BUDDHIST THOUGHT OF COMPASSION AND WISDOM AND THE REVOLUTIONARY IDEALS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF VIETNAM: PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT - POINTS OF CONVERGENCE

Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 186 ISRG PUBLISHERS Abbreviated Key Title: ISRG J Arts Humanit Soc Sci ISSN: 2583-7672 (Online) Journal homepage: https://isrgpublishers.com/isrgjahss Volume – III Issue -VI (November-December) 2025 Frequency: Bimonthly BUDDHIST THOUGHT OF COMPASSION AND WISDOM AND THE REVOLUTIONARY IDEALS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF VIETNAM: PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT - POINTS OF CONVERGENCE Dr. Nguyễn Hữu Hào1* MA. Trịnh Duy Biên2 1, 2 Ho Chi Minh City Academy of Cadres | Received: 25.08.2025 | Accepted: 13.10.2025 | Published: 15.11.2025 *Corresponding author: Dr. Nguyễn Hữu Hào Ho Chi Minh City Academy of Cadres INTRODUCTION Buddhism was introduced to Vietnam in the early Common Era, flourished throughout the Lý and Trần dynasties, and remains one of the religions with a significant influence on the culture, ethics, and spiritual life of the nation to this day. The Buddhist philosophy of compassion and wisdom has become a core part of Vietnam's cultural value system, shaping lifestyles, behaviors, and perspectives on life, and has accompanied the nation throughout its history. Since its founding (1930), the Communist Party of Vietnam has always been closely tied to the nation, steadfastly following the path of national independence and socialism. In the process of leading the revolution, the Party has consistently set peace and sustainable development as strategic goals. In the face of Abstract Throughout the nation's history, Buddhism, with its philosophy of compassion and wisdom, has contributed to shaping the core ethical and cultural values of the Vietnamese people. The Communist Party of Vietnam, inheriting traditional quintessence and creatively applying Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, has defined its revolutionary ideal as striving for national independence, peace, and sustainable development. This study focuses on clarifying: (1) the value of the Buddhist thought of compassion and wisdom in Vietnamese tradition; (2) the ideal of peace and development in the Party's revolutionary guidelines; and (3) the similarities, intersections, and significance of integrating these two value systems in the current cause of national construction and defense. Promoting the spirit of compassion and wisdom in parallel with the Party's revolutionary ideals will contribute to building a humane, just, and progressive society, while simultaneously enhancing Vietnam's stature in the international community. Keywords: Communist Party of Vietnam, peace, Buddhism, compassion, wisdom Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 187 great changes in the world and the region, the harmonious integration of the values of compassion and wisdom from Buddhism with the Party's revolutionary ideals of peace and development to shape a stable, sustainably developed, and responsible Vietnam within the international community carries profound theoretical and practical significance. CONTENT 1. An Overview of the Thought of Compassion and Wisdom in Vietnamese Buddhism The thought of compassion and wisdom are the two core pillars of Buddhist doctrine, representing the harmony between boundless love and clear-sighted intellect. They form the ethical and spiritual foundation for individuals to strive for liberation and build a peaceful and mindful society. Compassion is understood as nondiscriminatory love, originating from a deep empathy for the suffering of all beings. "Từ" means bringing joy to others, while "bi" means alleviating suffering, helping others escape from pain. Compassion is not limited to emotion but must be expressed through concrete actions: rescuing, protecting, sharing, forgiving, and resolving hatred. This is not only an ethical principle that helps people live in harmony, reduce conflict, and nurture a spirit of unity, but it is also "a current of love, of benevolence that has permeated the souls of the Vietnamese people for thousands of years" 1 The Buddhist concept of compassion transcends personal, familial, or communal affections, aiming for a spirit of non-self, altruism, and love for all living beings. Therefore, let every person in this world allow their compassion to spread and diffuse everywhere, without discriminating between near and far, great and small, high and low. As the Buddha taught, "a mind of loving-kindness that extends in all ten directions, with non-discriminatory love" 2 . In the history of the Vietnamese nation, from the feudal dynasties to the Ho Chi Minh era, this thought has always been manifested in "national reconciliation" through humane and tolerant policies and actions, showing compassion even towards enemy soldiers. This also reflects the idea of compassion being intrinsically linked to patriotism. If compassion is the heart, then wisdom is the clear-sighted vision that penetrates truth, the intellect of the practitioner. Wisdom in Buddhism is not merely conventional knowledge or learning, but enlightened wisdom the ability to recognize the impermanent and non-self nature of all phenomena, to clearly see the cause of suffering and the path to its cessation. In the Diamond