2ND ICAENS 2022 Conference Proceeding

2 nd Intern ational C onferen ce o n Appli ed Engineeri ng a nd Natural Scien ces March 10-13, 2022 : Kony a, Turke y Proceeding Bo ok ICAENS 2022 i 2 nd Internationa l Conference on Applie d Engineerin g and Nat ural Scienc es March 10-13, 2 022, Turkey Typesettin g Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut Ö ZKA YA Cover Desi gn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZKAYA Editors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Um ut Ö ZKA YA ISBN: 978 - 625 - 00 -0 603-0 ii National Organiz ing Committee Prof. Dr. Mur at Yaka r, Mersin Univer sity, Turkey Assoc. Prof. D r. Enes Y iğit, Uludağ Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halit Öztekin, Sa kary a Ap plied Scien ce Univer sity Assoc. Prof. D r. Harun K em al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Univers ity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Merih Palan döken, İzm ir Katip Çe lebi Un iversity Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut Özkaya, Konya T echnical Univer sity Dr. Şaban Öz türk , Am asya U niversity International Organiz ing Com mittee Prof. Dr. J osep Guerr ero, Aalb org University Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coelh o, Univers idade Nova de Lisboa Prof. Dr. Moham m ad Ashraf Gondal, King Fahd U niversi ty Prof. Dr. W eidong Zhu, U niversity of Mar yland Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Ghaffar, G overnm ent College U niversit y Assoc. Prof. D r. Farid Me lgani, Univer sity of T rento Assoc. Prof. D r. Francesco C ottone, Un iversity of Perugia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rita Ism ailova, Ky rgyz Turkish M anas Uni versity Dr. Am ina Othm ani, University of Monast ir -Tunisia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Institute of I nform ation Techno logy Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail Unive rsity Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, University of - Sidi Bel Abbé s, Algeria Dr. Muhamm ad Sulta n, Zakariy a Universit y iii Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. A bdurazza g Ali Abura s, University of K wazulu-Natal Prof. Dr. A dnan Söze n, Gazi Uni versity Prof. Dr. Am it Soni, Manıpal U niver sity Prof. Dr. A nis Kouba a, Prince Su ltan U niversity Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coel ho, Univer sidade Nova de Li sboa Prof. Dr. J osep Guerr ero, Aal borg U ni versity Prof. Dr. J uan Vasqu ez, Aalbor g Univers ity Prof. Dr. L aszlo T. K oczy, Budapest Uni versity of Technol ogy an d Econom ics Prof. Dr. Mo hamm ad Ashraf Gon dal, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Prof. Dr. Mur at Ya kar, Mersin U niver sity, Turkey Prof. Dr. Mu hamm ad Rashid, Univers ity of W est Florida Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhi lef, Malay a U niversity Prof. Dr. Sal im Ibrir, King Fahd Un iversity Prof. Dr. Su barna S haky a, Tribhuvan U niver sity Prof. Dr. Suz uki Hisa shi, Chu o Univers ity Prof. Dr. U sha Mehta , Institute of Techn ology, Nirma Univers ity Prof. Dr. V agif Gasi m ov, Azerbaijan Tec hnical Un iversity Prof. Dr. W eidong Z hu, Univer sity of Mary land Assoc. Prof. Abdul G haffar, G overnm ent College U niver sity Assoc. Prof. Ali Ha kan Işık, Bur dur Me hm et Akif Ersoy Univers ity Assoc. Prof. A mita Nan dal, Manıpal U nive rsity Assoc. Prof. Aslan İ nan, Yıld ız Tekn ik University iv Assoc. Prof. Atif Iq bal, Qatar U niversity Assoc. Prof. Francesc o Cottone, U niversity of Perug ia Assoc. Prof. Farid M elgani, Un iversity of T rento Assoc. Prof. Halit Öz tekin, Sakary a Applied Sci ence Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Ham dy Ziedan, A ssiut U niversity Assoc. Prof. Harun Kem al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Universi ty Assoc. Prof. Jiri Pela, Brno U niversity of Technol ogy Assoc. Prof. Merih P alandöke n, İzm i r Katip Çelebi U niversity Assoc. Prof. Ri t a Ism ai lova, K y rg y z Turkish Mana s Universi ty Assoc. Prof. Sadia Sam ar Ali, King Abdul-Aziz Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Tanm a y De, National Ins titute Of T ech nology Durgapur Assoc. Prof. Zeashan K han, Air U niversity Dr. A li Alm isreb , I nternationa l University of Saraje vo Dr. Am in a Othm ani , Univer sity of Mon astir -Tun isia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Instit ute of Inform atio n Tec hnology Dr. A run Kumar V erma, Malaviya N at ional Ins titute of Tec hnology Jaipur Dr. A ziz Shah, Unive rsity of G laskow Dr. Bal Chan d Nagar, ECE National In stitute of Tec hnology Patna Dr. Baoze W ei , Aalb org Univer sity Dr. Bohum il Brtník, University of Pardubice Dr. D iptiranjan Beher a, The Uni versity of the W est Indies at M ona Dr. Fay çal BENSAALI, Q atar University Dr. Fugui Qi, F o urth Military Medical Univer sity Dr. Magdi S. Ma hmoud, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail University Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, Universi ty of - Sidi Bel Ab bés, Algeria Dr. Moharram Challenger, Antwer p Unive rsity v Dr. Muhamm ad Sultan, Zakar iya U n iversity Dr. L esya A n ishchenko, Ba um an Moscow State Technical Univ ersity Dr. Sadina G agula Pa lalić, I nternatio nal Univer sity of Sarajevo Dr. Stefania Tom asiello, Univers ity of T artu Dr. Sy ed Om er Gilani, Natio nal Uni versity of Sciences and Tec hnology (NUST) Dr. T arık Nam as, Internationa l Univers ity of Saraj evo Dr. U duak A. Um oh , Univer s ity of Uyo Dr. Y ajuan Guan, A alborg Un iversity vi Keynote Speakers Prof. