New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters

Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Austrasphaera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Austrasphaera springthorpei sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Cassidias Richardson, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Cassidias australiensis sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Exosphaeroma Stebbing, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Exosphaeroma alveola sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Koremasphaera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Koremasphaera colonus sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 Margueritta Bruce, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Margueritta sandyi sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Moruloidea Baker, 1908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 Moruloidea perionasus sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Pedinura gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 Pedinura mokari sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Appendix. Species currently placed in Exosphaeroma Stebbing, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Introduction Over the last two decades of the twentieth century Museum Victoria and the Australian Museum made extensive shallowwater collections from southern Australian coastal regions from New South Wales to southern Western Australia. The collectors used fine-scale collecting techniques such as epibenthic sleds and in shallow coastal waters, SCUBA, which resulted in a wealth of undescribed crustacean material. These collections include new species many of which, though not collected previously, proved to be widely distributed and common. This contribution draws principally from these collections, but is supplemented by material from the South Australian Museum, Adelaide and some collected by myself. Australia has a rich sphaeromatid fauna (Poore et al., 2002) that displays extraordinary morphological diversity. The documentation of this fauna results from three discrete periods of research – by Baker (1908–1929), Harrison and Holdich (1980–1984 in either combination) and Bruce (1982 to the present). Poore et al. (2002) listed 187 species and subspecies of Sphaeromatidae which, together with the species described herein, are nearly 28% of all sphaeromatid species known world-wide, and approximately 17% (the figures are continually changing) of all isopod species known from Australia. It is Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60(2): 309–369 (2003) ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/memoirs New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters NIEL L. BRUCE Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag: 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand ([email protected]) Abstract Bruce, N.L. 2003. New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60(2): 309–369. Australia has a great diversity of sphaeromatid isopods, both in terms of species and genera, with 187 recorded species and subspecies in 58 genera. This contribution records and describes a further four genera: Austrasphaera gen. nov., Cassidias Richardson, 1906, Koremosphaera gen. nov. and Pedinura gen. nov. and ten new species: Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov., A. springthorpei sp. nov., Cassidias australiensis sp. nov., Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov., Exosphaeroma alveola sp. nov., Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov., Margueritta sandyi sp. nov., Moruloidea perionasus sp. nov., Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. and Pedinura mokari sp. nov. Several appear to be common and widely distributed, with both species of Austrasphaera and Pedinura flindersia ranging from Vic. to WA; Pedinura mokari is recorded from Vic. and SA while Cassidias australiensis is recorded from the NT to the North-West Shelf, WA. The remaining species are restricted to or near to their type locations. A brief diagnosis is given for Exosphaeroma and an annotated list of all accepted species is provided, including incertae sedis species and some recent exclusions from this genus. Key words Taxonomy, Isopoda Sphaeromatidae, Austrasphaera, Cassidias, Koremosphaera, Pedinura, Exosphaeroma, Australia estimated that this may represent less than 50% of the potential total. Methods follow those outlined in Bruce (1994a, 1995, 1997). Abbreviations are: AM, Australian Museum, Sydney; NTM, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin; NMV, Museum, Victoria, Melbourne; QM, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; SAM, South Australian Museum, Adelaide; WAM, Western Australian Museum, Perth; CP, circumplumose; PMS, plumose marginal setae; RS, robust seta/setae; SEM, scanning electron microscope. Austrasphaera gen. nov. Type species. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov., here designated. Diagnosis. Anterior margin of head overriding antennule and antennae bases. Pleon with all segments entirely fused, with no visible sutures, entirely fused to pleotelson. Antennule peduncle articles 1 and 2 subequal in length, each about twice as long as article 3; article 3 posteriorly offset. Pereopods basis and ischium subequal in length, short, about two-thirds as long as propodus. Pleopod 1 operculate, rami collinear, endopod with mesial margin indurate. Male appendix masculina massive, 0.8–1.0 as wide as endopod, 1.2–1.5 times as long as endopod, distally widest. Uropods subterminal. Description of female. Body elongate, 3–4 times as long as greatest width, strongly vaulted; dorsal surface smooth; lateral margins subparallel to weakly ovate; unable to conglobate. Head weakly to strongly anteriorly produced, weakly immersed in pereonite 1, anteriorly overriding antennule and antennal bases; rostral process minute. Eyes small, lateral. Pereon segments without raised posterior margins. Coxal plates distinct, overlapping anterior over posterior. Membrana cingula absent. Pleotelson without foramen or excision, but with shallow ventral exit channel. Pleonal sternite present. Antennule and antenna in ventral position on head. Antennule peduncles narrowly separated by epistome; peduncle articles 1 and 2 robust, anteriorly flattened, expanded; article 2 inferodistal angle produced forming a lobe, plane of articles 1 and 2 of projecting ventrally; peduncle article 3 short, about 0.17 as long as articles 1 and 2, posteriorly offset at midpoint of article 2; flagellum of 3 articles. Antenna slender, held beneath body, peduncle articles 1–3 short, together about 1.3 times as long as article 4, article 5 longest; flagellum as long as or slightly shorter than peduncle. Epistome narrow, unornamented, anteromedian portion weakly produced. Labrum unornamented. Mandible incisor unicuspid or with weakly defined cusps; left mandible with or without prominent lacinia mobilis; molar process smooth, without serrations or ridges; palp article 1 longest, 3 shortest. Maxillule with lateral lobe with 13 RS on gnathal surface, mesial lobe with 2 long CP slender setae and 1 short slender seta. Maxilla with all articles well developed; lateral and middle lobes with flat finely serrate RS, mesial lobe with blunt and acute long RS, some of which are basally CP. Maxilliped endite distally with cactus and club setae, laterally with 1 long curved CP seta; palp articles not mesially produced, mesial margins with numerous setae, lateral margins without setae. Pereopods all robust, inferior margins flattened; dactylus with prominent recurved trifid secondary unguis; propodus longest, about 1.0–1.6 times as long as basis. Pereopods lacking serrate and trifid RS. Brood pouch composed of an anterior and posterior pocket. Pleopods with all rami elongate, pleopods 1–3 with PMS, 4 and 5 without PMS. Pleopod 1 exopod 1.3–1.6 as long as endopod, endopod about half as wide as exopod, apex distally narrowed. Pleopods 3 and 4 without transverse suture. Pleopods 4 and 5 exopod and endopods with transverse thickened ridges; pleopod 5 endopod with 2 scale patches and transverse suture. Uropods endopod and exopod lamellar, exopod smaller than endopod. Male. Similar to female except for sexual characters. Pleopod 2 appendix masculina basally or subbasally attached. Penes short, adjacent, basally not widely separated. Pereopod 1 lateral margin with 2 proximally positioned submarginal serrate RS. Composition. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov.; A. springthorpei sp. nov. Etymology. From Latin australis (meaning south, in reference to the ‘South Land’, i.e., Australia), with the ending -sphaera indicating the family affinity (feminine). Remarks. This distinctive genus is characterised by the following characters: elongate and strongly vaulted body; pleonite and pleotelson entirely fused; posterior margin of the pleotelson entire; antennules ventrally positioned on head, with articles 1 and 2 expanded, plane of articles ventrally directed; antennule peduncle articles 1 and 2 subequal in size, article 2 with an anterior lobe and article 3 posteriorly offset on article 2; pereopods robust with a very short basis and a long propodus; operculate pleopods, pleopod 2 exopod about half as long as endopod, in the male endopod with a massive appendix masculina; pereopods 5–7 without the usual serrate and trifid setae; and uropods with the exopod smaller than the endopod (but not minute). Pleopods 4 and 5 have thickened ridges on both rami placing this genus within the broad subfamily concept of Dynameninae Bowman, 1981. Bruce (1995) defined the Ischyromene-group, an informal grouping of genera within the Dynameninae. Austrasphaera shows all the characters of that group of genera: proportions of the antennule peduncle articles, pleopod 1 with the endopod mesial margin being indurate, and pleopod 2 with the exopod distinctly shorter than the endopod. Austrasphaera is similar to four southern Australian genera (Juletta Bruce, 1993, Maricoccus Poore, 1994 and Margueritta Bruce, 1993) which share: anterior margin of the head produced, overriding the antennule and antennal peduncles, antennule peduncle article 3 being posteriorly offset (also present in Diclidocella Bruce, 1995, and some species of Cymodocella Pfeffer, 1887, see Bruce, 1995), pleopod 1 being operculate, pereopods 5–7 with none (or very few) trifid or serrate setae and the pleotelson largely fused to the pleon. The body shape of the four genera varies from scale-like in Maricoccus, 310 N. L. Bruce flattened in Juletta, vaulted in Margueritta, to elongate and semicylindrical in Austrasphaera. Two South African species, incorrectly placed in Dynamenella, are similar to Austrasphaera and to the Ischyromene-group. These are “D.” taurus Barnard, 1940 and “D.” navicula Barnard, 1940. “D.” taurus has a similar antennule with peduncular article 2 being large and anterodistally produced, and the anterior margin of the head produced with ventral antennules and antennae (rather than anterior). “Dynamenella” navicula has a similar head and body shape to Austrasphaera, but those appendages that were figured by Barnard otherwise differ. Both species have a pleon with four segments and collinear antennule peduncle articles; pereopod and pleopod morphology is unknown and further comparison is not possible without the redescription of the South African species. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. Figures 1–4 Material examined. Holotype. Female (ovigerous 3.6 mm), Vic., Bay of Islands, 38°35.0´S, 142°49.5´E, 28 Apr 1988, 2.5 m, red algae, R.T. Springthorpe and P.B. Berents (AM P51061). Paratypes. Vic. 10 males (2.4–2.5 dissected, 2.6 mandibles dissected, 2.8 mm), female (ovigerous. 3.5 mm, dissected), same data as holotype (AM P41342). 