Sutra, the Buddha taught, "All that has a form is illusory. If you see that all forms are not forms, you then see the Tathagata," meaning that whatever has a physical form is provisional and illusory; one who sees this clearly has seen the truth 3 . Wisdom helps practitioners avoid being swayed by ignorance, prejudice, and desire, thereby enabling them to make correct decisions and take rational actions that bring practical benefits to themselves and others. In Buddhism, wisdom and compassion are always inseparable: wisdom without 1 Thích Thiện Hạnh, The Light of Compassion Spreading in the Hearts of the Vietnamese People: https://tapchinghiencuuphathoc.vn/anh-sang-tu-bi-lan-toatrong-long-nguoi-viet.html 2 Sutra of Loving-Kindness (Metta Sutta) (2013), Thích Minh Châu (trans.), Religion Publishing House, Hanoi, p.21. 3 https://thientruclam.info/ht-thich-thanh-tu/kinh-kim-cang-gianggiai/doan-5-nhu-ly-that-kien compassion can easily become cold and distant; compassion without wisdom can easily fall into sentimentality and be ineffective in action. Buddhism affirms that only when compassion and wisdom are harmonized can one achieve personal perfection and advance towards liberation. Compassion ensures that the motivation for action always stems from love and goodwill; wisdom ensures that the methods of action are correct, in accordance with laws and circumstances. This is exemplified by Emperor-Monk Trần Nhân Tông who, upon founding the Trúc Lâm Zen school, emphasized the integration of wisdom and practical action: "Living in the world, enjoying the Way, just follow conditions. When hungry, eat; when tired, sleep." 4 Wisdom here is not detached from life but is the very state of mindfulness in everyday existence. Socially, compassion and wisdom become a spiritual force that helps resolve conflicts, strengthen trust, promote cooperation, and build a sustainably developing community. Over thousands of years, the thought of compassion and wisdom in Buddhism has transcended the religious sphere to become a universal cultural and ethical value for humanity. This spirit has intertwined with the nation's traditions of benevolence, tolerance, and valuing righteousness and sentiment, contributing to the cultivation of the character, personality, and intellect of the Vietnamese people throughout history. The values of compassion and wisdom are also deeply embedded in the lives of the people through folk songs and proverbs: "love others as you love yourself"; "the whole leaves protect the torn ones"; "a bite when hungry is worth a feast when full." Today, the thought of compassion and wisdom continues to be expressed through the activities of the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha, such as charity work, disaster relief, and building homes of compassion. Environmental protection programs have been implemented: Buddhism accompanies the response to climate change, education development, and the raising of orphaned children. This demonstrates that the compassion and wisdom of Buddhism are always a positive driving force for social development, as well as a source for nurturing social ethics and forging the nation's spirit of benevolence and intellect. 2. The Revolutionary Ideals of the Communist Party of Vietnam: Peace and Development * Peace - the Ultimate Aspiration of the Vietnamese Nation Throughout its long history, the Vietnamese nation has constantly faced the scourge of invasion and war, yet our people have never ceased to aspire for peace. Peace is not merely the absence of war, but also the condition for people to live in happiness, prosperity, freedom, and full development. The philosophy of peace of our ancestors is to end conflict through cooperation and dialogue, not through violence. When the Communist Party of Vietnam was founded, it defined its strategic goal: "To carry out a bourgeois democratic revolution and a land revolution to advance to a communist society" 5 . This was not only a direction for national liberation but also the path to bringing genuine peace and freedom to the people. 4 https://phatgiao.org.vn/cu-tran-lac-dao-d12481.html 5 Communist Party of Vietnam (2000), Complete Party Documents, Vol. 2, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.3. Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 188 With deep respect and aspiration for peace and independence for the nation, in his speech at the national unity celebration ceremony to welcome the solidarity among political parties in preserving peace for the country, Ho Chi Minh declared, "Before the solemn Buddha altar, before the fellow countrymen present here, I swear to sacrifice my body and soul to preserve the independence of the Fatherland. Even if it requires sacrificing my life, I will not hesitate" 6 . In the call for national resistance on December 19, 1946, which served as a resounding proclamation affirming the nation's independence and desire for peace, he wrote, "we would rather sacrifice everything than lose our country, than be enslaved (...). We must sacrifice to the last drop of our blood to save our country" 7 . Marxism-Leninism also regards peace and international cooperation as an inevitable trend of the era, linked to the goals of the world revolution. Vietnam's foreign policy is to "Be a friend to all democratic countries and harbor no enmity towards anyone" 8 , which has become a guiding principle for the Party's foreign policy and national development. His famous statement in the "Appeal to Resist U.S. Aggression, for National Salvation" (July 17, 1966), "Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom," is the brilliant crystallization of the millennia-old aspiration for peace of the Vietnamese nation. Here, peace is linked with independence, because only independence can ensure true and lasting peace. Peace is both an aspiration and a strategic direction for national development. Vietnam has become one of the nations actively participating in United Nations peacekeeping forces since 2014. Diplomatic relations have expanded to 194 countries and territories, and numerous free trade agreements (FTAs) have been signed, helping to enhance the country's international standing and open up vast markets, making Vietnam a crucial link in the global supply chain. * Development - a Strategic Goal of the Party If peace and independence are the ultimate aspirations of the nation, then development is the inevitable path to ensure that peace is sustainable and to achieve the goal of bringing happiness to the people. The Party's policy and viewpoint are that development is not purely economic growth, but also the comprehensive development of people, culture, and society aiming for the goal of "a prosperous people, a strong country, and a democratic, just, and civilized society." 9 After 1975, our reunified country faced immense difficulties: the severe consequences of war, a stagnant centrally-planned economy, and rampant inflation. In response to this situation, at the 6th National Congress (1986), the Party affirmed: "Renovation (Đổi mới) is a vital necessity for the country" 10 . This was a historic turning point, marking the transition 6 Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 4, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.169. 7 Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 4, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.534. 8 Ho Chi Minh’s quote, referenced in Complete Works (2011), Vol. 4, p.534. (Translator's note: The original text cites this quote without a specific page, but it is contextually linked to the previous citation on the same page of the source document.) 9 Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 5, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.256. 10 Communist Party of Vietnam (1987), Documents of the 6th National Congress, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.15. from a centrally-planned, bureaucratic subsidy system to a socialist-oriented market economy. The 10-year socio-economic stabilization and development strategy, first outlined by the Party in the Platform for National Construction in the Period of Transition to Socialism (1991 Platform), determined: "Take economic development as the central task, Party building as the key, and cultural development as the spiritual foundation of society" 11 . After nearly 40 years of renovation and development, with its correct guidelines and policies, Vietnam has developed rapidly and sustainably, based on a close and harmonious combination of economic growth with cultural development and the implementation of social progress and equity 12 . It can be said that these are firm steps on the humane and benevolent foundation of a society that develops for the people, considering development not as growth at all costs, but as harmonious, inclusive, and humane development. The late General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng clearly stated, "We need a society in which development is truly for the people, not for profit that exploits and tramples on human dignity (...) We need a society of benevolence, solidarity, and mutual assistance, oriented towards progressive and humane values, not one of unfair competition, of 'the big fish eats the small fish' for the selfish interests of a few individuals and factions." 13 The wise and compassionate Buddha took right view and right thought as the foundation for enlightenment and liberation, as the driving force for social development, and also as the foundation for love and empathy. Ho Chi Minh thought and acted in accordance with the Buddha's teachings on altruism, relieving suffering, and seeking happiness and peace for humanity and society. He often spoke of "truth, goodness, and beauty," of living a good life and contributing to a beautiful society; he placed special faith and hope in all the people, compatriots, and comrades to contribute to building a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic, and prosperous Vietnam. It is clear that Vietnam is at peace and developing, with peace for development and development to achieve the goal of peace. Peace has been and is placing the human being at the center of building and implementing policies aimed at developing national goals that contribute to global order and stability. Thus, the hope is for a world free of war, misfortune, and suffering, where people live in harmony, humanity, and happiness. It can be said that the Buddhist thought of compassion and wisdom and the revolutionary ideals of our Party share profound similarities. 3. Similarities between Buddhist Thought of Compassion and Wisdom and the Revolutionary Ideals of the Party 3.1. Compassion and the Ideal of Peace Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam, our country has innovated and developed strongly and sustainably day 11 Communist Party of Vietnam (1991), Documents of the 7th National Congress, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.85. 12 Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), Documents of the 13th National Congress, Vol. 1, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.161. 13 Nguyễn Phú Trọng (2022), Some Theoretical and Practical Issues on Socialism and the Path to Socialism in Vietnam, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.21. Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 189 by day. The government is a development-enabling one, serving and bringing prosperity and happiness to the people. Vietnam has become a reliable partner for many countries and a responsible member of the international community... Such improvements are "similar to the purpose and aim of Buddhism, which is to build a pure, supremely good, equal, peaceful, and prosperous life" 14 . Vietnam is increasingly actualizing the promotion of the fine cultural and ethical values of religions, including Buddhism. It encourages religious organizations, dignitaries, and followers to live good secular and religious lives, to live the Gospel in the heart of the nation, and to actively contribute to the cause of national construction and defense. Buddhist teachings show that hatred cannot be extinguished by hatred; only love can resolve hatred. The ancients also taught, "repaying hatred with virtue will dissolve hatred; repaying hatred with hatred will only pile it up" 15 . This reflects a spirit of peace, opposing hatred and violence with compassion and wisdom. Clearly, for thousands of years, Buddhism has sown in the Vietnamese consciousness the seed of the aspiration for a peaceful and harmonious life. This philosophy shares similarities with Vietnam's current views on peaceful and cooperative diplomacy and foreign relations. Historical evidence of the link between the nation's aspiration for peace and the Buddhist thought of compassion and wisdom includes the Mongol invasions of Đại Việt, where King Trần Nhân Tông not only led two great resistance wars but, after victory, also advocated for amicable foreign relations to erase enmity and rebuild the country. After abdicating the throne, he founded the Trúc Lâm Yên Tử Zen school, teaching people to practice "harmonizing with the light and dust of the world," taking compassion as the root and wisdom as the means of salvation. Another example is the thought of Nguyễn Trãi, "To use great righteousness to defeat cruel tyranny, to replace force with benevolence," in the fight against the Ming invaders, which still holds its value today as a harmonious combination of worldly and spiritual paths. It can be said that the aspiration for peace of the Vietnamese nation is not just confined to a historical or cultural level, but has become a political principle and a universal value, consistent with the trends of the times. This spirit has converged and intersected from three sources: the national tradition (cherishing peace, uniting against foreign aggression); the Buddhist thought of compassion and wisdom (overcoming hatred, building harmony); and the revolutionary ideals of the Party (national independence, peace, sustainable development). Between the compassion of Buddhism and the revolutionary ideals of the Party: Both oppose violence and war: Buddhism teaches not to kill and not to harbor hatred. Our Party considers peace the ultimate goal, only taking up arms when forced to defend itself. Both resolve conflicts through dialogue and negotiation: In international relations, Vietnam always advocates for dialogue over confrontation, resolving disputes through international law. This is the modern political embodiment of the spirit of compassion and wisdom. 14 Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 10, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.472. 15 https://vandieuhay.net/dao-cua-nguoi-quan-tu-lay-duc-bao-oanoan-ay-tieu-tan.html Both aim for human happiness: Buddhism's main purpose is to relieve suffering and bring joy to all beings. The Party defines "a prosperous people, a strong country, and a democratic, just, and civilized society" 16 as its goal to strive for. Both practice humanism and tolerance: Buddhism emphasizes the spirit of forgiveness and erasing enmity. Our Party has a policy of clemency "for Vietnamese who have gone astray," and this is clearly reflected in President Ho Chi Minh's view: "Fight to expel the Americans, fight to topple the puppets." 17 This is the altruistic spirit of Buddhism within the revolutionary ideal. In a world full of conflict (Russia-Ukraine, the Middle East, international terrorism...), Vietnam's policy of peace and cooperation offers valuable insights and can be seen as a modern application of the Buddhist spirit of compassion. On the international stage: Vietnam has actively participated in UN peacekeeping since 2014, sending military personnel and doctors to South Sudan and the Central African Republic. This is a concrete action of a peace-loving nation. In the region Vietnam promotes dialogue in the South China Sea, persistently resolving disputes through legal and diplomatic means. This reflects the spirit of "extinguishing hatred with compassion"using negotiation instead of armed conflict. In social development: The Party emphasizes human development, implementing social equity, and eradicating poverty. This is also the spirit of "alleviating suffering" from the philosophy of compassion. 