL. For example, the stakeholders with high interest and high influence were considered as key actors involved in the co-creation process, whereas those with low interest and low influence could be kept informed through communication and dissemination activities. The details on stakeholder analysis for each LL are provided in the individual LL reports (NetherlandsVan Andel et al., 2022; Spain-Broekman et al., 2022; Italy-Mazzoli et al., 2022; Hungary Bela et al., 2022; Greece-Ziogas and Tzimas, 2022; and Georgia-CENN, 2022). A summary is presented below. In total, ~90 key actor organizations are expected to participate in the I-CISK MAP established across the six LL (Figure 36a). In general, the distribution of these key actors aligns very well with the recommendations of RRI and MAA approaches, and also represents the different actors in the climate value chain well. The composition of MAP for each LL are discussed in the following sections, while a summary of different types of organizations participating in the MAP is shown in Figure 36b. The established MAP in the different LL fulfill core values of RRI by representing a way of thinking that balances commercial and other goals with those concerned with wider wellbeing. A key part of RRI is concerned with people’s engagement and participation in the research process. This is directly implemented in the living lab and associated MAP by the formation of a stakeholder group that is actively engaged in planning and drafting the next generation CS, which will support the stakeholders’ needs. By including the participant stakeholders in planned meetings and workshops throughout the whole project, the LL applies an approach of anticipation and assessment of potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable services, within the frame of responsible research and innovation. The RRI approach is taken into consideration in all activities and interactions within the LL. All the aforementioned societal actors, researchers (project partners), policy makers (local authorities), business, third sector organisations (NGOs), etc, will work together during this research and innovation process in order to better align both the process and its outcomes with the values, needs and expectations of local society. Further, the participant stakeholders represent members of the LL and society with access to the wider audience and means to promote, share and make public the results of the current effort, increasing the chances of scientific results uptake and supporting the RRI principle for Open Access. To address issues regarding gender balance and social inclusion in the LL, a set of actions are foreseen, from the formation of the LL and during the project. As such, during the formation of the multi‐actor platform and the initial conversations with the candidate stakeholders, an inclusive environment where all genders are encouraged to participate is carefully supported, in cooperation with the stakeholders. During the development phase of the new CS, the participation of women will be encouraged, especially in the planned demonstration actions of the CS. Further, the business opportunities which will arise from the project, will be oriented towards openness and gender equality. In case of capacity development activities, these will be planned based, among others, on a gender criterion in the selection of participants, acting towards inclusion [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 44 and against gender biases. These actions taken under the LL will be monitored by the leader of the LL as well as the WP1 leader of the I-CISK project. a) b) Figure 36. Key actor organizations represented in I-CISK Multi Actor Platforms: a) all I-CISK living labs; b) individual I-CISK living labs [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 51 formal later on). Depending on each organization’s way of working, a couple of representatives per organization were asked to ensure their presence and participation in the various events, including surveys, workshops, online and live meetings. All organizations actively participated in the first meeting, confirming their engagement in this way. Interaction will proceed through indirect tools (particularly at this stage surveys, to start the co-creation process); more agile development methods and tools to feed the co-creation process are under development inside the project consortium, based on Lab leader and partners’ previous experience online and live meetings (roughly twice a year). More complex type of interactions (such as serious gaming, training, and impact storytelling) are envisaged later, when co-development is in a mature stage. It shall be noted finally that, besides obvious public functions played by Regional Government and Environmental Agency, also the final users (Multiutility and Consortium) are recognized by law to operate in the public interest, deploying essential services to final users (related in this Lab to water provision). They are thus provided with specific ethical rules that they strictly follow when dealing with third parties including R&D partners, despite being a player on the private market (as Multi-utilities companies), thus familiar with the necessities of for-profit entities as well. Furthermore, the regional government shows interest towards innovative CS for all water users, public and private, underlying the necessity for users to be equipped with advanced tools such as resource forecasting systems and CS in general, to demonstrate that they have made every effort for the optimal management of the withdrawal and support the strategies of water savings. This is a rewarding element in the event of conflicts for resource allocation during periods of scarcity and revisions of permissions in areas of water deficit. All these elements set a favourable ground for agreeing on core values of the MAP during the Lab activities. Some examples are the resilience need towards climate change effect for the relative activities; trust towards the produced knowledge and the providers; flexibility; adaptability to user’s needs and exploitation (openness of the solution up to the extent of Small Medium Enterprise needs, to make also commercial employment of results). Table 9. Composition of the Multi Actor Platform: Emilia-Romagna, Italy Role Sector ns Male Female Policy makers RER Regional government All Provider/End-User 1 1 ARPAE (Regional Environmental Agency Environment Provider/Purveyor 1 1 Research and Academia Business and Industry Gecosistema I-CISK partner, LL lead Water Provider/Purveyor 2 1 AREN Private energy company Energy Provider/End-User 2 Civil society organizations IRETI Multi-utility company (water exploitation) Water End-User 2 CB_Burana Land reclamation authority - water provision to agriculture Water Provider/End-User 1 1 CB_Emilia Centrale Land reclamation authority - water provision to agriculture, hydropower Water Provider/End-User 1 2 Other relevant actors Actors involved in the MAP Climate services value chain actors # MAP members [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 52 Figure 39. Meeting of key actors represented in the Multi Actor Platform in the users meeting held in February 2022 7.1.4 Multi Actor Platform: Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary The MAP of Erzsébetváros, Budapest LL (Table 10) is formed by actors representing policy makers (2 organizations), academia and research (2 organizations) and civil society (1 organization and citizens). The most interested and influential stakeholder for this LL is the Municipality of Erzsébetváros. The municipality (and also the municipality of Budapest) prepared a climate strategy/action plan, that contains the actions that are necessary for climate mitigation and adaptation. An important part is the improvement of green infrastructure in the district (and in Budapest, especially in the inner parts), in public and private spaces. Although the establishment of green areas would be the main force in the adaptation to climate change and urban heat exposure, the district has limited space for increasing green infrastructure. The financial possibilities of the adaptation incentives are also limited. New green areas are generally created when a new building is established by a private investor. The municipality of Budapest has also developed a climate strategy/action plan, that contains the actions that are necessary for climate mitigation and adaptation. The National Public Health Institute (OKIOrszágos Közegészségügyi Intézet) is monitoring the health consequences of heatwaves and is also instrumental in the operation of the national heat alarm system. Heat alarms are issued when in three consecutive the daily average temperature is more than 25°C. They are not participating formally in the MAP, they rather expressed the desire to participate informally in the co-creation process by occasionally sending background information. Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Meteorology, has great expertise in the field of urban heat exposure, the department had research projects on urban climate models and gathered data on urban surface temperature in Budapest. Clean Air Action Group (Levegő Munkacsoport) is a green NGO, that specialized in air quality and energy/climate issues, mostly functioning as think-tanks, consultants, and sometimes watchdogs. The local population in general considered the heat waves and the improvement of green areas the most important issue in climate change according to the survey conducted by the municipality. Despite the results of the survey the measures launched by the municipality to tackle the negative health effects of heatwaves (like cool buildings available for the people), were not generated significant interest among the local population. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 53 In this LL, a special emphasis is given on the involvement of the needs and perspectives of women, as in this geographic region, they bear the responsibility of reproductive work, which means they are mainly responsible for care work: for children, for elderly. The MAP will serve to initiate a dialogue between decision-makers, NGOs, the research community, and the residents of Erzsébetváros, to foster multi-actor dialogue, mutual understanding of climate change and CS, and co-create research outputs for policy initiatives. The Municipality of Erzsébetváros, especially the Climate Cabinet, is going to be a main actor in the process as a decision-maker and policymaker in the field of urban heatwaves. After a meeting of with them and a couple of experts, the main areas were identified that can be of interest for the project concerning urban heatwaves/heat islands and CS. The MAP members will work on finding suitable ways to reach out to the members of the local population. For example, it is assumed that a snowball method can be followed in this context to identify other members of the public or local communities who can participate in the co-creation process. As a next step of the co-creation process, an online survey will be conducted among the residents, to test/modify the areas that were identified, foster multi-actor dialogue, and help mutual understanding of the topics around urban heatwaves. The survey is also aimed at finding stakeholders who can participate in the co-creation process. Table 10. Composition of the Multi Actor Platform: Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary 7.1.5 Multi Actor Platform: Crete, Greece Six different stakeholder groups form the MAP of the LL in Crete (Table 11), and represent policy makers (3 organizations), business and industry (2 organizations) and civil society (1 organization). The MAP comprises national and local authorities responsible for planning (policy makers), authorities responsible for implementing infrastructure projects as well as local business actors of various levels and different aiming. For example, the Greek National Tourism Organisation (http://www.gnto.gov.gr/) was founded in 1929. It is a body governed by public law, under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism. Its main mission is to organise, develop and promote tourism in Greece by utilizing all the capabilities of the country. It aims to enhance the value of Greek tourism products, in collaboration with the tourism industry and all stakeholders in order to increase tourism revenue. The Organization for the Development of Crete S.A. (O.A.K. S.A., https://oakae.gr/). is a governmental organization with responsibilities, among others, to support the development of the countryside through projects and Community Initiatives with the aim of contributing to the development of the region of Crete. The Regional Development Company of Crete S.Α. aims, among others, to support a managed, well planned, development of the tourism sector under high quality standards. Further, Elounda SA Hotels & Resorts is a tourism company which has received awards and distinctions and has established a strong brand in the luxury hotel industry. Elounda SA’s CEO joins the MAP in that capacity as well as in the capacity of a member of the governing board of the Greek Tourism Confederation (SETE, NGO). SETE is an organization Role Sector ns male female Policy makers Municipality of Erzsébetváros Local authority all Provider/End-User 2 1 Municipality of Budapest Local authority all Provider/End-User Research and Academia Ideas Science Ltd. I-CISK partner, LL lead Environment Purveyor 1 2 Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) University Environment Purveyor 1 Business and Industry Civil society organizations Clean Air Group ThinkTank - NGO focus on air&climate Environment Purveyor 1 Local residents Advocating greener city for heat stress All End-User tbc Other relevant actors Actor Climate services value chain actors # MAP members [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 54 established in 1991, which represents the national unions of tourism enterprises, as well as individual businesses operating within the broader tourism industry and covering the entire range of the sector’s activities. The six stakeholder groups represented in the Crete MAP have given their formal/written consent to participate in the activities of the MAP of the Crete LL and provide the necessary data regarding surveys, workshops, trainings, capacity development, role plays and/or participatory modelling. The expected meeting frequency which was discussed and agreed during the first MAP meeting is 3 to 5 meetings per year, as well as some supportive telephone or web communications when needed. Table 11. Composition of the Multi Actor Platform: Crete, Greece 7.1.6 Multi Actor Platform: Alazani, Georgia Fifteen different actor groups form the MAP of the Alazani River Basin Georgia (Table 12 and Figure 40): civil society (9 organizations), Policy makers (5 organizations) and research and academia (1 organization). Most of these actors represent agriculture, water management and environment sectors. For example, MEPA and NEA represent policy actors from the government side, and are mainly responsible for water management and environment besides providing CS. The main provider of CS in Georgia is the National Environmental Agency (NEA) of Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA). The Department of Hydrometeorology under the Agency mandated to provide meteorological and hydrological information and warning services to the government and public. Governmental structures at national, regional and local levels and public are most important customers for NEA. The agriculture sector users are represented by several civil society organizations such as Georgian Farmers' Association (GFA) and Association of Women Farmers. The environmental sector is represented by MEPA, NEA and CENN. Civil Society organizations are an important source of information for both citizens and government. They monitor government policies and actions and hold government accountable. One of the MAP membersthe Regional Center for Sustainable Development and Kakheti Regional Development Foundation (KRDF) has a thematic expertise in climate and environment. Development of the state policy in the sphere of water protection and use as well as the adoption of legislative acts concerning water use and protection and control is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. Implementation of water monitoring and assessment of the water quality of inland and coastal waters, as well as provision of meteorological and geo-morphological observations, and maintenance of respective records is the responsibility of the National Environment Agency of the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture. The established MAP in Alazani will be the main driver of the co-production process proposed in the I-CISK project. The members will actively participate in the I-CISK activities, which will