Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal Cream

Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 163 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Research Article Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal Cream Reena D. Kokate (Pawar) 1*, Varsha K. Wagh2, Rutuja S. Deshmukh 3, Suraj. R. Shinde4, Mayuri. S. Bhamare5 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Swami Institute of Pharmacy, Abhona, Maharashtra, India 2 Lecturer, Swami Institute of Pharmacy, Abhona, Maharashtra, India 3,4,5 Student, Swami Institute of Pharmacy, Abhona, Maharashtra, India Corresponding Author: *Reena D. Kokate (Pawar) DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17610955 Abstract Manuscript Information The present study aims to investigate the antifungal potential of Epipremnum aureum and to formulate a topical antifungal preparation derived from its extract. This formulation falls under the category of medicinal creams containing herbal antifungal agents. For treating skin infections, topical applications are generally preferred as they deliver the active ingredient directly to the affected site. Epipremnum aureum, commonly known as the Money Plant or Golden Pothos, is a rapidly growing climber belonging to the family Araceae. Widely cultivated as an ornamental indoor plant, it is also known for its remarkable air-purifying ability, effectively removing pollutants such as formaldehyde, benzene, and xylene from the environment. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that E. aureum contains several bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which contribute to its broad spectrum of biological activities. These compounds are believed to be primarily responsible for its antifungal efficacy. In addition to its antifungal effects, different parts of the plant exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. However, many of the therapeutic potentials of Epipremnum species remain underexplored and warrant further scientific investigation for their benefits to human health and environmental applications. In this study, a herbal antifungal cream was developed using E. aureum extract, and the formulation was evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability, and skin irritation potential to ensure its suitability for topical use. ▪ ISSN No: 2583-7397 ▪ Received: 13-10-2025 ▪ Accepted: 12-11-2025 ▪ Published: 14-11-2025 ▪ IJCRM:4(6); 2025: 163-172 ▪ ©2025, All Rights Reserved ▪ Plagiarism Checked: Yes ▪ Peer Review Process: Yes How to Cite this Article Kokate Pawar RD, Wagh VK, Deshmukh RS, Shinde SR, Bhamare MS. Formulation and evaluation of antifungal cream. Int J Contemp Res Multidiscip. 2025;4(6):163-172. Access this Article Online www.multiarticlesjournal.com KEYWORDS: Epipremnum aureum extract, antifungal activity, fungal infection, topical herbal formulation, phytochemical analysis, viscosity, Golden Pothos, antifungal cream Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 164 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1. INTRODUCTION Polymers. Since the earliest stages of human civilisation, plants have been an essential and preferred source of medicine. They synthesise numerous bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant properties, making them valuable natural agents for maintaining health and preventing disease. Epipremnum aureum, a popular ornamental foliage plant, is easily propagated through stem cuttings and requires minimal maintenance when grown in suitable conditions. This plant is also known for its air-purifying abilities, effectively removing harmful indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde, benzene, and xylene. Both the aerial roots and leaves of E. aureum have demonstrated significant antibacterial and antimicrobial potential. Historically, plants rich in such bioactive constituents have been used in traditional medicinal systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha to treat a wide range of ailments. Although synthetic drugs have become dominant in modern medicine, their adverse effects have renewed global interest in natural remedies derived from medicinal plants. The family Araceae, to which Epipremnum aureum belongs, includes many species with notable therapeutic properties. E. aureum produces small green flowers during the summer and is widely recognised in regions such as Malaysia and Singapore, where it has been traditionally used for treating cancer and various skin conditions. In local practices, decoctions made from its fresh leaves—often boiled with meat, eggs, or prepared as herbal tea—are commonly consumed for their perceived healing effects. The identification and characterisation of phytoconstituents in this plant are essential to understanding its pharmacological potential, as these compounds play a vital role in its therapeutic activity. Botanically, Epipremnum aureum is an evergreen, herbaceous vine commonly referred to as the Money Plant, Golden Pothos, Devil’s Ivy, or Silver Vine. Its attractive marbled leaves, airpurifying capacity, and ability to thrive indoors have made it one of the most popular houseplants worldwide. Uniquely, it can grow hydroponically in plain water for extended periods without soil or added nutrients, relying solely on naturally occurring minerals in the water. Optimal growth occurs in bright, filtered light; however, excessive or insufficient light may cause leaf discolouration. Crude leaf extracts of E. aureum have shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal effects, suggesting its possible application in the treatment of microbial infections. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract has revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins. Among its active compounds, phytol is particularly noteworthy for exhibiting diverse biological activities, including antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, and antibacterial effects, notably against Salmonella typhi. Fig. 1: Plant of Epipremnum Aureum Classification of Genus Epipremnum Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae-Green Plants Phylum: Tracheophyta-Vascular plants Subphylum: Euphyllophytina Infraphylum: Radiatopses Class: Liliopsida-Monocotyledons Subclass: Aridae Superorder: Aranae Order: Arales Dumortier Family: Araceae Subfamily: Monsteroideae Tribe: Monstereae Genus: Epipremnum Linnaeus Anti-bacterial and Anti-fungal Activity Different solvent extracts of Epipremnum aureum leaves and aerial roots have demonstrated notable antibacterial and antifungal properties. Studies have shown that aqueous extracts of the plant’s aerial roots produced clear and well-defined zones of inhibition when tested against various microorganisms. The inhibitory effect was found to be comparable to that of standard antibiotic discs, following the decreasing order: Escherichia coli > Micrococcus luteus > Bacillus cereus > Bacillus subtilis. The methanolic extract of E. aureum leaves exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while its antifungal efficacy was confirmed against Candida albicans. Similarly, the ethyl extract derived from the aerial roots of Raphidophora aurea—a species closely related to E. aureum that typically grows on Areca catechu—also displayed strong antibacterial and antifungal effects. Moreover, extracts prepared using petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol from E. aureum leaves were found to possess considerable antibacterial potential, particularly against E. coli and S. aureus. These findings suggest that the bioactive Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 165 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ compounds present in E. aureum, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, may play a vital role in inhibiting the growth of both bacterial and fungal pathogens. Drug Profile 1. Stearic Acid Chemical name: Octadecanoic acid Molecular formula: C18H36O2 Molecular Weight:284.48 Description: White or slightly yellow, crystal masses, or a white to slightly yellow powder. Melting Point: 69-70o Boiling Point: 383o Solubility: Freely soluble in ether, chloroform, and acetone. Insoluble in water Uses: 1. For suppositories, coating enteric pills, ointments, and coating bitter remedies. 2. Use in vanishing creams and other cosmetics. 2. Stearyl Alcohol Chemical Name: 1-Octadecanol Molecular Formula: C18H38O Molecular Weight: 270.50 Description: White flakes or granules Melting Point: 59.4-59.8o Boiling Point: 210o ° Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, ether and insoluble in water. Uses: Substitute for cetyl alcohol in pharmaceutical dispensing, in cosmetic creams, for emulsion, textile oil and finishes, as an antifoaming agent, lubricant, and chemical raw material. 3. Triethanolamine Chemical Name: trihydroxytriethylamine Molecular Formula: C16H15NO3 Molecular Weight: 149.19 Description: Very hygroscopic, viscous liquid. Slight ammonical odour. Turns brown on exposure to air and light. Melting Point: 21.57o Boiling point: 335.4o Solubility: Miscible with water, methanol, and acetone. Uses: 1. Use in making emulsions with mineral and vegetable oils, paraffin and waxes. 2. Pharmaceutical aid (alkalizer) 4. Liquid Paraffin Synonym: Petroleum liquid, mineral oil, paraffin oil Description: Colourless, oily liquid, practically tasteless and odourless even when warmed. Solubility: Soluble in Benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, and petroleum ether. Uses: 1. Lubricant. 2. Pharmaceutical aid (Vehicle, Solvent) 3. As a formulation aid in foods. 4. In cosmetics as an emollient 5. Glycerol Chemical Name:1,2,3-Propanetriol, trihydroxypropane Molecular Formula: C3H8O3 Molecular Weight: 92.09 Description: Syrupy liquid, sweet, warm taste. Melting Point: 17.8o Boiling Point: 290.0o Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol and insoluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether and in fixed and volatile oils. Uses: Use as a solvent, humectant, plasticiser, emollient, sweetener, pharmaceutical aid (humectant, solvent, vehicle) 6. Methyl Paraben Chemical Name: 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester Molecular formula: C8H8O3 Molecular weight: 152.15 Melting point:131o Boiling point: 270-280o °C Solubility: Freely soluble in alcohol, methanol, acetone, and ether. Uses: As a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics. Role of Ingredients Ingredients Role of Ingredients Stearyl alcohol Emulsifier Steric acid Emollient Liquid paraffin Lubricant Triethanolamine Surface active agent Glycerol Emollient Methyl Paraben Preservative Water Vehicle Plan of Work 1. Literature Review Study the antifungal properties of Epipremnum aureum. Review existing herbal cream formulations. Study fungal pathogens commonly responsible for skin infections. 2. Collection and Authentication of Plant Material Collect fresh Epipremnum aureum leaves. Authenticate the plant from a recognised botanical institute/herbarium. 3. Preparation of Extract Wash and dry leaves in shade. Powder the dried leaves. Perform extraction by Soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. Filter and concentrate the extract using a water bath. Store in an airtight container. 