PROCEEDING BOOK OF 1ST ICAENS 2021

1 st In ternati onal Conferenc e on Applied Engineering a nd Natural Scien ces November 1- 3, 2021 : Kon y a, Turke y Proceeding Bo ok ICAENS 2021 i 1 st Inter national C onference on Ap plied Eng ineering a nd Na tural Sc iences Novem ber 1-3, 2021, Turkey Typesettin g Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZKA YA Cover Desi gn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZKAYA Editors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZKA YA ISBN: 978 - 625 - 00 - 0389- 3 ii National Organiz ing Committee Prof. Dr. A dnan Sözen, G azi Univer sity Prof. Dr. Mur at Yaka r, Mersin Uni versity , Turkey Assoc. Prof. D r. Enes Y iğit, Uludağ Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halit Öztekin, Sa kary a Applie d Science Un iversity Assoc. Prof. D r. Harun K em al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Univers ity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Merih Palan döken, İzm ir Katip Çe lebi Un iversity Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut Özkaya, Konya T echnical Univer sity Dr. Şaban Öz türk , Am asya U niversity International Organiz ing Committee Prof. Dr. J osep Guerr ero, Aalb org University Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coelh o, Univers idade Nova de Lisboa Prof. Dr. Mo hamm ad Ashraf Gonda l, King Fahd Un iversity Prof. Dr. W eidong Zhu, U niversity of Mar yland Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Ghaffar, G overnm ent College U niversi ty Assoc. Prof. D r. Farid Me lgani, Univer sity of T rento Assoc. Prof. D r. Francesco C ottone, Un iversity of Perugia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rita Ism ailova, Ky rgyz Turkish M anas Uni versity Dr. Am ina Othmani, U niversity of Monastir -Tunisia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Institute of I nform ation Techno logy Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail Unive rsity Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, University of - Sidi Bel Abbé s, Algeria Dr. Muhamm ad Sulta n, Zakariy a Universit y iii Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. A bdurazza g Ali Ab uras, Uni versity of Kwazulu-Natal Prof. Dr. A dnan Söze n, Gazi Uni versity Prof. Dr. Am it Soni, Manıpal U niver sity Prof. Dr. A nis Kouba a, Prince Su ltan U niversity Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coel ho, Univer sidade Nova de Lisboa Prof. Dr. J osep Guerr ero, Aal borg U niversity Prof. Dr. J uan Vasqu ez, Aalbor g Univers ity Prof. Dr. L aszlo T. K oczy, Budapest Uni versity of Technol ogy an d Econom ics Prof. Dr. Mo hamm ad Ashraf Gon dal, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Prof. Dr. Mur at Ya kar, Mersin Uni versity , Turkey Prof. Dr. Mu hamm ad Rashid, Univer sity of W est Florida Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhi lef, Malay a U niversity Prof. Dr. Sal im Ibrir, King Fahd Un iversity Prof. Dr. Su barna S haky a, Tribhuvan U niver sity Prof. Dr. Suz uki Hisa shi, Chu o Univers ity Prof. Dr. U sha Mehta , Institute of Techn ology, N irma U niversity Prof. Dr. V agif Gasi m ov, Azerbaijan Tec hnical Un iversity Prof. Dr. W eidong Z hu, Univer sity of Mary land Assoc. Prof. Abdul G haffar, G overnm ent College U niver sity Assoc. Prof. Ali Ha kan Işık, Bu rd ur Mehm et Akif Ers oy U niversity Assoc. Prof. Am ita Nandal, Ma nıpal Uni versity Assoc. Prof. Aslan İ nan, Yıld ız Tekn ik University iv Assoc. Prof. Atif Iq bal, Qatar U niversity Assoc. Prof. Francesc o Cottone, U niversity of Perug ia Assoc. Prof. Farid M elgani, University of Trento Assoc. Prof. Halit Öz tekin, Sak arya A pplied Scienc e Univers ity Assoc. Prof. Ham dy Ziedan, A ssiut U niversity Assoc. Prof. Harun Kem al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Universi ty Assoc. Prof. Jiri Pela, Brno U niversity of Technol ogy Assoc. Prof. Merih Paland öken, İzm ir Katip Çelebi Univers ity Assoc. Prof. Rita Ism ai lova, Ky rg yz T u rkish Manas Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Sadia Sam ar Ali, King Abdul-Aziz Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Tanm a y De, N ational Instit ute Of T echnology Durgapur Assoc. Prof. Zeashan K han, Air University Dr. A li Alm isreb , I nternationa l Univers ity of Saraje v o Dr. Am in a Othm an i, University of Monastir -Tunisia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Instit ute of Inform atio n Tech nology Dr. A run Kumar V erma, Malaviya N at ional Institu te of Tec h nology Jai pur Dr. A ziz Shah, University of Glaskow Dr. Bal Chan d Nagar, ECE N ational Institute of Tec hnology Pat na Dr. Baoze W ei , Aalborg U n iversity Dr. Bohum il Brtník, University of Pardubice Dr. D iptiranjan Beher a, The Uni versity of the W est Indies at M ona Dr. Fay çal BENSAALI, Qatar Univer s ity Dr. Fugui Qi, F o urth Mi litary Medical Uni versity Dr. Magdi S. Ma hmoud, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail University Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, Universi ty of - Sidi Bel Ab bés, Algeria Dr. Moharram Challenger, Antwer p Unive rsit y v Dr. Muhamm ad Sultan, Zakar iya U n iversity Dr. L esya A nishchenko, Ba um an Moscow State Techni cal Uni versity Dr. Sadina G agula Pa lalić, I nternatio nal Univer sity of Sarajevo Dr. Stefania Tom asiello, Univers ity of T artu Dr. Sy ed Om er Gilani, Natio nal Uni versity of Sciences and Tec hnology (NUST) Dr. T arık Nam as , Internatio nal Univer sity of Saraje vo Dr. U duak A. Um oh , Univer s ity of Uyo Dr. Y ajuan Guan, A alborg Un iversity vi Keynote Speakers Prof. Dr. J osep M. Guerrero, Aal borg U niversity , Denm ark Prof. Dr. Carlo s Coelho, Uni versida de Nova de L isboa, Portuga l Prof. Dr. W eidong Z hu, Univer sity of Mar y land , USA Prof. Dr. Mo hamm ad Ashraf Gonda l, King Fahd U niversity, Saudi Arabia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fran cesco Cot tone , Un iversity of Perugia, Ita ly Dr. Muhamm ad Sultan, Zakar iya U niversity, Pakistan vii Topics Engineerin g Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Biolog ical En gineering and Science s Biolog ical S y stems Engineering Biomedica l En gineering Bioprocess Engineering Chemical Eng ineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrica l En gineering Electronic Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Engineering Food Engineering Geotechnical Enginee ring Genetic Engineering Industria l Engineering Manufac turin g Engineering Materials Engineering Mechanical Enginee ring Mining and Geophy sical Engineering Nanoengineering Nuclear Enginee ring Petroleum Engineering Power Engineering Process Engineering Forest I ndustr y Engineering Structural Eng ineering Systems and Software Engineering Textile Engineering Thermal Engineering Web Engineering Natural Sc iences Astronomy a nd Space Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Biolog ical Sciences Botany Bac t eriology Chemistry Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences Forestry Sci ence s Genetics Geolog i cal Sciences Materials Science Mathematics Medical Sciences Meteorology Microbiology Mineralogy Palaeoec olo gy Pharmacology Physical Sciences Physics Plant Sciences Psychology Statistics Systems Biology 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 1 Covid- 19 (Disease Manag ement an d Spread Control ) Samreen Riaz *1 1 Dept. of MMG University of the Pun jab , Lahore, Pakistan * (samreen.mmg @pu.edu .pk ) E mail of the corresponding a uthor Abstract – COVI D-19 was originate d f rom Wuhan cit y of Hubei Province in China in December 2019. Since then it has sprea d in more than 210 countries and ter ritories. It is a viral disease due to the Severe Acute Respira tor y S y ndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS -CoV-2) virus. The patients show flu-like s ymptoms with a dr y c ough, sore throat, high fever, and br eathing problems. The disease due to SARS-CoV-2 was named as COVID-19. About 2.2 million people have been inf ected with more than 0.15 mi llion deaths globally. The United States of Am erica is the most affected countr y with the highest patients of about 0.7 million. Despite grea t efforts, there is no treatment of this disease. However, prevention and management are the b est options. This article desc ribes SARS-CoV-2, disease , prevention and management, treatment and social impact on society. It is urgently advised and requested that all the persons shoul d follow the preventive measures, managements and quarantine strictl y without an y r elig ious discrepanc y otherwise the sit uation ma y be the worst. Also, there is an urge nt re quirement to educate our new generation for science and t echnolog y to fight against an y such disaster in future; if any. There is no need to be panic and proper prevention an d management are essent ial to combat this disease. This article ma y be useful to crea te awareness amon g the public, to prevent, manage a nd treat COVID-19. Keywords – COVID- 19 , Disea se and S ymptoms 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 2 Comparative Gen omics of genes inv olved in cuticular w ax biosynthesis in sunflow er Mahmood-ur-Rahman *1 and Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad 1 1 Departmen t of Bioinfo rmatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalab ad, Pakistan * (mahmood [email protected] u.pk) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Sunflower is an important oil s eed crop worldwide. In Pakis tan, it is mainl y cultivat ed in spring season and is badly affected b y drought due to scarc it y of irri ga tion water. Epicuticular wax acts as the first line of defense t o protect plants from bio tic and abiotic stresses. I t can seal the arial parts o f land plants to prevent them from non-stomatal w ater loss . Various genes ha ve been characterized for wax biosynthesis under drought stress in Arabidops is thaliana and other plants. However, very scant y information is available for involvement of MYBs in droug ht stress and wax b iosy nthesis in sunflower. In this stud y , we compared the alread y reported A. thaliana cutic ular wax and drought responsive gen es with sunflower ge nome and identified putative genes like, MYB transc ription factors, LACS and CER in sunflower. Ph ylogenetic associations in Ar abidopsis and sunflower indicat ed stron g cons erva tion of these ge nes. From g ene struc ture anal y sis, it was ob served that intron and e xon org anization was fa mily specific. The y were unevenl y distributed on sunfl ower chromosomes. Evol utionary anal ysis indicated the segmental dupli cation of these genes in Sunflowe r. Quantitative Real Time PC R revealed upregulation fo three MYB, two each for LACS and CER ge nes under drought str ess. The expression was found man y folds higher in drou g ht s ubjected plants as compared to control. Present st udy provides the first i nsight about the charac terization of wax biosynthesis genes in sunflower und er stress conditions. Keywords – Sun flower, MYB Tran scription F actors, Drou ght, LACS, CER, W ax Biosynth esis 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 3 EFFECTS OF IN PUT PARAMET ERS ON MICR OWAVE HYBRI D HEATING BASED J OINING Virinder Kumar 1 , Shankar Sehga l 1 * 1 Mechan ical Engineering Department, UIET, Pa njab University, Chandig arh, 160014, India * (sehgals@pu .ac.in ) Email of the correspon ding author Abstract – Microwave energy-based joinin g is emerging as a novel non -traditional manufact uring technique. I t uses microwave radiations to join the similar or dissimilar materials having applications in the industrial sectors. The significant advantages of microwave joining are focused volumetric heating, eco -friendl y with the e nvironment, less utilization of power suppl y , good qualit y welds, etc. In microwave joining, the hea ting c an be emplo y ed in different way s namely direct, selective and h y brid heating. The microwave h y brid heating (MHH) is prefe rred over di rect heating as it empl oy s the susceptor and maskin g materials which in turn can produce rapid, u niform and selective he ating. The setup used in the MHH technique comprises an insulation brick, refractor y brick, susceptor powder, filler powder and a s eparator sheet. The workpieces to be joined are pl aced inside the c avity formed in an insulation brick and a separa tor shee t (generally gr aphite) is place d above the region to be j oined. Refrac tor y brick with the cavity for feeding susce ptor powder to the joi ning r egion is mounted above the insulation brick. This w hole setup is placed in a microwa ve applicator for the joining. The qua lit y of microwave processed jo ints mainly depends on the input parameters. The input parameters mainl y exposure time, filler powder, susceptor powder, material as well as thickne ss of separator sheet and power of microw ave applica tor g ove rn the response (o utput) parameters such as hardness, te nsile stre ng th, flexural strength and quality of the joint. So, it is essential to choose the optimum set of the input parameters to a chieve b etter efficiency in MHH technique. From the lit erature revi ew of MHH based joining attempts, it has b een observed that b etter properties (ph y sical and mechanical) we re attained b y using na no-sized interface powder. Further, the tensile stren gth of the jo int is found to be inverse l y proportional to the exposure time. I n powder -free MHH based joining the increase in hardness of the joint is mainl y due to diffusion of carbon from separator sheet ( gra phite) to the joint region. Dissimilar joining of materials by using nano-sized filler powder can be attempted in future as negligible work has been reported on this in the litera ture. Keywords – Micro wave hybrid h eating, Microwave jo ining, Filler powder 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 4 Assessing land us e and land cov er change detec tion using re m ote se nsing and GIS in the C entral Kash mir of Great Himalaya s Syed Rouhullah Ali *1 1 Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricu ltural Science s & Techn ology of Kashmir, I ndia ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-3101-5216 * (agarooh @skuastkashmir.ac.in ) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – L and use l and cover (LULC) chan ge d etection based on remo t e sensing d ata is an imp ortant source of info rmation for various decision support s y stems. Infor mation derived from LULC change detection is important to land c onservation, s ustainable devel opment, and man agement of water resources. The purpose of this stud y is therefore concerned with identif ying the change in land use and land cover detec tion of the Central Kashmir of Gre at Himalayas. To identify land c over changes detection; remote sensing data, satellite imagery and imag e processing techniques were done within two dates of 2000 and 2017 using LI SS III 23.5 meters resolution imag es. A rc G I S 10.4.1 software h ad been used to identif y th e changes. The c lassification had been done usi ng seven land cover classes (water bodies, glacier/snow, forests, agriculture, horticulture, wastela n d/barren and build up/ut ilit y ). Preproce ssing and classification of the image s were analy zed carefull y and acc urac y assessment w as done using ground truthing. This study indi cated that in the last 17 y ears perio d, all the land use classe s had significa ntl y changed in the Central Kashmir. Therefore, appropr iate land management practices, integrated watershed management, and active participation of the local communit y should be adv ance to protect undesira ble L ULC change in the Central Kashmir. Keywords – Land use land co ver, Chang e detection, Central Kash mir, Satellite imag ery 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 5 Generalized Co mplementarity pro ble m with its correspo nding variationa l inequality proble m involving XOR-opera tion Za hoor Rather *1 1 aligarh Muslim University, A ligarh , India * (zahoorrather35 [email protected] ) Email o f the correspon ding autho r Abstract – I n this pap er, we stud y a generalized complementarity problem and its corresponding ge neralized variational inequality problem involving XOR -operation. It is shown that both the problems are equival ent under cert ain conditions. An iterative algorithm is established to approximate the solution of generalized variational inequality problem invol ving XOR -operation using projection operator. Finall y , an existence and c onvergence result is proved and an example is provided using Matlab program. Keywords – XOR, iteratio n, Ma tlab 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 6 Experi m ental Inv estigation of Ho mogenization Heat Trea tment Effects o n Aluminium Allo ys Forming Havva Demirpolat * , Serace ttin Akdı 2 and Bülent Alkan 3 1 Mechan ical Engineering / Faculty o f Teknoloji , Selçuk Üniversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-2981 -9 867 2 Akdı Müh endislik / İ nnopark Teknoloji Ge liştirme Bölgesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-4814 -8 982 3 Metallurgy a nd Materials / Faculty o f Engineering , Hitit University, Türkiye ORCID ID 00 00 - 000 3-1048 -7 986 * (hdemirpolat@se lcuk.edu .tr ) Abstract – Alumin ium alloy is the second most used metal alloy group of alu minium allo y after steel. I t h as a wide range of applicati ons due to its high specific strength, eas y forming, good electrical conductivity and hig h corrosion resistance . Aluminium alloy s are divided into two mai n groups as process allo y s and casting allo y s according to ASTM standards. Al though the production o f cast allo y s is quit e easy, the mechanical properties of the process alloys are better. The pro cess alloys are produced b y continuous casting methods and after the process a llo y s are cast as billets or ingots. Al- Mg - Si extrusions a re subjected to homogenization heat treatment which generally consist of a soakin g treatment followed b y cooling. During e xtrusion forming, fibers are formed in the profile in the direction of extrusion. It has be en observed that the coarseness of the se fibers form ed in the ex trusion process causes un desirable de ep tears, crac ks and distortion of surfa ce when the aluminium profiles are subj ected to the cold formi ng p rocess. Alloy improvements and hea t treatment highly effects on surface qua lity. For this rea son cold forming process is modeled with the finite ele ment method in order to control surface deformations due to cold forming. Alloy enhancement and homogeniz ation heat treatment applied samples were subjected to cold forming process. It is observed that the homogenization heat treatment applied to the part produced from the alloy with improved chemical comp osition eliminated the de ep tears, residual stresses and invisible he terogene ities in the grain structure. Keywords – homo genization ,cold forming, a luminium alloy, heat trea tment I. I NT RODUCTI ON An important goal of automobile industr y is developing light and hi gh-strength allo ys witho ut sacrificing safety and comfort. I n addition to being light and durable aluminium alloy s have highl y important useful area for fuel saving in the automotive industr y . Ap art from design changes in vehicles, the onl y method that ca n reduce weight is to use lighter materials in automobile manufacturing. AA 6 XXX or Al - Mg -Si aluminium alloys series a re widel y used in the automotive industry thanks to their lightness, good corrosion resistance , high stren g th and good formabilit y . 6082 and 6005 allo y s are especiall y used as a wrought alloys in e xtrusion and forg ing. [1]. AA 6082 and AA6005 are alumini um allo y s whic h β - Al5FeSi, α - Al12 (FexMn(1-x ))3Si phases and M g2Si particl es formed du ring solidificati on on extrusion process. Also this phases effected on extrusion process, the surface qualit y of the material a nd workabilit y .[ 2,3] The melting of the β -Al5FeSi phase durin g extrusion causes poor surface qualit y . Pha se transform ation of β - Al5FeSi into α -Al12 (FexMn(1- x))3Si particles with higher Fe/Si ratio occurs with the homogenization process. [4 -8,10] Thanks to the homogenization process it is enabled to reduce the Mg and Si conc entrations local melti ng risks during rolling or ex trusion process. In addition, th e Demirpolat et al., Experimental I nvestigation of Homogenization Heat Treatment Effects on Aluminium Alloys Forming , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 7 spheroidization of α pa rticles that will give better extrusion prope rties and surface finish tak es place with homogenization. [3,4,7,9,10].When AlMg Si alloys contains precipitating elements such as manganese, chromium, and zirconium that phases precipitate at high temperature (approxim ately 500°C) can be formed during the homo genization process. These pr ecipitate ensure the preservation of the fibrous structure during the extrusion process. This infrastruc ture causes the incr ease in streng th to be higher with the subsequent aging process. [11] If aluminium allo y s are exposed to thermo - mechanical effects, the grain structur e changes physica ll y. First grain structure recr y stallizes and then grain growths. Mainl y , recr y st allizes mechanism is based on amount of β -AlFeSi phas es in solution. For this rea son, the process should be designe d for the desired high strength, to prevent partial cr y stallization or to give a fine thre ad-li ke grain structur e throughout. [12]. Much more S i used than Mg can bind to in crease the agin g hardening capacity in th e 6082 alloy. Also Mn used to contr ol the grain structure. In this case, the stren gth d epends on the composition and process conditions [10 -13]. The most important factor in material s tructure is grain size. As the grain siz e gets thi nner, fracture toughness and ductilit y inc rease. Generally , deformation rate is propo rtional to ductilit y . At low temperature affects defor mation hardening, while at high temperatures the rate of de formation is effective. As a result of deformation; recovery , recry stallization and grain growth mec h anism occurs. The event that o ccurs during the ann ealing process as a result of cold deformation is recover y and recr y stalliz ation. The recr y stalli zation, which st arts with temperature a nd deformation energ y a t the grain bounda ries, covers the whole struc ture with deformation and temperature, and then the structure recrystallizes creates grain growth at the annealing tempe rature. [ 13] II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD A parametric experimental analysis has used to describe variations of cracking and surface deformations with homog enization heat treatment. A. Experimental me thod The chemical composit ions of the aluminium profiles used in the study is given in Table 1. Microstructure analysis was performed to compare the fibres formed in the extrusion direction. Samples were taken from its vertica l sections. S amples were prepared with standard meta ll ographic methods. Polished with 3μm diamond suspension solution and then finis hed colloidal silica. The y were etche d with %0.5 HF acid etching solution. Mic rostructural features of the samples were obtained in Fig1. Samples were prepared with standard metallographic methods for macro etchin g by taking horizontal and vertical sections from A A6005 and AA6082 aluminium profiles. The y were etch ed wit h acid solution which compound HC L , HF, H NO3 and pure water. Both of horizontal and vertical sections for AA6005 and AA6082 macrostructure image s of are g iven in F igure 2.a -d The macrostructure anal ysis of the part from AA6082 alloy and a ppli ed homoge nization wa s performed but no signific ant di fference wa s obse rved in the macro structur e be fore and after homogeniz ation. For this reason the macro structure image of the homogenized AA6082 is not given. Finally, cold forming process was ap plied to the parts with the help of a hy dr aulic press as se en in Fig 3. Homoge nization process was applied to onl y 6082 alloy. Homogenization process was applied at 580°C and c onducted for 8 hours in prothe rm furnace. The samples were cooled with air conditions. 6005 alloy cannot homo genized due to its low strength seen in Table2. Tab le 1. The chemical co m p o sition of the alu min ium profiles ( wt.%) Alloy % Si % Mn % Cu % Mg % Cr % Fe AA 6005 0.78 0.06 0.06 0.61 0.05 0.20 AA 6082 1.03 0.61 0.07 0.76 0.20 0.21 Figure1. Ma crostructural features o f samples Demirpolat et al., Experimental I nvestigation of Homogenization Heat Treatment Effects on Aluminium Alloys Forming , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 8 Tab le 2. Hardness compariso n of materials made of AA6082 allo y and AA6082 alloy Material Brinell Hardness (HB) AA6005 36,46 AA6082 AA6082+ Homogen i zation 97,63 45,13 III. R ESULTS An experimental stud y was conducted to solve an industrial proble m of cold forming . I t is very clearl y seen that thermo-m echanical applications highl y effected on w rought alloy esp ecially 6XXX series. During extrusion forming, fibres are formed in t he profile in the direction of extrusion as seen in Fig1. It has been observed that the coarseness of these fibres formed in the extrusion process cause s undesirable deep tears, cracks and distortion of surface wh en the alumin ium profiles are subjected to the cold forming proce ss. I t is see n in Fig.4 cubic intermetallic compound particles detected with XRD analysis in EN AW 6082 ex trusion profile.. This intermetallic compounds consist of mainly large-size phase Mg, Si, Mn an Fe. a -AA6082 c -AA6082 b -A A6005 d -A A6005 Figure 2.a -Macrostructure i mages of horizo ntal sections for AA6082 b - Macrostructure i mages of horizo ntal sections for AA6005 c - Macrostructure i mages of vertical sect ions for AA6082 d - Macrostructure i mages of vertical sect ions for AA6005 a. AA6005 b. AA6082 c. AA6082+ Homogenization Soak temperature:580°C Soak Time: 8h Fig 3. Macrostruct ure features o f samples after cold for ming process (a. AA6005, b. AA608 2, c. AA6082+ho mogenization ) AA 6082 and AA 6005 are allo y s which contains differe nt pe rcentage value of Si, Mg and Mn seen in Table 1. According to the 6005 allo y standa rd,% Mg can be betwe en 0.4 an d 0.6, while experimental sample value is 0.6. The most important difference between AA6005 and A A6082 is the% Mn value. The Mn value is 0,06 at 6005 whereas 0,61 o f Mn at 6082. I n 6XXX alloy s, manganese (Mn) forms the fragile phas e AlFe(Mn)Si. These fine ne edle-li ke and dark black phases are seen in the microstructures in Figure 1. I t is s een that in Fig.1 matrix alpha aluminium is more clear in the 600 5 alloy, depending on the d eposited secondar y phases. Although the re is a chemical difference between 6082 and 6005, this clea r Al matrix shows that t he 6005 alloy is not homogenized at a suf ficient level. In F i gure 1,if 6082 and homogenized 6082 a re compared, it is seen that the densit y of secondar y phases de posited in th e homogenized a ll oy is higher. This condition can be explained b y th e matrix that becomes a supersaturated solution by homogenization. Generall y homo genization practice used for AA 60 82 allo y is to hold this at a temperature between 540°C and 580°C for up to 8 h. One of the DSC sch ematic that for a llo y AA6082, is shown in Fig. 5. First e xothermic peaks ar e re lated with Mg-Si piles. I n this wa y lowest solut ionizing point in the sa mples wa s indicated. β -M g2Si phases are started the solutionizing about 450°C at th e initial of endothermic peak as seen in Fi g.5. Homoge nization temper atures are determinate by solidus temperature o f Al MgSi(Mn) alumini um alloys. The amount of precipitated phases decreased with relativel y high temperature heat tre atment on AA6082 was observed. In this way , t he Demirpolat et al., Experimental I nvestigation of Homogenization Heat Treatment Effects on Aluminium Alloys Forming , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 9 transformation of β→α phases takes place completely in AA6082.The phase trans formation starts at a lower temperat ure in 6082 than in 6005 in Ref.[10] a. AA 6082 XRD b. AA6082 Figure 4. a.XRD sp ectrum of AA 608 2 sa m ple b. Micro structure of AA 6082 sam ple Figure 5 DSC T race for AA608 2 samples IV. CONCLUSION Macro structures o f AA 6005 allo y and AA6082 alloy for 2 differe nt axes is shown in Figures 2 a and 2b. Extremel y coarse g rains is seen in the AA6005 alloy due to thermo-mechanical eff ects. This indicates that there is not e nough homogenization to the AA6005 allo y . In the production, AA6005 extruded alloy s with 36 HB hardness are currentl y used and as a result of the cold forming disruption occurs on the material surface. It has been detec te d, the AA6005 allo y s are not suitable for homogenization due to the grain coarseni ng mechanism and low hardness v alues. AA6082 alloys with 98 HB h ardness are also broken durin g cold forming . This circumstances creates a problem in terms of usa ge and w orkability. High forces a re needed to cold forming process. When the 6082 alloy was homogenized not onl y h ardness was reduce d but also phase t ransformations within the structure were achieved. No damage and no distortion was observe d on the surface of the materials formed after the homogenization heat treatment. I n cold for mi ng, for easy and suitable forming of 6 XXX allo y s, homogenization heat treatment should be done at temperatures and times determined spec ificall y for the each allo y . T he transformation of β - AlFeSi phases into α -Al FeSi phase by homogenization process directly aff ects the cold forming ability of the AA6082 allo y . A CKNOWLEDGMENT "The named a uthors have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.” R EFE RENCES [1] Standart Specification f or A luminium Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, P rofiles an d Tubes. ASTM, Designation: B 221M -12a [2] Zhouli Xu, H uijuan Ma, N ing Zhao, and Zhili Hu , Investigation on Co m pre ssive For m ability and Microstructure Evol ution o f 6 082 -T6 Aluminium Allo y, J. o f Metals, 10, 469 -480, (2020 ) [3] Saha P radip K., Alum iniu m extrusio n tec hnology, Materials Par k, OH 44073 -0002, ISBN: 0 -87170- 644 -X, pp(136 -138), (2000) [4] Birol Y. , T he effect o f homogenization prac tice o n t he microstructure of AA6063 billets, J ournal o f Ma terials Pro cessing T echnology, 148( 2):250 -25 8, (2004) [5] Beatt y E. C., Pro ceedings o f the Fir st Internatio nal Aluminium Extrusion Techno logy Seminar, Paper no. 10, Aluminium Associatio n, W ashington, DC, 196 9. [6] Mró w ka -No wotnik, G., Sieniawski, J., W ierzbińska, M.. Intermetallic p hase particles in 6082 aluminium allo y, Archives of Mater ials Science and Eng ineering 2 82, 69 - 76, (2007) . [7] Kuijpers N.C.W., Tirel J., Hanlon, Zwaag D. N. S., Quantification of the evolution of the 3 D intermetallic structure in a 60 05A aluminium allo y during a homogenisation trea tment, Materials Character izatio n, 48 p p. 379-392 , (2002) [8] T . Sm it h, Reil ly K. O ´, Kumar S., I. Stone, I nfluence o f Grain-Refi ner Addition o n the Morp hology of Fe - Bearing Intermetallics in a Semi-Solid P rocessed A l- Mg - Si Alloy, Metallur gical a nd Materials T ransaction s., 44A, pp. 4866 -4871, (2013) [9] Dons A .L., The Alstruc ho mogenizatio n m o del for industrial alumi nium alloys, Jo urnal of L ight Metals., 1 pp. 133 -149, (2001 ) [10] Bayata N., Cieslarb M., In-situ study of phase transfor m ations during ho mogenization of 600 5 and 6082 Al allo ys, Journal o f Alloys and Co m po unds, 72 5, 25, Pp 504-509, ( 2017) [11] M. Çiğdem and Y. Erarslan "T he Effect o f Mould Lubrication on The Surface And Subsurface Qualit y of Semi Co ntiniously D C cas t Al-6063 alloy billets" Practical Metallography, 34, 11, 555 -573, (1997) [12] Yucel B. The effect of process ing a nd Mn content on the T5 and T6 proper ties of AA6082 P rofiles, Journal of Materials Pr ocessing Tec hnology 173, 8 4 – 91,(2006 ) [13] J. Van Rijkom, W .S. Miller, Proc. 6th Internatio nal Aluminium E xtrusion Tec hnology Seminar, Vo l. 1, Aluminium Associatio n, , 14 9 -155 Washington, DC, (1996) 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 10 Construction and cost analy sis of an Industrial Automation Sy stem Enes EFE * , Muciz Ozcan 2 and Husey in Hakli 3 1 Departmen t of Electrical a nd Electronics Eng ineering , Hitit University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-6136-6140 2 Departmen t of Electrical a nd Electronics Eng ineering , Necmettin Erbaka n University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-5277-6650 3 Departmen t of Computer E ngineering , Necmettin Erbaka n University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-5 019 -071X * ( [email protected] u.tr) Email of the co rresponding au thor Abstract – Technology evolves at a br eakneck pace ever y da y , and the ensuing improvements may help production techniques and machines in various ways. Manufacturers who can quickl y adapt to these changes can enhan ce their production output, increasing profitabilit y a nd give them a competitive advantage over their competitors. However, depending on the productio n strateg y , the cost reductions resulting from new de velopm ents mig ht va ry . As a result, to g uarantee that any modi fications are cost - effective, produc ers must undertake precise eval uations for acceptable production techniques. Industrial automation sy stems, which employ control systems such as industrial r obots and programmable logic controllers, are b ecoming increasingl y popular as a means of boosting pro fitability for mass manufacturing. These aspects a re used in the manufacturing pro cess to off er qualit y and flex ible production techniques, both of which a re important conce rns, as well as to sa ve human labor. Manufacturers, on the other hand, are still unsure how long it will take to re turn to pr ofitabilit y if an I ndust rial Automation S y stem is utiliz ed. There is an insufficient amount of research based on statis tical data to a ssist manufacturers in the lit erature that has been published t hus far. The Industrial A utomation S y stem uses artificial intelligence approaches to calculate the time to return to profita bilit y , which is one of the study 's bre akthrou ghs. The differential evolution method was used to estimate future u nit prices of power while comput ing returns from the deployed sy stem. Keywords – Ind ustrial auto mation, differen tial evolution algorithm, prediction I. I NT RODUCTI ON As technology adv ances apace , new innovations have a critical effect on our lives. Manufacturing quality and the av ailability of cheap produ cts have become inevitable necessities in today’s global markets. The use of aut omation technologies h as made it is possible to mas s-produce items and low er production costs [1]. Automation is defined a s the automatic control of a tool, process, or s y stem as a result of observation, decision makin g, and the ability to effect changes via mech anica l o r electronic devices, ra ther than human intera ction [2] . An entire task is shared b y humans and machines, and the sh aring r atio of this activity effectively determines the level of automation. If human power predominates, the resulting s y stem is said to be semi-automated; if machine power is dominant, this is known as full automation [3]. Industria l automation (IA), which uses modern techniques and applications in manufacturing, is an impressive manufacturing strateg y that leads t o ongoing competi tion between riv al companies [4 ] . These s y stems are c apable of replacing huma n power in virtuall y any b usiness sector and utilize vital control s y stems, such as programmable logic controllers (P L C ), industrial robots, computers an d information technolo gies. This strate gy enable s quality and flexibilit y to be increased within manufacturing operations, and, on inspecting the manufacturing processes of developed countries, it becomes immediatel y o bvious when automation systems have bee n widely deployed. Efe et al., Building and Cost Analysis of an Industrial Automation Syste m using Industrial Robots and Programmable Logic Contr oller Integration , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 11 Industria l robots, which are among the most critical elements of industrial automation s y stems, continue to grow in importance on a daily basis [5]. Japan was the first country to use robots in i ndust r y and, at the time, their introduction brought concer ns that unemplo y m ent would rise. However, their widening usage has removed an y doubts that this would happen and has, in fac t, led to m an y new lines of work, with the re sult that unemploy men t has decreased substantially [6] . Today , the y are most freque ntl y used in working environments where there is a risk to human life from hazardous conditions, resulting from high temperatures, mechanical vibrations, chemicals, and nuclear energy [7]. The PLC is another important element of industrial automation s ystems. Intended to r eplace relay command circuits, the P L C was so n amed because it was only able to perf orm basic logic operations when first introduced. Firms such as Allen Bradley, General Electric, Siemens, and Westinghouse produced the first medium-cost and high-performance P LCs, allowing thi s t y p e of controller to be applied in industr y [3] . As Toshiba, Mitsubishi, and Omron developed low -cost, high - performa nce devices, their u se in industrial automation systems became even mor e widespread [8] . PL Cs have man y attributes including, but n ot limited to, fle x ibility , reliabilit y , ease of expansion, and low power consumption. I t is possible to contro l alterations and enlarge the system solely b y changing the PL C software [ 9]. Various industrial automation studies have b een documented in which PL Cs and industrial robots have be en used. I n 2007, Niola et. al. examined the possibilit y of using a video s y stem to plan a robot’s trajectory, and this was achieved b y controlling robots with a computer mouse from a pe r sonal computer (PC) moni tor [10] . Dong and Kua n g’s 2013 stud y analyzed the communication signals between a Mit subishi PLC and Glax oSmithKline robot [11] . I n 2017, Stückelmaier et al. presented a method of g raduall y increasing the trajec tor y accuracy of industrial robots and examined d y namic modeling, definition, and kinematic calibration [12] . Jeong et al. published a stud y, in 201 7, that discussed the software architecture of an integrated PLC robot, which pla yed a ke y role in industrial smart systems [ 13]. C he n and Dong condu cted studies to increase the accurac y and efficienc y of robotic engraving and ex amined the fea sibilit y of developing engraving s y stems that are capable of carry ing out t asks that were previousl y thou ght to be the preserve of computer num er ical control (CNC) machines [14]. In dev eloped countries, engineering servi ces are usually billed on an hou rly basis. However, this i s not the case in deve loping countries, such as Turkey, where remittance usually occurs at monthl y intervals. I n addition, advanced robots are more expensive compare d to basic machines, a nd this results in additional costs for developing countries. Consequently, developed countries are able to us e high-end industrial robots, that do not require additional engineering services and are capable of using PLC software, rather than havin g to procure further control s y stems. However, installation costs can be lowered b y the use of a b asic robot operatin g in conjunction with a PLC, and a number of studies have been docum ented that focus on reducing this expenditure. This study was conducted in an active and physica ll y-accommodating plant and produced statistical data, whi ch w as subsequentl y evaluated. In order to accuratel y calcula te the cost of th e installed s ystem and determine the pa y back period, it was necessary to establish the price of the total electrical energy that the s y stem would expend. This was determined b y the use of a differential evolution (DE) algorithm to successfully predict futu re un it electricity prices, thereby allowin g the total electricity bill for the s ystem to be calculated. T he DE algorithm is suit able for a rang e of applic ations in the electrical energy sector and can, for example, be used to dete rmine lo ad estimates, which are a crucial consideration in t his field. Eke suc cessfull y estimated medium-term load using the DE algorithm [15], and W ang et al. used the D E algorithm to predict el ectrical energ y consumption [16] . This study e valuated an automation s y stem, consisting of an industrial robot and PLC, which was installed in a factor y th at manuf actures si de coupling globe valves (SC GV). The findings fro m this exercise were assessed a nd the costs of the system were compared with those that were incurred prior to inst allation. One of the most important aspects of this new s y stem was the P LC, which, in combination with the industrial robot, enabled fast production. In addition, this stud y allowed th e introduction of new techniques to calcula te costs and determine the pa yback pe riod. Efe et al., Building and Cost Analysis of an Industrial Automation Syste m using Industrial Robots and Programmable Logic Contr oller Integration , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 12 This paper is struc tured as follows: Se ction 2 discusses the materials and methods used; Sections 3 and 4 are concerned with the i nstallation of t he industrial automation s y stem and application of th e proposed method, and e xamines the e xperimental results which were obtain ed for the installed s ystem. II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD This study focused on the use of an industrial automation s y ste m for the manufacture of valves with side couplings. Two CNC machines, a 6 -axis industrial robot, and a PLC were provided for th is purpose, and commu nications between the se elements were achieved b y the use of digital input- output signals. A. Industrial Robot and PLC An industrial robot is defined, according to ISO 8373, as a m anipulator with three or more axes, which is pro grammable, multi purpose, and can be either wheeled or station ar y [ 17]. The mobilit y o f this manipulator varies according to its number of axes and fea tures, and electrical, hydra ulic, or pneumatic driver s ystems are used to power its joint movements. An industrial robot essentially comprises the manipulator, a teach p endant, and controller, while elements that remain outside the system boundaries of the robot are term ed peripherals. The end effector, in this case, a standard pneumatic gripper, is use d to g rab the workin g parts (Figure 1). Other peripherals include sensors, machines, conveyor belt s, and securit y equipment, etc. The controller ensures that the industrial robot works in harmony with the peripheral d evices and performs the desired movements [18] . Fig. 1 T he Standard P neumatic Grip per Used as an End Effector in this Stud y. PLCs have a microproce ssor base, receive information from detectors in the field, and process this information as instructed. Consequentl y , the y are able to control remote instrumentation and can be used in industrial automation s y stems to execute command and control mechanisms. In addition, PLCs are industrial co mputers that are equipp ed with input and output capabilities that enable them to communicate with separate d evices and wor k in combination with SCADA [19]. The PL C examined in this stud y allowed th e actions of the industri al robot and CNC to be s y nchronized, thereb y allowing control of th e hardware elements in the system. B. DE Algorithm The DE Al gorithm was proposed b y Storn and Price in 1995 and is a po pulation -based method that uses operators resembling those in genetic instructions, such as mutati on, selection, and crossing [ 20]. The DE Algorithm uses the followin g parameters: population size (Np), scaling fac tor (F), and crossing ratio (Cr). The principal steps of th e DE Algorithm are: Step 1: Determination of the initial population. Step 2: Evaluation of the initial population. Step 3: Mutation. Mutation is a process that adds the scaled differe nce of two rando m individuals to another individual that has been r andomly sele cted from the population. 𝑣 𝑚,𝑡 + 1 = 𝑥 𝑟 3 ,𝑡 + 𝐹 × (𝑥 𝑟 1 ,𝑡 − 𝑥 𝑟 2 ,𝑡 ) (1) In Equa ti on 1, 𝑣 𝑚, 𝑡 +1 repre sents the mutated individual, while 𝑥 𝑟 1 ,𝑡 , 𝑥 𝑟 2 ,𝑡 , and 𝑥 𝑟 3 ,𝑡 are randoml y selected individuals from the population 𝑥 𝑟 1 ≠ 𝑥 𝑟 2 ≠ 𝑥 𝑟 3 ≠ 𝑥 𝑖 ) . Step 4: Crossing. The value of 𝐶 𝑟 determines which g enes are taken from the new individual, due to the mutation. If a randomly-generated value between 0 and 1 is less than 𝐶 𝑟 , it is chosen from 𝑛 𝑗 , 𝑖 ,𝐺 +1 ; if it is greater than C_r, it is selected from the current vector. The ai m of these oper ations is to ensure that a previousl y specified ratio of genes are taken from th e mutated individual. The mathematical expression for th e crossing method is: 𝑥 𝑗 ,𝑢,𝑡 +1 = { 𝑥 𝑗,𝑖,𝑡 𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑗,𝑚,𝑡+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 [ 0,1 ] ≤𝐶 𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑗 =𝑗 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 ) Efe et al., Building and Cost Analysis of an Industrial Automation Syste m using Industrial Robots and Programmable Logic Contr oller Integration , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 13 In Equation 2, x u,t +1 represents the candidate individual after crossing, and j is the current gene index. I f none of the val ues acquired for an y g ene are less than C r , the current individual remains unchanged. I n order to circumvent this situation, a randomly-selected gene ( j rand ) is updated to ensure at least one ge ne mutation occurs. Step 5: Choice. A choice is made in favor of the candidate individual or curr ent individual that best fits the criteria. This pra ctice is ge nerall y known as the greedy-choice method. A comparison is made between the current individual’s purpose fun ction performa nce and the can didate’s solution. Step 6: Stopping Criterion. Steps 3, 4, and 5 are repe ated sequentially until the stopping criterion is satisfied. Otherw ise, the be st solution is reported and the a lgorithm terminates. III. R ESULTS Fig ure 2 shows the profit graphs for the sc enarios and operatin g modes in question. I t can be seen that if the automated s y stem commence d operation in 2019, it would become p rofitable within 2-3 y ears, assuming 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. workin g. However, if the system was operated on a 24 hour basis, it would become profitable within the first y e ar. Althou gh theoretica ll y possible, producers prefer to avoid continuous production due to the attenda nt reduction in machine service life. Fig. 2 Pr ofit Graph of the Syst e m . IV. D ISCUSSION AND CONCLU SION This study considered the inst allation of an industrial automation system whic h produced SCGVs. One of the innovations that were done i n this study is that the Industrial Automation S ystem computes the time to return to profitabilit y b y using artificial intelligence te chniques. In cont rast t o many other s y stems, a PLC was us ed in addition to an industrial robot and, in order to accuratel y calculate the costs of the installed sy stem to the producer, a DE algorithm was used to estimate future elec tricit y unit prices in Turke y . Thus the to tal energy cost was calculated and compared with the labor costs prio r to installation. I n the light of this study, the s ystem was expected to be come profitable withi n 2.5 years and return considerable ga ins thereafter. The use of a PLC p rovides sig nificant advantages, namely : the ability of the s ystem to op erate manually, providing cont inuous production, and the option to procure cheaper robots without addition al features. F urthermore, the r esulting simplicity of the robot softwa re increa ses the usability of the system. In summar y, the inst allation of this automated system resulted in increased production and higher levels of efficiency and flex ibility . In the futur e, it may be possible to a chieve g reater efficie nc y b y reducing ene rg y expenditure. The electric energ y used b y the s y st em could be supplie d from renewable energy sources, and the s y ste m could be made more economical. Moreover, the use of a wireless communication fea ture could increase the usabilit y of the s y ste m by enabling control ov er a remote computer. R EFE RENCES 1. Yücel, İ.H., Sanayid e Robot T eknolojisi. Uygulaması Ve Önemi, DPT Yay ınl arı, Ankara, Aralık, 1991. 2. Sheridan, T.B., Telerob otics, automation, and human supervisory control . 1992: MIT press. 3. Özcan, M., Otomasy on sistemlerinde PLC uygulamaları . 2004: Atlas Ya y ın d ağıtım. 4. Achary a, V., S.K. Sharma, and S. Kumar Gupta, Analyzing the fa ctors in industri al automation using analytic hierarchy process. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 2017. Efe et al., Building and Cost Analysis of an Industrial Automation Syste m using Industrial Robots and Programmable Logic Contr oller Integration , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 14 5. Çenge lci, B. and H. Ç imen, Endüstriyel robotlar. Makine Te knolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2005. 2 (2): p. 69-78. 6. Peşkircioğlu, N., Otom asyon ve Entegre Kalite K ontrolu. Verimlilik Dergisi, (15): p. 19-40. 7. De Silva, D., Rea ctions to Robot s, Engineering . 1987, April. 8. Kurtulan, S., PLC ile endüstriyel otomasyon . 2001: Birsen Yay ınevi. 9. Rehg, J.A. and G.J. Sartori, Programmable logic controllers . 2009, Upper Saddle R iver, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. 10. Niola, V., C. Rossi, and S. Savin o, Visi on system for industri al robots path planning. Internationa l journal of Mecha nics and control, 2007. 8 (1): p. 35-45. 11. CHEN, D.-q. and Y.-c. KUANG, Communication between Mitsubishi PLC and GSK Industrial Robot. Mechanical Engineer, 2013. 4 : p. 023. 12. Stückelmaier, P., M. Grotjahn, and C. Fräger. Iterative impr ovement of path accuracy of industri al robots using external measureme nts . in Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM) , 2017 IEEE International Conference on . 2017. IEEE. 13. Jeong, H.S., et al. Design of S W archite cture for PLC integrated robot . in Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (UR AI), 2017 14th International Conferenc e on . 2017. I EEE. 14. Chen, Y. and F. Dong, Robot machining: recent development an d future research issues. The I nte rnational J ournal of Advance d Manufacturing Technology, 2013. 66 (9 -12): p. 1489-1497. 15. Eke, İ., Diferansiyel evrim algoritması destekli yapay sinir ağı ile orta dönem yük tahmini. Uluslararası Mühe ndislik Araştırma v e G eliştirme Dergisi, 2011. 3 (1): p. 28-32. 16. Wang, L., et al., Effective electricity energy consumption forecasting using echo stat e network improved by dif ferential evolution algorithm. Energy , 2018. 153 : p. 801-815. 17. Standard, I., 8373: 1994. Manipulating industrial robots – Vocabulary. 18. Dişlitaş, S., Endüstriyel Robot Programlama. Baskı, Endüstriy el Robot Programlama Eğitimi ile Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Güçlendirilmesi (ERPE -METEG) Projesi, Çorum, 2015. 19. Mirzaoğlu, İ. and M. Sarıtaş, PLC VE SCADA Kullanarak Bir İrmik Üretim Sisteminin Otomasyonu. 2008. 20. Storn, R. and K. Price , Differential evolution-A simple and efficient adapti ve scheme for global optimization ove r continuous spaces [R ] . Berkele y : ICSI, 1995. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 15 Kinetics and equi librium study for the adsorption o f synthetic dy es on olive stone -based activa ted carbon Mourad Termoul 1* , Salima Attouti 1 , Nourddine Be nderdouche 1 , Benaouda B estani 1 1 Laborato ire de Structu re, Elaboration et App lications des Mat éria ux Molécula ires ( S.E.A.2M), Algeria * (mourad.termou l@univ- mosta. dz) Email of the corresponding a uthor Abstract – The va lorization of agricultura l b y-products as a m eans of removing pollutants from contaminated wastewater is of increasing interest for sust ainable d evelopment applications. Th e present work focuses on the rem oval of two d ye s such a s methy lene blue and Co ng o red in aque ous solut ion b y chemically activated of olive stones . The oli ve sto nes were soak ed in 50% phosphoric acid for 3 h a t 443 K. Af ter washing, the product wa s a ctivated in an inert atmosphere for 3 h at a tempera ture of 1023 K. The activated carbon prepared was characterized by m ethy lene blue and iodine number adsorption, N 2 adsorption at 77 K using BET e quation, infrared spectrosc op y (IR -TF), p H Pzc and Boe hm titrations. The adsorption c apac it y of both pollutants wa s deter mined using the Langmuir model to the adso rption isotherms. This study showed that a ctivated carbon fr om olive stones is able to a dsorb thes e dy es effectively, the adsorption capacity of red Congo is similar for both activated carbons around 85 mg/g. For methylene blue, the highest adsorption value w as achieved (555 m g/g) for olive stone -based activated carbon. Compared to Me rck commercial activated carbons, the maximum adsorption ca pacit y of the olive stone-based activated car bon for these poll utants representing an excellent value. This adsorbent p erforms better than commercial activated carbon. The a dsorption kinetics of the two poll utants describe well the pseudo-second order m odel with R 2 >0.99. The intra particle diff usion model describes less we ll the adsorption kinetics with relatively low correlation coeff icients in general R 2 < 0.90. Keywords – Activated Carbon, Ch emical Activatio n, Olive Stones, A dsorption. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 16 Metabolic I mbalance and Infla mmatory Atherosclerosis Risk in Ty pe 1 Diabetes: The Rol e of Ketosis as a Metabolic State Walid Hassene Ha mri 1* , Mustapha Diaf 2 a nd Noria Harir 3 1 Departmen t of Biolo gy, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes Un iversity, Sidi -Bel- Abbes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-9976-2272 2 Departmen t of Biolog y, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Scien ces, Djillali Liabes Univer sity, Sidi -Bel-Ab bes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6065-6659 3 Departmen t of Biolo gy, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes Un iversity, Sidi -Bel- Abbes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5221-2705 * (walidhamri94 @gmail.com) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Background: Epidemiologica l inqui ries on the subclinical atherosclerotic inflammatory disease in ketosis-onset t y pe 1 diabetes (T1D) are scarce. Our objective was to e valuate the risk of developing atherosclerosis via lipid ratios by comparing two groups o f patients according to their ke tosis status. Patients and Methods: W e performe d a comparative retrospective stud y , including 351 patients (13 – 74 y e ars) with confirmed T1 D divided int o the followi ng groups: patients with inaugural diabetic k etosis ( IDK ) vs . patients with diabetic ke tosis (DK). Clinical, biological and pathophysiological patients’ data were compared. Results: Our stud y sho wed a slight predominance of males (50.43%), with an average age of 25.77± 8.65 y e ars. Comparing to IDK, DK patients had a higher body mass index. No significant differences were observed b etween fa sti ng plasma glucose and H bA 1C and lipid levels. The results showed that the thi rd (OR= 2.14 [ 0.81 – 5.61]; p=0.12) and th e fourth q uartiles (OR= 0.9 [0.35 – 2.33] ; p=0.83) of TC/HDL ratio were higher in both grou ps. We noticed hi ghe r co ncordant values on the last two quartiles (third and fourth) of the L D L /HD L ra tio with p values of 0.07 and 0.39, respectively . In both groups, TC/HDL a nd TG/HDL were slightl y higher in males compared to fema le T1D patients ex cept for the LDL/HD L ratio, which showed a slig ht ascendant m edian in female s compared to males with IDK. Conclusion: The prevalence and risk of atherosclerosis inflammator y di sease w ere higher in n ewl y and formerly diagnosed patients with ketosis -onset T1D. Thus, medic al awareness initiatives and a routine thorough endothelial function are needed to r educe the prevalence of the risk of atherosclerotic inflammatory disease. Keywords – Atheroscle rosis ri sk, lipid ratios, keto sis, type 1 dia betes, sub clinical atherosclerotic in flammatory disea se. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 17 Clinical Associa tions of dyslipide mia w ith the Risk of Atherosclero sis in Dysthyroid Ty pe 1 Diabetic Patien ts Walid Hassene Ha mri 1* , Mustapha Diaf 2 a nd Noria Harir 3 1 Departmen t of Biolo gy, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes Un iversity, Sidi -Bel-A bbes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-9976-2272 2 Departmen t of Biolog y, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Scien ces, Djillali Liabes Univer sity, Sidi -Bel-Ab bes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6065-6659 3 Departmen t of Biolo gy, Faculty of Natural a nd Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes Un iversity, Sidi -Bel-A bbes, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5221-2705 * (walidhamri94 @gmail.com) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Background: Epidemiological studies on the subclinical ath eroscler otic dis ease in t y pe 1 diabetes associated with autoimmune th y roid disease are scarce. Our ai m was to evaluate th e risk of developing atherosclerosis via lipid ratios by comparing two groups of patients acc ording to their TSH (Thy roid-stimul ating hormone) status. Patients an d Methods: A retrospective study includi ng 190 patients (13 -74 y ears) with confirmed type 1 diabetes divided into the following groups (patients with serum TSH < 2.5 μI U/m L vs. patients with se rum TSH ≥ 2.5 μ I U/mL). Autoimm une th y roid disease was classified according to clinical, biological, and follow-up data. Results: Our study showed a slight predominanc e of females (50.50%), with an average age of 29.25±11.39 y ears. The prevalence of hy pothyroidism was 14.7%, hyperth y roidism 6.3%, and anti -TPO 16. 31%. Significant differences were observed between lipid profiles such as HDL and TG (p= 0.008; p=0.04, respec tivel y ). The results showed that the 3rd (OR = 2.28 [0.72 -7.20]; p=0.15) and the fourth quartiles (OR= 1.9 [0.61- 5.83]; p=0.26) of TC/HDL r atio were higher in patients with serum TSH ≥ 2.5 μIU/mL group. Similarly , we noticed higher concordant values on the last quartile (4 th ) of LDL /H DL ratio with p values of 0.06 as we ll as the two q uartiles (2 nd a nd 4 th ) of TG/HDL ratio with p va lues of 0.03 and 0.04, respectively . In both groups, lipid ra tios were slightl y hi gher in males compared to females’ patients. Conclusion: The risk of atherosclerosis w as higher in patients with elevated TSH concent rations. Therefore, early detectio n of thyroid d y sfunction and associated d yslipidemia is essential for the effective prevention of premature cardiovascular morbidit y a nd mortality. Keywords – Sub clinical ath er osclerotic disease, autoi mmun e thyroid d isease, TSH, type 1 diabetes. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021 , Ko nya, Turkey 18 Optimization of T wo hybrid Micro -Concentrator Ph otovoltaic Sy stems for car-roof applicati on Sarah El Himer 1* , Mariyam Ouaissa 2 and Ma ri y a Ouaissa 2 1 Sidi M ohammed Ben Abdellah Un iversity, FEZ, Morocco 3000 0 2 Moulay I smail University, Mek nes, Morocco * ( sarah.elhimer @usmba.ac.ma ) Email o f the correspo nding auth or Abstract – This paper covers a general, parametric and performance analysis of tow optical elements t o be used in micro-conce ntrat or photovol taic (MCP V) s y stems for c ar roof application using the same pr imary optical element which is the Fresnel lens (F L ). It concerns a non -imagin g optic which is: P y ramid and an imaging optic: square dome. The performance of a ll concentrator s y stems is compared in terms of actual concentrations achieved, angles of ac ceptance and output lig ht powe r distribution. The results are c ompared with the same ty pes of SOs but are de signed for car roof applications. For the first simulation results, we found that the Fresnel lens with 28 prisms and a fo cal length of 14mm, is the optimal primar y optic, and the p yramid is the most suitable element as a secondar y optical element placed at focal. By adding the silicon solar cell to multi junction solar cell, the e fficiency of the optical system is increased b y 2 0%. Therefore the pow er generated is 41.8kw and according to t able 3 ther efore this car ca n drive with a speed of 120km / h Keywords – Primary op tic; Secon dary optic; Micro CPV; Fresnel lens;F lux uniformity A cceptance angle, Opt ical Efficien cy , Pyramid, Do me. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEn gineeringa nd Natural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 19 Effects of Fe/Si L oading Ratio onto Synthesis, Chara cterization and Catalytic Activity of Fe/SBA-15 Cataly sts in the Liquid Phase Reaction Veli ŞİMŞEK Chemical Eng ineering Department, Bilec ik Se y h Edebali Universit y , Turkey ORCID ID 00 00-00 02-3518-1572 veli.simsek@b ilecik.edu.tr Abstract – I n the pres ent study SBA -15(Santa Barba ra Amorphous ) was initially s ynthesized as support material (SPm) base d on the proc edure deter mined by the literature surve y . Unlike the traditionally applied impreg nation method, th e h ydrothermal s y nthesis method (HSM) was applied in obtaining catalytically active SPm. The mentioned method requires the simultaneous addition of active mate rial iron III ox ide (Fe 2 O 3 ) during the synthesis of the support. The activity of s y nthesized Fe/SBA -15 catal y st was tested in methyl acetate production(MAP). The active material in the s y nthesiz ed cataly st was det e rmined based on the we ight ratio of silicium (Si) in SB A-15 to iron (Fe) of Fe 2 O 3 . Hence the r atio of the active material wa s designa ted as 10,25 % F e/Si. MAP wa s conducted in the presence of 0.4g of Fe/SBA -15 c atal y st a t 373K and reac tion experiments were carried out for 48 hours. Structural properties of Fe/SBA -15 catalyst were determined b y XRD, BET, FTIR/DRIFT, SEM/EDX, and MAPP I NG analy ses. MAP was also conducted in the course of the stud y with a feed ratio of 2/1 acetic acid (AA)/methanol (MeOH) in auto geneous pressure. Effects of loading rate on AA conversion were determined. Keyword: Fe, SBA-15, liq uid phase re action, hydrothermal, structure properties, 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 20 Wastewa ter treatment by a synthet ic zeolite Khedim .A 1* , Fe ddag. A 1 , Chouiah. A 1 1 Départemen t de gén ie des procédés, Fa culté des sciences et de la technolog ie Université de Mostag anem * (mohameda mine.khed im@univ-mo sta.dz) Email of the correspondin g author Abstract – I n this work, an ex perimental study was carried out for the removal of heavy metals, Cadmi um and Zinc take n separatel y and in copresence (Cd/Zn) f rom s ynthetic solutions, b y a cr y stalline aluminosilicate material, NaX zeolite sy nthesized in the labora tor y from pu re prod ucts and which presents a cr y st allization rate 92.64% b y the direct s y nthesis method, the sample thus obtained is characterized by DRX, I FTR and SEM analysis. The experiment is c arried ou t in (batch) for diff erent masses of zeolite with two differe nt temperatures, ambient and 30°C and a follow -up of the evolution of pH before and after removal. The comparative results expressed in percenta ge of elimination for an init ial metal con centrati on of 100 mg/l and a mass of NaX of 0.2 g, confirm that our material reaches an el imination rate respectivel y fo r Cadmium, Zinc take n separatel y and in binar y mix ture Cd/Zn of 94.73% , 83.41%, 74.89% and 69.99%. Keywords – Zeolite, Remo val, Po llutants, Wastewater. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 21 Evalua tion of inhibitory activ ity of three lactic acid bacteria strains : bacteriocin produ ction Za hia BENMOUNA BENAMAR 1,2 * , Fatiha DALACHE 2 ,3 , Halima Z ADI KARAM 2 , Nour- Eddine KARAM 2 . 1 Departmen t of Living a nd Environment, Fa culty of Natu ral Sciences and Life, University of Scien ce and Technolo gy Mohamed BOUDIAF, US TOMB, P.B. 1505, E l Mnaouar, Bir El Djir 31 000, Oran , Algeria. ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-3515-8858 2 Laborato ry of Micro- organisms Biolog y and Biotech nology, University of Oran 1, P.B. 1524, El M’Naou er, 31000 Oran , Algeria. 3 Departmen t of Biolog y, Faculty of Natural S ciences and Lif e, University of Mo staganem, P.B. 188, 27000 Mostaganem, A lgeria. * zahia_b enmouna@ya hoo.fr Abstract – The ba cteriocins fr om lactic ac id bacteria (LAB) are candidates for the application like bio - preservative of food and their antimicrobial a ctivities against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria are one of the properties researc hed . In the present study , w e ex plore three LAB strai ns: Enterococcus sp CM 9, Enterococcus sp CM18 and Enterococcus sp H3, that produce ba cteriocins named respectively, e nterocins CM9, enterocins CM18 a nd enterocins H3. For the antimicrobial test, fifteen of different pathogenic bacteria we re test ed by the spot agar test a nd the well diffusion assa y . For the characterization of enterocins, the effect of pH, heat and chemica ls age nts on the activit y of enterocins were realized b y the w ell diffusion assa y . For determining the molecular weight of the enter ocins, the tricine -SDS-PAGE was applied. The L AB used in our work, showed an inhibitory a ctivity against all pathog enic bacteria tested b ut the supernatant of LAB ex hibited an inhibitory activit y a g ainst L. monocytogenes , E. coli and S. typhimirium. The e nterocins produced by the three L A B appear ed stable to adjustment of an acidic or ba sic pH and were resistant to heat until 121°C for 15 min, th erefore demonstrating their ther mostabilit y . Excepting th e Triton X100, they remained stable after treatment with Tween 20, Tween 80, Na C l, SDS, urea and EDTA. Based on tricine-SDS -PAGE re sults, the enterocins CM9 and CM18 h ave approximatel y a molecul ar we ight of 7.6 kDa and 6.2 kDa, re spectivel y . The results indicate that the ente rocins CM9 and CM18 b elong to the c lass IIa bacteriocin and several experiments will be needful for their a pplication. Keywords – Lactic a cid bacteria, Stability, Ba cteriocins, Characterization. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 22 Arabinoga lactan – fro m tarragon w orm w ood ( Artemisia Dracuncul us ) K. A. Sartova 1 , A. T. Mazhitova 2 * 1 De partment o f Chemical En gineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Man as University, Bishkek 7 20038, Kyrgyz Rep ublic 2 De partment o f Food En gineer ing, Kyrgyz-Turkish Man as Un iversity, Bishkek 72 0038, Kyrgyz Rep ublic * ( aichurok.ma zhitova@mana s.edu.kg ) ORCID ID 0000 -0003-2 090-1116 Abstract – Arabinogalact an, a m icroheterogeneous polysacchar ide found in pl ants, i s know n for its high water solubility, allerg y-protectiv e and bi olog ical activity , which determines its practical importance for use in m edicine, veterinary m edicine, food and cosmetic indus tries. In this study, quantitative determ ination of arabinogalactan in stems ( ripe and unripe), seeds with leaves (ripe) and total m ass (ripe and unripe) of tarragon worm wood ( Artemisia Dracunculus ) were conducted. Air-dried and crushed homog eneous samples of Artemisia Dracun culu s were extracted w ith 70% ethy l alcohol to remov e polypheno ls, and the s olid residue (or meal) was dried. To obtain water - soluble arabinogalac tans, the m ea l was extracted twice w it h hot water a t a t em per ature of 90° C at a raw m at erial:extractan t ratio of 1:20 and 1:10 for 3 hours with constant stirring . The solid residue was separated by centrifugati on, and the ex t racts were evaporated 1/ 5 of the o riginal v ol um e. Arabi nogalactans were p recipitat ed w ith a threefold volum e ( relativ e to extract) of 96% ethyl alcohol at room temperature. Dense precipitates were f iltered off, washed with e t hyl a lcohol, ace tone, th en dried and weighed. The highest content of arabinogalac t ans w as observed in ripe tota l mass ( 20.01%) and the lowest was in unripe stems (8.15%) of Artemisia Dracunculus (p≤0.05). Com par ative analy si s showed a hig her conte nt of arab inogalactans in ripe samples than in unripe ones (unripe total m as s – 15.9 5% and ripe stem s – 16.04%). In ri pe seeds w ith leaves content of arabinog alactans was 12.85%. T he results of the study show t he applicability of wormw ood to obtain arabinog al actan , which m ay be use d as a m ac rom ol ecular carrier of pharmacological l y act i ve fu nctional groups. Keywords – plan t material, alco hol extractio n, water extraction, a ctive componen t. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 23 Study of adsorpti on of an organic pollutant fro m aqueous so lutions on a biosorbent Imene Fedda l 1,2 ,* , Safa a Demmouche 2 , Goussem Mimanne 2 , Safia Taleb 2 1 Faculté d e sciences et d e la Technologie, un iversité Abdel Hamid I bn Badis, site 1 rou te Belhacel 27000 , Mostaganemm Algérie 2 Laborato ire Matériaux & Cata lyse, Faculté d es sciences, Site 1, BP 89, 22000.Sidi Bel Abbes, Algérie * ( fimene22@hotma il.com ) Abstract – The growing utilizat ion of wate r by industries, has l ed to increas ed w astewater discharg es, causing degradation of the receivi ng environment, thereby affecting aquatic or gani sm s in part icular and ecosy stem s in general. Therefore, treatment of these effluents is essent ial. Co nventional m ethods of treatment of industrial effluents such as: m embrane p rocesses, e lectrochem i cal treatment, a ctivated ca r bon adsorption, is effectiv e f or m ost cases b ut is very expen sive. One a lternat ive to this prob l em is the use o f a bioso rbent s. This work registered under a r esearch of adsorbent, effectiv e and inexpensive. We are i nter ested to bio mate rial resources a s it happens to s awdust. The ef fectivenes s of this materia l is t ested using the bem acid red. The various param eters influenc i ng t he ads orption (contact tim e, mass of the adsorbent, tem perature, and pH and initial concentrat ion of solution) were studied. Th e study of adsorption isotherm s showed t hat t he model of Langm uir better describes adsorp tion of RB on sawdust. Thermody na m ic study has shown that the reaction is exothermic, spontaneou s and physica l. T he study of t he adsorption k inetics show s that the reaction is of order 2. I n general conclus ion, we c an say that s awdus t can rem o ve textile dy es successfully Keywords – Adsorptio n, Dye, En vironment, sa wdust. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 24 Reinforcement o f copper adsorptio n by the additio n of humic acid on a microporous zeolite Karima Menad 1 *, Ahmed Fe ddag 1 , Houria Belhouari 1 1 Abdelh amid Ibn Badis University - Mostaga nem - ALGERIA, Proce ss Engineering Department, structure an d proprieties solid’s. * ( karima.menad @unic- mosta.dz ) Email o f the correspo nding author Abstract – There is a need to dev elop effec tive and inexpensiv e methods for removal of heavy m etals fr om contaminated w ater in dev eloping countries. I n this study , a novel m i croporou s, m icrocrystalline, z eolite - t ype X h i g h silica (NaX-500) sorbent was synthe sized using hydrotherm al m ethod fo l lowed by calcinat i on at 50 0 °C. Its sorption capacity t o remov e Cu ( II ) was tested in r econstituted water wi t h and without humic acid (HA ). Fourier transform infrared spectrosc opy, chem ica l elemental com posi tion, scanning el ectron m icrosc opy, N2 adsorp tion -desorption m ea surement and X-ray diffraction analyses conf irm ed that NaX -500 has a micro-crystalline structur e with m i crometer- sized pores and a specific area of about 336 m2/g . The results show ed that sorption of Cu (II) below 20 mg / L was described by pseudo - fi rst-order kinetic model and above 500 m g/L b y the se cond o r der model, w hereas Dubinin- Radushkevich model ( for all ca ses R2 values > 0.810) d escribed best the so rption of copper (II ) on NaX - 500. The presence of HA w as found to influenc e the adsorp t ion efficiency as copper fo r med a complex wit h zeolite- HA, thus im proving the adsorpt i on capa cities. Keywords – Copper (II) · Micro porous · Sorptio n · Zeolite type X 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 25 Iso m erizqtion of lig ht alcane nC4 on pro moted tungs tated zicronia Mohamed seghir Za hira 1*, Mezouagh Amina 1 , Djennad Mhamed 1 1 Departmen t of process eng ineering, Facu lty of Science and Techn ology, Abdelhamid ibn badis University, Algeria * ( zahira_ms@ho tmail.fr ) Email of the correspondin g author Abstract – Promoted tung stated zircon ia (WZ ) catalysts are act ive and selective for i som erization of light alkanes, offering good prospects for industrial applicat ion. This account is an abbreviated summ ary of what these cataly sts are an d how they work.La-prom oted Tungstated zicro nia (LWZ ) was prepared by a slurry im pregnation meth od . T he textural prope rties as well as the aciditie s of the La - promoted catalysts were charact erized by X -ray powder diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption, NH 3 temperatur e-program m ed desorption (NH 3 T PD) and Therm og ravimetric Analysis (TGA). The ca taly tic behav ior o f LWZ for n- butane I so m erization was rtudied in t he presence of hy dr ogen at 300°C, WHSV=0.47h -1 and nC 4 /H 2 =6. I n comparaison to T ungsta ted zicronia (WZ), the catalytic activ ity of the La -prom oted cataly st was greatly improv ed . Keywords – Tung stated zicronia, la ntha num, nbutan I somerization, acid site. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 26 Experi m ental stu dy of w ettability alteration by e mulsifiers in oil -based mud Zineb Ba zzine * , Abdelm adjid Dobbi 2 Hamid L ebtahi 3 1 hydroca rbon produ ction department , Kasdi Merb ah Un iversity of Ouargla , Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6503-8673 2 hydroca rbon produ ction department, Kasdi Merbah University of Ouarg la, Algeria 3 hydroca rbon produ ction department , Kasdi Merb ah Un iversity of Ouargla , Algeria * (Bazzine27@gmail .com) Abstract – I nvert e mulsion oil-based mud relies on emulsifiers to maintain the stabili ty of the invert emulsion. These surf actants in the sy stem usuall y ca use the alteration of petrophy sical proprieties and wettability alteration of the rock reservoirs. In terfacial properties alteration in the porous medium results from adsorption and ret ention of emulsifiers in th e surface of the reservoir rock, forming a h y drophobic film, leading to a reduction in relative permeability of oil Kro and elev ation in relative perm eability o f water Krw, with hig h water cut . In thi s study, w e pe rform the Amott test and adsorption experiments on sand samples. We measure th e wettability of the sand samples after the r eaction with the formulations of primary and secondar y emulsifiers. Using L angmuir isotherm, the adsorption behavior was anal y z ed. The sa nd samples were character iz ed b y granulometric and X-ra y diff raction (XRD). It was found that surfactants cause the alteration of wettability b y the intera ction between the sand sample and emulsifiers and the adsorption in the surfa ce of sand samples. The increase in surfactant concentration in the oil -based mud formulation led to a rise in adsorption and surfactant retention on the surface of the porous medium. Keywords – Inv ert emulsion, o il-based mud, wettab ility alteration, adso rption, primary emulsion , seconda ry emulsion 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 27 Green synth esis of Copper n anopartic les usin g Alliu m cepa (onion) pe els and its applicat ion to rem ove Disperse Yellow 3 dye Shumaila Kiran * , Abdul Ghaffar 2 , Sofia Noshee n 3 and Faiza Nourin 4 1 Departmen t of Applied Chemistry, Government Colleg e Un iversity, Faisalabad -38000 , P a kistan ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5229-6216 2 Departmen t of Bioch emistry, Government Colleg e University, Faisalabad -38000, Pakistan ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-6982 -4 337 33 Departmen t of Environ mental Sciences, Lahore College For W o men Univer sity, Lahore, P akistan ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6341-7805 4 Departmen t of Applied Chemistry, Government Colleg e Un iversity, F aisalabad -3800 0, Pakistan ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-7180 -0 65X * (shumaila.asimch @gmail.co m) Email of the correspondin g author Abstract – Textile effluent contains a massive variety of d ye s and heavy metals that ruinousl y destroys the agricultural field b y disturbing chemical, biological and dietary features when straightly moved to agricultural field without any further treatment. I n recent times, coppe r nanopa rticles (Cu -NPs) have significa nt consideration for photocataly ti c decolourization of wastewater pollutants due to their disti nctive physica l, chemical and biological propertie s, low cost and environmental friendly nature. The main focus of this study is to s y nthesiz e copper nanoparticles using Alli um cepa (onion) peel extract. SEM was used for the characterization of s y nthesized nanoparticles. The prepared Cu -NPs were applied to decolorize the Disperse Yellow 3 d y e following the different optimization of experim ental parameters. The highest decolorization (73.7%) was obtained at 0.01% dy e conc., 0.01 g / L conc. of Cu - NPs, pH 5 at 50 ° C. TOC and COD were used to result out the effe ctiveness of this experiment. Chemic al ox y gen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were found to b e 69.23% and 70.22 %, res pectivel y . Agricultural waste materials could be used for the remediation of other s ynthetic d y es as w ell; hence helps in clea ning our natural environment Keywords – Allium cep a (onion) pee ls, Copper na noparticles, Characterization , Disperse Yellow 3 dye, COD & TOC 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 28 Soil radio activit y, exposure d ose, r adiati on hazard, environ m ental and health ef fects Basim A. Almaya hi * 1 Departmen t of Environ ment, Faculty o f Science, University of Ku fa, Najaf, Ira q * (basim.almaya hi@uokufa. edu.iq ) Email of the co rresponding au thor Abstract – Gamma spectrometr y is used to study the natural radioactivity in soil sample s. Exposure ra tes of natura l background radiation were analy zed in I raq using a portable GM meter (Riken F ine Mode l Sum - AD8, Riken Ke iki Co., Japan). Concentrations of various radionuclides were measure d in soil samples. The relationships among these radionuclides were revealed. The radium equiv alent activities and the internal and external haz ard indices for soil samples do not ex cee d the rec ommendations . The results of this stud y were compared and contrasted with internationally accepted values. The soil's ratio of 226Ra/238U is va ried between 1.22 and 3.27, which is higher than unity for all soils. This means that the presence of low cla y content in soil increases the mobili ty of ur anium and then undermines the equilibrium with radium. The corre lation analysis be tween the m easured in-situ dose and the absorbed dose from radionuclides activities was performed. Keywords – Gamma dose, NaI (Tl), n atural radio activity, u ranium, hazard, MCA 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 29 Self-pow ered UV photodetec tors utilizing s m all orga nic semiconducto rs Khaulah Sulaiman *1 and Hanan Alzahrani 2 1 Low Dimensiona l Materials Resea rch Centre (LDMR C), Departmen t of Physics, Fa culty of Science , Universiti Mala ya, Malaysia ORCID ID 0000 -0003-3473 -0 493 ; Research erID: B- 2783- 2010 2 Low Dimensiona l Materials Resea rch Centre (LDMR C), Departmen t of Physics, Fa culty of Science , Universiti Mala ya, Malaysia ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-8192-8465 * (khaulah @um.edu .my) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Two t y pes of photodiodes based on all solution -proce ssed active la ye rs m ade of organic small molecules of NPD and TPD, which act as donor m aterials. An ac ceptor mat erial of Alq3 was add ed to form bulk heterojunction sensing thin film using a simple spun -coa ting method. The fabricated phot odiodes were emplo y ed for the detection of UV li ght in a self -powered mode v ia the photovoltaic effect. The findings revealed that the NPD film has a broade r and more intensive opti cal absorption towards the UV light compared to that of TPD. Besides, photo luminescence quenchin g w as observed b y a factor of 40 in the NPD:Alq3, whilst only b y a factor of 6 in TPD:Alq3 mixture. These can be described to the influence of extra pi conjugated bonds in NPD, which are originated from the aromatic rings compared to TPD. Furthermore, the fabricated photodiodes demonstrated the self -powered vol tages of 1.44 V and 1.26 V for the NPD:Alq3 and TPD:Alq3, respectively. Overall , NPD:Alq3 is a better organic composite to be used as active layer in UV li ght photodetectors. Utilization of I nterne t- of -Things (I oT) smart system in monitoring UV radiation is a value-added in this stud y . Since the sensors can be equipped with IoT-enabled microcontroller component, thus the devices can be used to monitor UV-r ay level remotel y at a se lected location. S uch smart sy st em would allow the users to have real-time monitoring of UV -ra y level di rectl y from their smartphone. Keywords – Orga nic semicon ductors; UV light sensor; NPD: Alq3; Photod iode; Self -powered mode. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 30 Phytochemical co mposition and bio log ical activities of extracts of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica Houari Benamar 1,2,3,* , Abderr azak Marouf 4 and Malika Bennaceur 3 1 Departmen t of Biolo gy/Faculty of Natural S ciences an d Life , University of Mo staganem Abdelha mid Ibn Badis , Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-8987-2635 2 Departmen t of Biolog y/Faculty of Natural S ciences an d Life , University of Ora n1 , Alg eria 3 Laborato ry of Research in Arid Area s, Department o f Biology and Physiolog y of Organisms/Univer sity of Scien ce and Techno logy Houari Bo umediene , Algeria 4 Departmen t of Natural S ciences and Life /Institute of S cience and Technology , University Center of Naama , Algeria * (houariben [email protected] om) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – The antiox idant and a cetylcholinesterase inhibitor y activities of extracts from Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlanti ca lea ves were investigated using in vitro assay s. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ex tracts were determined. Eth yl acetate ex tract had the highest to tal phenolic content and total flavonoids content, and the highest antiox idant activity . In the 1,1-diphen yl-2-picrylhydra z y l bio autography assay, the aqueous, eth yl ace tate and butanol extracts showed several po sitive zones. Ethy l aceta te and aqueous extracts gave the best inhi bitory activit y o f acetylcholinesterase. High pressure li quid chromatography (HPLC)-diode arra y det ector (DAD)-UV and HP LC-atmospheric pressure ionization (API)-electro spra y (ES)-mass spectrom etry (MS ) anal y sis of the extracts allowed the id entification of ga llic acid derivatives. Keywords – Pistacia a tlantica sub sp. a tlantica ; HPLC-DAD- UV ; HPLC- API - ES - MS ; phenolic compound s; fla vonoids 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 31 Green energy for synthetic textile wastew ater treatment: Cost eva luation Amel BELAYACHI-HADDAD 1, * , Noure dine BENDERDOUCHE 1 , Benaouda BESTANI 1 , Chérif HADDAD 2 1 University of Mostag anem, Alg eria 2 LHC DESIGN, Algeria * (amel.belaya chi@univ -mosta.dz) Ema il of the co rresponding au thor Abstract – Textile wastewa ter removal re quires a de tailed study of numerous processing steps . The effectivene ss of the electrocoagulation process used to remove a d ye f rom w astewater was e valuated in this study. The effect of initi al pH, current densit y , initial dye concentration, electroly te concentration, inter- electrode dist ance, stirrin g spe ed, and temperature on the treatment efficiency of the N -2RB L N ylosan Red (NR) dye was investigated. Experimental conditions resulting in more than 98% d y e color removal from a 200 μM dye solution at 303 K we r e obtaine d at pH 2.5 with a current densit y of 13.76 mA/cm 2 , electroly te concentration of 4 g/L, electrolysis ti me of 8 mi n, inter-electrode distance of 2.5 cm, and stirring speed of 275 rpm. Measurements show that about 57 .6 mg/L COD remained in the treated water, corresponding to an acceptable concentration for or ganic d y es to be discharge d in urban s ewage or wat er bodies. The total cost of NR d y e treatment was estimated to be: 0.113 USD/m 3 . This stud y shows the feasibilit y of using simple electrocoagulation for textile dy e removal. Keywords – Nylo san Red; Electrocoagulation; Cost evaluation; Waste Water 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 32 Removal of CO 2 fro m natural ga s by m embrane proc ess Amina Mezouag h * , Za hira Mohammed seghir 1 , Belkacem Absar 2 . * Laborato ry of Environ mental Sciences a nd Techniqu es and Valorization, Un iversity of Mostaga nem, Algeria 2 Laborato ire de chimie, Université de Mostaganem , Algeria 2 Laborato ry of Environ mental Sciences a nd Techniqu es and Valorization, Un iversity of Mostagan em, Algeria * amin a-mez1@ho tmail.fr Abstract – A calcula tion method for predicting the performances of multicomponent gas mix ture separation through a membrane permeator is presented. Two mathematical models are developed to stud y the effect of the flow pattern of the fee d and the permeate inside the membrane module. The circulation modes explored in this work are the co -current and the countercurrent flow pattern. To validate the mathe matical models developed in this stud y , a comparison betwee n the results obtained by simulation and the experimental data from literature is performed. A g ood agreement is observed between the obtained results and those of the literature . The developed models are then used to predict the performances of a membrane module designed for the treatment of a natural gas load (ca s e stud y of the Liquifie d Natural gas pla nt of Arzew-Algeria). The obtained results show c learl y th e efficienc y of the c o untercurrent compared to the co - curre nt flow pattern: high product purit y is obtain ed for the sa me recover y rate. Keywords – Memb rane g as separation , mathematical mo deling, cocurrent an d countercurrent flo w pattern. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 33 MicroRNAs in molecular tech nology to addres s global disease bench to bedside research Noor UL Ain Akram 1 , Zainab Shahzor 1 , I ram Mushtaq 1 , Aye sha I shtiaq 1 , Khadam Hussain 1 ,2 , I ram Murtaza 1 * Signa l transduction Lab , Department of Bioch emistry, Faculty of bio logical Sciences, Quaid -i-Azam Un iversity, Islamaba d, 45320, Pakistan . (irambch@qau .edu.p k) Email of the co rresponding author Abstract – MicroRNAs a c ategor y of noncod ing RNA d y sregulations are involved in num erous pathological conditions including cancer, diab etes, heart diseases, immunological disorders, neu rological diseases and man y metabolic diseases. Adv ancement in the knowledge of microRNA applications led to the diagnosis of some early markers of diseases. Currently innovative mol ecular biote chnology is h olding promising future in the field of application of microRNA sil ence rs and inhibitors, replacers and over expressers fo r tackling life threatening diseases. RNA seq libraries of mega patients groups in th e field of cancer include the expression profile of mul tiple microRNAs but there is nee d of ti me to deve lop such libraries of miRNAs in other diseases too. It will facilitate scientist in future to jud ge the persp ec tive of microRNA applica tions in multiple clinical scenarios by simple bioinformatics analy sis . Keywords – microR NAs; diagn ostic markers; app lications 34 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No vem be r 1-3 , 20 21, K ony a , Tu rk ey Control of a ball on plate system u sing PID controller and Lead/La g compensator Hadoune Oussa ma 1 * , B enouaret Mohamed 1 , Zeg hida Abdennour 1 and Saker Hichem 1 1 Departmen t of Electronics/LAS A, University of Bad ji Mokhtar, Algeria * (Oussama.h adoune@univ -annaba.org) Email of th e corresponding autho r Abstract – Nowa day s, the technology is in continuous evolution, the movement and balance control are in full ex pansion (humanoid robots, drones, and pa rallel robots). The difficult y that robotics software developers are often facing is maintaining stability and balan ce, a robot that loses it s balance is an instant threat to its environment, therefore, the b all on plate s y stem is the b est method to test the performance of a controller to ensure the balance of a given system. This platform is an upgraded version of the ball and beam s y stem, it is a multivariable and a nonlinear system which has an underactuated feature that m ake s it one of the most complicated s y stems in terms of control, requiring relia ble, efficient and fast controllers to meet the end goal of this ta sk. I n this wo rk, two types o f controllers for the ball stabili zation, clas sical P I D controller and L ead / L ag compensator in a double loop fe edbac k scheme, were presented in order to achieve a fast and precise response with a minimal tracking error. Finall y , a comparison of the results obtaine d by these two control techniques was made which revealed the super iority of the Lead / Lag compensator in dealing with this kind of system. Keywords – ba ll on plate, nonlinea r system, PID controller, Lea d/Lag compen sat or, ba ll stabilization, underactu ated system. 35 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No vem be r 1-3 , 20 21, K ony a , Tu rk ey MAPPING SPAT IAL VARIABILI TY OF SOIL SALI NITY IN A MODERN PALM G ROVE (BIS KRA SOUTH-E AST OF ALGERIA) Ouamane Rim 1* , Reg uieg Yssaad Houc ine Abdelhakim 2 , Masmoudi Ali 3 1 Departmen t of Agronomy, University of Mostaganem ( UMAB), Mostagan em, Algeria 2 Departmen t of Biology, U niversity of Mostag anem (UMAB), Mostaga nem, Algeria 3 Departmen t of agronomy, Un iversity of Bisk ra, Biskra, Algeria * (rim1070 @hotmail.fr) Email of the correspon ding author Abstract – The pa lms g rove s of El Hadjeb located downstream of Zab el Gharbi (west of Ziban -Biskra, south-east of Algeria). are currently experiencing a decline m ainly to due to the salinity of the soil. This work consists of stud y ing the spatial variability of salinit y inside the palms groves compared to the variation in the electrical conductivit y o f irrigation water. Analy zes of the electrical con ductivit y of the soil have shown that there are an obvious salinization, and this latter is linked to the qualit y of the irr igation wa ter variously mineralized of the Mio-Pliocene water table of the B iskra region. The processin g of interpolated maps of th e electrical conductivity of the soil, obtained b y a geographic in formation system ( GIS), shows that the southern part of the plot is more affected than the northern part. This spatial distribution of salinit y seems to be linked to seve ral factors such a s the physica l properties of the soil, the slope a nd poor drainage . Keywords – salinity, palm grove, spa tial variability, electrical c onductivity, soil . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 36 Effects of suspe nded and d eposited TiO2 on performances of a solar photocataly tic system Rafik Melki *1 , Nadia Aicha La oufi 1 , Meriem Daimalah 2 and Abdelkader Mouheb 1 1 Laborato ry of Transfer Phenomen a (LPDT), Faculty o f Mechanica l and Process Eng i neering, University of S cience and niversity of Mostag anem, Algeria 2 Techno logy Houari Bo umediene (USTHB), El Alia, BP32, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Alg iers, Algeria * (amel.belaya chi@univ -mosta.dz) Ema il of the co rresponding au thor Abstract – The photodegradation of cefixime antibiotic has been studied in a solar reactor with ti tanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as a cataly st, the main objective of thi s study is to investigate the effe ct of the TiO 2 forms, suspended and deposited, on the degree of antibiotic degrada tion and on the s y stems photoni c ef ficiency , for this purpose the reactor parameters were opti miz ed for the case of ti ta nium diox ide in suspension, or the optimum values of th e flowrate and catal y st concentration was found to be equal to Q V = 146.3 m L /min and C T iO2 = 0.2 m g/L, an d the incr ease of thes e par ameters be y ond these optim um values caus es: a d ecrease in the residence ti me, and the appearance o f the s creening effect wh i ch impedes the p enetration of li ght, respec tivel y , and these t wo phenomena give rise to a reduction in degradation degree. Th e ef fec t o f solar radiation intensity was illustrated, and we show that the activation degree of the catal y st strongl y depends on the radiation intensity . The degree of cefixime degra dation and the photonic eff icienc y of the photocataly tic s ystem has been compared between the TiO 2 suspended and deposited, or we obser ved that depositing the same cataly s t amount that wa s susp ended allo wed to degra de up to 99.9% of cefixim e initial charge , and that means an improvement of 16%, and also enhance the photonic eff icienc y b y 208%, compared to suspe nded TiO 2 . Keywords – Titanium dioxide, p hotocatalytic rea ctor, solar energ y, Cefixime degrad ation, pho toni c efficiency. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 37 Bi Ideals of Nearness Semirings ÖZL EM TEK İ N * Departmen t of Mathema tics, Facu lty of Arts and Sciences , Adıyama n University, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-1721 -1 053 umduo zlem42@gmail .com Abstract – Bi ideals are the generalisation of quasi ideals. I n this article, w e define the notion of bi -ideals in se mirings on weak n earness approximation spac es and ex plain some of the concepts and d efinitions. The features described in thi s stud y will contribute greatl y to the theoretical development of the nearness semirings theory . Keywords – Nearnes s approxima tion space , Semirings, Nearness semiring , Quasi idea ls, Bi ideals. I. I NT RODUCTI ON Peters studied near set s theor y that is a ge neralisation of rough sets [1] in 2002. Peters ga ved an indi scernibility relation b y using th e features of the objects to determine the n earness of the objec ts [2 ]. Afte rw ards, he g eneralised approac h theory in the study of the n earness of non-empty s ets which are similar to each other [3], [ 4]. İnan and Öztürk introduce d the notion of nearne ss g roups [ 5]. The refor e, other a pproaches have been studied in [6], [7], [8]. The concept of semiring theory was defined by Vandier [9] in 1934 and man y mathematicians proved im portant properties for semiring theory. Especially, semirings are ve ry important for determinants and matrices. One of the most important notion for semirings is ideals. Henriksen and Shabir et al. [10] studied ideals for semirings. In 1952, the notion of bi ideals for semigroups was defined by Good and Hughes [11]. Afterwa rds, Lajos and Szasz introduced theory o f bi ideals in rings and semirings [ 12]. Bi -ideals are a special sit uation of ( 𝑚, 𝑛 ) ideal. Tekin defined quasi ideals in semirings on we ak nearne ss approx imation spac es [13]. In this artic le, bi ideals in semirings are defined and some of the concepts and definitions on weak nearness approximation spaces are explained. Then, we study some b asic properties of bi ideals. II. PRELIMINARIES An object description is specified by mea ns of a tuple of function values 𝛷 ( 𝑥 ) deal with an objec t 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 . 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐹 is a set of probe functions and these functions stand for featu res of sample objects 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑂 . Le t 𝜑 𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 , that is 𝜑 𝑖 : 𝒪 → ℝ . The functions showing object features s upply a basis for , Φ: 𝒪 → ℝ 𝐿 , 𝛷 (𝑥 ) = (𝜑 1 (𝑥) , 𝜑 2 (𝑥 ), . . . , 𝜑 𝐿 (𝑥 ) ) a vector consisting of measurements de al with ea ch functional value 𝜑 𝑖 (𝑥 ), where the description length |𝛷 | = 𝐿 ([ 2]). The selection of functi ons 𝜑 𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 is ver y fundamental b y usin g to determine sample objects. 𝑋 ⊆ 𝒪 are near each other if an d only if the sample objects have similar characterization. Ea ch 𝜑 shows a descriptive pattern o f an object. Hence, Δ 𝜑 , means Δ 𝜑 , = | 𝜑 𝑖 (𝑥′) − 𝜑 𝑖 (𝑥 )| , where 𝑥 , ′𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 . The differe nce 𝜑 means to a description of the indiscernibility relation “ ∼ 𝐵 ” defined b y Peters in [2]. 𝐵 𝑟 is probe functions in 𝐵 for 𝑟 ≤ |𝐵 |. Tekin, Bi Ideals of Nearness Semi rings , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turk ey 38 Definition 1 [2 ] ∼ 𝐵 = {(𝑥 , 𝑥′) ∈ 𝒪 × 𝒪 | △ 𝜑 𝑖 = 0, ∀𝜑 𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 , 𝐵 ⊆ ℱ } means indiscernibility relation on 𝒪 , where description length 𝑖 ≤ |𝛷 | . ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 is also indiscernibility relation determ ined by utilizing 𝐵 𝑟 . Near equivalence class i s stated as [ 𝑥 ] 𝐵 𝑟 = {𝑥′ ∈ 𝒪 | 𝑥 ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 𝑥′} . After ge ttin g n ear equivalence classes, quotient set 𝒪 ∕∼ 𝐵 𝑟 = {[𝑥 ] 𝐵 𝑟 |𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 } = 𝜉 𝒪 ,𝐵 𝑟 and set of partitions 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) = {𝜉 𝒪,𝐵 𝑟 |𝐵 𝑟 ⊆ 𝐵 } can be found. B y using near equivalence classes, 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 = ⋃ [ 𝑥 ] 𝐵 𝑟 ∩𝑋 ≠⌀ [ 𝑥 ] 𝐵 𝑟 upper approximation set can be attained. Definition 2 [14 ] Let 𝒪 be a set of sample objects, ℱ a set of the probe functions, ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 an indiscernibility relation, and 𝑁 𝑟 a collec tion of partitions. Then, (𝒪 , ℱ , ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 , 𝑁 𝑟 ) is called a weak nearne ss approximation space. Theorem 1 [14 ] Let (𝒪 , ℱ , ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 , 𝑁 𝑟 ) be a weak nearne ss approximation space and 𝑋 , 𝑌 ⊂ 𝒪 . Then the following statements hold: i. 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 , ii. 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 ∪ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑌 , iii. 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑌 implies 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑌 , iv. 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 ∩ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑌 . After this, 𝒪 means a ( 𝒪 , ℱ , ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 , 𝑁 𝑟 (𝐵 ) ) is weak near approximation space s unless otherwise stated. Definition 3 [6 ] If 𝑆 is a nearness semigroup and there exists an element 𝑒 ∈ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 satisfying 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 , then (𝑆 ,⋅) is called a nearness monoid. If 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 ) for all 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆 , then (𝑆,⋅) ((𝑆 , + )) is called a commutative ( abelian ) . De finition 4 [6 ] Let 𝑆 ∈ 𝒪 . Then, 𝑆 is called a semiring on weak near approximation spaces 𝒪 if the following properties hold: 𝑁𝑆 𝑅 1 ) ( 𝑆, +) is an abelian monoid on 𝒪 with identity element 0 , 𝑁𝑆 𝑅 2 ) (𝑆,⋅) is a monoid on 𝒪 with identit y element 1 , 𝑁𝑆 𝑅 3 ) for all 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑆 , 𝑥 ⋅ ( 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = ( 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 ) + ( 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑧 ) and ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) ⋅ 𝑧 = ( 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑧 ) properties hold in 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 , 𝑁𝑆 𝑅 4 ) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 , 0 ⋅ 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑥 ⋅ 0 properties hold in 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 , 𝑁𝑆 𝑅 5 ) 1 ≠ 0 . Theorem 2 [6 ] Let (𝒪 , ℱ , ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 , 𝑁 𝑟 (𝐵 ) ) be a weak nearne ss approximation space and 𝑋 , 𝑌 ⊂ 𝒪 . Then the following statements hold: i. (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 ) + (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑌 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ (𝑋 + 𝑌 ) ii. (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑋 ) ⋅ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑌) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ (𝑋 ⋅ 𝑌 ) . Definition 5 [6] Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring, and 𝐴 is a non-empty subset of 𝑆 . i. 𝐴 is called a subs emiring of 𝑆 , if 𝐴 + 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . ii. 𝐴 is called an upper-near subsemiring of 𝑆 , if (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) + (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ⋅ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . Definition 6 [6 ] Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring, and 𝐴 be a subsemigroup of 𝑆 , where 𝐴 ≠ 𝑆 . i. 𝐴 is called a right (left) ideals of 𝑆 , if 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 (𝑆 ⋅ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) . ii. 𝐴 is called an upper-near right (left) ideals o f 𝑆 , if (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ⋅ 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 (𝑆 ⋅ (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) . Definition 7 [ 15 ] Let 𝑀 be a semiring and 𝐴 be a non-empty subset of semiring 𝑀 . If 𝐴 is a subsemigroup of 𝑀 and 𝐵𝑀𝐵 ⊆ 𝐵 , then 𝐵 is called a bi ideal of 𝑀 . Definition 8 [13 ] Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring and 𝑄 be non-empty subset of 𝑆 , where 𝑄 ≠ 𝑆 . 𝑄 is called quasi-ideal of 𝑆 if 𝑄 is a subnearness semigroup of 𝑆 and 𝑄𝑆 ∩ 𝑆𝑄 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑄 . Le mma 1 [13 ] Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring. If 𝑆 is commutative, then each quasi-ideal of 𝑆 is two -sided ideal of 𝑆 . Tekin, Bi Ideals of Nearness Semi rings , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turk ey 39 III. BI IDEALS OF NEARNES S SEMIRING Definition 9 Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring and 𝐴 is a subsemigroup of 𝑆 , where 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆 . i. 𝐴 is called bi ideal of 𝑆 if 𝐴𝑀𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . ii. 𝐴 is called an upper-near bi ideal o f 𝑆 if (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) 𝑆(𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . Example 1 Let 𝒪 = {𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 , 𝑑 , 𝑒 , 𝑓 , 𝑔 , ℎ , 𝑖 , 𝑗 } be a set of perceptual objec ts where 𝑟 = 1, 𝐵 = {𝜑 1 , 𝜑 2 , 𝜑 3 } ⊆ ℱ be a set of probe functions. Let 𝑆 = {𝑐 , 𝑑 , 𝑒 , 𝑓 } ⊂ 𝒪 . Probe functions’ values 𝜑 1 : 𝒪 → 𝑉 1 = {𝛼 1 , 𝛼 2 , 𝛼 3 , 𝛼 4 , 𝛼 5 }, 𝜑 2 : 𝒪 → 𝑉 2 = {𝛼 2 , 𝛼 3 , 𝛼 4 , 𝛼 5 , 𝛼 6 }, 𝜑 3 : 𝒪 → 𝑉 3 = {𝛼 2 , 𝛼 4 , 𝛼 6 , 𝛼 7 , 𝛼 8 } are presented in 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 . 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑗 𝜑 1 𝛼 1 𝛼 2 𝛼 3 𝛼 2 𝛼 3 𝛼 4 𝛼 2 𝛼 1 𝛼 1 𝛼 5 𝜑 2 𝛼 2 𝛼 3 𝛼 2 𝛼 4 𝛼 3 𝛼 4 𝛼 5 𝛼 2 𝛼 6 𝛼 5 𝜑 3 𝛼 2 𝛼 4 𝛼 6 𝛼 6 𝛼 7 𝛼 7 𝛼 2 𝛼 4 𝛼 8 𝛼 8 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 Now, we find the near equivalence classes according to the indiscernibilit y relation ∼ 𝐵 𝑟 of elements in 𝒪 : [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 1 (𝑎 ) = 𝛼 1 } = {𝑎 , ℎ } = [ ℎ ] 𝜑 1 = [ 𝑖 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 1 (𝑏) = 𝛼 2 } = {𝑏 , 𝑑 , 𝑔 } = [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 1 = [ 𝑔 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 1 (𝑐) = 𝛼 3 } = {𝑐 , 𝑒 } = [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 1 (𝑓 ) = 𝛼 4 } = { 𝑓 }, [ 𝑗 ] 𝜑 1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 1 (𝑗) = 𝛼 5 } = {𝑗 }. Then, we ha ve that 𝜉 𝜑 1 = { [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 1 , [ 𝑗 ] 𝜑 1 } . [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 2 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 2 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 2 (𝑎 ) = 𝛼 1 } = {𝑎 , 𝑐 , ℎ } = [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 2 = [ ℎ ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 2 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 2 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 2 (𝑏 ) = 𝛼 3 } = { 𝑏, 𝑒 } = [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 2 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 2 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 2 (𝑑 ) = 𝛼 4 } = { 𝑑 , 𝑓 } = [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑔 ] 𝜑 2 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 2 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 2 (𝑔 ) = 𝛼 5 } = {𝑔, 𝑗 } = [ 𝑗 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑖 ] 𝜑 2 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 |𝜑 2 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝜑 2 (𝑖 ) = 𝛼 6 } = {𝑖 }. We attain that 𝜉 𝜑 2 = { [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑔 ] 𝜑 2 , [ 𝑖 ] 𝜑 2 } . [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 3 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 3 (𝑎 ) = 𝛼 2 } = {𝑎 , 𝑔 } = [ 𝑔 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 | 𝜑 3 (𝑥 ) = 𝜑 3 (𝑏 ) = 𝛼 4 } = {𝑏 , ℎ } = [ ℎ ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 |𝜑 3 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝜑 3 (𝑐 ) = 𝛼 6 } = { 𝑐 , 𝑑 } = [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 |𝜑 3 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝜑 3 (𝑒 ) = 𝛼 7 } = {𝑒 , 𝑓 } = [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑖 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒪 |𝜑 3 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝜑 3 (𝑖 ) = 𝛼 8 } = {𝑖 , 𝑗 } = [ 𝑗 ] 𝜑 3 . From here, we get that 𝜉 𝜑 3 = { [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 3 , [ 𝑖 ] 𝜑 3 } . Consequently, a set of partitions of 𝒪 is 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) = { 𝜉 𝜑 1 , 𝜉 𝜑 2 , 𝜉 𝜑 3 } for 𝑟 = 1 . Hence, 𝑁 1 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 = ⋃ [ 𝑥 ] 𝜑 𝑖 ∩𝑆 ≠⌀ [ 𝑥 ] 𝜑 𝑖 = [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑎 ] 𝜑 2 ∪ [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 2 ∪ [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 2 ∪ [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 3 ∪ [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 , 𝑑 , 𝑒 , 𝑓 , 𝑔, ℎ }. Taking operation tables for 𝑆 in Table 2 and Table 3. + c d e f c d e f g d e f g b e f g b c f g b c d 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3 . c d e f c c d e f d d f b d e e b e b f f d b f 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 Tekin, Bi Ideals of Nearness Semi rings , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turk ey 40 In this case, (𝑆, +,⋅) is a nearne ss semiring. L et take 𝐴 = { 𝑑 , 𝑒 , 𝑓 } is subset of 𝑆 . 𝑁 1 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 = ⋃ [ 𝑥 ] 𝜑 𝑖 ∩𝑄 ≠⌀ [ 𝑥 ] 𝜑 𝑖 = [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑓 ] 𝜑 1 ∪ [ 𝑏 ] 𝜑 2 ∪ [ 𝑑 ] 𝜑 2 ∪ [ 𝑐 ] 𝜑 3 ∪ [ 𝑒 ] 𝜑 3 = {𝑏 , 𝑐 , 𝑑 , 𝑒 , 𝑓 , 𝑔}. Since, 𝐴 is a subsemigroup of 𝑆 and 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 , 𝐴 is a bi ideal of ne arness semiring 𝑆 . Le mma 2 Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring and 𝐴 be a non-empty subset of 𝑆 . If 𝑆 is commutative and 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 , then each quasi ideal of 𝑆 is bi ideal of 𝑆 . Proof. L et 𝑆 be a commutative nearne ss semirin g and 𝐴 be a quasi ideal of 𝑆 . 𝐴𝑆𝐴 = (𝐴𝑆𝐴) ∩ (𝐴𝑆𝐴) = 𝐴 ( 𝑆𝐴 ) ∩ ( 𝐴𝑆 )𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆 ( 𝑆𝐴 ) ∩ ( 𝐴𝑆 ) 𝑆 ⊆ ( 𝑆𝑆 ) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴( 𝑆𝑆 ) since 𝑆 is a nearness sem iring . Afterward, ( 𝑆𝑆 )𝐴 ∩ 𝐴( 𝑆𝑆 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ∩ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑆𝐴 ) ∩ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝐴𝑆 ) by Theorem 1 and Theorem 2.(ii). In this cas e, 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑆𝐴 ) ∩ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝐴𝑆 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ∩ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 from L emm a 1. Henc e, 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and 𝐴 is a nearness bi ideal of 𝑆 . Theorem 3 Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring and 𝐴 be a non-empty subset of 𝑆 . Each right or left nearness ideal of 𝑆 is a nearness bi ideal of 𝑆 if 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 is grupoid. Proof. L et 𝐴 be left ne arness idea l of 𝑆 . I n this case, 𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . Then, 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴( 𝑆𝐴 ) ⊆ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) by Theorem 1. T hen, ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 since 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 is grupoid. Hence, 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and 𝐴 is a nearne ss bi ideal of 𝑆 . Similarly , 𝐴 be ri ght nearness ideal. I n thi s wa y, 𝐴𝑆 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . The n, 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ ( 𝐴𝑆 )𝐴 ⊆ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) by Theorem 1. Thus, ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 since 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 is grupoid. Afterward, 𝐴𝑆𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and 𝐴 is a nearne ss bi ideal of 𝑆 . Le mma 3 Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring and 𝐴 be a non-empty subset of 𝑆 . Every bi ideal of 𝑆 is an upper-near bi ideal of 𝑆 if 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . Proof. L et 𝑆 be a nea rness semiring and 𝐴 is a bi ideal of 𝑆 . (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )𝑆( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴)(𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆 )( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) by Th eore m 1. Then, (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴)( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝑆)( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝐴𝑆 ) 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 from Theorem 2. (ii). Again, by Theorem 2.