include regular meetings, workshops, conferences, surveys, demonstrations, Role Sector ns male female Policy makers The Greek National Tourism Organisation Organize and promote tourism Tourism End-User 1 The Municipal Port Fund of Rethymno Port authority Port End-User 1 The Organization for the Development of Crete S.A Support development rural areas Economic dev. End-User 1 Research and Academia Business and Industry The Regional Development Company of Crete S.A Regional development Economic dev. End-User 1 EMVIS I-CISK partner, LL Lead Environment Purveyor 2 Civil society organizations Elounda SA Hotels & Resorts Hotel group Tourism End-User 1 Other relevant actors Actors involved in the MAP Climate services value chain actors MAP members [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 55 knowledge sharing and capacity development. The MAP will meet at least 2 times per year. The capacity building activities will be organized based on identified needs. Table 12. Composition of the Multi Actor Platform: Alazani River Basin, Georgia Figure 40. Some snapshots taken during the first online meeting with MAP, Alazani River Basin LL, Georgia Role Sector ns male female Policy makers Climate division of Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture (MEPA) Climate - Environmental governance Environment Provider 1 National Environmental Agency (NEA) of MEPA Environmental governance Environment Provider 1 Regional Administration of Kakheti Regional government all End-User 1 Tusheti Protected Lanscape managed by akhmeta municipality Local environmental protection (municipal) Environment End-User 1 Information Consultation Centre in Kakheti region Information provider Purveyor 1 Research and Academia Lakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University Research and education Environment Purveyor 1 Business and Industry Civil society organizations Kakheti Regional Development Foundation (KRDF) Regional development Economic dev. Purveyor/End-User 1 Regional Center for Sustainable Development Sustainable development regional Economic dev. Purveyor 1 Akhmeta Innovation Centre, NGO "Kakheti" Innovation Innovation Purveyor 1 Shepherds Association of Georgia Sheperds association Agriculture End-User 1 Georgian Farmers' Association (GFA) Farmers' association Agriculture End-User 1 Association of Women Farmers Women rights advocacy in agriculture Agriculture End-User 1 Chaduna/Women Council Women rights advocacy Agriculture End-User 1 Individual farmer Farming Agriculture End-User 1 CENN I-CISK partner, LL Lead Environment Purveyor 1 3 Other relevant actors Actors involved in the MAP Climate services value chain actors # MAP members [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 56 8 Innovating climate services in the I-CISK living labs 8.1 Climate services use and needs This section is mainly based on the I-CISK Deliverable D2.1 – Preliminary Report: Climate Service Needs & Gaps (Moschini and Emerton, et al., 2022). A summary of currently available CS, barrier to effective use and CS needs is presented in Table 13. It is important to note that these are preliminary findings based on limited information available at this point in time. The information on CS use and needs will be updated during the course of the project following an iterative process. The established MAP will play an instrumental role in providing this information as part of the I-CISK’s co-creation process. Reflecting on the current situation, it can be stated that there are a number of CS available in the LL (Table 13). However, the use is limited and the available services do not reach their full potential value. There are a number of barriers to effective use such as lack of tailored information (e.g. to users and sectors), limited lead time, lack of access, unsuitability in terms of required spatial and temporal resolution, unreliability and uncertainty of the forecasts. There were specific needs identified in each LL, such as improved spatio-temporal resolution; sub-seasonal, seasonal and climate projections; multi hazard forecasting and early warning systems; and sector-tailored information. The needs will be further explored and prioritized in each LL, and through the proposed co-creation process, the next generation of CS will be developed. 8.2 Expected outcomes and impacts Some of the expected outcomes and impacts of developing the innovative CS were also identified based on the initial discussions with the key actors involved in the co-creation process. These impacts are summarized in Table 13, and some of them are highlighted below, which could be applicable to most of the LL. • Increased awareness of climate change and drought • Multiple stakeholders transform their processes from reacting to drought to being proactive • Better planning of agricultural strategies; reduction in agricultural production losses or increase in agricultural production • Contributing to build a culture of proactive decision making, based on up-to-date evidence-based information and integrating scientific data • Improved information on water availability leading to better water allocation decisions and reduced water shortages • Strengthening of the adoption of European climate change policies • improved information contributing to building resilience of society to multiple weather, climate and water related risks [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 57 Table 13. Overview of the types of CS currently available used in each LL, barriers to their use, and CS needs. Living Lab CS currently in use Barriers to effective use CS needs/ potential ambition under I-CISK Expected outcomes and impact