4. Phytochemical Screening Perform preliminary phytochemical tests to identify active constituents (e.g., flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins). 5. Formulation of Antifungal Cream 6. Evaluation of Cream Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 166 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Perform evaluation based on: Physical appearance: Colour, texture, consistency, pH: Using a pH meter. Viscosity: Using the Brookfield viscometer Stability study: At different temperature and humidity conditions for up to 30 days Washability: Easy to wash or not. Irritancy test: On human volunteers. Report Writing and Presentation: Assemble findings into a report. Prepare charts and presentation slides. 2. REVIEWS OF LITERATURE Rita Himanshu Mehta, Ashok Bhagwat, and Sharad Karmarkar (2013) described Epipremnum aureum, commonly known as the Money Plant, as a rapidly growing monocotyledonous climber capable of covering large areas or spreading along the ground. Their research and previous reports have shown that several foliage plants, including E. aureum, can purify indoor air by removing chemical pollutants such as formaldehyde. Supporting these findings, a NASA study on indoor air purification ranked Golden Pothos among the top three most effective houseplants—alongside Philodendron and Spider Plant—for eliminating formaldehyde from enclosed spaces. Vishakha Panchal, Palak Sapra, and Archana Mankad (2022) investigated the antimicrobial potential of E. aureum leaf and root extracts prepared using different solvents. Their findings revealed that methanolic extracts of the leaves showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, while extracts in ethanol, acetone, and petroleum ether demonstrated antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Anju Meshram and Nidhi Srivastava (2014) reported that E. aureum possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms. Both the leaves and aerial roots of the plant exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal potential. The study emphasised that certain plantderived compounds in E. aureum could serve as promising natural alternatives for the development of antimicrobial agents. A subsequent study by Meshram, Srivastava, and Bhagyawant (2016) confirmed that the leaf extract of E. aureum effectively inhibited bacterial and fungal growth. The methanolic extract showed the presence of several important secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins—compounds known for their pharmacological and antimicrobial significance. These findings support the potential use of E. aureum in managing microbial infections. Selma Tobudic, Christina Kratzer, Andrea Lassnigg, and Elizabeth Presterl (2011) highlighted that Candida species are among the most frequent human fungal pathogens encountered in clinical practice. Infections caused by Candida can range from mild mucosal conditions to severe systemic diseases, with mortality rates for invasive candidiasis reported between 40% and 60%. The virulence of Candida species is primarily attributed to their adaptability to diverse environments and their ability to form biofilms, which enhance resistance to antifungal treatments. Lakshmi Reka, Chamari Maheshika Godage, Jayantha Wijayabandara, and Aravinda Siriwardhene (2023) defined “mycosis” as a fungal infection affecting humans, typically chronic in nature. They noted that superficial, cutaneous, and occasionally systemic mycoses are commonly observed, with Candida albicans being the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for such infections. Topical antifungal therapies are often employed to treat superficial infections affecting the skin, nails, and ears. Sreemoy Kanti Das, Pinaki Sengupta, Mohd. Shahimi Mustapha, Md. Kifayatudullah, and Md. Gousuddin (2015) explored the pharmacological relevance of various phytoconstituents. Their study revealed that flavonoids exhibit antidiabetic and neuroprotective activities, alkaloids function as anaesthetic agents, and terpenoids possess diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. The authors emphasised that the identification and quantification of phytochemicals are crucial for understanding and harnessing their therapeutic potential. 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS Collection and Authentication of Plant Material The fresh whole plant of Epipremnum aureum was collected from the area of Nashik district, Maharashtra, India. Preparation of crude drug for extraction The authenticated leaves were washed with fresh water and dried in the shade of sunlight for 15-20 days. The dried plant leaves were coarsely powdered with the help of a mechanical grinder. The powder was stored in an airtight container for further use. Fig 2: Dried Leaves of E. Aureum Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 167 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Fig. 3: Powder of Epipremnum aureum leaves (Dried leaves powder) Extraction of Plant Material Air-dried leaves were processed for methanolic extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. After the extraction, the extracted material is kept in a water bath to get a pure extract of Epipremnum aureum leaves. Fig 4: Soxhlet Extraction Process Preparation of Antifungal Cream: 1. Weigh all the ingredients as per the quantity. 2. An oily phase (Stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, liquid paraffin) containing lipophilic substances. 