8 females (ovigerous 3.5–3.8 SEM, 3.9 SEM, 3.9 mm), 1 km E of Harmers Haven, 38°34´S, 145°40´E, 6 Mar 1982, 6 m, 300 m offshore, rocky, R.S. Wilson and C. Larsen (NMV J26391). Female (3.7 mm), same data as previous (NMV J26394). Male (2.8 mm), same data as previous, but 11 m (NMV J26229). Male (2.9 mm), female (3.4 mm), 50 m E of Petrel Rock, Venus Bay, 38°39´S, 145°42´E, 5 Mar 1982, 8 m, rocky, M. MacDonald, M. Gomon and G. Barker (NMV J26393). Male (2.8 mm), female (3.5 mm), 75 m SW of Eagles Nest, Venus Bay, 38°40´S, 145°40´E, 5 Mar 1982, 8 m, rocky, R.S. Wilson and G. Barker (NMV J26390). Male (2.5 mm), 50 m offshore, east side of S point, Twin Reefs, 38°41´S, 145°39´E, 11 m, C. Larsen, G. Barber and R.S. Wilson (NMV J26395). Non-type material. Vic. Laurence Rocks, Portland, 38°34.0´S, 141°40.5´E, 23 m, Herdmania momus with encrusting sponge and red algae (AM P41379). Whalers Point Lighthouse, Portland, 38°20.5´S, 141°37.5´E, 10 m, brown algae from boulder bottom (AM P41399). SA. “The Hotspot” reef, Flinders I., 33°40.8´S, 134°22.5´E, 21 m, large red algae (NMV J39716); 33°40.5´S, 134°22.05´E, 12 m, assorted algae (NMV J39724); 33°40.5´S, 134°22.0´E, 17 m, algae, large forms (NMV J39696). NE end of West I., 35°37.0´S, 138°36.0´E, 12 m, red algae (NMV J39697). Western River Cove, Kangaroo I., 35°43´S, 137°35´E, 6 m, coralline algae (AM P51064). WA. Mississippi Bay, E of Esperance, 34°0.0´S, 122°170´E, ?2 m, algae (AM P41125). Point Peron, S of Perth, 32°16´S, 115°41´E, 4 m, Posidonia and algae (AM P51063). Green I., Rottnest I., 32°01´S, 115°30´E, mixed algal turf (AM P41113). Dongara–Port Denison Beach, 29°16.0´S, 114°55.0´E, 5 m, red algae, mainly Laurencia (NMV J26152); 3 m, drift red algae on sand (NMV J26168). Seven Mile Beach, Dongara, 29°12.0´S, 114°53.0´E, 1 m, epiphytes on Amphibolus (NMV J39700); D. Edgar (NMV J39698). Red Bluff, Kalbarri, 27°42´S, 114°0.9´E, 10 Jan 1984, mixed corallines (AM P51062). Description of female. Body about 3.5 times as long as greatest width, ovate, widest at pereonites 3 and 4; dorsal surfaces smooth, without scattered setae. Cephalon anterior margin without transverse ridge, ventral rostral process weakly developed. Head and pereonites 1 subequal in length in dorsal view, pereonite 1 about twice as long as pereonite 2, with 1 or 2 low indistinct sublateral bosses; pereonites 2–7 of approximately equal length; pereonite 7 with low indistinct median boss; coxae with sutures, ventrally directed. Pleon with weak median boss, posterior margin indicated by short lateral sutures. Pleotelson posterior margin smoothly rounded; ventral margin with shallow exit channel not extending to posterior of pleotelson. Antennule peduncle article 2 2.6 times as long as wide, about 1.3 times as long as article 2; article 2 flattened, inferior margin convex; inferior margins of both articles 1 and 2 with mass of flattened scales and fine tubular setae; article 3 about one-quarter as long as article 2, inserted midpoint of posterior margin; flagellum 3-articled, extending to pereonite 1, about 1.7 times as long as article 3. Antenna peduncle articles 1–3 short, combined lengths about equal to that of article 5; article 4 about 0.8 as long as article 5, both articles 4 and 5 with inferior margins convex; flagellum about equal in length to peduncle, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 2, with 8 articles. Epistome smooth, narrow, laterally encompassing labrum, anteriorly truncate. Left mandible incisor without distinct cusps, lacinia mobilis without cusps, spine row of 3 serrate curved spines; right mandible with 3 indistinct cusps, spine row of 1 broad-based multidigitate spine and 3 serrate blunt spines; molar process irregular, largely smooth, without serrate margins or ridged surfaces; palp article 1 longest, without setae; article 2 with 4 biserrate setae, article 3 with 6 biserrate setae, terminal seta being largest. Maxillule mesial lobe with 2 long, weakly pectinate setae and 1 shorter simple seta; lateral lobe with 10 terminal and peripheral RS on gnathal surface, eleventh seta set between these; lateral most RS are weakly serrate on distal part of seta. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 3 and 4 curved RS respectively, mesial lobe with 6 RS, variously serrate, mesial-most seta only being acute, remainder terminally rounded. Maxilliped endite extending about half way along palp article 4, distal margin with 1 conical RS, 3 rounded RS, 2 cactus RS and 2 slender CP RS; palp articles 2–5 with about 10, 15, 14 and 11 setae respectively. Pereopod articles generally with abundant widely-spaced microtrichs. Pereopod 1 basis about 1.7 times as long as greatest width, approximately half as long as propodus; inferodistal angle with 1 simple setae; ischium as long as basis, twice as long as greatest width; merus about 0.4 as long as ischium, 0.8 times as long as greatest width, carpus (inferior margin) 0.6 as long as merus, 0.5 as long as wide; propodus twice as long as ischium, 3 times as long as greatest width; dactylus about half as long as propodus, unguis strongly recurved, inferior margin with prominent serrate cuticular scales, secondary unguis recurved with 2 basal cusps. Pereopods 2 and 3 similar to pereopod 1; pereopod 2 with 1, 1 and 4 setae on inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus respectively; pereopod 3 with 2, 2 and 3 setae on inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus respectively. Pereopods 5 and 6 similar, shorter than pereopods 1 and 2. Pereopod 6 propodus inferior margin without setae. Pereopod 7 short, slightly longer than pereopod 6, articles robust and laterally flattened, merus slightly shorter than wide, New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 311 appearing rounded in lateral view, inferior margin with setulose fringe and CP setae; propodus 2.8 times as long as proximal width, tapering distally, inferior margin with fringe of CP setae, superior margin with numerous scale-setae; dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with 13 and 8 PMS respectively; endopod 0.8 times as long as exopod, slender, 4 times as long as greatest width, proximal lateral margin weakly concave. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with 16 and 10 PMS respectively, those of the proximal two-thirds of the exopod lateral margin only feebly plumose; endopod 1.8 times as long as exopod. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 17 and 8 PMS respectively. Pleopod 4 both rami with prominent ridges, exopod lateral 0margin with 4 fine setae. Pleopod 5 both rami with 312 N. L. Bruce Figure 1. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. A, B, D, female holotype, G–I, female paratype, (AM P41342), remainder as indicated. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, frons and anterior of head in ventral view; D, pleon and pleotelson, ventral view; E, head and anterior pereonites, female 3.5 mm Flinders I. (NMV J39716); F, head and anterior pereonites, male 2.8 mm paratype (AM P41342); G, antennule; H, antennule, detail of marginal setae; I, antenna. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 313 Figure 2. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. All figs female paratype (AM P41342). A, maxilliped; B, maxillule, mesial and lateral lobes; C, apex, maxillule lateral lobe; D, maxilla mesial lobe apex; E, maxilla; F, robust setae from maxilla middle lobe; G, right mandible; H, distal left mandible; I, mandible molar; J, pereopod 1; K, pereopod 1, dactylus unguis and secondary unguis. 314 N. L. Bruce Figure 3. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. A–D, pereopods 2, 3, 6 and 7; E–I, pleopods 1–5. prominent ridges; exopod with 3 scale patches and transverse suture. Uropod rami flattened, margins provided with continuous flattened scales and fine setae; exopod 0.4 times as long as fused endopod, 1.8 times as long as greatest width, distal margin broadly rounded; endopod broadly rounded, dorsal with 3 clusters of sensory setae. Male. Anterior margin of head produced slightly dorsally (in contrast to female in which is produced anteriorly). Males lack indistinct nodules on pereonite 1, pleon and pleotelson. Pereopod 1 propodus proximomesial surface with 2 strongly pectinate robust submarginal setae. Penial processes separate, adjacent, about 2.5 times as long as basal width, tapering to rounded apex. Pleopod 2 endopod 1.7 times as long as exopod; appendix masculina lateral margins diverging slightly, surface with abundant microtrichs, about 5.3 times as long as wide, and 1.2 times as long as endopod, apex obliquely truncate; widest at approximately three-quarters of its length. Size. Males 2.1–2.8 mm, ovigerous females 3.5–3.8 mm, non-ovigerous females 3.2–3.6 mm. Etymology. For Dr Penny B. Berents (Australian Museum), amphipod taxonomist and collector of much valuable peracarid material. Distribution. Vic., SA, WA, north to Kalbarri; 2.5–23 m, with red and brown algae, including the red alga Laurencia and the seagrass Posidonia. Remarks. Austrasphaera berentsae is readily distinguished by the head being strongly produced anteriorly, an ovate body shape, the uropods being posterolateral in position and not meeting posteriorly and by the short uropod exopod. The uropods of the sympatric A. springthorpei fold across the posterior margin of the pleotelson, and the penial processes are relatively shorter and the appendix masculina less massive than that of A. berentsae. Austrasphaera springthorpei sp. nov. Figures 5–7 Material examined. Holotype. Female (ovigerous 3.2 mm), WA, Red Bluff, Kalbarri, 27°42´S, 114°0.9´E, 10 Jan 1984, mixed corallines, R.T. Springthorpe (AM P51057). Paratypes. 10 males (2.2–2.5 mm), 17 females (with visible ova 2.5–3.5 dissected, 3.5, non-ovigerous 2.4–3.3 mm), c. 64 unmeasured male, female, and mancas, same data as holotype (AM P41124). Male (2.4 mm), female (ovigerous 3.0 mm), same data as holotype except mixed algae and sediment (AM P41128). 2 males (2.4, 2.5 mm), female (2.5 mm), Point Peron, 48 km S of Perth, 32°16´S, 115°41´E, 27 Jan 1972, 4 m, Posidonia and algae, W.F. and J.M. Ponder (AM P51060). 2 females (ovigerous 2.7, 2.9 mm), Mississippi Bay, 48 km E of Esperance, 34°0.0´S, 122°170´E, ?1972, 2 m, mixed algae, W.F. and J.M. Ponder (AM P51058). Non-type material. Vic. Henty Reef, Apollo Bay, Mounts Bay, 38°47.0´S, 143°40.5´E, 18 m, red algae on boulder (AM P51059). SA. W of “The Hotspot” reef, Flinders I., 33°40.8´S, 134°22.5´E, 21 m, New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 315 Figure 4. Austrasphaera berentsae sp. nov. A, uropod, female paratype (AM P41342). B–D, male NMV J26391). B, male pereopod 1; C, penial process and pleonal sternite; D, pleopod 2. large red algae (NMV J39699); 17 m, assorted algae (NMV J39726); 21 m, large red algae (NMV J39718). North of Tiparra Light, Tiparra reef, 34°4´S, 137°23´E, 10 m, red algae (NMV J26209). WA. Dongara (NMV J39725). Description of female. Body about 3.8 times as long as greatest width, ovate, widest at pereonites 5 and 6; dorsal surfaces smooth, without setae or microtrichs. Cephalon anterior margin without transverse ridge, ventral rostral process weakly developed. Head and pereonites 1 subequal in length in dorsal view, pereonite 1 about 1.2 times as long as pereonite 2; pereonites 2–7 of approximately equal length, 5 and 6 slightly longer than 7 and 4; coxae with sutures, ventrally directed, inferior margins with setulose fringe. Pleon mesial portion indistinctly raised, posterior margin indicated short lateral suture. Pleotelson posterior margin depressed, terminally with minute indentation, forming open exit-channel with uropods; ventral margin with shallow exit channel not extending to posterior of pleotelson. Antennule peduncle article 2 1.6 times as long as wide, about 0.9 times as long as article 2; article 2 flattened, with large anterodistal lobe; anterior margins of both articles 1 and 2 with gel-like layer and fine tubular setae; article 3 about onethird as long as article 2, inserted at midpoint of posterior 316 N. L. Bruce Figure 5. Austrasphaera springthorpei sp. nov. A, B, holotype, remainder female paratype (AM P41124). A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, antennule; D, antenna; E, maxilliped; F, left mandible. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 317 Figure 6. Austrasphaera springthorpei sp. nov. Female paratype (AM P41124). A–C, pereopods 1, 2, and 7. palp slender, article 2 4 times as long as basal width; articles 3 and 4 with finger-like distomesial lobes; articles 2–5 with about 12, 13, 14 and 16 setae respectively. Pereopod 1 basis about 2.9 times as long as greatest width, approximately twice as long as propodus; superior margin with few widely-spaced short simple setae; ischium about as long as propodus, twice as long as greatest width, proximal superior margin with 2 acute short simple RS, inferior margin with short setulose fringe; merus about 0.7 as long as ischium, 1.2 times as long as greatest width, superior distal angle with 2 acute biserrate RS, inferior margin with distally plumose setae set among setulose fringe; carpus approximately as long as wide, inferior margin 0.6 times as long as merus, with 2 distally plumose setae; propodus 2.5 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with 3 stout serrate and 2 slender distally plumose setae; dactylus 0.6 times as long as propodus, unguis inferior margin with prominent serrate cuticular scales, secondary unguis recurved simple. Pereopods 2–7 subsimilar. Pereopods 2 and 3 similar to pereopod 1. Pereopod 2 basis 3 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angle with single simple seta, superior margin with widely spaced small setae; ischium 0.7 times as long as basis, 3 times as long as greatest width, 324 N. L. Bruce Figure 11. Cassidias australiensis sp. nov. A–E, pleopods 1–5; F, coupling hooks, pleopod 1. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 325 Figure 12. Cassidias australiensis sp. nov. All female except C, immature paratype. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view of pleon; C, dorsal view of pleon, immature; D, maxilliped; E, left mandible; F, maxilla; G, maxillule; H, uropod. superior distal margin with 2 simple setae, inferior margin with short setulose fringe and 4 widely-spaced short simple setae; merus about half as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 1 long simple seta, inferior margin setulose with 2 long distally plumose setae, distal seta being twice as long as proximal seta; carpus anterodistal angle with single small simple seta, inferior margin setulose, with 4 setae, longest of which is simple, remainder distally plumose; propodus about as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 3 setae one of which is pappose, inferior margin finely setulose, with 3 RS; dactylus 0.6 as long as propodus. Pereopods 5–7 similar, longer and with more RS than pereopods 1 and 2. Pereopod 7 basis 4 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angle with single simple seta, superior margin with 2 widely-spaced small setae, distally with 1 palmate seta; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, 3.8 times as long as greatest width, proximal superior margin with 1 short acute RS, superior distal margin with 1 simple setae, inferior margin with 2 widely-spaced short simple setae; merus onethird as ischium, superior distal margin with 2 simple setae, inferior margin setulose with 3 simple RS; carpus 1.3 times as long as merus, anterodistal angle with 2 acute RS, 1 simple and 1 palmate seta, simple seta, inferior margin setulose, with 1 326 N. L. Bruce Figure 13. Cassidias australiensis sp. nov. SEMs. Male, McLuer Island, NT, NMV J26384. A, cuticle on pleon; B, left mandible; C, pereopod 1, dactylus; D, maxilla; E, mandible palp article 3; F, pleopod 5, exopod dorsal. simple and one serrate RS, inferodistal angle with 4 serrate RS; propodus 1.7 times as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 1 simple and 1 palmate seta, inferior margin finely setulose, with 4 simple RS; dactylus 0.4 as long as propodus. Penes twice as long as basal width, distally subtruncate; separated by 1.1 times basal width of penial process. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with 26 and 12 PMS respectively; endopod 0.4 as long as exopod, 4 times as long as greatest width, proximal lateral margin weakly concave. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with 28 and 10 PMS respectively; appendix masculina 5 times as long as wide, bluntly rounded, mesial margin straight, lateral margin weakly convex. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with 28 and 13 PMS respectively. Pleopod 4 both rami with prominent thick ridges, exopod lateral margin with c. 10 fine setae, small proximal submarginal lobe. Pleopod 5 both rami with prominent thick ridges; exopod with 3 scale patches distal to suture, lateral margin with numerous short simple setae, distal margins with longer scale-setae; endopod with scale-setae on distal margin only. Uropod 3 times as long as wide. Female. Body shape similar to that of male, but pleotelson process prominent, less developed; with fewer setae on dorsal surfaces. Uropod endopod 4 times as long as wide (including peduncular portion), distal margin subtruncate; exopod about 3 times as long as wide, distal margin concave. Brood pouch of 3 pairs of overlapping oostegites arising from pereonites 2–4. Size. Adult males 3.4–4.0 mm, ovigerous females 3.0–4.3 mm, non-ovigerous females 2.6–4.2 mm. Etymology. All species of Cassidias have been named after the country from which they were collected (coincidentally all starting with the letter ‘a’), and I continue with that practice. Distribution. NT, North-West Shelf, WA; 8–37 m. The species has been recorded from hydroids, while field observations suggest that it is a commensal of gorgonian ‘corals’. A colour photograph shows a similar isopod from Indonesia, identified as Cassidias sp., on a gorgonian (Bruce, 1999). Remarks. Neither Cassidias argentinea nor Cassidias africana have been described in detail. The male of Cassidias argentinea remains unknown, but the female differs from C. australiensis in being larger, with distally rounded uropods (in C. australiensis the female uropodal endopod is truncate, the exopod distally indented). Males of Cassidias africana differ in having the pleotelsonic process subacute rather than truncate and have a far longer uropodal endopod which is distally swollen giving a somewhat club-shaped appearance. Exosphaeroma Stebbing Exosphaeroma Stebbing, 1900: 553; 1902: 54 (part).—Stebbing, 1910a: 220.—Stebbing, 1910b: 428.—Hansen, 1905: 103, 118.— Richardson, 1905: 287.—Barnard, 1914: 374.—Monod, 1933: 9–20.—Menzies, 1962: 132.—Menzies and Frankenberg, 1966: 45.— Menzies and Glynn, 1968: 65.—Schultz. 1969: 131.—Hurley and Jansen, 1977: 55.—Kussakin, 1979: 398.—Harrison, 1984a: 381.— Brusca and Iverson, 1985: 26.—Jacobs, 1987: 67.—Kensley and Schotte, 1989: 229.—Harrison and Ellis, 1991: 939 (key). Type species: Sphaeroma gigas Leach 1818, by original designation. Diagnosis. Pereonite 7 posterior margin even or forming a mesial point, without processes; pleon and pleotelson without process. Pleonite 1 dorsal posterior margin with pair of flat and flush submedian lobes. Pleotelson posterior margin entire, ventrally excavate, without distinct exit channel. Maxilliped palp articles 2–4 mesial margin with distinct lobes. Pereopods 1–3 with inferior margins of merus–propodus densely setulose; ischium superior margin usually with cluster of long simple setae at midpoint. Penial process basally set apart, slender usually between 3–5 times as long as basal width. Pleopod 2 appendix masculina slender, basal in position, extending well beyond distal margin of ramus, apex may be glandular in appearance; pleopods 3–5 exopods with complete transverse suture; pleopods 4 and 5 exopods with or without thickened ridges or folds. Uropods with both rami prominent in dorsal view, lamellar, subequal in length, margins not serrated. Mouthparts not metamorphosed. Brood pouch (Harrison,1984) formed of four pairs of oostegites that do not overlap at the midline. Species included and distribution. See Appendix. Exosphaeroma appears to be distributed world-wide, though apparently absent from the North Atlantic with those species currently known from the western Atlantic and Caribbean being incorrectly placed. Its presence in the eastern South Atlantic is uncertain as there are insufficient data from the African coast to be sure of its absence. Loyola e Silva (1979) reviewed the distribution of the genus as then composed. Remarks. Characters which best serve to identify Exosphaeroma include the lamellar uropodal rami with the exopod being about as large as the endopod, with both rami lacking serrate margins, the entire posterior margin to the pleotelson which lacks a ventral exit channel, and the superior margin of the ischium of pereopods 1–3 provided with long setae. Pleopod 2 usually has the appendix masculina longer than the endopod, and the distal portion is often folded back on itself. Pleonite 1 has two flat submedian lobes forming part of the pleonite outline, a character shared with at least Isocladus Miers, 1976. That genus is readily separated by males having a prominent backwardly-directed process on pereonite 7. Exosphaeroma is in critical need of revision, the most recent diagnosis being that of Kensley and Schotte (1989). A minimal diagnosis is offered here, based on those species for which the characters mentioned are described. Currently 32 species are included (Appendix), although many more species have been incorporated, and some removed, notably to Gnorimosphaeroma Menzies, 1954, Harrieta Kensley, 1987, Ptyosphaera Holdich and Harrison, 1983, Thermosphaeroma Cole and Bane, 1978, Tholozodium Eleftheriou, Holdich and Harrison, 1980 and also Clianella Boone, 1923, Cymodoce Leach, 1814, Paracerceis Hansen, 1905, Pseudosphaeroma Chilton, 1909, Sphaeroma Bosc, 1892 and Sphaeromopsis Holdich and Jones, 1973. The relationship of Exosphaeroma to the similar Isocladus Miers, 1976 and Zuzara Leach, 1818 is unresolved (Bruce and New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 327 Holdich, 2002). Isocladus and Zuzara are not precisely defined and include numerous ill-defined and poorly described species. Many of the 39 species, including those regarded as incertae sedis (see Appendix), have minimal descriptions. All of the Southern Hemisphere species need to be redescribed for there to be sufficient data to assess species differences, relationships or the biogeography of this genus. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. Figures 14–17 Material examined. Holotype. Male (7.7 mm), Broken Head, NSW, c. 28º42´S, 153º37´E, 30 Mar 1980, intertidal, on rocks at sand-rock interface, N.L. Bruce (QM W26727). Paratypes. 6 males (7.0–7.4, immature 5.4, 5.6 mm), 5 females (ovigerous 5.8, 5.9, non-ovigerous 5.7–6.6 mm), 3 mancas (3.9–5.0 mm), same data as holotype (QM W8573). Description of male. Body 1.8 times as long as greatest width, ovate, widest at pereonite 5; dorsal surfaces smooth, anteriorly with fine ridges. Cephalon anterior margin without transverse ridges, ventral rostral process weakly developed, not visible in dorsal view. Head about one-third as long as pereonite 1, p ereonite 1 about 1.5 times as long as pereonite 2; pereonite 2>3=4>5<6<7; pereonite 7 laterally shorter than 6, longer than pereonite 6 at median point. Pleon laterally about twice as long as pereonite 7, with sublateral ‘keys’. Pleotelson strongly vaulted, posterior margin produced to acute apex; ventral margin anteriorly excavate. Antennule peduncle article 1 1.4 times as long as wide, about 2.4 times as long as article 2, anterior and posterior margins convex; article 3 about two-thirds as long as article 1, 2.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as article 2; flagellum 16-articled, extending to posterior of pereonite 1, about 2.8 times as long article 3. Antenna relatively robust, peduncle articles 1 and 2 short, article 1 anterior margin with mass of setae, combined lengths about equal to that of article 5; article 3 about 1.2 times as long as article 4; article 4 about 0.6 as long as article 5, articles 3–5 collinear; flagellum about 1.4 times as long as peduncle, extending to middle of margin of pereonite 3, with 17 articles. Epistome anteriorly truncate, anterior lateral margins straight, diverging to mid point, then narrowing to medial constriction. Left mandible incisor with 3 cusps, lacinia mobilis with 3 cusps, spine row of 7–8 curved serrate spines; right mandible with 3 indistinct cusps, spine row of 2 broad-based multidigitate spines, 11 serrate spines; molar process round, crushing surface strongly ridged; palp articles 1 and 2 subequal in length, article 2 distolateral margin with 16 finely biserrate setae; article 3 with 18 biserrate setae, terminal 2 setae being longest. Maxillule mesial lobe with 4 long, strongly CP RS, lateral lobe with 10 RS on gnathal surface, twelfth seta set between these; 4 lateral-most and mesial-most RS simple, others strongly serrate. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 9 curved finely serrate RS respectively, mesial lobe with about 20 serrate and biserrate RS, many of which are weakly spatulate, proximal seta longest. Maxilliped endite lateral margin strongly convex, distal margin with 1 simple RS at sublateral angle, 5 curved CP RS, 8 mesially bent CP RS; distomesial margin with 5 large stout CP RS, increasing in size proximally; palp articles 2–5 with about 26, 30, 30 and 24 setae respectively. Pereopod 1 with inferior margin of distal half of ischium and entire margin of merus to propodus with dense setulose fringe; basis about 2.8 times as long as greatest width, approximately twice as long as propodus; superior margin with 3 close-set short simple setae at midpoint; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, 2.3 times as long as greatest width, superior margin weakly setulose with 4 prominent acute simple setae; merus short, about 0.3 times as long as ischium, about 0.7 times as long as greatest width, superior distal angle with 5 acute long simple setae, inferior margin with 5 setae distal-most only being long and extending beyond setulose fringe; carpus 0.8 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 1 long seta and distally with 1 RS; propodus 2.0 times as long as greatest width, 0.7 times as long as ischium, inferior margin with 2 setae and distally with 1 RS; dactylus 0.8 times as long as propodus, unguis inferior margin with prominent serrate cuticular scales, secondary unguis recurved simple. Pereopods 2–7 subsimilar, pereopod 7 slightly shorter than pereopod 6. Pereopod 2 basis 2.4 times as long as greatest width, inferior proximal margin and submarginal surface with setulose fringe; inferodistal angle with single simple seta, superior margin with widely spaced small setae; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, 2.3 times as long as greatest width, superior distal margin with 4 prominent simple setae, inferior margin with setulose fringe at distal angle only; merus about half as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 2 long simple seta, inferior margin with dense setulose fringe with 4 short and 1 long simple seta; carpus slightly (1.1) times longer than merus, 1.6 times as long as greatest width, anterodistal angle with 2 small simple seta, inferior margin with dense setulose fringe, with 5 long simple setae; propodus 0.9 times as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 3 setae one of which is palmate, inferior margin with dense setulose fringe, with 8 simple setae none of which greatly exceed length of setulose fringe; dactylus 0.4 as long as propodus. Pereopods 5–7 similar, longer and with more RS than pereopods 1 and 2, pereopod 7 noticeably more slender that pereopod 6. Pereopod 7 basis 4.2 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angle with single simple seta, superior margin with 4 widely spaced small setae, distally with group of 4 palmate seta, proximal inferior margin with setulose patch; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, 2.9 times as long as greatest width, proximal superior margin with 4 prominent long simple setae, inferior distal angle with 1 short simple setae; merus half as long as ischium, superior distal angle truncate, with 5 long simple setae, inferior distal margin with setulose fringe with 2 simple setae; carpus 1.3 times as long as merus, anterodistal margin with 8 acute biserrate and 3 simple RS, inferior margin with setulose fringe with 4 simple setae, inferior distal angle with 2 stout biserrate RS; propodus about as long as ischium, 4.8 times as long as wide, inferior margin setulose but less dense than merus and carpus, distally with 2 short simple RS, superior distal angle with 1 simple and 1 palmate seta; dactylus 0.4 as long as propodus. Penes slender, 4.5 times as long as basal width; separated by about twice basal width of penial process, angled mesially, weakly curved. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with c. 35 and 27 PMS 328 N. L. Bruce New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 329 Figure 14. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. A–E, holotype, remainder paratype. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, frons; D, pleotelson, ventral view; E, pleon; F, antennule; G, antenna; H, antennule flagellum article 6; I, antenna, flagellum article 5; J, antenna, flagellum article 13; K, penes. 330 N. L. Bruce Figure 15. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. A, right mandible; B, left mandible; C maxillule lateral lobe; D, maxillule; E, maxilla, e, RS from mesial lobe, ee, RS from lateral and middle lobes; F, maxilliped; G, maxilliped endite, dorsal surface; H, pereopod 1 dactylus. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 331 Figure 16. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. A–D, pereopods 1, 2, 6, 7, with detail of pereopod 7 setae; d, robust seta from carpus distal margin. respectively, exopod proximolateral RS prominent; endopod 0.7 as long as exopod, 1.5 times as long as greatest width. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with c. 42 and 30 PMS respectively; appendix masculina 12 times as long as wide, distally highly folded and glandular in appearance, apically rounded, Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 45 and 19 PMS respectively; exopod transverse suture entire. Pleopod 4 endopod with prominent thick ridges, lateral, exopod transverse suture entire, distal margin with 3 short simple setae, lateral margin with continuous evenly spaced fine simple setae. Pleopod 5 both endopod with feeble thickenings, without raised ridges, lateral margin with evenly spaced fine simple setae; exopod with 4 scale patches, 3 distal to suture, lateral margin with numerous evenly spaced simple setae, with obscure proximal lobe. Uropod exopod extending slightly beyond endopod, about 3 times as long as wide; endopod about twice as long as wide; both 332 N. L. Bruce Figure 17. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. A–E, pleopods 1–5; F, uropod. rami with lateral margins evenly convex distal margin evenly rounded. Female. Similar to male. Size. Males 7.0–7.7 mm, ovigerous females 5.8 5.9 mm, non-ovigerous females, 5.7–6.6 mm, mancas 3.9–5.0 mm. Etymology. From Greek agmo (break) and kara (head), alluding the type locality; noun in apposition. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Broken Head, northern NSW. Remarks. Many species of Exosphaeroma (Appendix) are similar. Exosphaeroma agmokara sp. nov. is best identified by the posterior margin of pereonite 7 being weakly produced to form a median point which overrides pleonite 1, the evenly rounded uropodal rami which extend to about the end of the pleotelson (i.e. not extending noticeably beyond nor falling short of the pleotelson apex), the apex of the pleotelson being weakly produced and acute, the narrowly truncate anterior margin of the epistome and, in the male, by the distal margin of the appendix masculina being bent with the subdistal part being heavily folded (concertina-like). No Australian species of Exosphaeroma has pereonite 7 produced to form a median point, while E. serventii Baker, 1928 has the uropodal exopod distally acute; E. bicolor Baker, 1926 has the uropodal exopod longer than the endopod and distally acute, and an anteriorly rounded epistome; E. laevis (Baker, 1910) has an anteriorly acute epistome; E. aliae Baker, 1926 has a broadly subtruncate pleotelson and anteriorly acute epistome; and E. varicolor Barnard, 1914 has proportionally wider uropods, the pleotelson bearing two short anteriorly-positioned submedian ridges. Similar species are the larger E. gigas (Leach, 1818) (Brandt and Wägele, 1989) from the Southern Ocean, E. obtusum (Dana, 1853, sensu Hurley and Jansen, 1978) from New Zealand and E. pallidum Barnard, 1940 from South Africa. Of these only E. obtusa has pereonite 7 forming a median point but can be distinguished by the widely truncate epistome, more bluntly rounded uropodal rami and the subdistal margins of the pleotelson being convex rather than straight. The shape of pereonite 7 is not mentioned in the poorly-known E. pallidum, which can be separated from E. agmokara by having lanceolate uropodal rami. Exosphaeroma alveola sp. nov. Figures 18–22 Material examined. Holotype. Male (6.5 mm), near mouth of Moona Moona Creek, Jervis Bay, NSW, 34°04.5´S, 150°41.0´E, 23 Jan 1982, 4.5 m, on test of ascidian Herdmania, P.B. Berents (AM P51055). Paratypes. NSW. 3 males (6.0 mm), 2 females (non-ovigerous 3.5, 4.2 mm), E of Fairy Bower, Manly, 33°48´S, 151°17´E, 22 Nov 1984, 6 m, sand between rocks, J. Just (AM P41189). 2 females (non-ovigerous 4.3, 4.4 mm), Edwards Beach, Middle Harbour, Sydney, 33°49.4´S, 151°15.1´E, 17 Mar 1985, under rocks at low tide, N.L. Bruce (AM P41389). Male (7.1 mm), same as previous, 23 Mar 1985 (AM P41382). 5 males (4.6–[6.7 dissected] mm), 11 females (nonovigerous 3.0–4.6 mm), same data as holotype (AM P51056). Male (5 mm, rolled), Murrumbulga Point, Twofold Bay, 37°05´S, 149°54´E, 17 Sep 1985, intertidal rock platform, P.A. Hutchings and S.J. Keable (AM P41201). 2 males (5.5, 6.6 mm), Quarantine Bay, Murrumbulga Point, Twofold Bay, 37°05´S, 149°54´E, 17 Sep 1985, subtidal breakwater, P.A. Hutchings and S.J. Keable (AM P41202). 2 females (5.5, 3.0 mm), Murrumbulga Point, Twofold Bay, 37°05´S, 149°54´E, 9 Oct 1985, subtidal rock, P.A. Hutchings and S.J. Keable (AM P35955). Tas. 4 females (4.0–5.5 mm), 3 females (?3.8, 4.0, 4.3 mm), Governor I., Bicheno, 41°52´S, 148°19´E, 29 May 1984, 30 m, on bryozoan, (NMV J26419). Description of male. Body heavily calcified, 1.7 times as long as greatest width, dorsum noticeably flattened, lateral margins distinctly thickened, approximately straight in dorsal view, diverging, widest at pereonite 6; dorsal surfaces minutely punctate. Head about 1.3 times as long as pereonite 1, dorsally deeply corrugated; pereonite 1> 2>3=4>5<6<7; pereonite 7 laterally narrower than 6, not forming part of body outline, laterally wholly overlapped by coxae of pereonite 7. Pleon laterally about as long as pereonite 7 in lateral view (flexure makes this difficult to measure accurately), with median weakly elevated region, with evident sublateral ‘keys’. Pleotelson strongly vaulted, posterior margin produced to bluntly rounded apex; ventral margin anteriorly excavate; dorsal margin mesially raised, with 2 obscure punctate submedian ridges uniting at about midpoint, expanding at posterior margin. Antennule peduncle article 1 1.4 times as long as wide, about twice as long as article 2, anterior margins convex, distal one-third somewhat produced; article 3 about two-thirds as long as article 1, 3.