of providing needed climate service The Netherlands Drought monitoring system (including medium-range forecasts), streamflow predictions Stakeholder engagement with CS and lack of tailored information, limited lead times Longer timescales, including sub-seasonal, seasonal and climate projections, strengthen stakeholder engagement and communication Increased awareness of climate change and drought; short to long term adaptation strategies by sector but also across multiple sectors Spain Climatological data, reservoir management support, seasonal forecasts, climate projections, forest fire risk management plans, climate scenarios viewer, drought monitoring, meteorological forecasts, river basin monitoring Effective dissemination to target audiences, lack of tailored information, forecast uncertainty, insufficient spatiotemporal resolution, lack of access to historical data Sector-tailored information (e.g. forecasts of rainfall patterns, seasonal distribution, start of summer and winter seasons), impact-based forecasts, improved spatio-temporal resolution, longer-range forecasts (sub-seasonal, seasonal and >6 months), historical data access Reduced vulnerability to climate risks; strategies for sustainable management of agriculture and environment; improved information contributing to building resilience of society to multiple risks; counter rural exodus and abandoning of agricultural activities; contributing to build a culture of decision making, based on up-to-date evidence-based information and integrating scientific data; strengthen the adoption of European climate change policies. Italy Regional climate projections, historical and current hydrometeorological observations, agriculture water demand forecasts Forecasts aggregated at weekly timescales causes challenges for decision-making, data accessibility, lack of information on uncertainty and skill Improved spatiotemporal resolution, integration of local data, river discharge forecasts, effectively communicated uncertainty information Improved information on water availability leading to better water allocation decisions and reduced water shortages; better planning of agricultural and industrial activities; reduction in agricultural production losses Hungary CLMS Urban Atlas, green areas monitoring, biodiversity monitoring, historical global land surface temperature, meteorological data, air quality monitoring and information module Lack of useful variables, limited information on potential of green infrastructure Tailored CS and wider range of variables related to heatwaves, including health impacts Improved knowledge on urban heat island exposure leading to improved adaptation policies; adaptive behaviour; decrease in heatwaves related deaths, illness, discomfort and economic loss Greece Weather forecasts, climate change impact assessments and vulnerability analysis, hindcasts, short-term forecast service for reservoir water quality and quantity Current CC-scale CS focus on single sectors and lack cross-sectoral links, other CS are not tailored for sectoral use, accessibility for non-exert users Sector-tailored information and sectorspecific indicators, improved spatiotemporal resolution, hazard severity indicators, uncertainty and reliability information, compound hazard CS Improved touristic planning contributing to change the seasonal character of the tourism product, and to diversify destinations and widen the spatial coverage of the touristic product in the Mediterranean; promote and support better informed and more agile, short term and long term, planning of tourism related policy and business activities; Climate information provided through ICISK CS in Crete LL, directly contributes to improve water resources planning and water use efficiency (target SDG6–Clean water and sanitation). Georgia Meteorological observations, local knowledge, meteorological and hydrological forecasts, extreme event warnings & advice, agrometeorological bulletins, frost early warning service, seasonal outlooks, climate projections Service discontinuity (CS produced ondemand rather than continuously) and lack of long-term national strategy for userdriven CS, language barriers for local decision-makers and end users Multi-hazard early warning system, impactbased forecasts, maintenance and integration of observation network and data, sector-tailored information facilitate planning and implementation of integrated management of the Alazani River basin based on the EU Water Framework Directive; improve the resilience of the local communities and economic sectors; increase the food production, improve access to the clean drinking and irrigation water, better exploit the renewable energy and in general, enhance the prosperity of the population; The new CS will provide a useful contribution to energy management decisions and relevant policymaking to achieve an optimal balancing of supply and demand, as well as to drive behavioural changes in energy saving. (Source: adopted from Moschini and Emerton, et al., 2022) [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 58 The I-CISK project has a dedicated task on impact analysis (Task 1.3 under WP1), which will detail the impact assessment process, applying theory of change approach. Under Task 1.3, theory of change will be developed for each LL and also for the whole I-CISK project. Key components of the theory of change include identification and description of inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes that lead to impacts. The implementation of a theory of change model will facilitate systematically monitoring the transformational process contributing to achieving the expected