(ii), 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝐴𝑆 ) 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ (𝐴𝑆𝐴) . S ince 𝐴 is a bi ideal of 𝑆 , we get th at 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ (𝐴𝑆𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 . Hence , (𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 )𝑆( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 and 𝐴 is an upper-near bi ideal of 𝑆 . Corollary 1 Let 𝑆 be a nearness semiring. If 𝑆 is commutative and 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ ( 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 ) = 𝑁 𝑟 ( 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐴 , then each quasi ideal is an upper-near bi ideal. R EFE RENCES [1] Z. Paw la k, Ro ugh sets, I nt. J. Comput. Inform. Sci. 11 (5),341 – 3 56, (1982). [2] J. F. Peters, Near sets, Ge neral th eory about nearness of objects, A ppl. Ma th. Sci. 1 (5 3-56), 2 609 – 2629, (20 07). [3] J. F. Peters, Near sets, S pecial theo ry about nea rness of objects, Fun d. Infor m . 75 (1 -4), 407 – 433, (2007) . [4] J. F. Peters, Near sets: A n introductio n, Math. Com p ut. Sci. 7 (1),3 – 9, (2013). [5] E. İnan and M. A. Öztürk, Nea r groups on nearness appro ximation space s, Hac et. J . Math. 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Tekin, Quasi Id eals of Nearness Semirin gs , Cumhuriyet Sci. J. (In Press). [ 14 ] M. A. Öztürk, Y. B . Jun, and A. İz, Gamma semig roups on weak n earness a pproximation spaces , J. Int. Math. Virtual Inst. 9 (1), 53-72 ,(2019). [ 15 ] N. R. El -Madhoun , Qua si ideals a nd bi- ideals on semigroups a nd semirings , MSc T hesis , Depart m ent of Mathematics, Fac ulty o f Science, T he Islam ic Uni versity Tekin, Bi Ideals of Nearness Semi rings , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turk ey 41 of Gaza, supervisor A. El -Mabhouh, 2007. [ 16 ] J. S. Golan, Semirings and Th eir Application s , Klu w er Academic Publis hers, 1999. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 42 Challenges in the production of tita nium – based scaffolds bio – functionalized w ith hydrox yapatite by pow der metallurg y technique Mehmet Topuz *1 , Burak Dikici 2 and Mehmet Gavga li 3 ,4 1 Departmen t of Mecha nical Enginee ring , Yuzu ncu Yil University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-3692-796X 2 Departmen t of Metallurgica l and Material Engineering , Ataturk Un iversity , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-7249-923X 3 Departmen t of Mecha nical Enginee ring , A t aturk Un iversity , Turkey 4 Departmen t of Mechan ical Engineerin g , Necmettin Erbakan University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-1581-2605 * (mehmettopuz@yyu .edu.tr ) Email of th e correspon ding author Abstract – Recently , tita nium and its allo y s have remarkable interest for r esearchers due to their advanced mechanical, surface and biological p roperties. Researchers are investi gating new m aterials, especiall y in the field o f h ealth, and perhaps material desi gn is t he most important c riteria that exhibi t the low Young’s modulus of bone. Along with these criteria’s most prefe rred are com posite materials reinforced with hydroxy a patite (HA). Porous mate rials are pre f erred because they exhibit Young ’s modul us close to th e bone. The aim of the study, the problems encountered in the production of titanium/h y drox y apatite (Ti/ HA) composite scaffolds and the solutions will be e mphasiz ed. These are briefl y ; porogen r emoval, usage of differe nt sintering furnaces, sintering a tm os phere, mate ri al thickness, crack formation-propagation as a result of ex cessive or ins ufficient pressing pressure, and agglomeration of porogens durin g mold filling. It has be en proven that the use of vertical tub e furnaces unde r the Ar gas a tm osphere has successful results compared to the use of horizontal tube furnaces and diffe rent atmospheres (vacuum or Ar gas). I t has been concluded that in the compos ite scaffolds that ha ve been successfull y produced, micropores are formed as well as mac ropores, which may result from insuff icient neck growth and pressing pr essure. In addition, results showed that bi-modal (macro/micro po rosity) pore structures may contribute to bone tissue orientation in possible biomaterial use. Keywords – Powder meta llurgy (PM); titan ium; hyd roxyapatite; compos ite scaffold s; porous materials 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 43 A Review paper on Opti mized Reconfigurable C ell Array U.Gnaneswara Char y 1 , L.Babitha 2 , K.Gopi 3 , CH.Chara n Kumar 4 , Kakarla Hari Kishore 5 1 Dept. o f ECE, B V Raju In stitute of Techno logy, Narsapur, telangana , India 2 Dept. o f ECE, Institute of A eronatical Engineering , Dundigal, telan gana, India 3 Dept. o f ECE, B V Raju In stitute of Techno logy, Narsapur, telang ana , India 4 Dept. o f ECE, B V Raju In stitute of Techno logy, Narsapur, telangana , India 5 Departmen t of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gun tur * (gnaneshwarch [email protected] ) Email of th e correspond ing autho r Abstract – Optimized reconfig urable c ell arra y (ORCA), which can support for larger datap ath designs on a nibble basis, without decreasing it support for random logic control applications. This can be implemented by providing a programmable function unit which is equall y adapted to all the environments conditions. The routing structure is d esigned in such a way tha t it can allow nibble of da ta to be moved a round th e chip efficie ntl y , without interrupting other individual connections that characterize based on high logi c data paths. ORCA-Top chip is implemented using various C MOS technolog ies. Based on the specifications of ORCA-Top, RTL logic is written and converted t o gate level netlist b y s y nthesizing the RTL logic. In this review pa per we discussed various ORCA architecture implementations. Keywords – ORCA, Ph ysical Desig n 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 44 The Solution to Matrix Equa tions and Syste m of Fractional Different ial Equations by Fix ed Point App roach Muhammad Nazam * , Muhammad Arshad 2 and Choonkil Park 3 1 Departmen t of Mathema tics , Allama I qbal Open University, P akistan ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-1274 -1 936 2 Departmen t of Mathema tics & Statistic s , In ternational I slamic University, Pa kistan ORCID ID 00 00 - 000 3-3041 -3 28X 3 Reaserch In stitute of Natural S ciences, Han yang University, S eoul Korea * (muhammad .nazam @aiou. edu.pk) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – The Ba nach Contraction Principle is the pivotal of metric fix ed -point theor y. I t gave a new direction to fix ed point theor y by adding metric str ucture and inequalities to it. The fix ed-point theor y made its position in mathematics literature due to its smart applications to show the existence of solutions to re al life mathematical models. The metric fix ed poi nt theory attracts man y math ematicians to explore it more. The Banach Contraction Principle has been generalized b y introducing various new inequalities called contractions or contractive conditions and metric structures. Its application mostl y address dif ferential, integral, functional and matrix equations (both linear and nonlinear). Hundreds of research articles published contain man y u seful generalizations of the Banach Contraction Principle. To get more applicable results, we investigate common fixed p oints theorems for two self-mappings satisf y in g the inequality known as contractive c on dition subjec t to a comparison function a nd a binary relation (we call it controlled contraction). The main result will then be ex plained through an example. W e appl y th e obtained results to show the existence of the solut ions to linear matrix equations and s y stem o f fractional differential equations. Keywords – Generalized contra ctions; complete partial metric space; Matrix eq uation; FDE 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 45 SYNTHESIS A ND OP TIMISAT ION O F CIN NAM OMUM Z EYLANC IUM LOADED PLGA NAN OPA RTICLES. Vinod Kumari * , Aditi Sang al 2 1 Departmen t of Chemistry , Pa nipa t Institute of Engin eering and Tech nology , India ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-3091-807X 2 Amity Institute o f Applied Sciences, Amity University, I ndia ORCID ID 00 00 -0002- xxxx -xxxx Abstract – The capac ity of nanoscale dr ug delivery s y stems to condense a variability of healing ag ents has been established. B y enc apsulating these plant extracts, the solub ility and stabilit y of dru gs is increased. Cinnamon is a po ssible medic ine for se veral curable disea ses, such a s diabetes. Na noencapsulation of Cinnamomum zeylanic um powder was c arried o ut using the solvent e vaporation method to improve its bioavailability as a medication. The effect from PVA (polyviny l alcohol) and Pluronic F -68 on orga nic solvents and surface-active agents h as been inve stigated. Various parameters such as sonication time, outcome of PLGA content, effect of drug content wa s studied for optimization of C innamon loaded PL GA nanoparticles. Keywords – Poly La ctic- co -Glyc olic Acid (PLGA), Polymeri c Nanop articles, In - vitro studies, Cinnamon , Kinetic Relea se Study 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 46 Real Tim e IOT-Based Wea rable W omen Safet y System E Raghuveera 1* , K Ha ri Kishore 1 1 Departmen t of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gun tur, Andh ra Pradesh, India * (e.raghuveer@ho tmail.com ) Email o f the correspo nding author Abstract – As far as women safety is concerned. Especiall y in our countr y th e standards are going on decreasing day by day . According to National Crime Records B ureau (N CRB) the incidents of kidnapping and abductions rose to 64 per million to 74 per million which is devastating . I f it goes on increasing like this, In the comin g y ears there will be a tremendous rise in crime rate especially a g ainst women. I t is our responsibility to prot ect our mothers, sisters, friends and ea ch and e ver y woman in our fa mily. Th ere are many devices in the mark et for this application that is sending locations a nd a lert messa ge s to the fam ily of the user. But, all the devices need the response fr om the user when the y a re in danger to send the alert messages or such to their famil y or emer ge ncy s ervices. But there mi ght be situations where the us er has zero chances to respond or send an y alert messages to their famil y. We came up with a solution where th e alert messages and current loca tion of the user are s ent automaticall y to their fa mily when the y are in danger without an y re sponse from the user. We achieved it using the pulse rate sensor PPG (Photopleth y smograph y sensor) usin g which we measured the abnormal rise in heart r ate when th e user is in d anger. This paper deals with the functiona lit y and implementation of our idea in Embedded Sy s tems and IOT . Keywords – Dang er, Kidnapp ing, Alert Messages, Pho toplethysmograph y Sensors, Embedded Systems, IOT. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 47 BEHAVIOR OF IP N P ERFOBON D CONN ECTORS IN PUSH-OUT TE ST Boursas Farid 1* , B outagouga Djamel 1 , Boufara h Rafik 1* , Athmania Bra him 1 1 LARBI TEBE SSI UNIVERSITY , Algeria * ( farid.boursas@univ -tebessa .dz) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of IPN perf obond shear connectors in a push-out test. The main objective of these tests is to des cribe the connection behavior and to analy ze and compar e the contribution of the diff erent el ements (IPN perfobond connectors, co ncre te slab, steel beam, re inforcements rebars…) to the slip measured between the steel bea m and the concrete slab. For this, four speci mens tests using sh ear connectors in IPN80 perf orated with a cir cular hole and a long and ovoidal cut b y adding steel bars of diame ter 8 mm, and 6 mm and which will participate with the connectors to lift the shear force. The test c onfiguration follows some of the Eurocode 4 recommendations The parameters under study are the holes geometry and the P erf obond rib diameter. Using the proposed test method, load – slip behavior of the specimens was obtained and their failure modes were observed. According to the failure phenomenon in the ultimate loading stat e, f ailure modes we re dominated b y the concre te crushing of the slab. the test results show the influence of the hole's ge ometr y a nd rib diam eter on the load-bearing capacit y . I t was shown that the evaluated types of connectors may prov ide an economi cal and eff icient solution to transfer shear forces in composit e g irders. Keywords – comp osites girders, IPN perfobon d connectors , load -slip behavior , non-linear an alysis, push out test 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedE ngineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 48 Study of clinical c haracteristics, fre quency and gene tic varia nts of AB CB4 gene in Pakistani obstetric cho lestasis cas es Sabika Fira sat 1 * , Nuzhat Noor 2 , Kira n Afshan 3 1 Department o f Zoology, Quaid i Aza m Universi ty, Islamab ad, Pakistan ORCID ID 0000 - 000 3 - 4959 - 7832 2 Depart m ent of Zoolog y, Quaid i Azam Uni versity, Islamaba d, P akistan 3 Department o f Zoology, Quaid i Aza m Universi ty, Islamab ad, Pakistan ORCID ID 00 00 -0002 - 3979 -7 606 * (Sabika.firasa [email protected] .pk) Abstract: Objective : Intra hepatic Cholestasis of Pre gnancy (ICP) is a rare pregnancy specific disorder. Genetic variants of ABCB 4 ge ne incr ease ICP risk. This study was conduc ted to determine fr equency of ICP cases presented at a tertiar y care hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan and to screen for genetic variants of exon 6 and 14 of ABCB 4 gene in ICP ca ses. Methods: This analytical study included I CP patients pre sented at Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hol y Family Hospital Rawalpindi, fr om Fe bruar y 2017 to Ma y 2017. Sanger’ s sequencing was performed using genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of patients and controls. Results: Tw enty pregnant wome n out of 1150 (1.74%) had ICP and wer e enrolled durin g stud y period. Overall (19/20) 95% patients had pruritus and am ong them (8/20) 40%, (4 /20) 20% and (2/20)10% had a history of mi scarriage s, still births and fa milial ICP re spectively . Genetic analysis re vealed an a lready reported v ariant i.e., c.504C>T in exon 6 in thirteen patients and a novel v ariant i.e., c.1686A>G in exon 14 in five patients. Bot h variants were not present in controls . I n silic o anal y sis su gge sted tha t both variants might affect pre-mRNA splicing of ABCB4 transcript. Conclusion: I CP had a frequency of 1.74% among pregnant women. Ide ntification of a novel heterozy gous variant in five patients and an alrea dy r eported variant in thirteen patients reaffirms genetic heteroge neit y and role of ABCB4 in I CP etiology. Keywords – intrahepatic cholestasis o f pregnanc y , ABCB4 gene, Single Nucleotid e Pol ym o rp hism (SNP), DNA seq uencing. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 49 Rem oval of two t extiles d ye from water by ca rbonated m aterial s: Perform ance and m echanism Samira ZIAN E 1* , Fatima BOUCIF 1 , Fatiha Besssaha 1 , I men FEDDAL 2 , Nouria Mehre z 1 , Amine KHELIFA 1 1 Départemen t de Génie des procédés, Facu lté des sciences et techn ologie, Université Abd elhami d Ibn Ba dis, Mostaganem, Algeria 1 Laborato ire matériaux et ca talyse, faculté des scien ces exact, U niversité sidi belabb es, Algeria * (samirazianed [email protected] ) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – Ca rbonated m aterial (CM) wa s treated and character iz ed, a nd used in the adsorptive r emoval of two azo deye Remozol Black 5 (RB5) and A cid Orange 1 ( AO1), f rom s y n thetic solutions. This mat erial was calcined at 900 °C to decompose into CaO -MgO mixture. The la tter was characterized b y las er gr anulometr y , SEM and FTI R. The effects of i nitial concentration, contact time, equilibrium data and temperature were examined. AO1 at equilibrium increa s es strongl y with increasing adsorption temperature . RB5 was more stron gly adsorbed than AO1, viz . 125.9 ag ainst 36.8 m g g -1 at 55 °C, respectively. The process re fl ects a weak chemical int era ction between the amine fu nction of RB5 and the carbonate materials surface. an electrostatic attraction and h y d rogen bonding phenomena between the negative charge of ac id Orange I of the sulfonate g roup and the positive char ge of carbona t e materials represented b y MgOH + , a nd hydrogen bonding between Ca(OH) 2 and Mg(OH) 2 , and the h y d rox y l group of the azo -molecule. The understanding of the R B5 – CM900/ acid OA1 – CM900 mechanism constitutes a fundamental approach to develop the application of these materials in the wastewater treatment. Keywords – carbo nate materia l; Removal; OA1; RB5; calcined; co mparative study. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 50 MHD Rotating Fl uid Past a Se mi-infinite Ver tical Mo ving Plate Thro ugh a Porous Mediu m In Presence o f Chemical Reaction : Coriolis Force a nd Wall Velocity E ffects Zohra Benharka t * Faculty o f Technolo gy, University of Medea , Alg eria * (zohrabenh arkat1@g mail.com) Abstract – The proble m of stead y MHD convective heat and mass transfer of a viscous incompressible rotating fluid over a se mi -infinite vertica l moving plate through a porous m edium taking into account Hall curre nt and first-order chemical reaction has been studied. The similarity equations obtained are solved numerically b y a finite differe nce scheme. Velocit y , temperature and concentration profiles are presented graphica ll y a nd the results are discussed and focused on the main eff ects, the wall velocity λ, C oriolis force parameter ξ , permeability p arameter K and th e c hemical re action p arameter γ. All the velo cities de crea se with the increase of these parameters. Ex cept the ax i al velocity which increases with the wall v elocity and only near the plate, whereas the transverse v elocit y increases with the increase of the pe rmeability parameter. The t empera ture and the concentration profiles increase as the wall velocit y and Coriolis force parameters increase. An opposite effe ct is found when the permeability para meter increases. Also, the temperature increase s and the concentration decreases when the permeability pa rameter increases. Keywords – Magn etohydrod ynamic, Ha ll Effect, Coriolis Force, P orous Medium, Chemical Rea ction. R EFE RENCES [1] H. S. Takhar, A. J. Chamkha, and G. Nath, “ MHD flow over a movi ng plate i n a ro tating fluid with magnetic field, Hall curre nts and free stream velocity , ” Internatio nal Journa l of Engineering Science , vol. 40 , pp. 1511 – 1527, 2002 . [2] N. S.Elgazery, “ The effects of chemical reaction, Hall and ion-slip c urrents on MHD flo w with te m perat ure dependent viscosity and thermal diffusivity , ” Communica tions in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulatio n , vol. 14 , pp. 1267 – 1283 , Jan. 2009 . [3] G. S. Seth, S. Sarkar, and S.M. Hussain, “ Effects o f Hall current, radiation and r otation on natural convect ion h eat and mass transfer flo w past a m ovin g vertical plate , ” Ain Shams Eng i neering Journal , vol. 5 , pp. 489 – 503, Oct. 2014. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 51 A strategy for ene rgy -efficient control of te mperature and hu midity for agricultural appli cations using solar/heat energy Muhammad Sultan * Departmen t of Agricultu ral Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya Un iversity, Bosan R oad, 60800 Multan , P akistan * (muhammad [email protected] u.pk) Abstract – For any nati on, primary sources of energy consumption are involved in: heating, cooling , humidification, dehumidific ation, ventilation and/or air -conditioning ( HVAC), which may be required for various applications. Currently , Pakistan is facing extreme energ y shorta g e, therefore, low -cost and energ y - efficie nt HVAC s y stems are principall y required. As the P akistan is an agriculture dependent countr y , therefore, low-cost HVAC systems are required not only for humans’ thermal comfort but also for various agriculture based applications e.g. greenhouse air - conditioning, agricultural products’ (fruits and vegetables) storage, and a nimals’ (livestock) air - conditioning etc. In this r egard, various innovativ e c ooling and air-conditioning t echnologies have been intro duced worldwide. Conse quently , in this ke y note speech, evapora tive cooling and adsorption cooling bas ed HVAC technologies are ex plored. These technol ogies are environmentall y sa fe and can be sim ply operated b y water or low -gr ade waste heat. The low -grade waste heat can be supplied economicall y b y man y wa y s e. g. solar thermal energy, natural coal, bi o -gas and/or bio-mass etc. From the prospective of evaporative cooling, the spe ech focuses on Maisotse nko c y cle (M -c y cle) based e v aporative cooling conception in comparison with conventional direct and indirect evapora tive coolin g . While adsorption cooling and desiccant air -conditioning s y stems are focused fro m the prospective o f thermally driven s ystems. Importan ce of sele ction of refrigerant and adsorbent/desiccant is also highli ghted. Based on geographic and climatic conditions of Pakistan, role of temporal and spatial variation for the development of sustainable HVAC s y stem is addressed. Keywords – Evap orative coo ling; Adsorption co oling; Desiccan t air -conditionin g; M-cycle; Sustainability; Ag riculture; Pakistan. 52 1st Interna tional Co nference o n A ppliedEn gineeringan d Natural Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No ve mbe r 1-3 , 20 21 , Ko n ya , Tu r k ey Variation in the c omposition of exo polysaccha rides produced by Lactiplantib acillus plantarum strain Lbio 28 based on the fermentation medium Nadia Bachtarzi 1,2 *, Speciale Immacolata 3 , Karima Kharroub 1 , Cristina De Ca stro 3 , L orena Ruiz 2 , Patricia Ruas Madiedo 2 1 Institute of Nu trition, Food a nd Food Technology, Univers ity Mentouri B rothers Constantine1 (INATAA -UFMC1), Algeria 2 Dairy Research Institute of Astu rias-Sp anish Nation al Research Coun cil (IPLA -CSIC), Spain 3 University Federico II Naples, Ita ly. * (Bachtarzi.nad [email protected] ) Abstract – Some strains of lactic acid bacteria ex crete carbohydrate polymers during their growth, which can eithe r remain attached to the cell membrane , the capsular pol y saccharides (CPS), or be re leased into the fermentation m edium, the e xopol y s accharides (EPS). These biopol y mers off er a n atural alternative to commercial fo od additives due to their phy sico -chemical characteristics. Indeed, their in situ production in food matrices has man y advantag es, as the y impr ove rheologica l prop erties, such as incr easing visc osity , reducing s y neresis and improving texture, in addition to having emulsify in g, thickening and sta bilising properties. In this work, a strain ( L bio28) of lactic acid b acteria producing rop y EPS was isolated from fermented milk from the BordjBouArreridj area ( Algeria) and identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum . The polymers produced by this strain on two fe rmentation media, MRS agar and mi lk medium, were extracted and purified b y two methods. Their molec ular weig hts and comp ositions were then defined b y exclusion size c hromatography (SEC -MALLS) and gas chrom atography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), respec tivel y . The results obtained showed that the poly mers produced on these two medi a are heteropoly mers with different molecular w eig hts, 1.9×10 5 Da on MRS and 1.18×10 6 Da on mi lk medium. The polymer produ ced o n MRS medium was composed of glucose , gala ctose and gl y cerol, whe reas the second pol y mer produced on milk medium, in addition to the three monomers mentioned above, included ribitol, mannose, neuraminic acid, glucosamine and galactosamine. These results show that the fermentation medium used influences the composition of the exopol y sac charide produced and then it s physico-chemical and techno-functional characteristics . Keywords – Lactic a cid bacteria, Lactiplantiba cillus plantarum, exopo lysaccharide, chemical co mposition, fermen ted milk. 53 1st Interna tional Co nference o n A ppliedEn gineeringan d Natural Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No ve mbe r 1-3 , 20 21 , Ko n ya , Tu r k ey Non-linear p rogra mm ing proble ms w ith quasi strongly E -preinvex functions Askar Hussain 1 * 1 Departmen t of Mathema tics, Facu lty of Science, Aligarh Muslim Universi ty, Aligarh , In dia * (askarhussain59 @gmail.com ) Abstract – I n thi s article, we extend the class of st rongl y E-preinvex functions which is calle d quasi s trongl y E-preinvex functions. A non-trivial suitable examples have been constructed which show the existence of these functions and several interesting properties have be en discussed. An important characterizati on and relationship of these functions are given. Furthermore, an a pplication of our results, we consider nonlinear programming problem f or which, we obtain su fficient condition to get optimal solution from feasible solution for a nonlinear progr amming pro blem and, under some condition, local minimum point is also strict global minimum. Keywords – Strong ly E-in vex sets, Strongly E-p reinvex functions, No n-lin ear programming problem (NLPP). 54 1st Interna tional Co nference o n A ppliedEn gineeringan d Natural Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No ve mbe r 1-3 , 20 21 , Ko n ya , Tu r k ey Optimized Super critical Fluid Ext raction of Phytoc hemicals from Ste via Leaf Pow der: Bioactive Co mpounds, Pheno lic, Amino Acids Profiles and Comparison w ith Conventiona l Maceration Extracti on Kashif Ameer 1,2,3,4 , Joong -Ho Kwon 3 , Jong-Bang Eun 2 , Mian Anjum Murtaza 4 , Shahid Bashir 1 , Ammar Ahmad Khan 1 , Ane es Ahmed Khalil 1 1 University Institute o f Diet & Nutritional Scien ces, Faculty of Allied Health Scien ces, The University of Lah ore -Laho re, 54000 P akistan 2 Departmen t of Integ rative Food, Bioscien ce and Biotechno logy, Chonnam Natio nal University, Gwan gju, 61186, Sou th Korea3 3 Scho ol of Food Scien ce & Biotechn ology, Kyungpo ok National University, Da egu 41566, So uth Korea 4 Institute of F ood Science and Nutrition, University of Sa rgodha, Sargodha -40100, Pakistan * (kashifameer89@gma il.com ) Abstract – Introduction: Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) has pro ven ther apeutic benefits and consists of more tha n 100 phytochemicals. Conventional maceration ex traction (CME) is resource-intensive as comp are d to re cently emerge d eco- friendly supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Material & M ethods: R esponse surface methodolo gy (RS M) and artificial n eural network (A NN) modeling were compared for maximum responses. Y 1 (total anthocya nin content: TAC), Y 2 (total chlorophyll content: TChC), Y 3 (total carotenoid content: TCC) and Y 4 (condensed tannin content: CTC) a s function of independent SFE variables : X 1 = modifier concentration (0 – 40 %), X 2 = extraction temperature (25 – 65°C) and X 3 = pressure (75 – 3 75 bar). Moreov er, S FE extracts were compared with CME for phenolic and free amino acid profile s. Results: Maximum values of TAC of 9.13 mg CgE .g -1 dr y matter (DM), TChC of 7.67 mg.g -1 D M, TCC of 0.813 mg.g -1 DM and CTC of 19.81 mg CE .g -1 DM were obtained unde r optimum SFE parameters: X 1 of 40%, X 2 of 45 °C and X 3 of 225 bar. Conclusion: ANN modeling proved superior to R SM and SFE extracts at optimized conditions showed higher target responses a s compared to CME with reduced resource cons umption and less C O 2 emission. Hence , stevia ex tracts may be emplo y ed as nutraceuticals to develop future functional foods. Keywords – ANN, RSM, SFE . 55 1st Interna tional Co nference o n A ppliedEn gineeringan d Natural Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ No ve mbe r 1-3 , 20 21 , Ko n ya , Tu r k ey Biosenso rs for the detection of vir uses and cancer cell s - An emerging technology for point of care diag nostics SZJ Zaidi 1* , M.S Shahbaz 2 , W.Gondal 3 , S.Hassan 4 1 Institute of Ch emical Eng ineering and Techn ology, University of th e Punjab, Lahore, P akistan 2 Institute of B iochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Pu njab, Quaid -i-Azam Campus, La hore, Pakista n. 3 Gulab Devi Hospital, Lah ore Pakistan. 4 Bioeng ineering Re search Group, Facu lty of Engineering a nd Ph ysical Sciences, University of S outhampto n, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. * (zohaib.icet@pu .edu.pk ) Abstract – Ea rly diagnostic a nd e ffective therap y ar e two of the important benchmarks for the earl y de tection of life threatening viruses and cancer cells. Ex osomes from viral cells m ay be im portant candidates for reliable biomarkers for the detection evaluation o f tumor. In this study, Hu man interferon α2 (IFNα2) and thymosin α1 ( Tα1) are th erapeutic proteins used f or the treatment of vir al infecti ons and different t ypes of cancer. Both IFNα2 and Tα1 show a sy nergic effect in their activities when used in combination. Furthermore, the therapeutic fusion proteins produc ed through the genetic fusion of two ge nes can exhibit severa l therapeutic functio ns in one mol ecule. I n this study , we determined the anticancer and anti viral effect of human I nterferon α 2 - Th ymosin α1 fusion protein (IFNα2 - Tα1) produced in our laboratory for the first time. W e discuss the candidature of ex osomal biomarkers for the dete ction of cancers, which can be employe d for indicative diagnostic and treatment responses b y incorporating IF Nα2 and T α1 with the cancer-derived ex osomes on biosensors. Further electroche mical recogniti on of viral cells was done by chronampermoteric studi es which comprise integrated scientific development of bioelectrochemical eng ineering and important figure of merits related with electrochemica l aspects. Furthermore, advanced research directions and aspects in using viral-d erived exosomes and recombinant with therape utic p roteins for point-of-care (POC) testing and bio sensory technology will be prese nted. Keywords – Biosenso rs, α2 , POC . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 56 Numerical Model ling of a Nonplan ar Strike Slip Fault and Asso ciated Stress Dis tribution in Lithosphere Asth enosphere Syste m Subhash Chandra Mondal 1* , Suma Debsarma 2 1 Departmen t of Mathema tics,Kanpu r, Howrah -711410, India 1 Departmen t of Applied Mathematics, University of Ca lcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road , Kolkata-700 009, India * (subhashch [email protected] m) Abstract – I n seismology, the nature of ground de formation in se ismicall y active regions in between two major seismic events has an immense connection with land sliding and other types of ground dam ages in those regions. So, understanding of geoph y sic al changes in thi s aseismic period and its e ff ects on the i nside faults is ver y important aspect for fi guring out whi ch faults are most likely t o produc e the nex t ea rthq uake. Long-time observations indicate that in many cases strike-slip faults form as segmented struc ture before evolving into contiguous, simpler structure. A computational method incorporating str ess distribution process durin g quasi-stat ic, aseismic period in the presence of a non planar strike slip fault and associated fault movement is ex plain ed here. A long, surface b reaking, non planar strike slip fault is take n to be situated in linearly viscoelastic half space representing th e lithosphere asthenosph ere s ystem and fault geometry is complex in nature comprising of four interconnected planar parts. D ue to mantle convection and some other related tectonic processes stress accumulates i n the vicinit y of the fault z one in the aseismic period. Tectonic processes and ow in the Earth's interior drive deformation of the Earth' s surface that ca n lead to de structive fault movement when the accumulated stress ex ceeds the frictional and cohesive forces across the fault. The problem ultimately reduces to a two-dimensional boundar y value problem with some discontinuit y across the fault pl ane. The resultin g boundar y value problem is solved with t he help of numerical tech nique, developed for the purpose, based on fi nit e di ff erence scheme. All the results have been depicted graphicall y with appropriate model paramete rs. Comput ational outcomes reveal that fault movement and fault ge ometr y have a signi fi cant e ff ect on the stress, strain and displacement components in the localized area of the fault plane. This t ype of stud y also reveals an i nsight for understandin g the mechanism of earthquake process during a seismic period in seismically active regions. Keywords – Linearly visco elastic h alf space, Non planar fa ult, Strike-slip mo vement, Dis con tinuous bo undary value problem, Finite diff erence method . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n AppliedEngineer ingand Na tural Sc ience s https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 57 Elucidation of Pathw ay Crosstalks and Prospectiv e Therapeut ic Targets in Autism Spectru m Disorder Umme Farwa 1* , Sobia Khurshid 1 , Sy eda Marriam Bakhtiar 1 1 Capital Un iversity of science and technology, Islamabad , Pakistan * (farwafaru14 [email protected] m) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders with o bvious changes in social, verba l and non-ve rbal communication, as well as repetitive and restrictive behavior. The core s ymptoms are impairments of social interaction, restricted and ster eotyped behavior, and delay in language. Limited treatment options are available to cure the core s ymptoms of ASD. In this study in-silico approaches were used to find out the cross talks among majo r pathwa y s involved in auti sm including dev elopmental, pro inflammatory and metabolic pathwa y s. For this purpose ke y pathwa y s w ere identified from literature. Secondl y, microarray data of autistic patient s have been used r esulting in differe ntiall y e xpressed ge nes. I dentifica tion of gene ontology and pathway enrichment of these DEGs had been done to know the e nriched genes involved in ASD. Further, protein- protein interactions have been identified and validated through the KEGG database. Finall y , cross talks of pathwa y s were generated identifying 10 pathwa y s cross talks in ASD, among which few w ere r eported in literature and other were identified as novel path ways. Their cross -talks are important for finding and predicting actual potential targets or biomarkers which b y furth er investi gations could be th e novel approaches for di agnosis or treatment. Keywords – Autism spect rum disorder , Deferentially ex pressed g enes , pa thway cross-ta lks 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 58 Biological control with essential oil of Fo eniculum vulgare Mill. Djamila Hamada 1* , Roumeissa Bekri 2 , Aicha Medjahid 2 , Romaissa kamaci 3 , Hakim B elkhalfa 4 , Nasrine Salhi 3 , Seg ni Ladjel 1 1 Ouargla Un iver sity, F aculty of Applied Science s, L aboratory of Process Enginee ring, Ouarg la, Alg eria, (ORCI D: 0000-0002-9 681-781 0), saouddjam ila8@gmail. com 2 Ouargla Un iver sity, Mathema tic and Matter sc iences, Departma nt of chem istry , Ouargla, (ORCI D: 0000-0003-4141-1335) roumeissabekr i98@g mail.com,(O RCID :0000-0002-8667-34 38)amou djahed@y ahoo.com 3 Ou argla Unive rsity , Faculty of Nature Sciences a nd life , Laboratory of Saharan Biore source s Prese rvation and Recov ery . Ouargl a, Algeria. (ORCI D: 0000-0003-008 2-9874) 4 Center for Scient ific and T echnical Resear ch in Phy sicochemical A naly sis (C.R.A.P.C), Ouarg la, Alg eria. (ORCI D: 0000-0001-9992- 346X) Abstract – T he present stud y was ai med to investigate, the che mical co m positio n of the essential o il extracted by hydrodistillation from Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) harvested in South -Est, A lgeria, and to evaluate its antifungal and allelopathic acti vities. Gas chromatograp hy-mass spectrometr y GC -MS analysis of F. vulga re essential oil sho wed the p resence o f 11 components, alpha.-phellandrene (29.44 %) w as found as the m ain com po nent. T he ess ential oil was tested on the seeds of 2 crops ( Chenop odium quinoa Willd.) Variet y Q102 and ( Triticum durum Desf.) variety vitro n, The final germi nation percenta ges and the seedlin g shoot and root lengths were significantl y red uced b y t he F. vu lgare esse ntial oil as co m p ared to the co ntrol. Furthermore, the a ntifungal study o n the fungi o f Asperg illus nig er and Aspergillus f lavus reported significant results. The effectiveness of t he o il sho w e d that it ha s a fungicidal effect against t he t w o strain s. T hese findings suggest that the F . vu lgare essential oil can be used as a source of environmental -friendly in bilogica l control. Keywords – Allelopa thie, Antifun gal activity, Fo eniculum vulgare Mill., Essential o il. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 59 INVESTIGATI NG MAJ OR APOE SNPS TO DETERM INE THEIR ROLE IN CARD IOVASCULAR , NE URONAL AN D DEFICIENCY DISORDERS Shazina Pervaiz 1* , Muhammad Qasim Kha n 1 , S y eda Marr iam Bakhtiar 1 1 Departmen t of Bioinfo rmatics & Biosciences , Capital Un iversity of Science and Techno logy, Islamabad , Pakistan * (mehakdu [email protected] om) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a complex protein having a central nonpolar lipid core a nd a polar peripheral membrane . I t is encoded b y chromosome 19q13.32 and has a length of 317 amino acids. APOE is a pol y morphic gene p ossessing three different allelic forms e2, e3, and e4. The ApoE3 is considered a wild type whereas the other two (e2, e4) are mut ated forms. APOE is ass ociated with a d ive rse gr oup of lipoproteins which include ve r y- low -density lipoproteins (vLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), chy lom icrons, intermediate -density lipoproteins but APOE ha s a high affinity for high-densit y lipoproteins (HDL). They are essential components of plasma l ipoproteins whic h are re s ponsible to perf orm lipop rotein mediated lipid transport betwe en organs through plasma and interstitial fluid. APOE undergoes the production, conversion, and clearance of apolipoproteins. A d efective muta ted APOE prot ei n ma y l ead to multiple disorders such as coronar y he art disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and osteoporosis. In this stud y , APOE Single Nucleotide Pol y morphisms (SNPs) were anal y zed to determine their damaging and deleterious effects through bioinformatics anal y sis . Major APOE SNPs were determined throu g h litera ture and the y were investi gated to stud y the mut ational effect, gene ontolo gy , and evolutionar y conservation. The APOE protein parameters such as protein stabilit y , post -translational m odifications we r e also explored to deve lop mutational APOE prote in models and compare them with wild ty pe to understa n d their significa nce. Then APOE protein network was dev eloped a nd subjected to enrichment analysis to associate APOE with different dis ease pathwa y s. This st udy would help identif y new therapeutic targets for APOE associated disea s es. Keywords – Apo lipoprotein E , Alzheimer’s Disease, ch ylomicrons, Sin gle Nucleotid e , Polymorphisms. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 60 Photocatalytic de gradation of cefac lor from aqueous solution, by a synthesi zed semiconductor Meriem Daimalah * , Nadia Aicha L aoufi, Rafik M elki and Abdelkader Mouheb Laborato ry of Transfer Phen omena (LPDT), Facu lty of Mecha nical and Pro cess Engineering, Un iversity of Science and Techno logy Houari Bo umediene (USTHB), El Alia, BP32, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Alg iers, Algeria * ( meriem.daima [email protected] m) Email o f the corresponding a uthor Abstract – Water is essential to human life among various other natural resources. Nonethe - less, various compounds organic or inorganic contaminate th e water environment which includes pharmaceutical compounds a s one o f the most hazardous, one of the widel y use d antibiotics is cefaclor (CFC) belo nging to the beta-lac tam group, second-generation cephalosporin. For this many treatment methods were developed for the removal of contaminants. The advanced ox idation process based on sem icon ductor photocataly sts, has a ttracted c onsiderable a ttention, for re moval of or g anic pollutants fr om wa stewater and more precisel y Chromite-t y pe materials because o f their p articularities for photocatal y sis applica tions, for example, low band g ap energ y and chemical stabilit y . ZnCr 2 O 4 has be en s y nthesiz ed using the c o- precipitation method, The powder was calcined at 700 °C under air to remove possible residual organic matter and c r y stall ization of the nanocrystals to obtain catalyst with needed structural features and properties, this nanoco mposite was characterized by powder X -ra y diffraction (XRD), the optical character istics wa s obtained b y UV – Visible spectroscopy. The photocatal y t ic performance of zinc chromite (Z nCr 2 O 4 ) was evaluated for the degradation and mineralization of an antibiotic (cefaclor) under visible light irr adiation. A mi neralization eff icienc y of 59 % was a chieved aft er 180 mi n for cefaclor conce ntration of 10 mg/L, in comparison with 5% eff icienc y r eached by photoly sis . Keywords – ZnCr2 O4, ph otocatalysis , cefaclo r degrad ation, catalyst cha racterization , water pollutio n. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 61 Role of Insulin Resis tance in Onse t of Metabolic Syn drome Ifra Ghous 1 * , Z oha Ghous 1 , Naveed Iqbal Soomro 1 and S y eda Marriam Bakhtiar 1 1 Departmen t of Bioinfo rmatics and Bio sciences, Capital U niversity of Science a nd Technology, I slamabad Expressway, Kahuta Road, Zon e V, Islamabad, Pakistan. * (ifra.gho [email protected] m) Email o f the co rresponding autho r Abstract – Metabolic syndrome is define d as the pr esenc e of insulin resistance, im paired glucose tole rance , or diabetes mellitus t y pe 2, as essential components of the s y ndrome, alon g with an y two o f the following parameters that are raised blood pressure, h ypertr iglyceridemia, and low high -densit y li poprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), or obesit y (as measured b y body mass index (BMI)), and microalbuminuria. Insulin resistance can be defined as the inabilit y of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal. Insulin resistance play s a central role in connecting the different compo nents of metabolic syndrome and contributes to the syndrome’s pro gression. This project aims to reve al the molecular and genetic cross -talk b etween insulin resistance and metabolic sy ndrome and to identify th e ke y p athway s and core genes in volved in insulin resistance pathway s asso ciated with metabolic s yndrome . Insilco approach was used for the retrie val of ge ne int eraction data, identification, and validati on of hub gene s. Various tools and databases were used such as a Gene ma nia to retrieve gene int eractions data, KEGG for validation of pathwa y s. GEPH I 0.9.2 for the development of gene regulatory networks. Hub gene s were ident ified by centralities statistical analy sis. Enrichment anal y sis of hub genes was performed and finall y, hub genes were validated through the literature. I t w as concluded that out of 17 genes 8 hub ge nes (SHC1, AKT1, PIK3R1, GSK3B, AKT3, RELA, MAPK1, and I NSR) play a role in insulin resistance and metabolic s y ndrome throu gh inflammation directly or indirectl y . The se hub genes could be use d further for the genetic anal y sis in different populations to validate the associa tion with i nsulin resistance a nd metabolic syndrome. Keywords – Metabo lic syndrome, ca rdiovascu lar disease, diabetes, in flammation, an d pathway analysis . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 62 , Yapay Sinir Ağları İle Y erleşim Ye rlerindeki Yeşil Ala nların Belirlen mesi Ve Periyodik Değ işi mlerinin İzlen mesi Osman COŞKUN 1* , Ceng iz SERTKAYA 2 1 Yazılım Mühen disliği Tezli Y üksek Lisans Pro gramı / Fen Bilimleri En stitüsü , Ostim Tek nik Ün iversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5916 -0573 2 Yazılım Mühen disliği Bölü mü / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Ostim Teknik Ün iversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2802 -8297 * (20080 1011@ostimteknik. edu.tr ) Özet – Yerleşim yerlerinde hayatın sağ lıklı bir ş ekilde ilerleyebilmesi için yeşil alan varlığı ve miktarı oldukça önemlidir. Yeşil alan varlığının azalması, insanların y anı sıra bu süreçte h a y atını şehir h ayatına adapte etme y e çalışan evcil vey a yaban h a yvanlarınında sağlığ ını ve po pülasyonlarını koruması adına gereklidir. Kasaba ve y a şehir planlarında me y dana gelen plansız y apılaşmalar v e bu yapılaşmanın doğal hay ata olan etkisi d üze nli olarak takip edilmelidir. Yaşam alanlarının hava kalitesini ve mevs imsel farklılıklarını da etkile yen y eşil alanların varlığının korunması, izlenmesi ve nüfüsa bağlı arttırılması sürdürülebilir bir gelecek ve modern ye şil şehirler için oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, hava ve u y du sistemleri ile elde edilen fot o ğrafların de ğerlendirilere k, yerleşim alanlarındaki farkların ort ay a konması için bir yapay z eka yöntemi olan Yapa y Sini r A ğı (YSA) mima risine day alı model önerisi sun ulmuştur. Sunulan modelin eğ itim ve test aşamalarında kullanılmak üz ere 99225 adet veri kullanılmıştır. Bu veriler ağ aç, çimen, otomobil , bina, havuz, be ton yapılar, asfalt ve toprak şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Modelin amacı bu girdiler arasında ağaç ve ç imeni diğ er bile şenlerden a yırarak toplam ye şil alan olarak ifade edilen bileşenin tespit ine y öneliktir. Sist emin başarısı determinasyon katsay ısı yöntemi üz erinden %87 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre önerilen modeli n y eşil alan tespitinde başarılı olduğu g örülmüştür. A yrıca çevresel değişimlerin tespitinde uy arı sis temi ol arak kullanılabileceği ve literatüre önemli katkılar sağlay a cağı düşünülmektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Yeşil Ala n, Yapay Sin ir Ağları, Makin e Öğrenmesi, Yap ay Zeka, Gö rüntü Tanıma Determining Green Areas In Settle ments And Mo n ito ring Their P eri od i c Changes By Ar ti ficial Neura l Netwo rks Abstract – The presenc e and amount of green space is ver y important for healthy progress of life in settlements. The de crease in e x istence of g reen a reas is nece ssar y in order to protec t health and populations of domestic or animals that tr y to adapt their lives to c it y life in this process, as well as people. Unpl anned constructions in town or city plans and the effect of this construction on natural life should b e mon itored regularly. It is very important for sustainable future and modern green cities to protect, mo nitor and increase the existence of green a reas that affect air qualit y and seasonal differences of living spaces. Within the scope of this study, a model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture, w hich is an artificial intelligence method, i s presented to evaluate photo graphs o btained b y a erial and s atellite systems and to reveal the differences in residential areas. 99225 data were used to be used in training and Coşkun vd., Yapay Sinir Ağları İl e Yerleşim Yerlerindeki Yeşil Alanların Belirlenmesi Ve Periyodik Değişimlerinin İzlenmesi , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 63 testing stages of presented model. These data are classified as trees, grass, a utom obiles, buildings, pools, concre te structures, asph alt and soil. The aim of model is to deter mine component expressed as total g reen area b y separating tree and g rass from other c om pone nts among these inputs. S uccess of s ystem was calculated as 87% over the coeff icient of determination method. According to results, it was seen that proposed model was successful in determining green area. It is also thought that it can be used as warning system in detection of environmental cha nges and will make importan t contributions to literature. Keywords – Green Field , Artificia l Neural Net works,Ma chin e Learn ing, Artificial In telligence, Ima ge Recognition 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 64 , Variability of phy toche mical compo sition of tw igs of Retama sphaeroca rpa L. Bo iss (Fabaceae) w ith seaso ns Moulay Oumelkhir 1 , Zemouri Z ohra 1 , Djabeur Abderrezak 1* 1 Université des S ciences et d e la Tech nologie d 'Oran Mo hamed Boudiaf, US TO - MB, BP 150 5, El M'n aouer, 3100 0 Oran Algeria. * ( sidjabeur@yaho o.fr) Ema il o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – Re tama sphae rocarpa is a medic inal plant endemic to the Mediterra nean basin. I t play s a major role in the reve getation and fertilization of soils. Thus Retama sphaerocarpa is widely used b y m an for therapeutic purposes. It has been c onsidered as a good remedy for the treatment of rabies in humans also it is used as a healing , vulnerar y and antiseptic. This study aims to monitor the variabilit y in ph y tochemicals in the twi gs (stems) of Retama sphaer ocarpa from the region of El Bay adh (south west Al geria) during the four seasons of the y ear; to determine the degree o f metabolic variabilit y b etween seasons and also to determine the season that presents the most secondary metabolites. It appears throu gh this s tud y the richn ess of the branches in total pol yphenols and tot al flavonoids, the branche s of sprin g are the ric hest in pol y phenols and flavonoids with values of (0.540±0, 437mg EC /g), (1.00±0.758mg EC catechin/ g) respectiv el y compar ed to autumn with values equivalent to (0.45 8±0.372mg EC/g) in phenolic c ompounds and (0.860±0.608mg EC catechin/g) in flavonoids. Keywords – Retama sphaero carpa, métabolites secon daire, ramea ux, sa ison 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 65 Makine Öğrenme si Metotları Kullanıla rak Hepatit C Hastalığının Er ken Teşhisinin Gerçekleştirilmesi Nuh YURDUSEVEN 1* , Ce ngiz SERTKAYA 2 1 Yazılım Mühen disliği Yüksek Lisans Prog ramı / Fen Bilimleri En stitüsü , Ostim Tekn ik Üniversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-7108 -4940 2 Yazılım Mühen disliği Bölü mü / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Ostim Teknik Ün iversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2802 -8297 * (20080 1001@ostimteknik. edu.tr ) Özet – Hepatit C, kan y oluyla bulaşa n HCV virüsünün neden olduğu karac iğer hasarına sebeb olan bir hastalıktır. Karaciğer kendini yeniley ebilen bir organ olmasına karşın, zamanla tekrar eden hasarlar organ üzerinde y ara dokusu birikmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu durum karaciğe r fibrozisi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Fibroz tedavi edilmediği takdirde karaciğer sirozu ve hepatosellüler karsinoma(karac iğer kanseri) kadar ilerle ye bilmektedir. Bu nedenle hastalı ğın erken dönemlerde teşhis edilerek tedaviy e başlanması old ukça önemlidir. Hastalıkların teşhisi testler ve mu y ene sır asında elde edilen bul gulara d ayanılarak doktorlar tarafından y apılmaktadır. Teşhis a şamasında doktorların ka rarlarında destek olmak amacı yla y apa y zeka tabanlı çalışan klinik uy gulamaları kullanı lmaktadır. B u programlar bul gular i le hastalık a rasındaki ilişkileri keşfetmek için verileri işle y erek sını flandırma ve kümeleme gibi işl evleri gerçe kleştirerek karar v erme y e çalışmaktadır. Hastalıkların erken teşhis edilmesi tedavi sürecinin maddi ve mane vi en az zara rla y ürütülmesi için son derece önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışma kapsamında, ha staların test bulgularından elde edilmi ş hepatit C, ka raciğer fibrozu, siroz, şüpheli ve sağ lıklı ka n donörlerine ait demo grafik ve riler, bazı enzim ve kan değerleri kullanılarak makine öğrenmesi modelleri sunulmuştur. Sim ilasy on sonuçlarına g öre çok katma nlı algıla y ıcı (M L P ) ve r astgele orman al goritmaları ile ge liştirilen modellerin en y üksek başarı yı elde ettiği görülmüştür. Kullanılan doğruluk değerlendirme y ö ntemi ile sırasıyla %99.77 ve %99.65 başarı değerleri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre önerilen modellerin Hepatit C hastalık tahmininde kullanılabileceğ i öngörülmektedir. Bu anlamda literature öne mli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Hep atit C, HCV, Makin e Öğrenmesi, S ınıfland ırma , Yapay Zeka Using Machine L earning Metho ds For Early Diag nosis of Hepatitis C Disease Abstract – Hepatitis C is a disease that causes liver damage caused b y blood -borne HCV virus. Although the liver is self-renewing organ, recurrent damage over time caus es scar tissue to accumulate on or gan. This condition is called li ver fibrosis. If fibrosis is not treated, it can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carc inoma (liver can cer). For this reason, it is ver y importa nt to diagnose the disease in the ea rl y stages and start treatment. Diag nosis of dis eases is made b y doctors based o n the findings obtained d uring tests and examinations. In diagnosis pha se, artificial intelligence-based clinical applications are used to support doctors in their decisions. These pro grams tr y to make decisions b y p erforming functions such as classification and Yurduseven vd., Makine Öğrenmesi Me totları Kullanılarak Hepatit C Hastalığının Erken Teşhisinin Gerçekleştirilmesi , ICAE NS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 66 clustering b y processing data to discove r the relationships between findings and disease. Earl y diagnosis of diseases is an extremely important issue in order to carr y out tr eatment process with least materia l and moral damage . Within the scope of thi s stud y , machine learning models were presented by using demographic data of hepatitis C, li ver fibrosis, cirrhosis, s uspicious and healthy blood donors obtained from test findings of patients, and some enzyme and blood values. According to simulation results, it was see n developed m odels with multilayer perceptron (M L P) and random forest algorithms achieved highest succe ss. With the accuracy evaluation method used, success values of 99.77% a nd 99.65% were obtained, respectively. Accordingly, it is predicted that proposed models can be used in pr ediction of hepatitis C disease. I t is thought that it will make important contributions to literature . Keywords – Hepa titis C, HCV , Mach ine Learnin g, Classification , Artificial In telligence 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 67 Yapay Sinir Ağla rı İle Buğday Ta nelerinin Fi ziksel Özelliklerine Göre Çeşidinin Tah min Edilmesi Mehmet Fatih SAVRAN 1* , Ceng iz SERTKAYA 2 1 Yazılım Mühen disliği Yüksek Lisans Prog ramı / Fen Bilimleri En stitüsü , Ostim Tekn ik Üniversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2020 -5789 2 Yazılım Mühen disliği Bölü mü / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Ostim Teknik Ün iversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2802 -8297 * (20080 1004@ostimteknik. edu.tr ) Özet – Tarım dün y amız için geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de ha y atsal ö neme sahiptir. Birçok ül kenin ekonomik kay naklarının başında tarım sektörü gelmektedir. Tarımın teknolojik gelişmeler ile daha da sürdürülebilir hale getirilmesi mümkündür. Bu nedenle günümüz teknolojik imkanları da kull anılarak daha verimli ve bilimsel tarımsal fa aliyetler yapmak şuan ve g elecekte insanlık için değerli olmay a devam edecektir. Buğday, dün y a tarımı için vazgeçilmez bir üründ ür. Gerek ço ğu iklim şartlarına da yanabilmesi, gerekse y etiştiriciliğinin kola y v e daha az maliye tli olması buğdayın tar ımda kullanımını y a ygınlaştırmıştır. Buğday tarımında verimi etkile yen en ön emli unsurlardan biri tohum seçimidir. Tohum çeşidinin ekilece k tarım alanının bulunduğu bölg enin iklim ve toprak şartlarına uygun olması alınan verimi etkilediğ inden önemlidir. B u nedenle tohum çeşidinin seçiminde çeşitli y öntemler geliştirme ihti ya cı oluşmaktadır. Tohum özelliklerinin incelenmesi ile gelişecek olan ürünün sahip olacağı fiziksel ve kim y asal özellikle ri belirlenebilmektedir. Bu öz ellikler çeşitli makineler y ardımı y la elde edildiğinden oldukça z ahmetli ve maliyeti y üksek olmaktadır. Tohum özelliklerinin ince lenmesi ve a naliz edilmesi süreçlerinde Yapa y Zeka y öntemleri kullanılarak zaman ve mali y et unsurlar ına çözüm üretilebilir. Bu çalışmada 3 çeşit bu ğday tohumuna ait geo metrik özellikl erinin X - ışını tekniği ile incelenmesi ile oluşturulan veri seti kulllanılmıştır. Ge liştirilen modelde Yapa y Zeka y öntemlerinden Yapa y Sini r Ağları(YSA) algoritması kullanılmı ştır. Model ile tohum tanelerinin hangi çeşide ait olabilece ğini %82 başarı ora nı yla tahmin edebilen bir sistem oluşturulmuştur. Anah tar Kelimeler – Bu ğday Tohumu, Modelleme, Yapay Sinir Ağları, Yap ay Zeka , Sınıflandırma Est imation The Ty pe Of Whea t Gra ins According To Their Physica l Properties Wit h Artifi cial Neural Netw orks Abstract – Agriculture h as vital importance for o ur world toda y as it was in past. Agricultural sector is leading economic resour ce of man y countries. I t is possible to make agriculture more sustainable with technolog ical developments. For thi s reason, usin g toda y's technolo gical opportunit ies to carr y out more efficie nt and scientific agricultural activities will be valuable for humanity now and in future. Wheat is indispensable product for world agriculture. The fact that it can withstand most climatic conditions, its cultivation is easy and less costl y has made use of wheat wi despread in a griculture. One of most important factors affecting y i eld in wheat farmi ng is sele ction of se eds. I t is im portant that seed variet y is suitable for climatic an d soil conditions of region where agricultural area to be planted, as it a ffects y ield . For this re ason, there is need to develop various methods in selection of s eed variet y . B y examining seed Savran vd., Yapa y Si nir Ağları İle Buğday Tanelerinin Fiziksel Özelliklerine Göre Çeşidinin Tahmin Edilmesi , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 68 properties, ph y sical and chemical properties of product to be developed c an be determined. Since these features a re obtain ed with help of various m achines, the y are quite laborious and costl y. I n process of examining and analyzing seed chara cteristics, soluti ons to time and cost factors can be produced b y using Artificial Intelligence methods. In this stud y , d ataset created by examining geo metrical properties of 3 types of wheat se eds b y X -ra y technique was used. Artificial Neural Networks (A NN) al gorithm, one o f Artificial Intelligence method, was used in deve loped model. With model, sy stem was cre ated to predict variety of the seed gra ins, with a success rate of 82% . Keywords – Wheat Seed, Modeling, Artificial Neu ral Networks, Artific ial In telligence, Classification 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 69 Yapay Sinir Ağı Kullanılara k Pers onelin Deva msızlık Tespitini n Gerçekleştiril mesi Hayrunnisa ŞENÖZ 1* , Ce ngiz SERTKAYA 2 1 Yazılım Mühen disliği Yüksek Lisans Prog ramı / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü , Ostim Tekn ik Üniversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-7459 -2473 2 Yazılım Mühen disliği Bölü mü / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Ostim Teknik Ün iversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2802 -8297 * (20080 1010 @ostimteknik.edu .tr) Özet – İş y erinde işlerin d üzenli bir şekilde il erley ebil mesi için personelin işe gelme ve çalışma sürel erinin etkisi oldukça fazladır. İ şçinin devamsızlı k yapması iş süreçler inin aksamasına neden olmakta, dolayısıy la başta üretim, idari süreçl er, sistem işle y işi gibi birçok alanda sorunlara neden olmaktadır. İşverenler bu durumların önüne geçebilmek amacıyla personel devam takip sistemleri kullanmaktadır. Bu sistemler personele verilen kimlik kartlarının kart oku y uculara okutulmasıyla elde edilen giriş çıkış tarihi verileri kullanılmaktadır ve personelin sadece o anlık devamına y önelik bilgi elde edilebilmektedir. Personelin işverene devamsı zlık y apma neden ola rak sunduğu birçok n eden bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenler ge nellikle sağlık sorunu, çocuğ undan ka ynaklı problemler, cenaze, iş yeri ne gelmek için katedilen mesafenin uzunluğu gibi nedenlerdir. Ancak bahs edilen bu nedenlere ait verileri klasik devamsızlık takip sistemleri içermediğ inden ve değerlendireme y eceğinden dolayı insan zekasına y akın yorum yapabilen sistemlere ihtiyaç va rdır. Bu çalışmada sağlık sorunları, ulaşım problemleri, çocuk sa yısı gibi toplamda 19 farklı etmene d a y alı olarak personel devamsızlı ğı ya pma durumunu inceleyen bir y apa y zek a modeli oluşturulmuştur. Mode lde kullanılan verisetinde bir kury e şirk etine ait toplam da 740 personel v erisi bul unmaktadır. Öne rilen modelde personelin devamsızlık tahmini ni y apmak üzere y apa y zeka al goritmalarından y apa y sinir ağ ları kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen modelin başarının tespit edilirken kullanılan deter minasyon katsa yısı(R)’na gö re başarı değeri %92 olarak elde edilmiştir. S onuçla r geliştirilen modelin başarılı bir model olduğunu ve personelin deva msızlık tahmini nde kullanılabileceğ ini göstermektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler –P ersonel Deva msızlığı, Makine Öğ renm esi, Yapa y Sinir Ağ ları, Yapay Zeka Determination Of Staff Absen teeism Using Artificial Neural Netw ork Abstract – I n order to able to progre ss for works regularl y in the workplac e, the impact of staff coming to work and working time is effect essential. Abs enteeism of the work er causes disrupti on of b usiness processes and the refore causes problems in man y areas such as production, administrative processes and system functioning. Emplo y ers use staff attend ance tracking s ystems to pevent these conditions. These systems use the ent r y an d exit date data obtain ed b y re ading the ID c ards issued to the pe rsonnel t o card readers, and infor mation can onl y be obtained for instant continuation of personnel. There ar e man y reasons wh y staff ar e absent. The se caus es a re usuall y hea lth proble ms, problems caused by your children, funerals, length of distance trav eled to come to the workplace. But since data fo r these Şenöz vd ., Yapay Sinir Ağı Kullanılarak Personelin Devamsızlık Te spitinin Gerçekleştirilmesi , ICAE NS 2021, Konya, Turkey 70 reasons mentioned do no t contain classical abs ence tr acking s ystems and cannot be ev aluated ther efore, systems that ca n interpret close to human intelligence need. In this stud y , artificial intelligence model was created that examined status of staf f absenteeism based on total of 19 differe nt factors, such as health problems, transportation proble m s, and number of children. Data se t used in the model con tains total of 740 personn el info belong ing to a courier c ompan y . In the proposed model, artificial neural networks from a rtificial intelli ge nce al gorithms were used to predict absent eeism. The value of model a ccording to the determination coefficient(R) used in determining success was obt ained as 92%. The results sho w that the developed model is a successful model and can be used to p redict staff absenteeism. Keywords – Sta ff Absenteeism , Mach ine Learnin g, Artificial Neural Net works, Artificial I ntelligen ce, Prediction 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 71 Comparative stu dy of w astew ater treatment by a lo cal bentonit e of "Maghnia " and hy drated alu minum sulfate for their reuse in irriga tio n Khelladi Malika 1 , Debab Abde lkader 2 , Abaidia Meri em 2 1 Departmen t of Proce ss Engineering, Un iversity Abd el Hamid I bn Badis Mostag anem, Algeria 2 University of Scien ce a nd Techno logy, Faculty of S cience, BP 1505 El -Mnouar, Oran , Algeria * (khelladi_m@ho tmail.com ) E mail of th e correspo nding au thor Abstract – I n Alg eria, agriculture is the biggest con sumer of water resou rces. Considering the problem of the decrease in water suppl y noted for several decades caused b y climate change, Algeria cannot do without the reuse of the enormous quantities of wastewater dischar ged into nature or into the s ea. The o verall volume of wastewater dis charge d annuall y is estimated at nearl y 600 million m 3 . This figure would in crease to nearly 1150 million m 3 . The potential for reuse o f treated wastewater fo r a gricultural pu rposes is growing si gnificantly from about 17 million m 3 in 2011 to about 200 million m 3 in 2 014, a nd the number of plants involved is 272 treatment plants in 2019 with an irriga ted area of 1 million hectares. Among these stations is that of EL -KARMA ( wilaya o f Oran) which is the largest station in Algeria with an average dail y flow of 270096 m3/day and a treatment capacit y of 350,000 m 3 /da y int ended to irrigate 8100 he ctares. In spite of the primar y and seconda ry treatments, the recovered wa ters present an important turbidity (35.29 NTU) which exceeds the Algerian standards and which is due to the presence o f particles of ve r y small diameter called c olloids. Their elimination cannot be ba sed on simple dec antation be c ause of their low sedimentation rate, for this re ason we have opted for t he use of coagulation -flocculation. The coagulation consists in d estabilizing the colloidal particles b y n eutralization of the electrostatic charges of repulsion, while the flocculation facilitates the formation of aggr egates which will be eliminated b y decantation. For comparison, ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) and h ydrated aluminum sulfate Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .18H 2 O were used for coa gulation. Slaked lime Ca( OH) 2 and bentoni te were used in the f locculation process. Bentonite is a natural loc al material from Maghnia (Wester n Algeria) and not ex pensive, under the name o f dr illing bentonite, presenting an obvious interest. I ts finely ground state makes it e asy to use. It has a ver y varied composition, mainly SiO 2 with a percentage of 69.4 %. Some parameters have been optimized such as the coagulant con centration and the pH as a function of ti me and rotation speed. Keywords – Reu se, Wastewater, Coagu lation, Floccu lation, Bentonite 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 72 Influence by Poro sity on the Natural Frequencies for the Functionally Graded Plates So lar Merdac i Slimane * , Hadj Mostefa Adda 2 a nd Zerrouki Otmane 3 1 Departmen t of Civil Enginee ring and Public Works, F aculty of Tec hnology, Un iversity Djillali Liabés of S idi Bel Abbes, Algeria. ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-8221-3760 2 Departmen t of Civil Enginee ring, Institute o f Science & Tech nology, Un iversity Ahmed Zabana of Rél izane, Alg eria. 3 Departmen t of Mechan ical Engineering , Institute of Scien ce & Technolo gy, University Ah med Zabana of Rélizane, Algeria. * (slimanem2 016@gmail .com) Email o f the correspo nding author Abstract – This article prese nts free vibr ation ana lysis of func tionall y graded mate rial plates solar composed of a mixture (Al/ZrO 2 ) with porosit y , and simpl y suppo rted. During manufacture of these plates, defects such as p orosities can appea r. Th ose can cha n ge the entire behaviour of these plat es. The porosity through thickness direc ti on of plate will be retained. Hamilton's principle will be used herein to determine the equations of motion. The effec t of varia ti on of materia l properties in terms of influence porosity factor on the natural fre qu encies of FG pla tes solar is studi ed in this article. In this study, the effects of aspect ratios, thickness ratio of FG plates and porosit y factor on their natural frequencies are examined. I t is thought that the tabulated results would be a r eference for other researche rs to compare their results. Keywords – FGM ; p lates sola r ; vibration ; power law ; porosity. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 2021 , Konya, Turke y 73 Virtualization of Clothing Ther mal Co mfort in 3D S imulations Sertaç GÜNEY * Handicrafts Department, Faculty of Architecture and Desi gn, Selçuk University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-9301 -0026 * (sertac.gu [email protected] u.tr ) Email o f the co rresponding auth or Abstract – Virtual sim ulations have bec ome a part of de sign and m arketing fr om personal use to professional designs and provide virtual r ealism to a great extent. W ith ra pidl y developing technolog y, nowadays it has attracted much more attentions especiall y in textile processes. The 3D virtual ga rment simulation provides the textile produc ers and fashion de signers with benefits in terms of p roduct development, customiz ation of g arments and speed to market. Whi le most of the software focuses just on visual design, some majo r software manu facturers (Lectra, Optitex , Gerber, etc.) tr y to dev elop programs to a ccura tely simulate fabric behavior as well as visual modeling. When the li terature studies are examined, it is seen that the simulations in which the fabric mechanical and ph y sical properties are defined, provide virtual realism to a lar ge extent. But this is just regarding to the e rgonomic comfort of the g arment and virtually no garment simulations exist for the realisti c prediction of thermal comfort. The estimati on of clothing therm al comfort is ver y helpful for desi gning garments, especiall y sports and works garments where thermal comfort p lays an crucial role for the sta tus of th e wearer. To make a method to re alistic solution to virtualize the thermal comfort of clothing: virtual bod y properties, garment design, clothing drapability , th ermal ch aracteristics of fabric and the thermoregulation of the human bod y according t o differe nt conditions should be considered all together. Keywords – Thermal co mfort, virtualization , virtual g arment, thermal imag ing, 3D simula tion 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 74 Heat Transfer An alysis of Electric Discharge Machi ning Process usin g Finite Elemen t Method Hassan Fawwad Junejo 1* , Tariq Sae ed Khan 1 1 Higher Colleg es of Techno logy UAE * ( [email protected] . ae) Ema il of the correspondin g author Abstract – Ele ctric Discha rge Machining (EDM) is one of the most popular, efficient and accurate machining processes. I ts applications in the field o f manufacturing such as die and mold making, production of intricate and complex structures for automotive and ae rospace industry coupled with ease in programming are ex tensive. Thermal modelling o f EDM has been undertaken quit e a few times in past decades and li terature presents various arguments to its formulation. Th e present paper aims to p resent a 2D axis -sy mmetrical numerical model for capturing the transient thermal behaviour due to single EDM spark. The emphasis will be on the correct estimation of melting z one and calculation of mat erial removal rate(MRR). A compre hensive mesh sensitivi ty analysis has been condu cted for the numerical accuracy and mesh insensit ive results. The MRR is calculated and compared with the nu merical and ex perimental results of various researchers. The result shows good qualitative a nd quantitative compar ison and it is concluded that the model can be safely use d for the thermal modelling of EDM pr o cess. Keywords – EDM, FEM , Mes h Sensitivity, Hea t Sou rce. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 75 Electrochemical detection o f paraceta m ol molecules using reduced graphene oxide/silv er composite mo dified carbon paste elec trode (CP E) using plant extrac t Cy lia Khelifi 1 , Razika Aitout 1 1 Départemen t de Génie des Procédés, F aculté de Techn ologie, Université d e Beja ia, 06000 Beja ia, Algeria * ( [email protected] m) Email of the co rresponding au thor Abstract – A novel com posite wa s fa bricated b y reduced g rapheme ox ide/silver composite (RGO/Ag) in the presence of Rosmarinus officinalis plant aqueous extract at room tempera ture. The RGO/Ag w as used as catalysts to modi fy carbon paste electrode ( CPE) in the stud y of the electrocatal y tic detection of paracetamol (PCM) b y using cyclic voltammetry te chnique. The R GO/Ag/CPE electrode exhibi ted apprec iable ele ctrocatalytic effect for the dete ction of lower concentrations of the PCM (0.001 - 1μM). The detection limit was 0,0006 μM for PCM. The RGO/Ag /CPE electrode was stable for at least 4 mont hs and detection of the paracetamol was not affe cted by common interferents like uric acid, Glucose, Ascorbic acid. Keywords – comp osite; cyclic volta mmetry; parace tamol; graphe ne oxide; carbon past electrode . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 76 Comparative stu dy betw een structure w ith and w ith out a fluid visco us da m per under sei smic excitation Bra him Athamnia * , Mohamed Zohair Kaab 2 , Farid Boursas 3 and Abdelhafid Ounis 3 1 Department o f civil eng ineering, Fa culty of Technology Lar bi Tebessi Univers ity, Tebessa , Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-0525-3499 2 Departmen t of civil eng ineering, Fa culty of Technology Hamma Lakhda r Eloued University, Elou ed, Algeria 3 Department o f civil en gineering, F aculty of Technolog y Larbi Tebessi University, Teb essa, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6491-4205 4 Departmen t of civil eng ineering and h ydraulics, Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6268-1401 * (Brahim.atha mnia @univ-tebess. dz ) Email of the correspond ing author Abstract – The effect of fluid viscous damper on the seismic re sponse of building is investig ated. Although buildings without fluid viscous damper have a disadvantage in increasing damage to the superstructure under earthquake. Th e influence of fluid damper in controlling the responses of buildin g is inves tiga ted using a mul ti-store y building frame. Analysis is carried out using ETABS software . The seismic responses are compared with th at of the building without and with passive fluid viscous damper. Based on the results, it is concluded that fluid damper is be neficial to achieve reduced the de formati on of the superstructure. it is concluded that the distribution of fluid viscous damper in building is the most effective in reduci ng the base shear forces without significant increa se in superstructure forces. Keywords – seismic re sponse- fluid viscou s damp er-earthquake- building- damage Assalmi et al., The effect of the 6MV photon fl attening filter on the contamination particles, ICAE NS 2021, Konya, Turkey 77 The effec t of the 6MV pho t on flattening filter on the c ontamination particles Mustapha Assalmi *,1 , EL Yamani Diaf 2 1 Laborato ry of Biology, Geoscience, Ph ysics and Environment (LBGPE), Multid is ciplinary Faculty o f Nador, Mohammed First University, Oujda Morocco . ORCID ID: 0000-0002 - 6261- 8039 2 Laborato ry of Biology, Geoscience, Ph ysics and Environment (LBGPE), Multid is ciplinary Faculty o f Nador, Mohammed First University, Ou jda Morocco. * ( m.assalmi@ump. ac.ma ) Em ail of the co rr espond in g author ( [email protected] ) Ema il of the co -author Abstract – The objective of this stud y is to investiga te the effect of the flattening filter on the distributi on of contamination particles appea ring with the 6MV be am produce d by the Elekta S y nergy MLCi2 medical linear accelerator ( LI NAC). Monte Carlo calculation s are performed b y multi -thre aded code G4L inac_MT based on Geant4 toolkit and validated b y experimental measurements of the depth and lat era l dose in a water phantom for different irradiation fields. The initial parameters are d e termined with hi g h accurac y based on the point - to -poi nt dose error and the gamma index set at 2%/2mm. The results of this work are in good agreement with the ex perime ntal measur ements with a correspondence error reaching 0.3%. A significa nt percentage of electrons a nd positions are detected in the phas e s pac e plane, th ese p artic les are crea ted b y the interaction of photons with the LI NAC components. The FFF mode in creases the nu mber of low-energy particles, which reduces the mean e nergy of contaminating electrons b y 0.02 MeV compare d to the FF mode. The number of contamination particles becomes hi ghe r i n the case of FF mode f or the radial position angle g reater than 75 deg. The results also indicate that the 1 cm thick bolus c an reduce the number of contaminating electrons by 30.9% and contaminating positrons b y 48.5%. Keywords – flattenin g filter free (FFF); contamin ating particle; medica l accelerator; G4Linac_ MT; Monte Carlo 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 78 Cloning and Ex pressio n of Papase Gene in E. coli BL2 1 and its Effect on Dengue Abdul Ghaffar *1 , Bushra Munir 2 and Muhammad Umar Far ooq 1 1 Departmen t of Bioch emistry/ Governmen t College Universit y/Faisala bad, Pakistan Institute of Chemistry, Univer sity of Sarg odha, Sargodha , Pakistan * (a gha ff a ruaf@yaho o.com) Abstract – The a im of stud y is to explore potential of Carica papay a phytochemicals and papase as anti- dengue age nt. C. papaya leaves have shown promising results in cure of deng ue fever in some initial trials but the true mec hanism still remains un clear . Therefore, the stud y aimed to find potential of different phytochemicals and papain protein to cure dengue. Methanolic extracts of leav es promising anti oxidant activity through DPPH and linoleic acid scavenging activity. The extracts showed efficient activit y against selected microbial strains. Principal compounds i n C. papaya were evaluated throu gh molecular docking of C. papaya novel bioactive compounds against DENV NS2/NS3 serine protease est ablished important role of 9 compounds a gainst these proteins. MOE , ADMET and Lipinski’s rule of five determined three compounds, epigallocatchin, baicalein and fisetin having high int eraction with His51, Asp75, Ser135 of serine protease of dengue virus. Genetically en g ineered papase gene was h eterologous ly express ed in E. coli BL21 through pET102TOPO/D which showed hy perexpression of papase se rine protease a ctivit y upto 3 h induction with IPTG as 16.2± 1.05 u/m L . The administ ration of recombinant protein+CPE at different levels significantly increased platel et count, leucoc y te count, gra nulocytes, eosinophil count and lymphocytes, red blood cell count, hemog lobin, blood glucose level, haematocrit and mast cell count. all the parameters. The study also established that combination of rec ombinant papase with plant le af extracts showed synergetic effect on era dication of den gue in mice by int erfering with NS2B and NS 3B prote ins of virus throug h its serine protease activity . The study may be helpful in future drug d esigning from C. p apaya bioactive compounds and papase for eradication of dengue from the patients. Keywords – Pap ain, g ene cloning a nd engineering , anti-microbial, DPPH, expression, anti-d engue 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 79 Design and reali zation of fully au tomatic egg incubat or using PID controller. Hadoune Oussa ma* 1 and Benouaret Mohamed 1 1 Departmen t of electronics/LA SA, Badji Mokh tar University, Algeria * (Oussama.h adoune@un iv- an naba .org ) Ema il of the co rresponding author Abstract – Nowadays, incubation systems are playing an increasingl y important role in agriculture and poultry farming. With the evolution of te chnolog y , these s y stems must also be developed to k eep pace with a fast-changin g world. P oultry e gg incubation systems are based on the p rinciple of providing a hen -like environment in its nest. A hen la y s about 1 egg p er da y , and usually takes about ten da y s to start hatching . So, the incubation sy st em presents a practica l solut ion to increase the number of chicks in a shorter period of time. In order to keep up to date, we designed and built an incubation s y stem for poult ry eggs equipped with advanced t echnology a llowing it to ensure an adjustable humidit y level an d temperature degre e, using a P I D controller that we have implemented as well as an automatic turning mechanism and an automatic water filling s y st em with other features allowin g it to be completely autonomous (not requiring human intervention). The s y ste m is also equipped with 3 LCD screens allowing us to visualize the water levels in the two tanks (inside and outside), the date / time, t he state of egg turning and humidity level / tempe rature degree . A ke y boa rd is integrated into it, offerin g t he possibil ity of easy handling while having an ad vance d technology . The full y automatic realized egg incubator has demonstra ted a high hatching rate. Keywords – Egg incuba tor, hatching, PID controller, multitasking system, a utonomo us system and advanced technolog y. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, T urkey 80 Giysi Endüstrisin de Üreti m Performansının Tah mininde Yapay Sinir Ağlarının Kulla nılması Cengiz SER TKA Y A 1 , Samet AKÇA Y 2 1* Ostim Tekn ik Üniversite si, Müh endislik Fa kültesi, Yazılı m Mühen disliği Bö lümü, Ankara, Türkiye, (ORCID: 000 0 -0001- 7459 -2473), cengiz.sertkaya@o stimteknik.edu .tr 2 Ostim Teknik Ün iversitesi, F en Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ya zılım Mühen disliği Anabilim Da lı, A nkara, Türkiye (ORCID: 00 00 - 0001 -5646-0629 ), [email protected] u.tr *( cengiz.sertkaya @ostimteknik. edu.tr ) Özet – Dig italleşme çağ ında işletmeler kendilerini y eni teknolojilere adapte etmek istemektedirler. Bu y eni teknolojilere uy um sa ğlamak, verimlilik ve karlılığ ı arttırmak için verilerin işlenmesi ve akıllı karar ve rme sistemleri ile durumun an aliz edilmesine ihti yaç vardır. Öz ellikle büy ük bir üre tim hacmine sahip olan giy si endüstrisinde hem geleneksel işlemlerin devam etmesi hemde iş akışlarının insan perf orm ansına doğrudan bağ lı olması verimlil iği önemli bir ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bö y lece beklenen performa ns d e ğe rleri ile gerçek çıktılar ara sında ciddi farklar görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada veri madenciliği teknikleri u y gulanarak örn ek bir giy si endüstrisinde y er alan bir işletm eye ait veriler üz erinde analizler y apılmı ştır. Bu işletmede işçilerin çalışma durumla rı incelenerek gerçek üretim performa nsını tahmin etmey e y ön elik bir y ap a y sinir ağı modeli oluşt urulmuştur. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde %85 doğruluk değerine ulaşılmışt ır. Modelin işl etmeler in gerekli düzeltmeler ile üretim performanslarını ve verimliliklerin i artırmasına ve a y nı zamanda k ayıpları n minumum seviy e ye indi rmesine katkı sunacağı göster ilmiştir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Üretim P erforman sı, Tahmin , Yapa y Sinir Ağları Using Artificial N eural Netw orks in Prediction o f Production Perfor mance in the Garment I ndustry Abstract – In the age of digitalization, businesses want to adapt themselves to new technologies. In order to adapt to these new technologies and increas e efficienc y and pro fitabilit y , there is a need for data processing and an al ysis of the situation with intelligent d ecision-makin g s y s tems. Especially in the garment industry, which has a lar ge production volume, bot h the continuation of tr aditional proce sses and the direct dependence of w ork flows on human performanc e affect productivity significantly. Thus, there a re serious differe nces between the ex pected performa n ce values and the actual outputs. In thi s study, data mining t echniques were applied and anal y z es were made on the data of a busine ss in a garment industry. In this enterprise, an artificial neural network model was created to predict the real production performance b y examining the worki ng conditions of the workers. W hen th e results were examined, an acc urac y value of 85% was reached. It ha s been shown that the model will co ntribute to 1 Sorumlu Y az ar: cengiz.sertkaya @ostimtek nik.edu.tr Se rtkaya vd., Giysi Endüstrisinde Üretim Performansının Tahmininde Yapay Sinir Ağlarını n Kullanılması , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turk ey 81 increasing the pr oduction performance and e fficienc y of the e nterprises with the necessary corrections and at the same time re ducing the losses to the minimum level. Keywords – Produ ction Performan ce, Prediction , Artificial Neural Networks 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 2021 , Konya, Turke y 82 Identification a nd Analysis of micr oRNA- Disease Asso ciations w ith Kernelized Bayes ian Ma trix Factor ization Ahmet Toprak 1* and Esma Er y ilmaz Doğan 2 1 Selcuk Un iversity, Bozkır Voca tional S chool, Departmen t of Electricity and Energy, Ko nya, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-3337 -4917 2 Selcuk University, Facu lty of Techno logy, Depa rtment of Biomedica l Eng ineering, Konya, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6809 -7513 * ( [email protected] u.tr ) Email of the correspond ing author Abstract – MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules, which are e ffective on the initi ation and progression of many differe nt diseases, are a type of non -coding RNA with a length of about 22 nucleotides. Scientists have reported the im portance o f miRNAs in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of complex human diseases. Therefore, in the last decade, researchers have been working hard to find potential mi RNA -disea se associations. Man y computational techniques have be en de veloped because of the ex perimental techniques are time-consuming and expensive used to find n ew rel ationships between miRNAs and diseases. In this study, we su ggested K ernelized Bayesian matrix fa ctoriz ation (KBM F) technique to p redict n ew m iRNA - disease relationships. We applied 5-fold cross validation technique and obtained an average va lu e AUC of 0.9450. Also, we applied case studies based on breast, lung , and colon ne oplasms to prove the pe rformance of KB M F technique. Th e results showed that KBMF can be used as a reliab le computational model to revea l possible miRNA-d isease re lationships. Keywords – miR NA, disease, miR NA-Disease Associa tion, similarity mea sure 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 83 Valorization of a bio material as coag ulant in w astewater treatment Khelladi Malika 1 , Debab Abde lkader 2 , Abaid ia Meri em 2 1 Departmen t of Proce ss Engineering, Un iversity Abd el Hamid I bn Badis Mostag anem, Algeria 2 University of Scien ce a nd Techno logy, Faculty of S cience, BP 1505 El -Mno uar, Oran, Algeria * (khelladi_m@ho tmail.com ) E mail of th e correspo nding au thor Abstract – In order to v alorize the available natural substances and to mi nimize the toxic effect of the conventional chemicals (aluminium sulphate, iron alum, ferric chloride, synthetic pol y mers) used in the coagulation-flocculation processes, several works have been carried out on substitute products called "biomater ials", o f vegetable origin such as (powder or mucila ge of the Cac tus opuntia ficus -indica (OFI), seeds of Moringa oleifera, starch, alginate... ). The Cactus Opuntia ficus -indica is a plant widely spread in northern Al geria. For this purpose we are interested in the use of mature cladod es of Opunti a ficus -indica as a n atural coagulant to redu ce tu rbidit y and removal of micropollutants fr om secondar y wastewater of the wastewater treatment plant of El Karma (town of ORAN). The experiments were ca rried out in the j ar t est at ambiant temperature (20°C to 21°C) with variation of the different parameters (the dose of biomaterial (Opuntia fi cus - indica cladodes powd er), pH, s tirring time). The results obtained showed that the highest turbidity reduction efficiency was found with 0.4 g of OFI powder ( 98%) in comparison with iron alum or 96% with the same dosage. From this study , it can be deduce d that OF I ha s great potential to be used as a low cost bio -coag ulant for wastewater treatment. Keywords – Opu ntia ficu s-indica, wastewater t reatmen t, bioma terials, coa gulatio n/flocculation , turbidity, jar test. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 84 FORECASTIN G COAL PRODUC TION VIA POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS: THE SAMPLE OF EUROPE AN UNIO N Ezgi Güler 1 , Aslı Ergenekon Arslan 2 a nd Süheyla Yerel Kandemir 3* 1 Industrial E ngineering Department , Bilecik Şeyh Ed ebali University , Tu rkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-8789-8244 2 Machine and Metal Techn ologies Department , Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-8052-8566 3 Indu strial Enginee ring Department , Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University , Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-4056-5383 * ( [email protected] m) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – Coal is a fossil energy source that is widely used in electricity generation and industr y . Ens uring the balance of coal production and consumption for countries is a critical issue in energy planning. This study proposes a forecasti ng model for the coal p roduction values o f the European Union (EU). For this purpose, Pol y nomial Regression Anal y sis is applied for 30 years of d ata coveri ng 1991 2020. Three differe nt regression models, quadratic, cubic, and quartic are obt ained according to a pol y nomial d egree . Coefficient of D etermination (R 2 ), Mean Absolute P erc enta ge Error (M APE), Root Mean Squar e Error (RMSE) metrics are used to evaluate the performance succ ess of the regression models. I n terms of performa n ce metrics, the most suitable foreca sti ng model amon g the three poly nomial re gre ssion models is determined a s the “quartic” model (R 2 =0.9892; MAPE=2.444; R MSE=215.367). Coal production values were found b y using the quadratic estimation model. It can be said that coal production for the EU will decrease in the future. This stud y is critical because it allows producing predictions on short -term coal production forecast data . Keywords – Coal Pro duction, European Union , Forecasting, Model Performan ce Metrics, Po lynomial R egression Analysis I. I NTRODUC TION Energy is on e o f the primary inputs of production. It pla y s a vital role in economic, socio-cultural, an d political progress for countries. Energ y sou rce s are examined as renewable and non-renewable energy sources [ 1]. Coal is an abunda nt non -renewable energy source widel y used to generate ele ctricity and produce steel [2] . Coal has been vital to the development of humanit y throu ghout histor y [3] . Coal, which has an essential place a mong non - renewable en ergy sourc es, is the primary factor of the industrial revolution. Toda y , the most developed countries found and used their coal reserves in the 19th century [4], [5]. World coal re s erves in 2020 amounted to 1074 billion tons and are pred ominantly concentrated i n just a few countries. These countries are USA (23%), Russia (15%), Australia (14%) and C hina (13%) [6] . Global coal production amounted t o approximately 160 Exajoule (EJ) in 2020 [ 7 ]. Coal is also in an indi spe nsable position in the energy generation of the World [ 4]. For this rea so n, the production and consumption balance of coal is essential for the sustainabil ity of energ y . Productio n and consumption can be balan ced with various statistical and forecasting app roaches. There are some studies in the literature on this issue. Wang et al. (2011) used the gray s ystem theor y- based Discrete Gra y Model and Rolling Discrete Gray Model approaches to estimate China' s coal production in their study . The y estimated China's coal production between 2011 and 2015 [ 3] . Semeny chev e t al. (201 4) ex amined mathem atical models of trends in the production of non -renewable Güler et al., Paper Title, ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 85 resources. New models proposed using genetic algorithms were used [8] . Ros y id and Adachi (2016) aimed to evaluate the marketing policies of Indonesian coal in the coming period and estimate the cost of Indonesian c oal suppl y in the domestic market and the export marke t. They us ed the Gompertz c urve for production estimation [9]. B erk and Ediger (2016) propos ed a forecasting model for lignite (coal) p roduction in Turkey. The estimated future lignite production using the Hubbe rt curve, depletion rate, and decline curve methodologies [10] . Pérez et al. (2020) estimated coal production using the Fourier transform to explain time -series dyna mics in their work. They examined t he annua l coal production in quarterly periods and obtained a quarterly prod uction forecasting model [11] . In this stud y , a forecasting model is proposed for the EU' s coal production data. Different models are produced for pol y nomial regression, and the co al production data for the following years are estimated by evaluating model performance metrics . II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD In this study, annual coal production data of the EU between 1991 and 2020 are used. Annu al valu es of coal production are given in Table 1. Values in Exajoule (EJ ) are obtain ed from the BP S tatistics report and converted to Petajoule (PJ ) (1 EJ=1000 PJ) [12]. Tab le 1. Actual coal prod uction values (PJ ) Year Coal Produ ction Values ( PJ) Year Coal Produ ction Values ( PJ) 1991 12068.556 2006 7598.604 1992 11506.616 2007 7371.015 1993 10811.289 2008 7002.919 1994 10364.065 2009 6557.254 1995 10352.947 2010 6454.576 1996 10111.627 2011 6565.517 1997 9995.648 2012 6585.510 1998 8925.836 2013 6243.512 1999 8576.322 2014 5987.560 2000 8263.600 2015 5825.480 2001 8145.531 2016 5438.721 2002 8116.670 2017 5391.646 2003 8094.631 2018 5204.942 2004 7850.626 2019 4555.618 2005 7743.009 2020 3786.561 Fig . 1 Grap h of coal prod uction values The time-series graph of annual values is in Fig . 1. W hen Figure 1 is ex amined, it can be seen that th e annual coal production data of the EU tends to decrease over time. Pol y nomial R egre ssion Analy sis is used to predict coal production. Quadratic , cubic and quartic models ar e created in Pol y nomial R egression Anal y sis. Mod el succes s evaluation is made by using R 2 , MAPE, and RMS E values on the data for these models. By c hoosing t he most suitable Polynomial Regre ssion Anal y sis model, annual coal production values of the EU between 2021 and 2025 are estimated. A. Polynomial Regression Analysis The Polynomial Reg ression Anal y sis is essentiall y a spec ialized case of multiple line ar reg ression [13] . In Pol y nomial Regression Anal y sis, onl y one independent va riable (x) is conside red. The variable x is “pe riod (day , month, y e ar, etc.)” for time se ries. The pol y nomial regression model is giv en in equation (1) [14]. 𝑦 𝑖 = 𝛽 0 + 𝛽 1 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝛽 2 𝑥 𝑖 2 + 𝛽 3 𝑥 𝑖 3 + ⋯ 𝛽 𝑘 𝑥 𝑖 𝑘 (1) 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 Where, 𝑘 is the deg re e of the pol y nomial a nd 𝑘 defines the de gree of the regre ssion mod el. Th e regre ssion parameters are estimated by the method of least squares [15]. In Pol y nomial R egression Anal ysis, the degree is high for data sets with high inclination point s [16]. It is found with different pol y nomial degree s in Pol y nomial Re gression Analysis. Each pol y nom ial regre ssion model can take different names according to the pol y no mial degree [17]. 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Coal Production ( PJ) Yea rs Güler et al., Paper Title, ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 86 In this stud y , “qu adratic”, “cubic” and “quartic” regre ssion models are used. The pol y nomial degree ( 𝑘 ) of these mod els is 2, 3, and 4, respectively. B. Model Performance Me tr ics B.1. Coefficient of Determination ( R 2 ) R 2 calculated in the regression analysis measures how we ll the re lationship between fit/pre dictive and actual values f it a linear curve. Value of R 2 equal to 1 indicates that the mode l is perfect b y providing a linear curve [18], [ 19]. A high R 2 value is a desirable feature for th e regression model. The formula of R 2 is given in equa tion (2). 𝑅 2 = 1 − ∑ (𝑌 𝑗 −Ŷ 𝑗 ) 2 𝑁 𝑗=1 ∑ (𝑌 𝑗 −Ȳ 𝑗 ) 2 𝑁 𝑗=1 (2) Where, 𝑌 𝑗 and Ŷ 𝑗 are the actual and predictive values, Ȳ 𝑗 is the average value of the dataset, 𝑁 is the sample size or number of va lues. B. 2. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) MAPE is an error metric representing the p ercent error between actual and predictive values [14]. The MAPE value is high whe n predictive values do no t reflect or overlap the actual values [20]. The accuracy of the predictio n model is v ery high when the MAPE value is below 10% [21]. The formula of MAPE, which g ives the absolute error percentage , is g iven in equation (3). MAPE= 100 𝑁 ∑ | (𝑌 𝑗 −Ŷ 𝑗 ) 𝑌 𝑗 | 𝑁 𝑗 =1 (3) B. 3. Root Mean Square Error (RM SE ) RMSE is the standard deviation of the difference (errors) between the actual and predictive values. The foreca sting model predicts without error wh en the RMSE value is zero [14]. RMSE prevents the use of unwanted absolut e value in many mathematical calculations [20]. The formula of RMSE is given in equation (4). RMSE= √ 1 𝑁 ∑ (𝑌 𝑗 − Ŷ 𝑗 ) 2 𝑁 𝑗 =1 (4) III. R ESULTS In this stud y , foreca stin g models are c reated using the 30- y ear coal production data of the E U. The estimated model parameters for quadratic (k=2), cubic (k=3), and quartic (k=4) r egression mod els a re given in Ta bl e 2. Tab le 2. Quadratic, cubic, and quartic regression p arameter estimates Model Degree Variable / Param eter Constant x x 2 x 3 x 4 β 0 β 1 β 2 β 3 β 4 Quadratic k=2 11827 -324.02 2.8946 - - Cubic k=3 12675 -627.92 27.006 - 0.5185 - Quartic k=4 12448 -500.27 9.1744 0.3662 - 0.0143 The g raphs and model e quations of qu adratic , cubic, and quartic r egre ssion are given in Fig. 2, Fi g. 3, and Fig. 4, respectively . Fig. 2 Graph and model equati ons obtained via Quadratic Regression Fig . 3 Grap h and model equatio ns obtained via Cubic Regression y = 2. 8946x 2 - 324 .02x + 11827 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Coal Production ( PJ) Years y = -0. 5185x 3 + 27. 006x 2 - 627 .92x + 12675 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Coal Production ( PJ) Years Güler et al., Paper Title, ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 87 Fig . 4 Gr aph and model equati ons obtained via Q uartic Regression After the mod el equations are obtained, the success of the pol y nomial reg ression models is evaluated b y calculating mod el performance metrics. Calculated R 2 , MAPE, and RMSE values are given in Table 3. Tab le 3. Model per form ance metrics for models Polyno m ial Regression M odel Model P erform ance M etrics R 2 MAPE RMSE Quadratic 0.97 23 4.04 3 343. 719 Cubic 0.98 85 2.45 0 221. 874 Quartic 0.98 92 2.44 4 215. 367 When Table 3 is e xamined, the most appropriate polynomial regression model for all mode l performa nce metrics is the quartic model with a polynomial degree of 4. The value of R 2 (0.9892) is obtained with this model at most. MAPE= 2.444 an d RMSE= 215.367 va lues are again at the lowest level in the quartic model. For this rea son, the quartic model is used for the future forecast values of co al production. The EU ' s coal production f orecast values for the years 202 1-2025 are obtained usin g “y = -0.0143x 4 + 0.3662x 3 + 9.1744x 2 - 500.27x + 12448” equation. The forecast values for future periods are in Table 4. Tab le 4. The forecast values for fu ture per iods Year Forecast Coa l Product ion Values (PJ) 2021 3459.342 2022 2838.950 2023 2131.471 2024 1327.946 2025 419.077 According to the forecast values obtained, it can be said that the coal production values of the EU wil l decrease over time. IV. DI SCUSS ION In recent y ears, the use of energ y produced f rom renewable energy sources has been inc reasing rapidly . However, coal, one of the non -renewable energy sour ces, is among the primar y en ergy sources and maintains its importance for the energ y sector. Maintaining th e balance betwee n the production and demand of the coal resource is essential for predictable policies. In this context, making estimations in accordance with the coal data set is a necessary tool for short -term plans. Regression anal y sis is one of th e most appropriate es timation analy s es when time is considered as an independent variable. In this study , the p roduction of coal, which is one of the non -renewable ener gy resources for the EU, is estimated with pol y nomi al regre ssion models and th e success of the models i s evaluated w ith model metrics. The difference of the study from the studies i n the literature is to work with 3 differe nt poly nomial models, to selec t the appropriate model according to the model performa nce evaluation and to make short-term and high-success estimation. V. CONCLUSION In this stud y , coal production estimation is made for the EU. For this purpose, Pol y nomi al Regression Analy sis is used. Estimation equations a re obtained with quadratic, cubic, and quartic regression models. The performance comparison of the models is made by obtaining the R 2 , MAPE, and RMSE metrics. The most suitable model among the three regre ssion mod els is de termined as the “quartic” model. The EU's short-term forecast coal productio n values for the y e ars 202 1-2025 are obt ained using the equation of the qu artic model. The forecast values obtaine d are a g uide for d ecision-makers and resource planning for the coal production market. It can be said that coal production for the EU will be on a decreasing trend in the future, and most of t he reserves will rem ain unused if current polici es continue. The methodology used is also recommende d for countr ies that are d ependent on energy imports. R EFE RENCES y = -0. 0143x 4 + 0. 3662x 3 + 9 . 1744x 2 - 500 .27x + 12448 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Coal Production ( PJ) Years Güler et al., Paper Title, ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 88 [1] E. Guler, S. Yerel Kande m ir, E. Acikkalp, and M. H. 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T hesis , I nstitute of Science and T echnology, Denizli, Turke y , Au g. 201 9. [17] B. Varol, İ. K. Ömürlü, and M. Türe , “ Comparison of Piece w ise Regressio n and P olynomial Regressio n Analyses i n health and s imulation data sets ”, S u leyman Demirel Unive rsity the Journa l of Health Science , vol. 11(2 ), pp. 144- 151 , 2020. [18] S. Yerel, and T. Er sen, “ Prediction of the ca lorific value of coal depo sit using linear regression anal ysis ,” Energy Sources, Part A : Reco very, Utilization, and Environmen tal Effects , vol. 35(10), p p. 976 -980 , 2013. [19] H. Çıtako ğlu, and Ö. Coşku n, “ Precip itation p red iction of Central Anatolia regio nal stations using artificial intelligence techniques w ith Wavelet Tr ansf or m Model ,” Harran University Jou rnal of Engineering , vol. 6(1), pp. 39 - 54 , 2021. [20] T. Ch ai, and R. R. Draxler, “ Root mean sq uare error (RMSE) or mean abso lute error (MAE)? ,” Geosci. Model Dev. , vol. 7, pp. 1247- 1250 , 2014. [21] H. Gö nültaş, H. Kızılaslan, and N. Kızılaslan, “ Proj ections of effects of global warming on rainfall regime i n so me pr ovinces; An kara, Rize, Aydın and Hakkâri pro vin ce s example ,” Turkish Journ al of Agriculture -Food Scien ce and Techn ology , vol. 8(10), pp. 2156-2163 , 2020. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 89 Investigation o f Disruptive Effec t on Voltage Stabili ty Caus ed by Line Contingency in Pow er Systems and Improve m ent of Sy stem Stability Umut Emre UZUN 1* , Nihat PAMUK 2 and Sezai TAŞKIN 3 1 Electrical an d Electronics Engin eering Depa rtment , Zonguldak Bulen t Ecevit University , Zon guldak ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-6209-2962 2 Electrical an d Electronics Eng ineering Department , Zon guldak Bu lent Ecevit University , Zong uldak ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-8980-6913 3 Electrical an d Electronics Engin eering Depa rtment , Manisa Celal Baya r University, Man isa ORCID ID 0 000 -0002-2763 -1625 *(umut.uzu [email protected] . tr) Abstract – There are man y situations that cause vol tage instabilit y in pow er systems. On e of these situ ations is line contingency that may occur in power systems. In this study, the effects of line contingency on the steady state are investi g ated in the IEEE 9 buses power s y stem. Firstly, the static and d y namic analyses of the power system are ma de in normal operating condition. Continuous power flow analysis was used as static ana l y sis a nd time domain simulation method we re used as dynamic a nal y sis. Then eac h tra nsmissi on line is deactivated and the analy ses are repeated. The changes in the ma xim um loading capacit y and v oltag e stabilit y of the system a re investi gated in case of each transmission line contingency . Finall y , Stat ic Var Compensator (SVC) is connected to the pow er s y stem to improve the st ability level. When the SVC is connected to the power sy stem, the maximum loading capacity of the s y stem is ex amined and the effects of this situation on the voltage stability are anal y z ed. All analyses are performed in the MATLAB® PSAT (Power S y stem Analysis Toolbox ). The results showed that the lin e c ontingenc y redu ces the maximum loading capacit y and deteriorates the voltage stabil it y . It has be en observed that both the problems can be eliminated with the SVC integration into the power sy stem. Keywords – Line co ntingency , Voltage stab ility, Maxim um Loading Capacity, SVC, PSAT 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 2021 , Konya, Turke y 90 Determination of antioxi dant act ivity by chemica l and electrochem ical methods of extra cts of Launaea re sedifolia from the Algerian Sahara plant Amina Bougu erra 1 , Oum elkheir Rah im* 2 , Ali Dou adi 2 & Moha med Had jadj 1 1 Valorisation and Promotion of Sa haran Resou rces Laboratory, Departmen t of Chemistry, Facu lty of Math ematics & Matter Sciences, Kasdi Merbah University Oua rgla, 30 000 Algeria 2 Pollutio n & Wa ste Treatmen t Labo ratory, Departmen t of Chemistry, Facu lty of Ma thematics & Matter S ciences, Kasdi Merbah Un iversity Ouargla , 30000 Algeria * E- mail: romo lkheir1@gma il.com Abstract – The a im of thi s study is ev aluating th e antiox idant ac tivity of the Launaea Re sedifolia aerobic parts’ extracts, which grows in Ba shar region (Algeria). The antioxidant propertie s of methanolic extract and the organic fractions of L . resedifolia have been estimated usin g the chemical and electrochemical methods. Where the c hemical method is the superoxide scavenging a ssay s, while the electrochemical method is the c yclic voltammetry assa y . Further, both methods de pend on th e inhibition of superoxide anion ra dical. The results indicate th at the extracts showed an inhibition of superoxide anion radical with an amount of I% ran ging between (81.8181 ± 0.001 ) % and (66.6667 ± 5.24 86) % in chemica l method and IC 50 be tween 3.2814 g /l and 1.7990 g/l in elec trochemical method. Thus, the rate inhibition ( I%) i n the chemical method were found best in butanol fracti on (BF) then chloroform fraction (CF) and eth yl acetate frac tion (AF) then c rud extract (CE). Both the e ffective scavenging concentration (IC 50 ) i n the electrochemical m ethod were found best in eth y l acetate fr action (AF) th en butanol fraction (BF), crud extract (CE) and c hlorof orm frac tion (CF). Keywords – Laun aea resed ifolia; An tioxidant activity; superoxide; cyclic volta mmetry . 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 2021 , Konya, Turke y 91 Technical and Ec ono mic Study for PV project on So cotra Is land, Ye men Saif Serag * 1 , Adil Echche lh 1 1 Laborato ry of En ergetic Engineering a nd Materials, Ibn Tofail University, Kenit ra, Morocco . ORCID ID 00 00 -0003-383 1-6847 ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-530 2-4255 * E- mail: sa ifserag75@gma il.com Ema il of the correspond ing author Abstract – Electric powe r is lac k in Ye men a nd the fa ct that it does not cover all area s in Yemen, especially the remote islands such as S ocotra, is one of the biggest problems that Y emen has faced for a lon g time, especially with hig h price of fossil fuels such as d iesel, gasoline, and gas. The use of renewable sources of energy, like solar energ y, is one of the best ways to cover the region’s ne eds. principall y since Yemen enjoys a hi gh level of sol ar energ y reception for l ong pe riods of up to 12 hours a da y. In thi s research, we will give a technical and economic stud y of PV use to electricity productio n on Socotra and a stud y of the operating efficienc y of each part of the plant, standard cost o f ele ctricity according to solar r adiation efficie nc y in the region, and equipment efficiency for the project we will find that the project op erating with high efficiency and at a lower cost compared to t he high fue l prices, especially in the recent period. Keywords – Sola r Energy, LCOE, Renewab le energy, Socotra. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1- 3, 2021 , Konya, Turkey 92 Progress of Blue Carbon Resea rch in th e Seagrass Meadow s o f Sungai Pulai Estuary (Jo hor, Malaysia ) Nur Hidaya h 1 , Natasha Arina 1 , Chandran Raynusha 1 , Nur Farah Ain Zainee 1 , Nur Hazlin Hazrin-Chong 2 and Mohammad Rozaimi 1 * 1 Departmen t of Ea rth Scien ces and En viro nment, Facu lty of Science and Tech nology, Universiti Keban gsaan Malaysia, 436 00 UKM Bangi, Selan gor, Malaysia 2 Departmen t of Biolo gical Science s and Biotechnology , Faculty of Scien ce and Techn ology, Universiti Kebang saan Ma laysia, 43600 UKM B angi, Selangor, Malaysia ORCID ID 0000 -00 01-6631 -8677 * (mdrozaimi@ukm. edu.my ) Abstract – The seagra ss meadow s in the Su ngai Pulai of Johor, Malaysia, ha ve up to 11 spe cies reco rded and serve vital roles in supporting and preserving a divers e range of marine fl ora and fauna. T he meadows here face constant changes in land use, including coastal developm ent, port construction, and land reclam ation for urbanisation. There has been a num ber of blu e carbon resea rch cond ucted in the area since 2015, incl uding tho se of m onitoring s eagrass health. The related researc h primarily intend ed to explore and repor t baseline data of the area. Wo rk went into quantifying organic carbon and calcium carbonate stock s; nitrogen dynam ics in the sediments and tissues of marine m acrophytes; assessi ng sour ce contribu tors t o bulk organic carbon stock ; understa nding habitat characteris tics t hat influ ence c arbon s equest ration, and identifying t he bi od iversity of m arine m acroph ytes in the seag rass m eado w. This presentation synthesi ses the state of knowledg e and the progress of t he research work in thi s estuary. We discuss their im portance to th e local bio ge osphere and the th reats to thei r existen ce due to anthropog enic i mpacts. W e further aim t o raise the awareness of the need to protect seagrass ecosy stems among the public, gov ernment agencies, an d internationa l organisa tions based on th e work done to date w ithin the est uary. Keywords – an thropo genic impacts; ca rbon sequestration ; macroph yte; organic matter 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 93 Investigating for Io n Selectivity and Water Repulsive Proper ty of Carbazole Derive d Compounds Aysel Aydın Kocaere n Çanakka le Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Educa tion , Çanakka le, Turkey ORCID ID:0 000 -0003-4113-0517 aysel.kocae [email protected] .tr Abstract – A pol y mer derived from poly -9-bis[4-(thiophen-3,4- y loxy)bipheny l)]-9 H -carbazole containing a carbazole and thiophene group, abbreviated as B2, was s ynthesized via the oxidation method b y using FeCl 3 as an oxidant. Additionally , P(B2) wa s s y nthesized and coated onto an ITO – g lass surface via electroc hemical oxidative pol y merization. UV spectra of these pol y mer s and their metal compl exes (like Fe 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ ) were recorded in DMSO solutions, and then their UV spectra depending on the concentration at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 M w ere recorded. For P (B 2) as the conc entration increased before the absorbance peak i ncreased in range of 0.5 and 1.5 M and then the absorbance peak decreased at 2 M concentration. But while the concentration was rising, the absorban ce peak intensit y increased graduall y for B2. In other words, when the conc entration was rising, the absorbance peak intensit y increases graduall y for B2. Also, for P(B2), the absorbance peak followed a fluctuating course. The photo im ages of some metal complexes of B2 were recorded under UV lig ht. According to these photos, it can be said that B2 polymer was dete rmined to be selective a ga inst Fe 2+ ion and B2 could b e used as fluoresc ence Fe 2+ ion probe. Finally, contact angle (CA) measurements of B2 and P(B2) pol y me rs were realiz ed and, acc ording to the recorded photo images it can be s aid that B2 had more hydrophobic property than P(B2). Keywords – electrochemic al polymerizatio n; carba zole ; thiophene; contact ang le; metal complex I. INTRODUCTION Recently the application area s of s y nth esized optical sensors form medicine and molecul ar biology. The c hemical structure of the materials used in optica l sensors is very important. Therefor e, every compound cannot be used as an optic al sensor. To manufacture opti cal sensors, functional groups su ch as ether bri dge s (C-O-C), carbox y l (- COOR) and amine ( - NH 2 ) groups must be in t he structure of the compou nds. While produc ing th e optical sensors, various ions (Cd 2+ , C o 2+ , Fe 2+ , F - , Cl - , Br - , SO4 2 - , NO 3- , Zn 2 + , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Ca 2+ , CO 3 2- , CH 3 COO - ,… etc.) are used. These ions can be diversified b y the researcher depending on the purpose and target of the study ( [1 ], [2] ). In this stud y , we chose carba zole as the starting compound due to the most advantages (Carbazole can be easily fun ctionalized from the 3, 6- o r N - positions. There for e, dif fere nt substituents can be easily a ttached to the carbazole ring, carbazole- containing compounds show photochemical stabilit y a nd it is a strong electron donating ( p -type) chromophore group etc.) of the carbazole and performe d electropol ymerization a nd ox idative polymer ization processes on it . To investigate the ion selectivity o f the compounds we used Pd 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ and Co 2+ ions [3 ] because of we have only t y p es of ions. In the article published b y Danjou et al in 2012, the synthesis of a N - azacrown carbazole d erived compound was carried out. I t had bee n reported that this compound behaved selectivel y a gainst Fe 3+ ion in an aqueous environment [4 ]. Therefor e, w e want ed to investigate the wa ter repellent character istics of the obtained polymer s due to their Kocaeren, In vestigating for I on Selectivity and Water Repulsive Property of Carb azole Derived Compounds , ICAE NS 2021 , Kony a, Turkey 94 synthesis via thin film coating. Also, CA measurements of each pol y mer were carried out at volume of 5,81 and 4,34 μL for P(B2) and B 2, respec tivel y . According to the obtained results, the polymer P(B2) ha d no water repulsive property, but B2 was better in water r epellenc y than P (B2) when have see n the CA measurements. II. MAT ERIALS AND ME THOD  Materials Carbazole, 3,4-dibromo thiophene, ethanol, methanol, chloroform (CHCl 3 ), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrof uran (THF), Cd (CH 3 COO) 2 2H 2 O, Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 3H 2 O, F eCl 3 6H 2 O (CH 3 COO) 2 Hg and toluene were suppli ed from Merck Chemical Co. (Germany) and use d as received.  Measurement Methods The surfac e morphological properties were illustrated by the scanning electron microscop y (SEM). Their scanning electron microscope (SE M) photographs we re recorded using a J SM-7001F instrument. The CA measurements we re carr ied out on fiber-modified Mg AZ31 allo ys usin g a KSV Attension Theta L ite O ptical Tensiometer with a sessile drop method. Pol y mer droplets of approximately 4.5- 5 µ L were deposited on g la ss surfaces with manuall y controlled Hamilton syringe . UV lamp was used to view int eractions with metal complexes of synthesized poly m ers. A. Experimental Section  Syntheses of B2 and P(B2) B2 and P( B2) were s ynthesized as in liter ature by Kocaeren via oxidation method and electroc hemical pol y m erization. The re lated articles were published b y Kocaeren in s cientific journ al ( [5 ], [6 ]) . Additionally , the electrochemical polymer ization conditions and the characterization data that illuminate the structures of B2 and P(B2) materials were given in t he experimental and results sections of these manuscripts, as mentioned above. General sy nthesis scheme is given in Sch eme 1, which shows the structu res of B1, B2 and P(B2) compounds. Scheme 1. Structures of t he pol ymers performed b y using FeCl 3 oxida nt via oxidative method and electr ochemical polymerizatio n  Obtaining of B2 and P (B2)-metal complexes Solutions of Cd(CH 3 COO) 2 2H 2 O, Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 3H 2 O, FeCl 3 6H 2 O, (CH 3 COO) 2 Hg (1 mmol) in DMSO (10 m L ) were separatel y added to a solution of B2 or P(B2) (2 mm ol/unit) in DMSO (20 m L), respectively. Then, pol y mer -metal complexes solutions were shaken well in UV tube. III. RESULTS A. Binding mechanism of metal to the synthesized materials (B2 and P(B2)) The some electronic p arameters ( E g , λ max and λ onset ) of the pol y mer -metal complexes are given Table 1. According to the Table 1, it can be said that the optical band gaps of t he compounds are differe nt from each other and the other opti cal data depending on metal compunds are calculated, as follows: B2+ Fe 2+ < B2 + Cd 2+ < B2+ Hg 2+ < B2+ P b 2+ for B 2, and P(B2)+ Hg 2+ < P(B2)+ Cd 2+ < P (B2)+ Pb 2+ < P(B2)+ Fe 2+ fo r P(B2), respectively . As investiga ted the data, except for E g value o f metal complex with Hg 2+ of P(B2), E g values of the other metal complex es of P(B2) are hi gher than that of B2. Although E g values of metal complexes of P( B2) are higher than that of B2, E g value of P(B2) are obtained as 2.65 eV. Kocaeren, In vestigating for I on Selectivity and Water Repulsive Property of Carb azole Derived Compounds , ICAE NS 2021 , Kony a, Turkey 95 Tab le 1. Optical m easure m ent p arameters of the s ynthesized polymers Compounds E g (eV) λ m ax (nm) λ onset (nm) B2 3,11 224,76 ; 248,24 ; 288,15 400 P(B2) 2,65 245,31 ; 276,49 468 B. Contact Angle (CA) Measurement CA measurement technique is used because of its simplicit y . The contact angle (CA) is measure d for determine pol y mers ’ s urface h ydrophobicity. A simple set up is built whic h involved droppin g a 1 00 µL water droplet and measuring the adv ancing angle of contact [7 ] be tween the droplet and the sample surface with graduated reticule and a 10 X magnify ing g lass [8]. A sim ple of P(B 2) in volu me of 5,81 μL is dropped on to the water covered glass surface. The time is approxim ately 4,8 s for both materials. Other data obt ained with CA left and ri ght are given T able 2. As seen in Table 2, CA values of P(B2) are lower than that of B 2, and it means low hydroph obiciti y propert y. Tab le 2. Contact angle (C A) data of the co mpounds Mat. Time [s] CA lef t [°] CA right [°] CA mean [°] Vol. [μL ] P(B2) 4,85 29±2 35 ±3 32 ±3 5,81 B2 4,74 65 ±1 65 ±1 65 ±1 4,34 Recent progress h as indi cated th at surfac es with ideal roug hn ess a nd microtextured structure s have low interfacial free energies and remarkabl y high contact an gles, as in the case of lotus leaves, th e contact angle (CA) of which is about 161.0 ± 2. 7 ° ([9-12]). Also, B2 has low CA value as 65 ° thus it can be said that the s ynthesized pol ymer s hav e ge nerall y h y drophilic property due to their low CAs. As seen in F i g. 1, it c an be seen that B2 is a mor e hydroph obic structured materia l than P(B2). Th is situation can be explained as follows: The oxidative po l y m erization with FeCl 3 may removed influence of oxide groups in the structure of the specimen. These oxide g roups have a given polarity which give th em an attraction to water. Thus the hydroph obicit y and t he measured CA is decrease. How ever, these ox ide group s have a higher surface free energy than the su rrounding methyl groups [13]. Additionall y , the realized electroc hemical pol y m erization after the oxidativ e polymer ization is further curtained these oxide groups since the resulting structure ha s lon ger polymer chain stru ctures a nd more branched g roups just like P(B2). Fig. 1. P hoto images of contact a ngle measure ments of a) B 2 and b) P (B2) IV. DISCUSSION The C -O-C (ether) group s in the structure of th e compounds are e xpected to interact with the ions by coordinating covalent bonding. Since there are no functional groups (-C-O- C, -COOR, -NH, -CH =N- ... etc.) atta ched to th e thiophene ring in th e structures of the s ynthesized compounds, there is no metal bonding throu gh the thi ophene rin g [ 14], [5] , [6] . Any metal-ion interaction through nitrogen atoms in the carba zole ri ngs is not a subject due t o the steric effect. B2 and P(B2) are treated with the some metals ( Fe 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ ) in DMSO solvent. I n t he experiments, it is determined that the B2 behaves selectively ag ainst Fe 2+ ion under UV light. When considering the str uctures of th e pol y m eric compounds, that contain ether groups an d benzene rings [15] . According to litreture [16], [ 17], because of the hydrophilic ether groups and the h ydroph obic benzene ring s, the cont act angle f or the pol ymer B2 is decreasing to approx imately 65 ° . Therefore, C A Kocaeren, In vestigating for I on Selectivity and Water Repulsive Property of Carb azole Derived Compounds , ICAE NS 2021 , Kony a, Turkey 96 values of P(B2) are lower than that of B2, this means low hydroph obiciti y property. V. CONCLUSION Two pol y mers named B2 a nd P (B2) we re firstl y synthesized b y two different methods like oxidative polymer ization with Fe Cl 3 and elec trochemical polymer ization. Secondly , some meta l complexe s ( Fe 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ ) of these poly mers were obtained in UV tub. We can understand that metal complexes are formed from the changes in their UV spectra. According to the analy sis results, B2 polymer was determined to be selective against Fe 2+ ion since changes on the photographs of its some metal complexes were taken under UV li ght. It means that B2 could be used as fluor escence F e 2+ ion probe. Finall y , CA measurements of B2 an d P(B2) were realized and, according to obtaine d C A data it could be sa id that B 2 had more h yd rophobic property than P(B2). R EFE RENCES [1] L. Zhang, Y. W en, Y. Yao, J. Xu, X. Duan and G. Zha ng, “ Sy nthesis and characterization of PEDOT derivative with carboxy l group and it s chemo/bio se nsi ng applicatio n as nanoco mposite , immobilize d biological and enhanced optical materi als ”, Electrochim . Acta, vol. 116, pp. 343- 354 , 2014. [2] M. E c habaane , A. Rouis, I. Bonnamour and H. B. 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Sci., vol . 379, pp. 124 -1 31 , 2016. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 97 Assess m ent of Site Selec tion Criteria for Medical Waste during COVID - 19 Pandemic Mehmet Ali Taş 1* 1 Department o f Industrial En gineering, F aculty of Eng ineering, Turkish- German Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-3333-7972 Abstract – The COVI D-19 virus has affec ted the whole world, causing it to be de clared a pandemic. To prevent the spr ead of the virus, the use of medical products such as masks a nd disinfectants was encoura ge d and even mandator y in s ome places. This situation makes the waste of me dical products used a thr eat to public health. I t becomes an important decision where to depot th e used medical products be fore disposal due to the risk of containing the vir us. Th ere are man y criteria to consider during th e selection of a sit e. This study includes th e evaluation of criteria for the selection of pre -disposal temporar y l andfill site for medicinal products in Turkey . Eight criteria were determined to be used in the selection of these sites. The weig hts of the criteria were calculated using the fuzzy Pivot Pairwise Relative Criteria I mpo rtance Assessment (PIPRECIA) method, which is a mu lti -criteria decision making method. According t o the results, it was concluded that the most im portant eva luation criterion wa s distance to residential ar e as. The results of this study are aimed to contribute to the manag ement of medical waste. Keywords – COVID-1 9, Multi -Criteria Decision Making, Fuzzy PIPRECIA, Medical Was te, Site S election. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 98 The Use of H5 P Module of LMS Moodle to For m Communicative Competence of Future Ship Engin eers Olena Diahyleva 1 , Mariia Ma sonkova 2 , Alona Yurzhenko 3* 1 English La nguage Departmen t for Maritime Officers (Abridg ed Programme ), Kherson State Maritime Aca demy, Ukrain e ORCID ID 00 00 -0003-3741 -4 066 2 Internatio nal Affairs Depa rtment, Kherson S tate Maritime Academy, Ukra ine ORCID ID 00 00 -0001-9718 -1 52X 3 English La nguag e Department for Maritime Office rs (Abri dged Pro gramme), Kherson Sta te Maritime Academy , Ukraine ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-6560 -4 601 *(helen18 @online.ua) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – The a rticle is devoted to the problem of future ship engineers’ communicat ive competence formation while distanc e learning. The Learning Ma nagement S y stems (LMSs) bec ome the single point of access to all e ducational resources that a reg istered e -course participant can access at anytime and any where. One of the Moodle’s plugins i s, namely H5P (package of int eractive content), helps tut ors to crea te presentations, vide os and othe r multimedia, questions, quiz zes, gam es and more. The sp ecificity o f teaching En glish fo r special purpose for a ship en gineer is th at it is necess ary to ma ster a large nu mber of terms that are necessar y to perform professional ta sks on a ship, na mely in the e ngine room. Examples of the use of H5P tasks are s hown on the topic "marine diesel plants and their c omponents" (I nteractive Video, Course Presentations, Branching Scenario, Di alog Cards, I n teractive Boo k etc). There were anal yzed the results of pedagogica l ex periment on the use of H5P in teaching English to future ship engineers. The research results show the positive influence of H 5P on the formation of the communicative competence of future ship eng ineers, namel y the improvement of qualit y and success. Prospects for further research can be found in analysis of the use of ga mific ation in teac hing and training of future ship en ginee rs. Keywords – Ship enginee rs, English for specia l purpose, L MS Mood le, Maritime Profession als, Diesel engin e, H5P 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 99 Farklı Pişir me Tekniklerinin Bazı Geleneksel Fırın Ürünlerini n Duyusa l Kalitelerini Geliştir m ede ve Besi n Kayıpla rını Azaltmada Kullanılabilirli k le ri Üzerine Bir Ar aştırma Hüsnü KASAR 1 , Süley man GÖKMEN 2* ve Abdullah ÇAĞ L AR 3 1 Aşçılık / Sosya l Bilimler Mesl ek Yüksekokulu , Muş Alpa rslan Üniversitesi , Türk iye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-4343-5229 2 Gıda İşleme / Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu , Karaman oğlu Meh metbey Üniversitesi , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-7397-6966 3 Tarım Ekono misi / Ziraat Fa kültesi , Kocaeli Ün iversitesi , Tü rkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-9716-8795 * (sugokmen4 [email protected] ) Özet – Bu ç alışma, geleneksel fırın ürünlerinin farklı pişirme y öntemlerine u yarlana rak başta di y et uygulama ları gibi farklı kategorilerde y apılabilmesi için gere kli pişirmelerin kullanılabilirliklerinin araştırılmasını içerme ktedir. Türk mutfağında gelenekse l ürünlerin mevcut pişirme uygulama larının dışına çıkılarak y eni nesil pişirme y öntemleri ile ürünlerin besin d eğerlerinde farkın minimum seviy ede tutulması y la dün ya stan dartlarında u y gulanabili r bir pişirme y apılması önemlidir. Bu amaçla bazı ge leneksel fırın ürünleri (testi kebabı, fırın mant ı, karnıyarık yemeğ i, İ z mir köfte) çalışma k apsamında araştırılmıştır. Gelene ksel pişirmeler sonuc unda ürünlerde me y dana gelen olumsuz durumların oluşmaması teknolojinin kullanılabilirliğ i açısından ön em arz etmektedir. Yeni nesil pi şirme yöntemler i ile ürünleri en kısa sürede hazırlamak ve bu ürünlerin a y nı du y u sal ve besins el kalitede olması önemli bir diğer husustur. Yapılan çalışmalarda geleneksel fırın ürünlerinin farklı şekilde işlenmesi, ye ni nesil pişi rme y öntemlerinin fırın ürünle rinde kullanımı konusunda eksiklikler bulundu ğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmalardan elde edi len sonuçlara göre ge leneksel fırın ürünlerinin novel metotl ar ile pişirilmesini n ürünün duyusal ve besin kay bı sonuçları olumlu etkiler göstereceğ i tahmin edilmektedir. Gıdaların yeni nesil pişirme y öntemle ri ile pişirilmesinden olumlu sonuçlar alınması i le birli kte zengin mut fak kültürü y e ni nesil pişi rmeler ile daha farklı olacak ve bu farklı uygulamalarının dün y a mut fağ ında da tanıtı mlarının ya pılması a çısından başta ga stronomi ve gıda alanları olmak üzere ülkemize de katkı sağlayacaktır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Geleneksel Fırın Ürünleri, Yeni Ne sil Pişirme Yö ntemleri, Duyusa l Kalite, Besin Kayıpları. A Study on the Usability of Differe nt Baking Techni ques in Improv ing the Sensory Quality a nd Reducing Nu trient Loss of Some Traditional Ba kery Products Abstract – This study inc ludes the investigation of the usability of the necessar y cookin g so that t raditional bakery products can be adapted to different cooking methods and mad e in different categories such as diet applications. In Turkish cuisine, it is im portant to go b eyond the current cooking practices of traditional products and to make an applicable cooking at world standards b y ke eping the difference in nutritional values of the products at a minimum level with new ge neration cooking methods. F or this purpose, some traditional baker y produ cts (testi keb ab, oven - mantı, karnı y arık dish, Iz mir meatballs) wer e investigated within the scope of the study . It is important for the usabilit y of technology that the nega tive situations tha t occur in the products as a result of traditional cooking do not occur. Another important issue is to pre pare the products as soon as possible with the new g eneration cooking methods and to ensure that these products are of the same sensor y and nutritional qualit y . In the studies, it has been determined that the re are Özkaya vd., Paper Title, ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 100 deficienc ies in the different processing of traditional baker y products and the use of new generation cooking methods in bakery products. According to the results obtained fr om the researche s, it is estimated that cooking traditional baker y products with novel methods will have posit ive effects on the sensory and nutrient loss results of the product. W ith positive results from cooking foods with new gene ration cooking methods, the rich culinary culture will be different with new generation c ooking and this will contribute to our countr y , especiall y in the fields of gastron omy and food, in te rms of promoting these di fferent applications. Keywords – Tradition al Bake ry Products, New Generation Cooking Methods, S ensory Quality, Nutrient Losse s. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 101 Influence of the Na ture of the Substra te's Material on the Characteris tics of the Integrated Circuit AMRI Houda * and ZAABAT Mourad *Labo ratory of physics ma tter a nd radiation LPMR, Department of ma terial sciences, Fa culty o f Science s and Techno logies, University of Mo hamed Cherif Messaadia, Sou k Ahras 41 000, Algeria h.amri@univ -souka hras.dz Abstract: The technological evolutions of telec ommunications and microwaves for several y ears tend towards the miniaturization of int egrated circuits. These circuits have revoluti onized the electronic world. Several digital methods have been proposed for their study, among whic h is the W CI P method (W ave Concept I terative Method). In this work we stud y this type of cir cuits to determine the influen ce of the relative permittivit y o f the substrate on the transport of waves and on the tra nsmission of electromagne tic signals Keywords: wave con cept iterative process, WCIP, integrated circu it, SWR, MOM I. INT RODUCT ION Calculators, washing machines, hi-fi systems, computers: electronic components, and more particularl y integrated circuits, these small silicon wafers, still called 'c hips', containing hundreds, thousands, or even mill ions of basic components (transistors), have become, over the last fort y years or so, fundamental pla y ers i n progress. The development of computer science is directly linked to the m: a computer, roughly sp eaking, is n ever more than a set - skillfull y organized - of integrated circuits to which a 'progra mmer' dictates the behavior to be followed. As design and manufacturing t echniques have improved over the y ears, integra ted circuits contain an increasing number of transistors for the same volume, a llowing the development of ever more powe rful computers in an ever - smaller spa ce - be cause the more transistors a circuit can contain, the more functions it can perform. The 'core' (the central unit that processes information by executing program inst ructions) of small computers, the so- cal led microcomputers, nowada y s fits on a single silicon chip, in other words a sing le inte grated circuit, called a microproce ssor. And the history of components is still in its infancy. Research is well underw a y . New materials and manufacturing te chniques are expected to allow even g reater int egration and fast er operation. Tomorrow, a whole computer The technology (sili con on insulator - SOI) consists of introducing an electrically insulating la y er under the transistors deep in the silicon. This reduces electron loss in the circuit, which is a source o f static power consumption. The silicon "ne xt to" the transistors is no long er fixed at a g iven potential, which int roduces interesting performa nce.  Silicon on sapphire  Gallium arsenide 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 1 02  Future developments: The integrated circuit industry is one of the most r apidly evolving industries in the history of technolo gy. It is continually ex ploring new technolog ies. Among tho se that seem to have a promising future are diamond subst rates, for which much is expected in terms of cooling II . THE WAVE CONCEP T ITERA TIVE PROCESS Several methods a re presented to determine the different cha racteristics of differe nt t ypes of planar circuits, among them the wav e conce pt iterative process (WC I P ) WCI P is an itera tive method base d on the wave c oncept and determined the diffrac tion and reflection operators of the planar circuit structure according to the following algorithm Fig . 1 Algorithm of the method [ 1] The wave concept iterative process is introduced b y writing the tange ntial electric field 𝐸 and surface tangential curre nt densit y 𝐽 in ter ms of incident and reflected wa ves 𝐴 𝑖 = 1 2 √ 𝑍 0𝑖 ( 𝐸 𝑖 + 𝑍 0 𝑖 𝐽 𝐼 ) 𝐵 𝑖 = 1 2 √ 𝑍 0𝑖 ( 𝐸 𝑖 − 𝑍 0 𝑖 𝐽 𝐼 ) ⟹ 𝐸 𝑖 = 𝑍 0𝑖 ( 𝐴 𝑖 + 𝐵 𝑖 ) 𝐽 𝑖 = 𝑍 0 𝑖 ( 𝐴 𝑖 − 𝐵 𝑖 ) (1) Where 𝑍 0𝑖 = √ 𝜇 0 𝜀 0 𝜀 𝑖 characteristic impedance of reg ion i [2 ] Fig . 2 T he WCIP principle When our structure is a composition of differe nt regions (me tal, dielectric , source, localized element), the boundar y conditions of each re gion express the diffrac tion sub-op erators 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 103 Fig.3 The p lanar structure The balance of waves 𝐴 and 𝐵 between spatial and spectra l dom ains is ensured b y a Fast Modal Transform FMT. The principal equation of this process has defined by 𝐴 = 𝑆 󰆹 . 𝐵 + 𝐴 0 𝐵 = Γ  . 𝐴 (2) Where Γ  is the reflecion operator wich takes into account the environment’s reac tion in spectral domain S  is the diffra ction op erator witch takes into account the boundary conditions in the spatial domain A 0 exciting source wave A. The reflection operator 𝜞  This operator is def ined by Γ  = 1−Z 0i Y mn α 1+Z 0i Y mn α (3) where α indi que TM or TE mode and Y mn α is the admittance matrix - Open wa ve guide Y m,n TE = γ m,n ( ε ri ) j.ωμ 0 ; Y m,n TM = j.ωε 0 ε ri γ m,n ( ε ri ) (4) - Court circuit Y m,n α,k = Y m,n α (ε ri coth(γ m,n ( ε ri ). h) (5) B. The diffraction operator 𝑺  The space diffraction operator S  is deduced from the equivalent circuit in e ach subdomain of surface . conductor: 𝐸 1 = 𝐸 2 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑐 = [ −1 0 0 −1 ] . dielectric: 𝐸 1 = 𝐸 2 ≠ 0 𝐽 1 = 𝐽 2 = 0 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑑 = [ 𝑍 02 −𝑍 01 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 2 √ 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 𝑍 0 −𝑍 01 2 √ 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 𝑍 0 −𝑍 01 𝑍 02 −𝑍 01 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 ] .source: 𝐸 = 𝐸 0 − 𝑍 0 𝐽 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑠 = [ 𝑍 02 𝑍 01 + 𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 −𝑍 02 ) 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 + 𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 ) 2 √ 𝑍 02 𝑍 01 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 +𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 ) 2 √ 𝑍 02 𝑍 01 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 +𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 ) 𝑍 02 𝑍 01 +𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 −𝑍 02 ) 𝑍 01 𝑍 02 +𝑍 0 ( 𝑍 01 +𝑍 02 ) ] Finally S  is expressed a s follows: S  = 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑐 ∗ 𝐻  𝑚 + 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑑 ∗ 𝐻  𝑖 + 𝑆 󰆹 Ω𝑠 ∗ 𝐻  𝑠 (6) [3] III . A PPLICATIONS AND RES U LTS In this section we will continue the modelling of the structur e alread y studied in [4], [5] A. Description of the structure The structur e is a n integr at ed circuit shown in fig 4, t he subdomains of this structure are: insol ent- spiral inductor- capacitor- resistor- tr ansistor- metal- source 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 104 Fig . 4: T he surface plan o f an integrated cir cuit - the structure's parameters: 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟔𝒎𝒎 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒎𝒎 𝒉 𝒔𝒖𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝜺 𝒔𝒖𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏 . 𝟕 The objective of the simulation is to determine the resonance of the structure in order to define some e lec tronic properties of the studied integrated circ uit but first compare the results obtained by the WC IP method with those obtained by the MOM method Fig . 5: the tra nsmission coe fficient Fig . 6: Si mulation stud y against the frequenc y the 𝑆 󰆹 (module and phase) The m odule of diffract ion operator S gives that t he resonanc e frequency is 𝑓𝑟 = 2. 19 ∗ 10 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧 and the resonance of th e case is 𝑓 = 19 𝐺𝐻𝑧 These values can be noted that we have a quality factor 𝑄 = 24 . 33 so our oscillat ion is ps eudo-periodic with a peri od 𝑇 = 6 . 91 𝑚𝑠 The energy lost during th e transport of the waves in the structure analy zed by attenuation and dispersion is very l ow as a resul t to the existe nce of the c ase 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 105 B. Effect of the substrate on the modelling  diffraction operator -a- -b- Fig . 7 : -a- the reflectio n coef ficient -b- the diffraction coef ficient We can notice that for different permittivit y ’s of the substrate, the level o f 𝑆 11 and 𝑆 12 is almost the same, but the resonance frequency varies. Indeed, as the permittivit y increases, the resonance freque nc y decreases. This is due to the converge nce of the phy sical properties of the materials used  standing wave ratio (SWR) The SWR is the ra tio between the reflected voltage and the incident voltage (from the source), it is expressed b y the following relation: 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1+ | 𝜌 | 1− | 𝜌 | and 𝑆 11 = 𝜌 ( 1−𝑒 −2𝛾ℎ ) 1−𝜌 2 𝑒 −2𝛾ℎ Fig . 8: the variation o f SWR with respect to the reflection coe fficient From the curve the S WR values are directly related to the refractive indi ces of the substrates and the pr opagation constant as shown in the table below 𝜀 𝑟 = 9.3 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 349 𝑛 𝑟 = 1. 768 − 1. 778 𝜀 𝑟 = 5.7 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 180 .6 𝑛 𝑟 = 2. 417 − 2. 419 𝜀 𝑟 = 12 . 9 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 120 .3 𝑛 𝑟 = 4. 02 𝜀 𝑟 = 11 . 7 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 76 . 49 𝑛 𝑟 = 3. 477 It can be seen that th ere is an inverse p roportionalit y b etween the SWR and the refractive index and this explains the va riation of the reflection coefficient in figure 7- a. IV. CONCLUS ION The obje ctive of th is work was to modeling a plan ar mic rowave structure integrating p assive and a ctive components named b y integrated circuit, the stud y structure is plac ed in a plastic pa ckage. For this purpose, an iterative method based on the wave concept is used to determine the reflection and diffraction operators, the latter related to what happens at the 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 106 semiconductor interface and to determine the coeff icients of the diffraction operator and study of the effects of the relative permittivit y ’s of the sub strate used in our study, whether dielectric or semiconductor, on the diffrac tion operator and the reflection properties of electromag netic waves REFERENCE [1] MEGN AFI Hicha m, ‘Contrib ution à l ’étude des circuits planaires à élé ments localisés à l’aide d e la W CIP ’ , d octoral thesis o f teleco mun icatio n , T lem ce n Universit y, 2018 [2] Henri Baudrand Mohammed T itaouine Nathalie Raveu , W CIP Convergen ce The Wave Concep t in Electromagn etism and Circuits: Theor y an d Applications CHAPT ER 5, 2016 [3] M.Glaoui, A. Haj laoui, H. Zairi, H.T rabelsi and h.baudrand, “ modellin g of non-linear element using an extended iterative method ” , .Microwave and optical tech nolo gy letters / vol. 4 9,no. 1 , Janura y 2 007 [4] AMRI Houda, ZAABAT Mourad, “ stud y of the move ment of electro magnetic waves in integrated circuits ” , Internati ona l Journal for Inno vative Eng ineering and Management Research , Volume 10 , Issue 01 , P ages: 20 - 25 , 2021 [5] Benlarbi Hossem Eddine, ‘L e rayonneme nt des ondes electro magnetiques dans les circ uits integres ’ , m aster m emor y of ph y sique, so uk ahrass universit y, 2020 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 107 VARIABILITY OF NaDI, D2, He II, SiII, OI SPEC TRAL LINES IN THE SPECT RUM HD 1 79218 Adigozalzade H.N . 1* 1 N. Tusi Sha makhy Astroph ysical Observatory o f Azerbaijan National Academy of Scien ces, Y.Mamedaliyev settl., S hamakh y, Azerbaijan * (hadigoza [email protected] ) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – The He rbig Ae/B e t y pe stars (HAeBe) a re pre -main sequ ence (PMS) objects of inte rmediate mass 2 -10 M ⵙ and are considered to be th e progenitors of Vega t y pe star s, which are surrounded with a residual protoplanetar y d isks. Spectra l moni toring of individual objects ha s shown that in the spectra of these star s are observe d variable e mission and absorption lines. The same features a re also characteristic of classical T Tauri stars (CTTS). HD 179218 (MW C 614, Sp B9 -A2) is an isolated HA eBe t y pe s tar. Our previous observations were discov ered 40 da y s’ ti mescale quasipe riodic variations of the h ydrog e n lines Hα and Hβ. In this report we have presented results of analysis of spectral variation of the disc reemissi on spectral lines He I, Si II , D NaI, [O I ]. According to our spectra, the D1 and D2 NaI lines are shown an inverse – P Cyg profile. Line pa rameters also show a s y nchronous ch ange with a change in the hydrogen lines. It also shows a wave-like variation of parameters with a character is tic time of 10 -20 day s. T he ratio of the valu es of th e equiv alent widths of the EW (D2) / EW (D1) lines showed a monotonic de- cr ease from 1.7 to 0.5, whi ch indicates a smoo th vari ation of the ph y sical condition in the star 's disk. Th e absorption spectral lines Si II λ 634 7 and 6371 Å show the a bsence of s ynchronous changes with cha n ges in the hydrogen a nd sodium doublet lines. The ex istence of stratification in the distribution of radial velocities for differe nt sp ectral lines was found. Lines with a hi gh ionization potential show positive rates ( for ex ample, HeI, Si II ) , while li nes with a low ioniz ation potenti al have n egative veloc ities (for example, D NaI). This suggests that lines with high ionization potential can form in the accretion zone of the disk. Possible mechanisms of the observed va riability of the star are discusse d. Keywords – stars: va riables: Herbig Ae/Be – stars: circumstella r matter – stars: ind ividual – HD179 218. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 108 Impact Behavio r of Aramid Reinfo rced Poly mer Matrix Co mposites Produced By Hot Press -Prepreg M ethod Ertan KÖSEDAĞ 1* a nd Recep EKİCİ 2 1 Departmen t of Mechan ical Engineering , Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 6 5080, Van, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-5580 -0 414 2 Departmen t of Mechan ical Engineering , Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Tu rkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-4420 -8 431 * (ekosedag @yyu.edu. tr) Email of the co rresponding autho r Abstract – I n this study, the production of pol y mer matrix composite material from prepreg with a hot press, which is a different method from the classical aut oclave method, was optimiz ed. The impact behavior of the composite materials produced was investigated. For thi s, 3mm thick and 90mm diameter aramid reinforced pol y mer matr ix composite samples were produced b y hot pre ss method. Impact tests were carr ied out a t 15, 30, 45J energy values. For the impact tests, a 10 mm radius semi-c y lindrical steel tip wa s used. The weight of this t ip is 5,045 kg. Wit h the impac t tests, the contact force time and e nergy tim e curves of the composit e samples were obtained and the im pact behaviors were interpreted from there. Accord ingly, as the impact en ergy increased, there w as an incre ase in the max imum contact forces of th e composite samples and a decrease in the c ontact times. Con sidering the energ y time graphs, it was determined that there wa s a decrease in the amount of a bsorbed energy of the samples as the impac t velocity applied t o the composite samples inc reased. Be sides, considering th e ratio of applied energy to absorbed energy, it was observed that the energy absorption abilit y d ramatically decreased as the im pact velo city increased. Finall y , the densities of the composite sa mp les produce d with the hot press were deter mined according to the Archimede s principle. Keywords – Aramid rein forced composite, Den sity, Low velocity imp act, Hot -Press, Prepreg. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 109 MODELING OF WATER ADS ORPTION ON LT A ZEOLITES Amel Chaibi 1* , Youce f Boucheffa 1 and Nadia Be ndjaballah-Lalaoui 1 1 University of Scien ce an d ThecHno logy Houari Bo umediene, A lgeria * (amelchaibi0 [email protected] m) Email o f the correspon ding author Abstract – The present stud y is modeling of water adsorption on three LTA zeolites (KA, NaA and CaA) in the temperature range of 20 to 45 °C, using the Fick model given b y a gravime tric anal y zer which was used for the determination of the water adsorption kinetics. The objecti ve is to elucidate the diffusion behavior of water on LTA zeolites. Regardless of the temperature, the KA zeolite exhibits the hig hest diffusion coefficient value. On the other hand, the variation of the water diffusion coefficient as a function of tempera ture conforms to Arrhenius' law. I n addition, the lowest value of activated energy is obtained on the KA zeolite, this revea led t hat the KA zeolite seems to be the most adva ntageous for water adsorption. Keywords – Zeolite s , Adsorption , Diffusion , W ater. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 110 Impacts of Floo ds on Bridges – A R eview Muhammad Abrar * Muhammad Usman Farooqi 2 1 Departmen t of Civil Engin eering , Ca pital University o f Science & Technolog y Islamaba d, Pakistan ORCID ID 0 000 -0002-3738 -0 17x 2 Depaertmen t of Civil Engin eering Capita l University of Scien ce & Techno logy Islama bad, Pakistan * (engrmuha mmadabra [email protected] m) Abstract – Due to the climate change and global warming , risks associated with floods impose greater damages to infra structure projects especially in case of bridges. Destruction to these projects impacts loca l community and overall economy of the country. So, the overall g oal of this paper is to propose a desig n of bridge that will resist ever y kind of flood. Unfortunatel y , if a bridg e g ets affected due to flood, the ai m also includes to provide mi tigation meas ures. This study covers the damages du e to floods in different part s of world including Pakistan. The purpose of this current research is to identify the causes and effects o f floods and provide adopted mitiga tion measu res during p ast floods in different areas worldwide. To achieve this purpose, a number of stated of the art studies are reviewed and outcomes are mentioned here to find major caused and impa cts of flooding. I t is noticed th at scouring showed seismic beha vior on the bridges. Results indicates that due to the s couring , seismic forces caused bridge piers to be displaced re sulting in destruction of the bridge. The obtain ed results are expected t o be beneficial in ge neric wa y for simil ar bridges under the same multi-hazard conditions. Keywords – Bridges Collapse , Flood Impacts, F loods Mitigation, S couring. I. I NT RODUCTI ON Flood is ruinous hazard that is increasing as a results of tempera ture change and global warming day b y da y . B ridges are main course of movement over the rivers and floods in rivers affect the bridges. Several bridges folded due to flooding since the history. The impacts of flood ing have be en aggrava ted in recent y ear s b y increase in population which implies increase of water tight surfaces, unplanned land use floo ding vulnerable a reas an d temperature change. Rain events that cause flooding have become a lot of frequent and intens e due to overall urbanization. Bec ause of this development, floods and scour are the most vital cause of bridge failures (>50% of all failure s) [1], [2]. Human-being is making atmosphere worst in searc h of advance technologies. Gr eenhouse gas induced clim ate change in one of th e example which is causing to boost the h ydrolog ic al c y cles. I t resul ts in higher water-absorption capacity of the atmosphere which c auses heav y precipitation. More precipitation in the atmosphere causes extreme floods [ 3]. The main cause of bridge collapse in the whole world is scouring, which is mainly caused due to flooding. Almost 6000 bridges of the Unit ed States of America and 14 0 railwa y bridges in Unit ed Kingdom failed from 1846 to 2013, reporte d b y the effect of scourin g. Scouring is a phenomenon in which water removes material from the chan nel. Bridge structure, especiall y piers are most exposed to floods and its effects. For ex ample pressure of water and higher flow ve locities near piers may cause erosions of the bed making bridge structur e unstable. Due to scouring, the overa ll stabili ty of th e bridge foundation re du ces. I f the scour d epth becomes si gnifica nt, th rea t for brid ge collisi on increases due to un-stabilit y of the foundation [2] , [4]. Although, scour is recogniz ed as the main threat, hydrody namic forces caused b y floods due to excessive force alongside scouring can also be as critical for b ridge piers on bedroc k and for the decks Abrar et al., Impacts of Floods on Bridges – A Review , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 111 of all flooded bridge s. Any bridge failure, caused by flooding or an y other reason, is crucial for own ers or responsible authorities, costing mone y and time. During the purposed life span of brid ges, they ar e vulnerable to man y hazards for example hurr icanes, earthquakes and flooding. Risk copping for hi ghwa y bridge s is getting importance from research workers and policy-defining people to a ssess the service, sustainability and possible loss of bridges under natural hazards. To overc ome the impact of hazards, structural resilience must be kept in mind by considering structural consistency bef ore, during and after an extreme ev ent [5 ]. River bridge s ma ybe of many t ypes like pile supported, arched, cable supported and man y others. In case of pile support ed river bridges, chan ge s occurs in the foundation system du e to loads caused b y floods. Thes e load s may p ersuade other cha nges like pressure beneath the piles and ma y cause to a total collapse of th e bridge . For example increa sing flood load ma y cause pressure on the foundation while causing scour too and the combin e effect will cause just the co llision of bridge. Bridge scour is basically a process in which floodin g causes the r emoval of s oil particles from bed o f the flow channel whi ch leads the structure to collapse. I ncrease in scour depth has worst effect on the sup ports of the bridges. Th is process make s the bridges unstable hence making it potential threat for the public [6]. The purpose of this stud y is to analy ze the damages due to flood in different parts of world, its impacts on bridges and mitigation of bridge collapse. II. DA MAGES DUE TO FLOODS A. Bridge damages in world due to floods Riverine floodin g causes gigantic losses in the world (approximately 31 4 Million Dollars per y ear). For instance, in the New York C ity, S choharie Creek Bridge in the year of 1987, in Tennessee the Hatchie Bridge in the mo nth of April 1989, and the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge in Portuga l was destro yed i n 2001. Reason behind the destruction of these bridge s was floods [7] . B. Damages due to flooding in Europe and Canada In Europe , 100 plus crucial floods occurred between the four y ears from 1998 to 2002. Those floods we re more than almost 30 floods pe r year. I n Canada, flood in spring season in Quebec a nd Ontario in 2017 wa s re g arded a s the third most noticeable consequence in Canada’s top ten weath er stories listed in the Canadian Meteorological and Ocea nographic Societ y [ 8] . Hence, floods in Europe and Canada caused huge d C. Damages due to flood of 2010 in Pakistan Pakistan fa ces F lood a lmost e very y ea r which results in life losses, agricultural damages, infrastructure loss, and other properties like livestock. I n the y ear 2010, Pakistan faced a century ’s worst flood which was trigg ered b y 4 -da y raining spell from 27-30 July in the north wester n province of Pakistan. As a result, mor e than 190 0 people lost their lives while the econom y faced loss of billions US dollars [9]. Table 1 shows some damages in canal sections in the areas of district Muzaffargarh. Tab le 1. Estim ated damages due to canals in local ar eas [9] Sr. No. Canals Damaged length (m) Estimated economic loss (US$) 1 Dog ar 16 2709 2 Sheikh Um er 48 903 3 Karya Wahe n 20 3612 4 Machi Bangla 30 5418 III. CAUSES OF R I VER F LOODING Floods ma y occur due to many reasons. S now melts in sum mer in the areas of hi gher altitude which causes floods. Flood that is caused b y melti ng of snow may be named as snow- me lt. Floods are mostl y due to weather effects but sometimes may occur due to malfunction of h y dr aulic structure s too. Underground surface state like presence of water amount also pla y s important role to trigger floods b y causing more precipitation. Floods are oc curring since the hist or y but inten sity of floods is increasin g in the previous years d ue of climate change and human interf erence. I t is true that most of the times, raining , snow melting, excessive rainfall on moisture land and raining in snow y areas are ke ys t o flood generating. But floods can oc cur due to unseen events like dam over turn, Glacier jam and rise i n water level due to hindrance in flow b y any means [9 -11]. For ex ample in the y ear of 2010, Pakistan face d gigantic flood in its history due to 4 day continuous ra ining in the upper part of the country . Fig ure 1 shows intensity of ra in in differe nt a reas of NWFP province of Pakistan. I t can be noticed that Abrar et al., Impacts of Floods on Bridges – A Review , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 112 the areas of Risalpur had highest rainfall. Same kind of intense rain fall occurred in China in Jul y 201 8 which broke the rec o rd since 1961. Fig. 1 Intensity of rain fall in NWFP province [9] I n the Continent of Europe, flood h azard is mostl y associated with the timing of snow melting process and maxim um capacity of soil to capture its’ moisture. Most of the floods event occur due to raining but this finding proves that just rain does not trigger floodin g but the river ove r turnin g can occur by some other reasons t oo. As for the result, rain from above and wetness under th e sur face whic h causes rain is the reason major reason behind floo d ge n erating processes, and these f actors have differe nt impact at different areas of the Earth [ 12]. Due to atmospheric tem pera tur e increment, floo d events in coming years will tend to grow that will cause scour in rivers r esulting in d estruction of bridge s. Keeping in mind this scenario, bridge s mus t be designed to withstand scouring effects in order to protect bridges [3]. IV. IMPACTS OF RIVER FL O ODING ON BRIDGE AND I TS P I EERS Flood occasions are the most continuous re ason for ha rm to structures b y comparing with other natural hazards. Among those structures, riverine bridge s are most obvious to fail durin g the riverine floods. Inde ed, the dangers to brid ges from high waterway streams and bank disintegration hav e been perce iv ed as pivotal at worldwide level. Flood and scour address the most incessant reason for bridge s destruction. Flooding causes boost of scouring due to removal of particles f rom the piers of bridges. Due to scouring around piers, back water causes damage to the bridge du e to its forces combined with flow pres sure. Though the scourin g is vital cause of bridge destruction, but sometimes hydro-d y namic forces du e to flood also cause bridge failure either the river b ed is rock y o r not [ 1]. Bridge piers can have worst impact on floods themselves by crea ti ng hindr ance and re ducing the area of flow f or floods. Highe r flow velocities near the piers take place and th ese velocities cause to r emove the b ed material which ultimately leads the settlement of bridge structure and it fails consequentl y . Hi gher velocities of flowing water cause to remove the bed material resulting in sco uring . When water flows with higher velocit y due to flood, pressure also increases. So due to this increased pressure, when water moves alon g the p iers of bridge, pressur e i s distributed along the overall height of the pier. D ue to increa sin g intensities of floods, this criteria must be included in designs to a void an y mishaps of bridge collisi on [ 2], [ 7]. W ith increa se in flood velocity, this flow pre ssu re also increases so design of bridge must be made b y keeping in mind the velocity, pressure, viscosit y and drag for ce s aroun d the piers [7]. C entre of flow makes an angle with the piers so scourin g be comes less in downstream flow and the scouring area becomes wider when wat er flows from upstrea m t o downstream [13]. Scouring causes retardation of sediments deposition in the flow area of water channel and vice versa. So it cause un -stabilit y of founda ti on and flow characteristics [14]. When destru ctive floods occur, wat er channel feels larger velocit y and flo w depth. This high velo city c ause to create ne w process like removal of bed material from flo w channel. This pro ce ss causes to make abutments of bridge weaker h ence endangering th e overall stabilit y of bridge. The flooding forces ca us e devastation of the structure. Resilience anal y sis show damage state of the bridge in UK of 1 in 500 y ea rs flood return period, that the flooding impact on a highway brid g e caused more than 500k Euros damages. 93.5% wa s indirect damages which caused due to new route defining and construction delay s. Scouring depth can be calculated b y formula (qm2/qm1) and it can be determined that scourin g will push the shear forces towards the slope of base of piers hence endangering the structure [15]. Th e same thing happened to the Z ij in Bridge. P ast da ta showed that scourin g from almost 47 y e ars caused removal of bed material and hence causing the failure o f the bridge [ 16]. Fig u re 2 shows ho w scouring caused to mi sp lace the pier re sulting in bridge collapse. V. MITIGATI O N OF BR I D GE COLL APSE Abrar et al., Impacts of Floods on Bridges – A Review , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 113 To control bridge collapse, piers must be protec ted from scouring. Studies have shown that without protection, scouring appears all around the pier. To protect the pier, protec tion collars around piers can be used. These collars are in the form of circle t o protect piers from all sides [17]. Figure 3 shows t he collar installation process around pier. Fig. 2 Effect of sco uring on pier and bridge collapse [17 ] Fig. 3 Installation of collar around pier [18] Collars maybe of different shapes like either rectang ular or circular. But as fa r as performance is concerned, rectangular collars proved better performa nce i n c ontrolling the scour and its’ causes. For optimal perf ormance, rectangular colla rs width should be from 3 to 3.5 times dia. of the piers. To validate practicall y , multi ple collars with distinct diameter W/D were carried for ex perime nt an d results prove that collars with increasing diam eter have significant effect ag ainst max imum scour depth Smax/D. Figure 4 (a), (b) below shows experimental results [18]. Fig 4 (a). Ma ximum scour depth develop ment [18] Fig. 4 (b) Collar protection efficiency at di ffere nt h/H [18] When soil underneath the foundation of brid g es is eroded due to scoring, threat increases for bridge collapse. Foundation he ight must be kept in mind so that erosion a ffects the foundation from abov e b ut not underne ath it [19] . Scouring prote ction in USA and China suggest that whe n pier width is small er and the pier/sediment ra tio is in an effe ctive range, then effect o f scouring is also minimum. These methods mainl y focus o n particle siz e dist ribution. Scouring d epth can also be reduced by usin g riprap design [20]. As discussed above, collars c an improve protection but these collars also d epend upon the flood period. For instance, chances for protected pier failure incr ea sed almost four 4x when flow period increases about twent y p ercent. But in the presence of protection collars, the r eliability of bridge piers, reliability of bridges incr ea ses lower flow velocity [ 21]. As for as climate change issue in concerned, pe ople must be aware of flood tri gg ering caused b y modern t echnologies and they mus t have open idea about the devastation of flooding caused by polluti on. Due to atmospheric changes, flooding phenomenon in comin g era is expected to be aggressive and can ca use grea ter depths of scour around bridge pier s. As discussed above, h y dra ulic Abrar et al., Impacts of Floods on Bridges – A Review , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 114 structures must be designed to cop the floods up to the flood level. VI. CONS L USIONS Researc h es have shown that due to incr easing flooding in the world either b y nature or atmospheric changes b y humans itself, capacit y o f bridge s must be enough to withstand floodi ng impacts. Toda y ’s empirical methods for guessing flood impact help to design brid ges in flood hazard area s. Backwater effect due to floods have catastrophic effects on bridge piers and piers must be desi gned to b ear th e f lood load. Scouring shows seismic behaviour on the bridge. Due to scourin g, seismic for ces cause bridge pi ers to be displaced resulting in destruction of the bridge . Due to atmospheric chan ges, floods are increasing day b y da y hence inc reasing scour at brid ge piers. So piers must be designed in order to miti gate the scouring effect. So as discussed, data g athered from the flood events all ov er the world provides b etter idea about the flood occu rrence and scouring caused by it on b ridges. So bridges can be designed much better to withstand scouring. VII. ACKNOW L EDGEMEN T The authors would like e ver y person who helped throughout this researc h work. R EFE R ENCES [1] M. Pregnolato, A. O. W inter, D. Mascarenas, A. D. Sen, P. Bates, and M. R. 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Shamshirband, "Experi mental and numerical investigatio n of t he e ffect o f different s hapes of co llars on the r eduction of scour around a si ngl e br idge p ier," PloS o ne, vol. 9, no. 6, p. e98592, 2014. [19] F. Sco zzese, L. Ragni, E. T ubaldi, and F. Gar a, " Mod al prop erties variation and collap se asse ssment o f masonry arch br idges under scour action," Engineering Structures, vol. 199 , p. 109665, 201 9. [20] F. Liang, C. Wan g, and X. Yu, "P erformance of ex isting methods for estimation and m itigatio n of local scour Abrar et al., Impacts of Floods on Bridges – A Review , ICAENS 2021 , Konya, Turkey 115 around bridges: Case stu die s," Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, vol. 33, no. 6, p. 0 4019060, 2019. [21] S. A. Sala matian a nd A. R. Za rrati , " Reliability st udy on uncertainty para meters an d flo od duration on scouring around unprotected and pro tected bridge piers," ISH Journal of H y draulic Engineering, pp. 1 -9, 2019. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineer ing and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 116 Photo-oxida tion study of industrial toxic dye by usin g mixed metal oxides doped w ith TiO 2 under visible light and solar radia tion. Hassiba Bessaha 1,2 , El Akeb Kheira 2 , Mohamed Bouraada 2,3 1 First cycle depa rtement, High School of Agron omy, Mostagan em, 27000, Algeria . 2 Materials Valorisation Laborato ry, Faculty o f Sciences and Technolo gy, Mostaganem University, B.P. 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria 3 Faculty o f Exactes S ciences and Informatics, Most agan em University, B.P. 22 7, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria * (bessahaha [email protected] ) Email of th e correspond ing author Abstract – The pre sent study describes the degradation of a xanthene d y e named R hodamine B (RB) by heteroge neous photocatal y sis in ba tch mode. The photo -catal y st derived fr om the heat treatment of a material type la y ered dou ble hydroxides then dope d with TiO 2 5% (w/w) (designa ted as MgFe/TiO 2 ). The removal rate of RB via photol y sis under visi ble and solar light fo r 3 hours was insignificant. The o ptimal photocataly st dose w as found to be 1. 5 g/ L , whe re in the presence of the raw material, the discolor ation y i eld rised to 22.9 and 63.3% after 45 mi n of visible and solar li ght exposition. By using M gFe/TiO 2 , the discoloration of R B enhanced and reached 30.5 and 95.2% in 45 min of vis ible and s un light respectively. The material M gFe/TiO 2 , ex hibit a high photodegradation efficienc y und er solar radi ation. Moreover, it was found that the sup eroxydes radicals were the most influential on the RB d y e d egradation. The reusability stud y showed a good stabilit y of th e MgFe/TiO 2 material where the discoloration yield of rhodamine B was stable after fourth c y cl es. Keywords – Layered double hydroxides; water po llution; heterogeneo us photocatalysis; mixed meta l oxides; solar radiation. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied E ngineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1-3 , 2021, Konya , Turkey 117 Çelik Bilyelerden Oluşturulmuş Spi ral Paket Yata klarda Akış Rejimleri Mustafa Ya sin Gökaslan 1* , Mustafa Özdemir 2 ve Lütfullah Kuddusi 3 1 Makine Müh endisliği B ölümü , Mühen dislik Fakültesi, V an Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van , Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-3859-8485 2 Makina Mü hendisliği B ölümü , Makina F akültesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversite si , İstan bul, Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2255-8705 2 Makina Mü hendisliği B ölümü , Makina F akültesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversite si , İstan bul, Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 - 0003 - 1318 - 1851 * (my.gokaslan @yyu.edu .tr) Özet – Paket ya taklarda ve eğrisel kanallarda bası nç düşüşü ile ısı geçişi üzerine uzun y ıllardır çalışmalar y apılmaktadır. Kanala kavis ve rildiğinde ve y a k anal içerisine g özenekli ortam y erleştirildiğinde basınç düşüşü arttığı bilinmektedir. Kana lın hem eğrisel hem de gözenekli olma durumunda basınç düşüşünün nasıl etkilendiği y eni araştırma konularından biridir. Bu ç alışmada, Arşimet spiral eğrilerinden oluşan spiral paket ya taklarda basınç düşüşü deney sel olarak incelenmiştir. 2.00, 2.38 ve 3.17 mm ç apında bilyelerden oluşturulan paket y atakların gözene klilik değerleri sırasıyl a %41.4, %41.4 ve %42.0 olup öz gül yüze y alanları düşük bil y e çapından y ükseğe olac ak şekilde 1759, 1475 ve 1095 m -1 olarak hesaplanmı ştır. Akışkan olarak hava kullanılmış ve deneyler sürekli rejimde yapılmıştır. Her bir bilye çapına göre akış rejimleri be lirlenmiş ve literatüre en y a kın de ğerlerle kı y aslanarak spir alliğin etkisi y o rumlanmıştır. Her bir akış rejiminde geçirgenlik, Forchheimer katsay ısı ve Er gün sabitlerine karşılık gelen katsayılar belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bütün dene y verileri içi n de bu de ğe rler hesaplanmıştır. Geçirgenliğe göre hesaplanmış Reynolds sayısı ile sürtünme faktörü arasındaki ilişki verilmiştir. L iteratürle karşılaştırıldığında, bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, düz paket ya taklardaki basınç düşüşü hakkındaki mevcut verilerin farklılığına ka tkıda bulunduğ u görülmektedir. A y rıc a, akış re jiml erini belirlemek, ısı geçişi ve basınç düşüşünün daha iy i yorumlanma sına ve anlaşılmasına y a rdımcı olabilir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Hava akışı, Geçirgenlik, Akış rejimleri, Spiral p aket yatak, Sürtün me faktörü. Flow Regi m es in Spiral Channel Pa cked wi th Steel Ba lls Abstract – Studies have been carried out for man y years on pressure drop and heat transfer in packed beds and curved channels. I t is known that the pressure drop incr ea ses whe n the chann el is curve d or porous media is placed inside the channel. How the pressure drop is affected whe n the channel is both curved and porous is one of the new research topics. I n this study , pressure drop in spiral packed beds is investig ated experimentally. Th e poro sity values of the packed beds fo rmed from ball s with 2.00, 2.38 and 3.1 7 mm diameters are 41.4%, 41.4% and 42.0%, respectively , and their specific surface areas are calculated as 1759, 1475 and 1095 m -1 with a higher than low ball diameter. Ex periments are carried out air flow at stead y- state. F low regimes a re determined ac cording to each ball diame ter and th e effect of spiralit y is interpreted by comparing with th e li terature. In each flow regime and all experimental data, pe rmea bilit y , Forchheimer coeff i cient and the co efficients corresponding to Erg ün constants are determined. Compared to the literature, the results o f th is stud y appear to contribute to the variation of the available data on pressure drop in packed beds. In addition, determining flow r eg imes can help in better interpreting and underst anding of heat transfer a nd pressure drop. Keywords – Airflo w, Permeab ili ty, F low regime, Spiral packed be d, Friction factor. 1st Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ November 1 -3, 202 1, Konya, Turke y 118 Frame Per Second Test Analysis of the Co mputer Ga me With MSI Afterburner Fatma Nur CANOĞL U 1* , Mahmut Melikşah DOĞAN 2 , Mehmet ÖZEL 3 , Oğuzhan ŞENGÜL ER 4 , Fatih BAŞÇİFTÇİ 5 1 Info rmation Technology En gineering / In stitute of Scien ce , Selçuk University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-1357 -0419 2 Informatio n Technolo gy Engineering/ I nstitute of S cience, Selçuk Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-2623 -0130 3 Informatio n Technolo gy Engineering / Institute o f Science , Selçu k Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0002-692 4-7904 4 Info rmation Techno logy Engineering / Institute o f Scien ce, Selçuk University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-0979 -1166 5 Info rmation Techno logy Engineering / Institute o f Scien ce, S elçuk Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-1679 -7416 * (fatmanurcan oglu @gmail.com) Abstract – W hile the latest models, new models in the technolog y market, new versions in the technolog y market, while transferring to new s ystems in th e st ate -of-the-art mark et. With its different performance and prices, it also include s optimization diff erences. As in an y other b enchmarking comparison that i s faced with be nchmarking in terms of the differences it lives in. W ith the application opening, the process is started by selecting th e game word to be the visual settings level. The y a re produced b y testin g o n different s ystems, they ar e the average FPS values obtained du ring the test. In this test, the "FPS" comp arison is made b y trying different technologies on the same game. The test results are ranked by determining the scores. The character istic of the scor es is that they are based on the test avera ge FPS value. Keywords – Game p erformance test, compu ter game, FPS test. I. I NTRODUC TION A comparison of the results of measurement experiments used for c omputer testing is ca lled a computer pe rformance evaluation test. Performance evaluation s ystem performance can make wron g measurements if it interfe res with the functionin g of the tests. For this reason, the operation shold not be interrupted andthe results should be repeatable. Outputs found in a mesured sy stem should be interpreted and mad e comprehensibly consistent b y appropriate sta tistical methods [ 1]. Computer performa nce assessment tests are programs that investigate the performance of computers and affect the wa y s y stems operate. The speed, size, and presentation of the computer s ystem are evaluated and measur ed b y int erpretation [2] . As the computing and graphics capabilities of computers increase, the fea tures of compute r ga mes also improve, in creasing the number of pl a ye rs an d companies interested in games. For thi s reason, many quality games are emerging [3]. Computer games oft en r un on platforms with a variety of processing and display capabilities. A single game ti tle can be published simultaneously on computers, consoles, and handheld devices. Even ga mes released onl y for computers have si gnificant processing power and v ideo card capabilities [4] . FPS (Frames per second) speed and resolution ar e the basis for the performance o f games. Generally, a hi gher FPS speed allows for smoother gamepla y than a lower FPS speed. FPS speed and r esolution may b e li mited b y computer gaming software such as hardware graphics cards or processors [5]. II . L ITERATURE R EV IEW Canoğlu vd., Performance Test of GTA 5 Game With MSI Afterburner, ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 119 Studies have be en conduc ted on eff ective sampling-oriented performance tools for GPU (GPU) accelerated supercompute rs. This stud y describes how to ex tend system-wide performanc e analy sis methods to GPU -accelerated systems [6]. An article on automated video game testing usin g synthetic and human-like intermedia ries has bee n investigated [7]. A study was conducted on the application of combinatorial tests in Video game tests, and in th is study, the application of combinatorial testing, especially involvin g sequences, was discussed for testing games [8]. Studies have been cond ucted on frame rate and player perf ormance in first-person shooter games. The study presented a unique action classification in FPS ga mes based on int erac tion requirements that allowed qualitative assessment of the impact of frame rates on play er per formance [9]. A researched article disc ussed a new online tool for online ga mers to sh are network p erf ormance results and generate bulk network performance reports created from data re ported b y all users [10]. Efficient bitrate reductio n techniques are ne eded to meet the strict netwo rk bandwidth r equirements of cloud g ames and support more pla y ers. I n t h is study, the c oncept of the game attention model was introduced and game videos covering a wide r ange of games were e valuated [ 11]. III . M ATERIAL AND M ETHOD In this study , the MSI Afterburner test program was used to measure the FPS performance of differe nt computers. Asse ssments of these performa nces a re as important as measuring the performa nce of computers. Four computers were tested, and their results were obtained. A. MSI Afterburner MS I Afterburner is a program that MS I (Micro - Star I nternational) b rand offers to users, where video c ards ca n be controlled. As shown in Table 1, among the most downloaded FPS test pro grams over the internet, it is the most used video card software acc ordin g to download ra tes. Tab le 1. Download rates of pro grams Progra m Name Dow nload Rat e 1. MSI Afterburner 150, 554 2. FurMARK 38,9 42 3. PassMARK 14,5 97 4. Cinebench 2,61 6 Although MSI Afterburn er is a program that can be used publicl y, it can also be used with video cards of all brands. Users can monitor critical hardware resource information such as CPU (Central Processing Unit) usage, GPU (Gr aphics Proc essing Unit) usage, and graphics memory usage in real- time. It also provides a recording function, wher e users can periodically record graphics card benchmarking and all hardware resource usage while simultaneously running the ga me [12 ]. The Program provides easy and precise access to overclocking tools (overclocking) and video card settings. Video card voltage a djustments, fan speed control, FPS value displ ay ( OSD), avera ge FPS values in the game repo rting (Benchmark), video recordings, such as the b alance between performa nce and temperature allows us to find. B. Method Before this work was done, it was necessar y to make the software and software p rocess s ettings that should be installed on the computers for th e application, the following steps must be performed. Step1: MS I Afterburner progra m is inst alled after downloading from the compan y 's official website. As shown in Fig ure 1, the central Process Unit gives the ope rating MHz, how much memory is used, and the temperature of the CP U in its first operation. Figure 1. CP U Operating setti ngs screen Step2: I n a standard installation, the FPS value does not appear on the screen. B y entering th e Settings section of the MS I A fterburner pro gram, the monitoring section is selected. As shown i n Fig ure 2, the FPS sectio n must be a ctivated in t he show in OSD ( I nformation S cree n) section. This Canoğlu vd., Performance Test of GTA 5 Game With MSI Afterburner, ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 120 process will allow us to see the FPS values of ou r computer on the scree n. Figure 2. M SI Afterburner se ttings scree n Step3: The Riva Tuner Statistics Server pro gram installed together with the MSI Afterburn er installation can be opened and the results can be positioned at the desired point on the scre en, as shown in F igure 3, setting which position the scree n will appear in GTA 5. Figure 3. Riva T uner statistics server displa y IV. A PP LI CATION Scores above 60 FPS in toda y 's video games satisfy visual fluency. 30-60 FPS range is an acceptable level, 30 F PS below the visual a ngle movement is not smooth enou gh. Graphics settings in ga mes also cause the FPS value to decre ase or increase. For example, an y video ga me's g raphics settings, such as Resolution, image d etails, wil l increase performance b y lowering s ettings, so th e FPS value will a lso increa se. In this study, the character istics o f the computers used for testing are given in Ta ble 2. In the test, the first Intel I7 3632qm 2.2 GHz processor, 200 GB disk space, and 6 G B memor y were used. The S econd sy stem has Intel I5-9600K 3.7 GHz, a disk with a c apacit y of 250 GB , and 16 GB of ra m as memory . The third sy st em used a n Intel I5 8500 3.00 GHz processor with th e sam e number of co res as th e se cond device. It is set at 1 6 GB of memor y and 200 GB o f disk capacity. In the last system, the processor is a dif ferent brand AMD Ry zen 5 3500x 3.6 GHz processor is selected, 16 GB of RAM with the same value as memory is use d and 280 GB of stora ge is available in the system. The FPS values sc reen of the teste d computers is shown in Figure 5. Tab le 2. Features of tested co mputers Display card Intel HD G raphics NVIDI A RTX 206 0 NVIDI A GTX 1060 RAD EON RX 5600 XT Processor Intel I 7 3632Q 2.20 Intel I 5 9600K 3.70 Intel I 5 8500 3.00 Ryze n 5 3500x 3.6 OS Window s 10 Window s 10 Window s 10 Window s 10 Disk 200GB 250GB 200GB 280GB Mem ory 6GB 16GB 16GB 16GB Score 0 147 134 90 In the test, the first Intel I7 3632qm 2.2 GHz processor, 200 GB disk space, and 6 G B memor y were used. The S econd sy stem has Intel I5-9600K 3.7 GHz, a disk with a capacit y of 250 GB, and 16 GB of ram as memor y . The thi rd s y st em used a n Intel I5 8500 3.00 GHz processor with th e sam e number of co res as th e se cond device. It is set at 1 6 GB of memor y and 200 GB o f disk capacity. In the last system, the processor is a different br and AMD Ry zen 5 3500x 3.6 GHz processor is selected, 16 GB of RAM with the same value as memory is use d and 280 GB of stora ge is available in the system. The FPS values sc reen of the teste d computers is shown in Figure 5. Canoğlu vd., Performance Test of GTA 5 Game With MSI Afterburner, ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 121 Figure 5. FP S values displa y V. C ONCLUSION As a result of the stud y , data were obtained from the MS I Afterburner FP S test program, which r an on four computers with differe nt hardware character istics. The Test is based on the GTA V ga m e. At the same time, the FPS va lues of the graphics processors tested and th e operating spe ed (Mhz) of the s y stems, the amount of memory use d, and CPU tempera ture data were collected. As a result of the data collected in the stud y , the FPS value of different sy stems was c ompared on the same game. The Nvidia Geforce RTX 2060 g raphi cs processor achieved the highest FPS value (147 ) in operation. I t belongs to the Nvidia GeForce GTX 1060 graphics processor with a value of 134 FPS, close to the hi ghest v alue obtained. Although it has approximately the same s y stem features, the Radeon RX 5600 XT gra phics ca rd provides an average value of 90 FPS during testing. The FPS value could not be measured on the last computer tested. The Intel HD Gr aphics g raphics proce ssor on th e s y stem ga v e a value of 0 FPS as a test result. The s y stem could not give the re quired performance, which wa s insufficient to meet the game requirements, and the said game could not be opened in the s y stem, and the value of 0 FPS was taken as a sco re. As a result of the tests, Nvidia -branded products from fo ur differe nt graphics processors gave the best FPS score decisivel y. Nvidia branded graphics processors as a percentage; 39.62% (RTX 2060), 36.11% (GTX 1060) b y t aking th e values o f a total of 75.73% gave a value. The game (GTA V ) and software used to better observe the performance of the gra phi cs cards use d in the study can be diversified. 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Perf ormance Metr ics Analysis of Ga m ing Anywhere w ith GPU accelerated NVIDIA CUD A. [Document text truncated for crawler view.]