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as article 2; flagellum 7-articled, extending to posterior of pereonite 1, about 1.5 times as long article 3; antennule peduncles prominently visible in dorsal view. Antenna relatively robust, peduncle articles 1 and 2 short, article 1 anterior margin with mass of setae, combined lengths of articles 1 and 2 about equal to that of article 5; article 3 about 0.8 times as long as article 4; article 4 about 0.6 as long as article 5, articles 3–5 collinear; flagellum about 0.8 times as long as peduncle, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 1, with 12 articles. Epistome prominently visible in dorsal view, anteriorly truncate, anterior lateral margins straight, diverging to midpoint, then narrowing to medial constriction; ventral surface pitted, centrally depressed. Left mandible incisor with 4 cusps, lacinia mobilis with 3 cusps, spine row of 8 curved serrate spines; right mandible with 3 indistinct cusps, spine row of 2 broad-based multidigitate spines, 8 serrate spines; molar process round, crushing surface strongly ridged; palp article 2 longest, article 2 distolateral margin with 9 stout and prominently biserrate setae; article 3 with 12 prominently biserrate setae, 2 terminal setae being longest. Maxillule mesial lobe with 4 long, strongly CP RS and 1 simple slender seta, lateral lobe with 11 RS on gnathal surface, twelfth seta set between these; gnathal RS variously serrate, submesial RS being most strongly serrate. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 9 curved finely serrate RS respectively, mesial lobe with about between 12–18 serrate and biserrate RS (number could not be clearly observed), proximal seta longest. Maxilliped endite lateral margin strongly convex, distal margin with 1 simple RS at sublateral angle, 5 curved CP RS, 2 short straight CP RS; distomesial margin with 3 large stout CP RS, increasing in size New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 333 articles collinear. Maxilliped palp articles 2–4 each with distomesial angle strongly produced, those of 3–4 finger-like; article 5 elongate and finger-like; mesial margins with numerous long simple setae. Pleopods 4 and 5 without thickened folds or ridges. Uropods attached subdistally on pleon, both rami semicylindrical in section, apically acute, exopod apex with cuticular spike; pleotelson posterior margin entire. Description of male. Body stout, about twice as long as greatest width, strongly vaulted; dorsal surface granular, with abundant setae. Head weakly immersed in pereonite 1. Eyes small, facets distinct. Pereon segments with raised posterior margins. Coxae distinctly demarcated, overlapping anterior over posterior, ventrally directed. Membrana cingula absent. Pleon of 4 segments, segment 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7, segments 2–4 indicated by 2 distinct suture lines running to lateral margins of pleon. Pleotelson posterior margin entire without distinct ventral exit channel. Pleonal sternite absent. Antennule and antenna anteriorly positioned on head. Antennule peduncle articles 1 and 2 robust, article 1 more than twice as long as article 2; article 3 slender, all articles collinear; flagellum about as long as peduncle, extending to middle of pereonite 1. Antenna peduncle articles 1–2 short, subequal, shorter than 4–5, which become progressively longer; flagellum shorter than peduncle, extending to posterior of pereonite 1. Epistome anteriorly narrowly rounded, apex overlapped by rostrum, medial constriction not present. Labrum unornamented. Mandible incisor multicuspid; molar process prominent, crushing, provided with marginal scale teeth; left mandible with prominent lacinia mobilis both mandibles with spine row of 5 or 6 spines; palp article 1 longer than articles 2 and 3. Maxillule lateral lobe with about 13 RS on gnathal surface, most of which are serrate; mesial lobe with 4 long RS, 3 of which are prominently serrate, and 2 short acute simple RS. Maxilla with all articles well developed; lateral and middle lobes with flat strongly curved and finely serrate RS, mesial lobe with several acute long RS, some of which are basally CP. Maxilliped endite distal margin numerous long acute CP setae and 3 long CP RS on distomesial margin; palp articles 2–4 with distomesial angle strongly produced, that of articles 3–4 fingerlike, article 5 elongate and finger-like; mesial margins with numerous long setae, lateral margins of articles 2 and 3 without setae, article 4 with 1 distal seta. Pereopods all ambulatory, robust; pereopods 1–3 subsimilar, more robust than 4–7; inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus with serrate and CP RS; setulose fringe weakly developed; dactylus with prominent simple secondary unguis and 2 flattened setae arising at lateral margin, 2 flat setae at distolateral margin. Pereopods 6 and 7 inferior and distal margins of merus, carpus and propodus with numerous serrate and biserrate RS. Penes paired, adjacent; short, about twice as long as basal width; not reaching pleopod peduncles. Pleopods 1–3 both rami with PMS. Pleopod 1 exopod distal margin subtruncate, proximolateral angle with single short acute RS; endopod distinctly triangular in shape. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculina basally attached on mesial margin. Pleopod 3–5 exopods with complete suture. Pleopods 4 and 5 exopod and endopods without transverse thickened ridges; pleopod 5 endopod with 2 scale patches. Uropod attached in ventromesial position; both rami subcylindrical in section, subequal in length; both rami narrowing evenly to an acute apex, not extending significantly beyond posterior margin of pleotelson, exopod distally with hardened spike. Female. Similar to male; brood-pouch unknown. Etymology. From Greek korema (brush), coupled with the ending -sphaera to indicate family affinity; alluded to the densely setose dorsal surfaces (feminine). Remarks. Koremasphaera is another monotypic genus difficult to characterise and define but its species defies placement in any existing genus. The most similar genera are Cymodoce Leach, 1814 and Oxinasphaera Bruce, 1997, both large genera. Oxinasphaera is unambiguously defined, the principle diagnostic apomorphic characters being the antennule peduncle spikes, epistome and pereon with cuticular spikes, and the short uropod exopod with a deeply bifid apex, all of which are absent in Koremasphaera. In addition Oxinasphaera usually has an excavate pleotelson posterior margin. Points of similarity include the very long finger-like prolongation of the mesial lobes of the mandible palp articles 3, 4 and 5, the penial morphology and the presence of weakly developed spikes on the pleon and pleotelson. Cymodoce is less similar, and differs in the pleotelson having an excavate posterior margin, in having both uropod rami lamellar (European species) or the exopod only lamellar (Indo-Pacific species; Bruce, 1997), slender and elongate penial processes, and in having the posterior of the pleotelson with a prominent dorsal hardened hemispherical medial dome. The characters which serve to identify Koremasphaera are the densely setose dorsal body surfaces; the posterior margin of the pleotelson entire; uropod rami thickened and terminally acute; penial processes short, wide and adjacent; maxilliped palp articles 3–5 strongly produced and provided with long setae; and pleopods 4 and 5 without thickened folds or ridges. Uropod morphology in Sphaeromatidae is consistent within genera, at least when monophyly seems assured (e.g. Sphaeroma and Oxinasphaera) and the uropods of Koremasphaera, with both rami semicylindrical and apically acute and subequal in size, are unique and a putatives synapomorphy. Koremasphaera colonus sp. nov. Figures 23–27 Material examined. Holotype. Male (7.5 mm), “The Whaleback” bommie, 0.5 km S of Point Hicks, Vic., 37°48.5´S, 149°16.8´E, 8 Apr 1989, sponge/yellow zoanthid community in roof of cave, 13 m, G.C.B. Poore and R.S. Wilson (NMV J39723). Paratypes. Female (non-ovigerous 11.5 mm), 5 immature (4.5–5.5 mm), 36 mancas (2.3–2.6 mm), same data as holotype (NMV J26403). Description of male. Body twice as long as greatest width, lateral margins subparallel, widest at pereonite 5; dorsal surfaces of pereon, pleon and pleotelson densely setose, pereonites 6 and 7, pleon and pleotelson with small cuticular spikes. Head anterior margin without transverse ridges, rostral process visible in dorsal view, overlapping epistome ventrally; head 340 N. L. Bruce New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 341 Figure 23. Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov. A–D, holotype, remainder as indicated. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, pleon, posterior margin, ventral view; D, epistome, anterior view; E, epistome, ventral view; F, antennule; G, antenna. 342 N. L. Bruce Figure 24. Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov. A, maxilliped; B, maxillule; C, maxilla; D, maxilliped endite, distal margin; E, maxillule, lateral lobe, f, gnathal RS; F, maxillule, mesial lobe; G, left mandible; H, right mandible, incisor and spine row; I, mandible palp. about half as long as pereonite 1 in dorsal view; pereonite 1 dorsally smooth, pereonites 2–7 posteriorly with raised setose ridge, postero-ventral angles of coxae 5–7 produced to acute point, pereonite 1 about 1.5 times as long as pereonite 2; pereonite 2>3>4<5>6>7. Pleon laterally about twice as long as pereonite 7, with evident sutures, without pleonal sublateral ‘keys’. Pleotelson strongly vaulted, posterior margin weakly produced and flat; dorsal surface with 4 indistinct subparallel longitudinal ridges, lateral ridges being shortest. Antennule peduncle article 1 1.5 times as long as wide, about 1.9 times as long as article 2, anterior margin convex, with submarginal ridge, posterior straight, angled obliquely New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 343 Figure 25. Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov. A, pereopods 1; B, pereopod 1, dactylus; C, pereopod 2; D, pereopod 7; E, pereopod 6, ischium–dactylus; F, penial processes. 344 N. L. Bruce Figure 26. Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov. A–E, pleopods 1–5; F, uropod. distally; article 3 about as long as article 1, about 4.1 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as article 2; flagellum 8-articled, extending to posterior of pereonite 1, about twice as long article 3. Antenna relatively robust, peduncle articles 1 and 2 short, article 1 quadrate, combined lengths of articles 1 and 2 about equal to that of article 5; article 3 about 0.6 times as long as article 4; articles 4 and 5 subequal in length, articles 3–5 collinear; flagellum stout, about 0.7 times as long as peduncle, extending to middle of margin of pereonite 3, with 6 densely setose articles. Epistome anteriorly narrowly rounded, posterior surface with transverse row of 4 nodules. Left mandible incisor with 4 cusps, lacinia mobilis with 3 cusps, spine row of 5 curved serrate spines; right mandible with 2 indistinct cusps, spine row of 1 broad-based multidigitate spine and 6 distally serrate spines; molar process round, crushing surface strongly ridged; palp article 1 longest, articles 2 and 3 subequal in length, article 2 distolateral margin with 6 finely biserrate setae; article 3 with 17 biserrate setae, terminal 2 setae being longest. Maxillule lateral lobe with 12 terminally acute RS on gnathal surface, twelfth seta set between these. Maxilla lateral and middle lobes with 11 and 9 curved finely serrate RS respectively, mesial lobe with about 8 serrate and biserrate RS. Maxilliped endite lateral margin strongly convex, distal margin with 3 CP RS at sublateral angle, 2 cactus setae, 6 curved CP RS; distomesial margin with 35 large stout CP RS, increasing in size proximally. Pereopod 1 basis about twice as long as greatest width, approximately twice as long as propodus; superior margin with few widely-spaced short simple setae, inferior lateral surface with numerous scale-setae; ischium 1.6 times as long