outcomes and impacts. The model will be based on carefully selected indicators and criteria, which will help to assess and monitor the project’s expected impacts within the LL. Suitable indicators will be organized in the form of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), which will better help to identify the changes happening to the LL, in relation to the co-development and application of the next generation CS, and will support the application of the Theory of Change model. A simplistic overview of the theory of change approach tailored to the LL in Hungary is presented below as an example (Figure 41), which provides a good base for further development. Figure 41. An example of potential elements of theory of change application in the Hungarian living lab (Source: Bela et al., 2022) 8.3 Exploitation and Upscaling As noted in the I-CISK project proposal, the project aims to generate several exploitable assets including preoperational CS. At the end of I-CISK, in each LL a pre-operational CS will have been established that has been tested with partners, and which can be adopted for future use in the LL and potentially upscaled to similar regions and sectors. Business stories detailing the CS value proposition and viable business models appropriate to institutional and governance context will be developed to stimulate exploitation and upscaling. The exploitation strategy will be developed under WP6 Task 6.4 ‘Exploitation strategies for end-user CS’ during M12-46, which will be detailed in deliverable 6.7 ‘Exploitation and Sustainability plan’ due in M46. This plan will also consider the exploitation opportunities of the individual project partners. Several pathways to maximize exploitation and ensure sustainability of project results will be developed by: (1) examining market potential and value proposition of Human Centred CS; (2) participating in CS Brokerage events; (3) actively engaging and contributing to existing Communities of Practice; and (4) capacity building and cross learning from the LL Communication and dissemination have an important role in facilitating exploitation and upscaling process as outlined in I-CISK Communication and Dissemination Strategy and Plan (Kikvadze, 2022). For example, indirect Beneficiaries (Public/private organisations, businesses, NGOs, CS community, public/private CS developers [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 59 etc.) will be addressed through specific exploitation and communication channels such as business sector publications and mini documentary videos. I-CISK will develop a set of publications addressing the water management, environment and forestry, agriculture and livestock, energy, tourism, and health sectors. These publications will address potential of upscaling the CS developed in the LL. The sectoral publications will be complemented by short documentary videos, directed at a non-specialist audience to convey the concept of human-centred CS and their impact potential. These “mini documentaries” will be based around storylines from selected LL, and will be especially attractive for sharing in social media, as well as in the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). I-CISK’s ambition is to develop at least 3 such mini documentary videos. In addition, a climate talk video (TEDx type) on CS and the co-production process to human-centred CS will be developed. These documentaries will serve to raise awareness of non-specialist audiences to convey the concept of human-centred CS and their impact potential. The LL have already started reflecting on possible avenues for exploitation and upscaling potential for the innovative CS to be developed under I-CISK. Some of these initial insights are summarized below. Rijnland the Netherlands: When successful, the developed CS and the co-production approach can be upscaled to areas in the Rhine delta facing similar drought challenges, with the aim to contribute to climate adaptation in European, and ultimately world-wide, deltas. The Netherlands has 21 regional water authorities, such as Rijnland. Especially the neighboring water boards in the western part of the Netherlands often face similar challenges and may have an interest in taking-up the services ideas developed in Rijnland, for customisation to their own water board and regional actors. Andalucia, Spain: The CS developed for Los Pedroches region will allow improvement of business and strategic planning in agriculture and forestry management in the face of adaptation to climate change, as well as improve the governance practices needed to sustain the transformation processes towards increased resilience. To facilitate the interpretation of available data as well as the integration of this information into protocols and planning exercises, a set of user-friendly tools and products will be developed and incorporated in online, GIS based applications. These innovative information formats will increase the exploitability of climate information for management both in the private sectors, such as farmers as well as for public administrations, such as municipalities or regional authorities. The opportunity offered by the I-CISK project to directly engage end-users will allow to gradually refine the scope and scale of the CS, resulting in increased exploitability of the results. In order to boost exploitation of the I-CISK CS produced, a tailored knowledge transfer program will be developed. Indeed, to ensure full understanding and enable the transmission of concepts and methods, it is key to increase awareness of the importance of the use of climate data for decision making in an inter-sectoral