3.2. Wisdom and Sustainable Development Buddhist wisdom guides people to live mindfully, balancing personal and community interests. In the revolutionary ideal, wisdom is manifested through the capacity for scientific thinking, creativity, and steadfastness in purpose yet flexibility in action. Our Party also identifies science, technology, innovation, education, and training as top national policies for development. This vision is deeply compatible with Vietnam's national development strategy in many core documents. The 2013 Constitution, in Article 62, affirms "The development of science and technology is a top national policy, holding a key role in the country's socio-economic development." At the overall strategic level, the 13th National Congress (2021) clearly outlined rapid and sustainable development, closely and harmoniously linking economic growth with cultural development and the implementation of social progress and equity a positioning that aligns with the ethical thread of Buddhist wisdom not sacrificing people and the environment for growth. Science and innovation are the "heart" of sustainable development. The choice of a "green economy" and the Net Zero commitment embodies the principle of interconnectedness within a low-carbon order. In November 2021, at COP26 (Glasgow), Vietnam announced its goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and joined the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) Political Declaration to mobilize resources for the energy transition 18 . This is an "ethical commitment" on a global scale, developing without shifting the 16 Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), Documents of the 13th National Congress, Vol. 1, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.56 17 Ho Chi Minh's quote, "For independence and freedom, fight to expel the Americans, fight to topple the puppets," is widely known. 18 Vietnam commits to reducing emissions at COP26: https://tuoitre.vn/viet-nam-cam-ket-giam-phat-thai-taicop26-20211102070105729.htm Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 190 environmental burden to future generations spirit of "wisdom" that looks far ahead, balancing immediate and long-term interests. To realize this, the Government has approved the National Green Growth Strategy for 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050, based on four pillars: emission reduction, greening economic sectors, greening lifestyles and consumption, and greening the transition process. Viewed through the lens of Buddhist philosophy, Net Zero is a "social precept" voluntarily restricting harmful actions (pollution, greenhouse gases) and shifting to less harmful lifestyles and technologies. The spirit of Prajñāpāramitā teaches that when relying on wisdom, the "mind has no hindrance" (is not attached to old ways), society can courageously abandon its dependence on coal for clean energya "release of attachment" on a policy scale. The principle of "Right Livelihood" and the circular economy are all-encompassing. The "five trades to be avoided" serves as an ethical guideline for the modern market system: restricting sectors with significant negative externalities (weapons, toxins, addictive substances...) and encouraging humane value chains that are safe and low in waste. A modern application of the "Right Livelihood" spirit lies in circular designs and standards in investment, helping to internalize environmental and social costs. This harmonizes short-term and long-term goals. The Net Zero and green growth targets are tightly legislated in energy, urban, and transport planning; a transparent carbon pricing and credit mechanism is designed so that "right benefits" are also "strong benefits." People are placed at the center of the transition. A sustainable innovation ecosystem is nurtured. If compassion helps establish the goal of development, leaving no one behind, then wisdom points to the method based on evidence, technology, education, and innovation, upholding ethical constraints regarding the environment and people. We see a consistent thread connecting sustainable development as the path of a nation that is mindful of the consequences of unchecked growth and knows how to invest persistently in its "top national policies" of science, education, and innovation. As the Buddha once taught in the Anguttara Nikaya "Like a person with good sight carrying a lamp in the darkness, who can see all things clearly, so too is wisdom, which dispels ignorance and brings great benefit to life" 19 . Applied to development, wisdom is the strategic vision to choose the right development path, avoiding extremes such as pursuing pure economic growth while neglecting social equity, or overemphasizing welfare while undermining productive momentum. The Party's guidelines from the Đổi Mới period to the present clearly reflect this "contemplation" development must be sustainable; integration must preserve independence and selfreliance; economic growth must be linked to culture, people, and the environment. The sustainable development strategy for the 2021-2030 period sets the requirement for green growth, a circular economy, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, aiming for the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 20 . Vietnam's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2022 was 0.703, placing it in the "high medium development" group and ranking 107th out of 193 countries. This reflects the effort to link economic development with improving the quality of life for the people. 