as propodus, twice as long as greatest width, superior margin with 1 proximal and 1 distal acute short simple RS; merus about 0.3 times as long as ischium, 0.8 times as long as greatest width, superior distal angle with 3 acute simple RS inferior distal margin with 4 acute RS and 1 simple slender seta; carpus 1.2 times as long as wide, inferior margin 1.2 times as long as merus, distally with 1 biserrate, 4 acute RS and 1 slender seta; propodus 1.9 times as long as greatest width, inferior lateral margin with 5 short acute RS, inferior margin with 2 basally biserrate RS; dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus, inferior margin with prominent serrate cuticular scales, secondary unguis simple, acute. Pereopods 2 and 3 similar to pereopod 1, less robust. Pereopod 2 basis 2.4 times as long as greatest width, lateral surfaces dense with scales, 1 proximolateral palmate seta; ischium 0.9 times as long as basis, 3 times as long as greatest width, superior margin with 1 proximal and 1 diastral acute short simple RS, inferior margin with 3 widely spaced short simple setae; merus about one-third as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 4 acute RS, inferior margin with 1 short stout acute RS and 1 long simple seta; carpus about as long as merus, anterodistal angle with 5 RS, 2 of which are biserrate, inferodistal margin with 5 acute RS, one of which is biserrate; propodus about half as long as ischium, 1.8 times as long as carpus, superior distal angle with 1 simple and 1 palmate setae, inferior margin with 3 short stout acute RS, distal-most being longest; dactylus 0.5 times as long as propodus. Pereopods 5–7 similar, ischium notably longer than for pereopods 1–3, distal margins of carpus with more and longer RS. Pereopod 7 basis 2.6 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angle with single simple seta, superior margin with 2 proximal and 2 distal palmate setae, numerous widely spaced small scale-setae; ischium 1.1 times as long as basis, 4.5 times as long as greatest width, superior distal angle with 1 acute RS, merus one-third as long as ischium, superior distal margin with 3 acute RS, inferior margin 3 minute setae and 1 minute RS at distal angle; carpus about as long as merus, anterodistal angle with 5 long acute simple and serrate RS, inferior margin with 2 stout short acute RS, distal angle 3 biserrate RS; propodus 1.4 times as long as carpus, 0.4 times as long as ischium, superior distal angle with 2 palmate seta, inferior margin with 3 short stout acute RS, 1 at mid point, 2 at base of dactylus; dactylus 0.4 as long as propodus. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with c. 32 and 11 PMS respectively, both rami densely setulose; endopod triangular, 0.6 times as long as exopod, 1.3 times as long as greatest width; exopod lateral and distal margins quadrate. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with c. 33 and 14 PMS respectively; appendix masculina 10 times as long as wide, slightly wider proximally, distally weakly bent laterally, apex bluntly rounded. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 32 and 12 PMS respectively. Pleopod 4 exopod lateral margin with 7 fine simple setae, distal margin with continuous fine setae. Pleopod 5 exopod with distal scale patch large, forming mediodistal lobe, lateral margin with numerous simple setae, distal margins with long scale-setae; endopod with scale-setae on distal margin only. Uropod peduncle and rami densely covered with large distally bifid simple setae, palmate setae and scale-setae. Female. Body shape generally similar to that of male, but dorsal surfaces lacking large setae, with smaller tubercles than in male, but with a densely pilose appearance from the abundant scale-setae. Etymology. From Latin colo (dwell, inhabit), in the sense of a colony. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, off Point Hicks, Vic.; possibly a commensal of sponges. Remarks. The setose dorsal body surface in combination with the pleotelson posterior margin being entire and subcylindrical terminally acute uropod rami of about equal length all serve to identify the genus and species. Margueritta Bruce Margueritta Bruce, 1993: 164. Type species. Margueritta sylviae Bruce, 1993, by original designation. Species included and distribution. Margueritta sylviae Bruce, 1993; Margueritta sandyi sp. nov.; southern WA. Remarks. The new species differs from the type species in the brood-pouch morphology. The type species was re-examined to ensure that the original diagnosis was correct. Harrison (1984a) considered brood-pouch morphology to show important generic characters, and the differences between the two species could be considered to be of generic merit. However some genera, New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 345 such as Sphaeroma (Harrison, 1984a) are known to be variable, and the two species Margueritta otherwise agree. Margueritta sandyi sp. nov. Figures 28–30 Material examined. Holotype. Female (3.2 mm, ovigerous), western side of Carnac I., off Fremantle, WA, 18 Dec 1971, 4–7 m, on algae, W.F. Ponder (AM P50939). Paratypes. Female (2.9 mm, non-ovigerous), manca (1.5 mm), North Lumps, 2 km off Mullaloo, WA, 31°47.30´S, 115°42.80´E, 2 May 1986, 8 m, red algal turf adjacent to reef, G.C.B. Poore and H.M. Lew Ton (NMV J26053). Holotype of Margueritta sylviae Bruce, 1993 (AM P41021). Description of female. Body about 1.7 times as long as greatest width, ovate, widest at pereonites 2 and 3; dorsal surfaces smooth, with irregular series of low bosses these provided with scattered setae. Cephalon anterior margin anteriorly projecting over frons, medially indented; without transverse ridge, ventral rostral process weakly developed. Pereonites 1 about 1.6 times as long as head in length in lateral view, about 1.8 as long as pereonite 2, with 2 clusters of low sublateral bosses; pereonites 2–7 of approximately equal length; pereonites 2, 3 and 5 with submarginal irregular transverse row of low bosses; pereonite 4 with one large median boss and single boss at each lateral margin; pereonites 6 and 7 each with two submedian bosses, pereonite 6 with 2 additional low submarginal bosses; coxae with sutures, ventrally directed, each with dorsal boss. Pleonite 1 entire; pleon otherwise without evident sutures, posterior margin indicated short lateral suture. Pleotelson with prominent anteriorly positioned median boss; posterior margin with distinctly produced ventrally open tube extending beyond posterior of uropodal rami. Antennule peduncle article 1 about 3.3 times as long as distal width, anterior margin with 3 stout simples setae and 1 palmate seta; peduncle article 2 about half as long as article 1, 1.7 times as long as wide, anterodistal margin with 1 long and 1 short simple setae and 3 palmate sensory setae; article 3 about 0.7 as long as article 2, weakly offset on posterior margin of article 2; flagellum 4-articled, extending to pereonite 1, about 2.8 times as long article 3. Antenna peduncle articles 1–3 short, combined lengths 1.5 times as long as article 5; article 4 about 0.8 as long as article 5, both articles 4 and 5 with inferior margins convex; flagellum about equal in length to peduncle, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 2, with 8 articles. Epistome smooth, narrow, laterally encompassing labrum, not anteriorly produced. Mandible as for the genus. Maxillule mesial lobe with 2 long, weakly pectinate setae and 2 shorter simple seta, lateral lobe with 10 peripheral RS on gnathal surface. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 2 and 3 curved RS respectively, mesial lobe with 6 setae, variously circumplumose, mesial-most seta only being acute, remainder terminally rounded. Maxilliped endite extending to palp article 5, distal margin with 1 conical RS, 3 rounded RS, 2 cactus RS and 3 slender CP RS; palp articles 2–5 with about 6, 12, 10 and 10 setae respectively. Pereopod 1 basis about 2.4 times as long as greatest width, 1.6 times as long as propodus; inferodistal angle with 1 long simple setae; ischium 0.9 times as long as basis, 2.4 times as long as greatest width, margins with scale-setae more abundant on inferior margin; merus about 0.2 as long as ischium, 1.8 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with sparse scale-setae and single long simple seta; carpus (inferior margin) 0.6 as long as merus, 0.4 as long as wide, with single simple seta; propodus 0.7 times as long as ischium, twice as long as greatest width inferior margin with single distal simple seta; dactylus about o.8 times as long as propodus, inferior margin with prominent serrate cuticular scales; unguis strongly recurved, secondary unguis recurved with 2 basal cusps. Pereopods 2 and 3 similar to pereopod 1, but with more and longer setae. Pereopods 5 and 6 similar, shorter than pereopods 1 and 2. Pereopod 7 slightly longer than pereopods 2–6, otherwise generally similar. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with 8 and 9 PMS respec346 N. L. Bruce Figure 27. Koremosphaera colonus sp. nov. Female. A. lateral view; B, pleon and pleotelson, dorsal view. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 347 Figure 28. Margueritta sandyi sp. nov. A–D, holotype, remainder _ paratype. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, frons, ventral view; D, pleon, posterior margin, ventral view; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, maxilliped; H, right mandible. tively, both rami distally narrowly rounded; endopod 0.6 as long as exopod, 2.5 times as long as greatest width, proximolateral margin weakly concave. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with c. 18 and 15 PMS respectively, those of distal margin of endopod submarginal; endopod twice as long as exopod. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 17 and 14 PMS respectively. Pleopods 4 and 5 damaged, examined in situ, similar to that of the type species. Uropods not dissected and not examined in detail; rami flat, distally rounded, not extending to distal margin of pleotelson. Male. Unknown. Etymology. For Dr A.J. (Sandy) Bruce in recognition of his contribution to knowledge of the Crustacea, and to Caridea of the tropical Indo-Pacific and Australia in particular. Distribution. Carnac I. and off Mullaloo, southern WA; on algae; 4–8 m. Remarks. The numerous small dorsal bosses and the prominent median bosses on pereonite 4 and the pleotelson separate this species from its congener, Margueritta sylviae. Additional conspicuous points of differences are that in M. sandyi the body shape is narrower, the body itself is more strongly vaulted and the pleotelson extends posterior to the uropodal rami. Moruloidea Baker Moruloidea Baker, 1908: 150.—Baker, 1926: 276.—Hale, 1929: 292.—Harrison, 1984a: 383.—Harrison, 1984b: 268. Vallentinia Stebbing, 1914a: 351 (name preoccupied). 348 N. L. Bruce Figure 29. Margueritta sandyi sp. nov. Female paratype. A, maxilla; B, maxillule; C, pereopod 1; D, pereopod 2; E, pereopod 7. Euvallentinia Stebbing, 1914b: 944 (replacement name).—Barnard, 1920: 374.—Nierstrasz, 1931: 218.—Loyola e Silva, 1974: 3. Type species. Moruloidea lacertosa Baker, 1908, by monotypy. Species included and distribution. Moruloidea lacertosa Baker, 1908; M. darwinii (Cunningham, 1871); M. tasmaniae (Baker, 1926); M. tumida (Harrison 1984b); M. perionasus sp. nov.; Gondwanan, southern coasts of Australia (WA, SA and Tas.), with one species from Atlantic coast of South America and Falkland Is (Harrison, 1984b). Diagnosis of male. Body stout, about twice as long as greatest width, strongly vaulted; dorsal surfaces nodular. Pleotelson with or without median process; posterior margin with simple median notch and shallow exit channel. Coxae of pereonite 5 overlapping those of both pereonite 4 and 6. Pleon of 4 segments, segment 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7, segments 2–4 indicated by 2 distinct suture lines running to lateral margins of pleon. Antennule peduncle article 1 more than twice as long as article 2, articles 1 and 2 robust; article 3 slender, all articles collinear. Antenna articles 3 and 5 proportionally large, article 5 strongly reflexed. Mandible incisor unicuspid, or cusps indistinct; molar process prominent, crushing, provided with marginal scale teeth. Maxilliped palp articles 2–4 with distomesial angle moderately produced, mesial margins with numerous setae. Pereopods all ambulatory, pereopod 1 massive, robust, propodus inferior margin with or without lobelike extension; pereopods 2–7 subsimilar, slender. Penes paired, close set; short, not reaching pleopod peduncles. Pleopods 1–3 both rami with PMS, both rami of subequal length; pleopod 1 with longitudinal axis of both rami weakly oblique, remaining pleopods with longitudinal axis of rami straight. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculina basally attached. Pleopods 3–5 exopods with complete suture. Pleopods 4 and 5 exopod and endopods usually with well-developed transverse thickened ridges; pleopod 5 endopod with 3 lobate scale patches. Uropods attached anterolaterally on pleon, exopod moderate to minute in size; both rami flat not extending beyond posterior margin of pleotelson. Female. Sexual dimorphism weak; mouthparts not metamorphosed. Brood pouch of the type species of 3 pairs of oostegites on pereonites 2–4; brood housed in 4 pairs of internal pouches (Harrison, 1984). Antenna peduncle and pereopod 1 not as robust as in the male. Remarks. The genus was revised by Harrison (1984b) who placed Vallentinia Stebbing, 1914a and Euvallentinia Stebbing, 1914b into synonymy. The coxae of pereonite 5, antenna, antennule, pereopod and pleotelson of Moruloidea are similar to those of Caecocassidias Kussakin, 1967 (Brandt, 1998), Cymodopsis Baker, 1926, Ceratocephalus Woodward, 1877 (Bruce, 1994b), New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 349 Figure 30. Margueritta sandyi sp. nov. Female paratype. A, pleopod 1; B, pleopod 2; C, pleopod 3. expanded articles to antennule peduncle articles 1 and 2; and the appendix masculina being mesially inserted and extending beyond the distal margin of the exopod. Pedinura resembles Amphoroidea Milne Edwards, 1840, A. angustata Baker, 1908 being the most similar. Although Amphoroidea and its species have not been fully described, the two genera can immediately be separated by Amphoroidea having anterolateral uropods, prominent in dorsal view and extending well beyond the posteriorly narrowed pleotelson. Further points of distinction include the appendix masculina being basal (mesial in Pedinura), pleopod 1 endopod distinctly triangular with an indurate mesial margin, and the uropod with both rami large and lamellar. Cassidinopsis Milne Edwards, 1840 is similar (Brandt, 1998) but in that genus the antennule peduncular articles 1 and 2 are not expanded, pereopod 2 lacks the pectinate robust seta opposite the dactylus, and most notably the uropods are lateral (not ventral) and extend well to the posterior of the pleotelson which is not posteriorly produced. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. Figures 35–39 Material examined. Holotype. Male (3.8 mm), “The Hotspot” reef, 5 n. miles W of north end of Flinders I., SA, 33°40.50´S, 134°22´E, 19 Apr 1985, 17 m, assorted red algae, S. Shepherd (NMV J39728). Paratypes. Vic. 3 females (immature 2.0, 2.2, 2.3 mm), 2 mancas (1.1, 1.2 mm), Whalers Point Lighthouse, Portland, 38°20.5´S, 141°37.5´E, 1 May 1988, 10 m, brown algae from boulder bottom, R.T. Springthorpe and P.B. Berents (AM P50944). Male (5.0 mm), 38°40´S, 145°35´E, 6 Mar 1982, 0 m, rocky, G.C.B. Poore (NMV J26380). Female (4.2 mm), 2 mancas (1.5, 2.5 mm), 500 m offshore, 1 km E of Harmers Haven, 38°34´S, 145°40´E, 6 Mar 1982, 11 m, rocky, C. Larsen and G. Barber (NMV J26377). Male (4.1 mm), female (3.0 mm), 300 m offshore, E of Harmers Haven, 38°34´S, 145°40´E, 6 Mar 1982, 6 m, rocky, R.S. Wilson and C. Larsen (NMV J26381). Male (5.5. mm), female (3.5 mm), 50 m offshore, E side of South Point, Twin Reefs, 38°41´S, 145°39´E, 4 Mar 1982, 11 m, rocky, C. Larsen, G. Barber and R.S. Wilson (NMV J26383). Male (4.2 mm), The Oaks, Bunurong Coast, 38°40´S, 145°38´E, 5 Mar 1982, rock, G.C.B. Poore (NMV J26375). Male (3.1 mm), Eagles Nest, Venus Bay, 38°40´S, 145°40´E, 5 Mar 1982, rock, G.C.B. Poore (NMV J26378). Female (5.2 mm), NW side of Henty Reef, Mounts Bay, 38°47.0´S, 143°40.5´E, 3 May 1988, 18 m, red algae on boulder, R.T. Springthorpe and P.B. Berents (AM P50946). SA. 2 males (3.3 dissected, 3.4 mm), 6 females (ovigerous 3.7, 4.4, 5.0 dissected, non ovigerous 2.9, 3.0, 3.1 mm), immature (2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.8 mm), mancas (1.7, 1.7, 1.8 mm), same data as holotype (NMV J39721). 2 males (3.0, 3.2 mm), 2 females (3.4, 3.6 mm), Snapper Point, Beachport, 37°29.3´S, 139°59.6´E, 14 May 1990, 6.0 m, brown algae, on limestone reef, G.C.B. Poore (NMV J26231). WA. Female (3.0 mm), Seven Mile Beach, N of Dongara, 29°12´S, 114°53´E, 24 Apr 1986, 1 m, Amphibolus epiphytes, G.C.B. Poore and H.M. Lew Ton (NMV J26173). Female (4.1 mm), Cliff Head, S of Dongara, 29°32´S, 114°59´E, 22 Apr 1986, 1 m, red algae on limestone, G.C.B. Poore and H.M. Lew Ton (NMV J26158). Female (3.9 mm), off jetty, Green I., Rottnest I., 32°01´S, 115°30´E, 21 Dec 1983, 1 m, mixed algal turf on rock, R.T. Springthorpe (AM P50943). Other material, unmeasured. Vic. Bay of Islands, 38°35.0´S, 142°49.5´E, 2.5 m, red algae (AM P50945). Portland, 38°24´S, 141°40.5´E, 23m, Herdmania momus with encrusting sponge and red algae (AM P50947). SA. Topgallant I., Investigator Group, 33°43´S, 133°36.60´E, 20 m, on Cystophora and Plocamium (NMV J39730). “The Hotspot” reef, N end of Flinders I., 33°40.50´S, 134°22´E, 12 m, assorted algae (NMV J39706); 21 m, red algae (NMV J39722). 7, 2.3 n. miles W of Tiparra Light, Tiparra Reef, Tiparra Bay, 15 Mar 1985, 10 m, red algae (NMV J39727). WA. Port Denison Beach, Dongara, 5 m, red algae, mainly Laurencia (NMV J39704). Description of male. Body about 3.2 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins subparallel, pereonites of subequal width, pereonite 4 marginally widest; dorsal surfaces smooth, unornamented. Head anterior margin without transverse ridge, rostral process not visible in dorsal view. Head and pereonites 1 subequal in length in dorsal view, pereonites 1>2=3<4=5>6>7. Pleotelson posterior margin smoothly rounded. Antennule peduncle article 1 1.4 times as long as proximal width, about 2.6 times as long as article 2; article 2 flattened, about as long as wide, anterior margin with single small seta, posterodistal angle with 2 small setae; article 3 about half as long as article 2; flagellum 4-articled, extending to anterior of pereonite 1, about 0.4 times as long article 3. Antenna peduncle articles 1 and 2 about as long as combined lengths of article 3 and 4; article 4 about as long as article 5, about 1.3 times as long as wide; flagellum about equal in length to peduncle, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 2, with 6 articles. Epistome smooth, narrow, laterally encompassing labrum, anteriorly forming distinct point. Mandible incisor with 3 cusps; lacinia mobilis absent; spine row of 3 serrate curved spines, on right mandible with additional broad-based multidigitate spine; molar process appearing largely smooth, without serrate margins or ridged surfaces; palp article 1 longest, without setae; article 2 with 3 biserrate setae, article 3 with 4 biserrate setae, terminal seta being largest. Maxillule mesial lobe with 2 long and 1 shorter weakly CP and 1 short simple seta; lateral lobe with 9 peripheral simple RS on gnathal surface, eleventh seta set between these. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 4 curved flat simple RS respectively, mesial lobe with about (not clearly observed) 6 RS, variously serrate. Maxilliped endite extending about half way along palp article 3, distal margin with 1 conical RS, 3 rounded RS, 1 cactus RS and laterally with 2–3 slender CP RS; palp articles 2–5 with about 4, 9, 8 and 11 setae respectively. Pereopod 1 basis about 1.6 times as long as greatest width, about 1.1 times long as propodus; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, 1.8 times as long as greatest width, inferior surfaces with abundant microtrichs; merus about 0.7 times as long as ischium, 0.7 times as long as greatest width; carpus (inferior margin) 0.7 as long as merus, 0.8 times as long as wide; propodus 1.5 times as long as ischium, 1.9 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with 2 biserrate RS, inferodistal margin with 2 biserrate RS and 2 short simple setae adjacent to base of dactylus; dactylus 0.4 times as long as propodus, unguis strongly recurved, inferior margin with few small cuticular scales, secondary unguis recurved with 2 basal cusps. Pereopod 2 with all articles slender; basis about 3.1 times as long as greatest width, about as long as propodus; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, 2.5 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angel with single seta; merus about 0.7 times as long as ischium, 1.7 times as long as greatest width, superior distal 356 N. L. Bruce New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 357 Figure 35. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. A–D, holotype, remainder male paratype NMV J39721. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, frons, ventral view; D, pleon and pleotelson, ventral view; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, maxilliped; H, left mandible; I, right mandible. 358 N. L. Bruce Figure 36. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. All figs male paratype NMV J39721. A, maxilla; B, maxillule; C, pereopod 1; D, pereopod 1, dactylus; E, pereopod 2; F, pereopod 2, dactylus; G, pereopod 3; H, pereopod 6; I, pereopod 4; J, pereopod 7. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 359 Figure 37. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. All figs male paratype NMV J39721. A–E, pleopods 1–5; F, uropod; G, penes. margin strongly convex; carpus 1.7 as long as merus, 4 times as long as wide; propodus 1.3 times as long as ischium, 5.3 times as long as greatest width; dactylus 0.4 times as long as propodus, unguis slender apically falcate, secondary unguis flat and strongly pectinate extending alongside unguI. Pereopod 3 similar to 2, but a little more robust. Pereopods 4–7 similar to pereopod 1, but carpus quadrate rather than subtriangular, propodus inferior margin without biserrate RS; all pereopods without trifid and biserrate setae. Pereopod 7 basis with proximal flange; carpus distal margin with single simple acute RS. Penial processes separate, adjacent, about 1.7 times as long as basal width, quadrate in shape, distal margin weakly oblique, feebly indented. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with c. 14 and 12 PMS respectively; rami of similar size, endopod 0.9 as long as exopod, 1.8 times as basal width, lateral margin converging slightly to rounded distal margin; exopod 2.0 time as long as greatest width, margins subparallel, distal margin broadly rounded. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with c. 18 and 12 PMS respectively, pleopod 2 endopod 1.2 times as long as exopod, 2.3 times as long as greatest width, lateral margin strongly recessed at insertion point of appendix masculina; appendix masculina attached about half way along mesial margin, lateral surface with abundant microtrichs, about 5.3 times as long as wide, 0.8 times as long as endopod, apex bluntly rounded. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 24 and 11 PMS respectively; both rami elongate, endopod very slightly (1.06) longer than exopod, slender, 2.9 times as long as greatest width, proximal lateral margin convex. Pleopod 4 both rami with prominent ridges, exopod lateral margin with fine setae, exopod suture incomplete. Pleopod 5 both rami with prominent 360 N. L. Bruce Figure 38. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. All figs female paratype NMV J39721. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, antennule; D, antenna. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 361 Figure 39. Pedinura flindersia sp. nov. SEMs. Female, ‘The Hotspot’ reef, Flinders I., NMV J39722. A, anterior, lateral view; B, mandible; C, maxilliped, distal margin; D, pereopod 1 dactylus; E, pereopod 2, pectinate robust seta on propodus; F, uropod lateral margin; G, sensory setae, uropods. 362 N. L. Bruce Figure 40. Pedinura mokari sp. nov. A–D, holotype, remainder male paratype NMV J39721. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, frons, ventral view; D, pleon and pleotelson, ventral view; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, maxilliped; H, left mandible; I, maxilla; J, maxillule. ridges; exopod with 2 distal scale patches, and transverse absent. Uropod rami flattened, margins provided with mebrana cingula; exopod inserted into lateral margin at about one-third from posterior margin, 02 times as long as fused endopod, anterior margin convex, posterior weakly concave, distal margin narrowly rounded; endopod anterolateral margin straight, posterolateral part subtruncate, mesial margin weakly convex; broadly rounded, proximomesial cluster of 3 sensory setae. Female. Anterior body outline includes conspicuously expanded antennule peduncular articles 1; rostral point evident in dorsal view; eyes smaller than in males. Antennule peduncle article 1 0.8 times as long as mesial width, about 2.6 times as long as article 2, anteriorly produced, plate-like; article 2 flattened, about as long as wide, anterior margin produced, anteromesial angle at right angles, forming continuous margin with peduncular article 1; article 3 anterior margin with small distinct anterior boss. Antenna as for the male. Size. Males 3.1–5.5 mm, ovigerous females 3.7–5.0 mm, non-ovigerous females 2.9–5.2 mm; juvenile (sex indeterminate) 2.4–3.8 mm; mancas 1.1–2.5 mm. Etymology. From the type locality; noun in apposition. Distribution. Vic. (Bunerong), SA, WA (Rottnest I., Seven Mile Beach, Dongara); intertidal to 21 m; mainly on red and brown algae, specifically on Cystophora, Laurencia and Plocamium. Remarks. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of the pleotelson being widely subtruncate and without a median indentation. Further distinguishing characters include the strongly expanded antennule peduncle articles 1 and 2, the anteriorly acute epistome not visible in dorsal view, robust pereopods and the uropod exopod being set distally on the endopod. Pedinura mokari sp. nov. Figures 40–42 Material examined. Holotype. Male (3.2 mm), Snapper Point, Beachport, SA, 37°29.3´S, 139°59.6´E, 14 May 1990, 6.0 m, brown algae etc., G.C.B. Poore and R.S. Wilson (NMV J39714). Paratypes. Vic. Male (3.1 mm), wharf at Port Campbell, 38°37.5´S, 142°59.5´E, 8 Apr 1988, 5 m, wood and encrusting algae from wharf pile, R.T. Springthorpe and P.B. Berents (AM P50942). Male (3.2. mm), ?female (2.6 mm), juv. (1.8, 2.0 mm), 50 m offshore, E side of South Point, Twin Reefs, 38°41´S, 145°39´E, 4 Mar 1982, 11 m, rocky, C. Larsen, G. Barber and R.S. Wilson (NMV J26228). ?female (3.0 New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 363 Figure 41. Pedinura mokari sp. nov. Male paratype NMV J39721. A–C, pereopods 1, 2 and 7. mm), SW of Eagles Nest, Venus Bay, 38°40´S, 145°40´E, 5 Mar 1982, 8 m, rocky, R.S. Wilson and G. Barber (NMV J26226). 6 females (ovigerous 3.0–3.5 mm, non-ovigerous 3.1–3.2 mm), E side of Cape Paterson, 38°41´S, 145°36´E, 5 Mar 1982, 6 m, rocky, R.S. Wilson, G. Barber et al. (NMV J26334). Description of male. Body about 3.0 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins subparallel, pereonites of subequal width; dorsal surfaces smooth, unornamented. Head anterior margin without transverse ridge, rostral process present. Head 1.5 times as long as pereonite 1, pereonites 1>2=3=4=5>6>7. Pleotelson lateral margins straight, converging towards posterior, posterior margin flat with median excavation. Antennule peduncle article 1 1.3 times as long as proximal width, about 2.0 times as long as article 2; article 2 flattened, 0.9 times as long as wide; article 3 about 0.9 times as long as article 2; flagellum 5-articled, extending to anterior of pereonite 1, about as length of articles 2 and 3 combined. Antenna similar to type species, flagellum with 9 articles. Epistome smooth, narrow, laterally encompassing labrum, widest anteriorly with distinct and convex anterior margin, lateral margins shallowly concave. Mandible incisor with 4 cusps; lacinia mobilis present; spine row of 4–5 serrate curved spines; molar process appearing large, with serrate margins or ridged surfaces; palp article 1 longest, without setae; article 2 without setae, article 3 with 7 biserrate setae, distal 2 setae being largest. Maxillule mesial lobe with 4 long and 2 shorter CP; lateral lobe with 10 peripheral simple RS on gnathal surface. Maxilla lateral lobe and middle lobe each with 4 curved, flat, finely serrate RS respectively, mesial lobe with about (not clearly observed) 8 RS, variously serrate. Maxilliped endite extending about half way along palp article 3, distal margin with 1 conical RS, 2 rounded RS, 1 cactus RS and 2–3 364 N. L. Bruce Figure 42. Pedinura mokari sp. nov. Male paratype NMV J39721. A–E, pleopods 1–5; F, uropod; G, penes. slender CP RS; palp articles 2–5 with about 5, 9, 10 and 9 setae respectively. Pereopod 1 basis about 2.3 times as long as greatest width, about 1.4 times long as propodus, widest proximally; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, 2.58 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with 2 acute simple setae, one set at distal angle; merus about 0.4 times as long as ischium, 0.8 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with 2 acute RS; carpus (inferior margin) 0.7 as long as merus, 0.7 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with 2 simple setae; propodus 12 times as long as ischium, 32 times as long as greatest width, inferior margin with single proximal seta, inferomesial margin with 2 biserrate RS, inferodistal margin with 2 simple RS adjacent to base of dactylus; dactylus 0.5 times as long as propodus, unguis strongly recurved, inferior margin with few small cuticular scales, secondary unguis recurved with 2 basal cusps. Pereopod 2 with all articles slender; basis about 6.7 times as long as greatest width, about 1.3 times as long as propodus; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, 4.7 times as long as greatest width, inferodistal angel with single seta; merus about 0.7 times as long as ischium, 3.1 times as long as greatest width, superior distal margin convex, inferodistal angle with single slender seta; carpus 1.1 as long as merus, 4.7 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with 2 slender setae; propodus about as long as ischium, 5.7 times as long as greatest width; dactylus 0.6 times as long as propodus, unguis slender, apically falcate, secondary unguis flat and strongly pectinate, extending alongside unguI. Pereopod 3 similar to 2, but a little more robust. Pereopods 4–7 similar to pereopod 1, but more slender, carpus quadrate rather than subtriangular, propodus inferior margin without biserrate RS; all pereopods without trifid and biserrate setae. Pereopod 7 basis with proximal flange; carpus distal margin with 3 biserrate acute RS. Penial processes separate, about 1.3–1.6 times as long as basal width, tapering distally to rounded apex. Pleopod 1 exopod and endopod with c. 14 and 12 PMS respectively; rami of similar size, endopod 0.9 as long as exopod, 1.6 times as long as basal width, lateral margin converging slightly to rounded distal margin; exopod 1.5 times as long as greatest width, margins convex, distal margin broadly rounded. Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod with c. 20 and 11 PMS respectively, pleopod 2 endopod about as long as exopod, 2.0 times as long as greatest width, lateral margin strongly recessed at insertion point of appendix masculina; appendix masculina attached about one-quarter of way along mesial margin, about 4.4 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as endopod, apex bluntly rounded. Pleopod 3 exopod and endopod with c. 22 and 12 PMS respectively; both rami elongate, endopod very slightly (1.04) longer than exopod, 2.3 times as long as greatest width, proximal lateral margin convex. Pleopod 4 both rami with obscure ridges, exopod lateral margin with fine setae, exopod suture complete. Pleopod 5 both rami with indistinct ridges; exopod with 3 distal scale patches, transverse suture absent. Uropod rami flattened, margins provided with mebrana cingula; exopod inserted into lateral margin at about one-quarter from proximal margin, 02 times as long as fused endopod, triangular, apex subacute; endopod anterolateral margin weakly convex, posterolateral part rounded, mesial margin straight; mesially with 3 cluster of 2 sensory setae. Female. Sexes similar, the dimorphism of the type species apparently not present in this species Size. Males 3.1–3.2 mm, ovigerous females 3.0–3.5 mm, non-ovigerous females 3.1–3.2 mm. Etymology. Mokari is an Aboriginal word meaning new; noun in apposition. Distribution. Vic. and SA, where it is sympatric with the more widely distributed P. flindersia; 5–11 m, rocky habitats. Remarks. Pedinura mokari is separated from the only congener, P. flindersia by the posteriorly indented pleotelson, the epistome being widest anteriorly and visible in dorsal view and the weakly expanded antennular peduncle articles 1 and 2. Acknowledgements I thank Drs Gary Poore, Robin Wilson and Elycia Wallis (Museum Victoria, Melbourne); Penny Berents (Australian Museum); and Wolfgang Zeidler (South Australian Museum, Adelaide) — for loans of large amounts of unidentified sphaeromatid material and for waiting patiently while I worked on these valuable collections. I also thank Kim Larsen for inking the drawings and Geert Brovad (both Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen) for producing prints of the SEM photograph. I thank Janet Bradford-Grieve (NIWA, Wellington) for her comments on the manuscript. This is the concluding contribution from Australian Biological Resources Study Grant ABRS 89/1844, and was completed in part at the Zoologisk Museum, University of Copenhagen. This publication acknowledges National Science Foundation award DEB9978193. References * Indicates that the reference has not been sighted. Baker, W.H., 1908. Notes on some species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae, from the South Australian coast. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 32: 138–162. Baker, W.H. 1910. Notes on some species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae from the South Australian coast. Part II. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 34: 75–88, pls 21–24. Baker, W.H. 1911. Notes on some species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae from southern Australian seas. Part III. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 35: 89–93, pls 22, 23. Baker, W.H. 1926. Species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae, from the eastern, southern, and western coasts of Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 50: 247–279, pls 38–53. Baker, W.H. 1928. Australian species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae (continued). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 52: 49–61. Baker, W.H. 1929. Australian species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae (continued). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 52: 49–61, pls 1–6. Barnard, K.H. 1914. Contributions to the Crustacean fauna of South Africa. 1. Additions to the marine Isopoda. Annals of the South African Museum 10: 197–230. New Australian sphaeromatrid isopod crustaceans 365