view. Emilia-Romagna, Italy: Generalization is the key for results exploitation besides tailoring the new CS to local users' needs it is essential to reflect during the co-creation process on using resources and solutions that shall easily translate to other context and/or upscaled to wider areas. Also interacting with multiple Stakeholders means that each of them may have core interests in different areas. Showcasing is necessarily limited to a geographical area, but if during development attention is paid to replicability of the service this certainly will facilitate exploitation and upscaling to other contexts and users. A realistic expectation is thus to create a Prototype that shows on one side a good degree of adaptation to local users’ needs and data (in this case use of local data on water availability and withdrawals), but in the same way relies on upstream data to feed the service that is available also in other areas. For example, Figure 42 puts together the (local -ARPAE) river monitoring network with the (upstream) operational river discharge at coarse resolution from CDS forecast services. The same data are available both along Secchia river and Panaro river nearby, where some of the Stakeholders also have assets of interest; it shall thus be possible, in principle, to replicate the prototype in other areas. [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] 60 Figure 42 - local data from river stations (left) and upstream services output (CDS gridded forecasts, right) that could be used to foster upscaling and exploitation towards other contexts of the service prototype. (Source: Mazzoli et al., 2022) Crete, Greece: Crete LL is addressing the needs of a Mediterranean island in the tourism sector, in combination with related, cross-sectoral challenges such as the water availability, the energy needs and the infrastructure threats due to flooding events. Those needs and challenges are common to a large number of Mediterranean islands, within Greece but also in the wider Mediterranean area shared by the surrounding countries within and outside EU. However, they are not limited to island locations. The climate and land morphology have created the conditions for tourism development, mainly under the sun-sea-sand model, all around the coastal Mediterranean area. Common challenges are also arising in the scope of resources over-exploitation and climate change impacts. Therefore, the conditions which shape the tourism related challenges and the developed CS to address those challenges in the Crete LL, are the linkage which leverages the upscaling potential of this LL. On top of this, the cross-sectoral challenges identified, based on a water, energy and infrastructure nexus, make the developed CS relevant for a wider range of climatic challenges and, therefore, augmenting the upscaling potentials of the CSs. Adding to the above, the results of this LL could be easily transferred to other regions in Greece and beyond, based on easy-to-use products (e.g. mobile application) that provide access to climatic information and are connected to sustainable databases and established services from Copernicus and GEOSS. 8.4 Sustainability of climate services developed under I-CISK Sustainability of I-CISK results highly depends on the project’s ability to raise a clear demand for CS in the LL and beyond. The new CS and tools developed under I-CISK will have the capacity to become a reference CS/tool and information source for the planning and implementation authorities and actors, and become an integral part of these plans and procedures. These CS address a wide range of issues relating to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Therefore, they are directly linked to the application of a series of management, adaptation and development plans, national and regional, in the relevant thematic areas in the long-term. In general, the sustainability of I-CISK results will be ensured by making progress on the following core elements of sustainable use of the new CS. These key elements for sustainability include: (1) Engagement with relevant [D1.1 - I-CISK Living Labs] - 67 - Ridder, N.N., Pitman, A.J., Westra, S., Ukkola, A., Do, H. X., Bador, M., Hirsch, A. L., Evans, J. P., Luca, A. D., & Zscheischler, J. 2020. Global hotspots for the occurrence of compound events. Nature Communications 11, 5956 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19639-3 Rijkswaterstaat, 2021a. Landelijk draaiboek waterverdeling en droogte, version 2.8, 30 March 2021 (in Dutch) Rijkswaterstaat, 2021b. 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Available at: https://budapest.hu/Documents/klimastrategia/BP_klimastrategia_SECAP_egyeztetesi_anyag.pd This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101037293 Colophon: This report has been prepared by the H2020 Research Project “Innovating Climate services through Integrating Scientific and local Knowledge (I-CISK)”. This research project is a part of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme call, “Building a low-carbon, climate resilient future: Research and innovation in support of the European Green Deal (H2020-LC-GD-2020)”, and has been developed in response to the call topic “Developing end-user products and services for all stakeholders and citizens supporting climate adaptation and mitigation (LC-GD-9-2-2020)”. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101037293. This four-year project started November 1st 2021 and is coordinated by IHE Delft Institute for Water Education. For additional information, please contact: Micha Werner ([email protected]) or visit the project website at www.icisk.eu