3. An aqueous phase (Water and glycerine) containing a hydrophilic substance. 4. They were separately heated in a water bath at 60°c. 5. The aqueous phase was gradually added to the oily phase while constantly stirring until the mixture congealed at room temperature. 6. The resulting cream was treated with the extract. And at the end, the perfuming agent will be added for a good fragrance. Table 2: Formulation table Sr. No. Ingredients F1 F2 1 Stearyl alcohol 2gm 1.2gm 2 Steric acid 8gm 7.7gm 3 Liquid paraffin 4 ml 4.5ml 4 Triethanolamine 1.3ml 1.3ml 5 Glycerol 2ml 1.9ml 6 Methyl Paraben 0.18gm 0.19gm 7 Water q. s q. s 8 Lavender oil 1-2dropes 1-2dropes 9 Epipremnum Aureum (Extract) 4% 6% Fig. 5: Formulation of Antifungal cream Evaluation test Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of E.aureum Sr. No. Test Result Inference 1 Test for Alkaloid Dragandroff’s Test: i) Test the solution few drops of Dragandroff’s reagent (potassium iodide + bismuth nitrate) Orange precipitate formed Alkaloid present. Mayer’s reagent ii) Test solution few drops of Mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide solution) Yellow precipitate formed. Alkaloid present. 2. Test for Flavonoids i) Test with zinc dust. Test solution Zn dust + conc. HCL Pink colour observed. Flavonoids present 3. Test for tannins and phenolic compounds i) Ferric chloride test. Test solution small amount of freshly prepared 5% FeCl3 solution. Deep blur black colour present. Tannins and phenolic compounds are absent. Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 168 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Fig. 6: Preliminary phytochemical test of A) Test for tannins and phenolic compounds, B) Test for alkaloids, C) Test for flavonoids A B C Appearance: Colour, texture, and fragrance were used to evaluate the cream’s appearance. Spreadability: The spreadability of the prepared herbal cream was evaluated using two glass slides of standard dimensions. A fixed quantity of the formulation was carefully placed on one of the slides, and the second slide was positioned on top so that the cream formed a thin film covering a length of 6.5 cm between them. A weight of 200 g was then placed on the upper slide to ensure uniform compression of the cream into a consistent layer. After a few minutes, the weight was removed, and any excess formulation adhering to the slides was gently scraped off. The paired slides were then mounted on a stand in such a way that the upper slide could move freely under the influence of an applied load. A 20 g weight was attached to the upper slide, allowing it to slide down the lower one by the force of gravity. The time taken for the upper slide to completely separate and cover the 6.5 cm distance was recorded. The procedure was repeated three times, and the average value was used to determine the spreadability of the cream formulation. Spreadability was calculated by using the following formula: S = m. l/t Were S – Spreadability, m - Weight tied to the upper slide (20 g), l - Length of the glass (6.5 cm), t - Time taken in seconds Irritancy test: On the left-hand dorsal surface, mark an area surface. The cream was applied to two volunteers in a specific area, and the duration of irritation was examined and reported at regular intervals up to 48 hours. Fig 7: Irritancy test Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 169 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ pH: The pH of the cream was determined by a pH meter. Fig 8: pH of the cream Viscosity The viscosity of the formulated cream was measured using a Brookfield viscometer (LMDV-60 Labline) using a spindle L3 at 60.0 rpm. Viscosity measurements were performed at room temperature. Washability: Fig 9: Viscosity of the cream The washability of the formulation was tested by first applying the skin, then assessing the ease and extent of washing it with distilled water and manually examining the effect. Stability: For 48 hours, the former cream was stored in a Petri plate at room temperature. The sample displays no oil separation or other phase separation after 48 hours; it passes the test. Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 170 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Labelled Container RESULTS Sr. No Parameter F1 F2 1 Colour Pale lime yellow Pale lime yellow 2 Odour Lavender like Lavender like 3 Texture Smooth Smooth 4 pH 6.12 6.59 5 Appearance and Washability Good Good 6 Skin irritation test No irritation No irritation 7 Stability Stable Stable 8 Viscosity 2196.7mPas 2206.1mPas 9 Spreadability Easily Spreadable Easily Spreadable Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 Issue 6 [NovDec] Year 2025 171 © 2025 Reena D. Kokate Pawar, Varsha K. Wagh, Rutuja S. Deshmukh, Suraj. R. Shinde, Mayuri. S. Bhamare. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CONCLUSION Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have a growing demand in the world market.is very good attempt has been made to establish the herbal cream containing E. Aureum leaves extract at various concentrations (3% and 6%). The purpose of this study was to develop an herbal cream. The methanolic extract of E. Aureum was identified as the best extract with stronger antifungal activity against C.albicans. During this study, the antifungal herbal cream of Epipremnum aureum showed that the product was very efficient and safe to use. No volunteer complained about allergic consequences. So, it is a safe product. The formulation was ecologically, economically and pocket-friendly. 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