19 Anguttara Nikaya (1996), Thích Minh Châu (trans.), Vol. 1, Religion Publishing House, p.234. 20 Vietnam commits to reducing emissions at COP26: https://tuoitre.vn/viet-nam-cam-ket-giam-phat-thai-taicop26-20211102070105729.htm Programs for multidimensional poverty reduction, new rural development, universal education, and community healthcare are concrete evidence of the Party's "human-centered" development thinking. In the context of globalization, energy crises, climate change, and rising social inequality, Vietnam's steadfast pursuit of rapid and sustainable development further demonstrates its strategic vision. This is not only an inheritance of the nation's aspirations but also a harmonious blend of Buddhist wisdom (seeing far, understanding cause and effect to choose the right path) with the Party's ideals (placing people at the center, not chasing after partisan interests). It can be said that development is not just a strategic goal of the Party but also proof of the convergence between Buddhist wisdom and the revolutionary ideals of Vietnam, aimed at building a harmonious, progressive, and humane society in which the people are the center, the driving force, and the ultimate goal of all efforts. CONCLUSION In summary, the convergence of the Buddhist thought of compassion and wisdom with the ideal of peace and development of the Communist Party of Vietnam has created a great spiritual strength for the nation. This is not just a cultural and political intersection but also the foundation for the country's sustainable development in the era of integration. Promoting the values of compassion and wisdom in conjunction with the Party's revolutionary ideals will contribute to shaping a Vietnamese identity that is at once humane and intellectual, peaceful and sustainably developed. In the new era, promoting the values of compassion and wisdom, linked to the Party's revolutionary ideals, will help Vietnam both strengthen its internal resources and contribute positively to the peace and development of humanity. Socially, combining compassion with the ideal of social justice will build a humane society where no one is left behind. Environmentally, compassion for all living things is linked to sustainable development and the protection of nature. In politics and foreign affairs, the spirit of compassion and wisdom helps shape a peaceful, friendly policy, enhancing Vietnam's international standing. REFERENCES 1. Thích Thiện Hạnh, The Light of Compassion Spreading in the Hearts of the Vietnamese People: https://tapchinghiencuuphathoc.vn/anh-sang-tubi-lan-toa-trong-long-nguoi-viet.html 2. Sutra of Loving-Kindness (Metta Sutta) (2013), Thích Minh Châu (trans.), Religion Publishing House, Hanoi, p.21. 3. https://thientruclam.info/ht-thich-thanh-tu/kinh-kimcang-giang-giai/doan-5-nhu-ly-that-kien 4. https://phatgiao.org.vn/cu-tran-lac-dao-d12481.html 5. Communist Party of Vietnam (2000), Complete Party Documents, Vol. 2, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.3. 6. Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 4, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.169. 7. Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 4, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.534. 8. Ho Chi Minh’s quote, referenced in Complete Works (2011), Vol. 4, p.534. (Translator's note: The original text cites this quote without a specific page, but it is contextually linked to the previous citation on the same page of the source document.) Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17614502 191 9. Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 5, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.256. 10. Communist Party of Vietnam (1987), Documents of the 6th National Congress, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.15. 11. Communist Party of Vietnam (1991), Documents of the 7th National Congress, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.85. 12. Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), Documents of the 13th National Congress, Vol. 1, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, p.161. 13. Nguyễn Phú Trọng (2022), Some Theoretical and Practical Issues on Socialism and the Path to Socialism in Vietnam, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.21. 14. Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Complete Works, Vol. 10, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.472. 15. https://vandieuhay.net/dao-cua-nguoi-quan-tu-lay-ducbao-oan-oan-ay-tieu-tan.html 16. Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), Documents of the 13th National Congress, Vol. 1, National Political Publishing House - Sự Thật, Hanoi, p.56. 17. Ho Chi Minh's quote, "For independence and freedom, fight to expel the Americans, fight to topple the puppets," is widely known. 18. Vietnam commits to reducing emissions at COP26: https://tuoitre.vn/viet-nam-cam-ket-giam-phatthai-tai-cop26-20211102070105729.htm 19. Anguttara Nikaya (1996), Thích Minh Châu (trans.), Vol. 1, Religion Publishing House, p.234. 20. Vietnam commits to reducing emissions at COP26: https://tuoitre.vn/viet-nam-cam-ket-giam-phatthai-tai-cop26-20211102070105729.htm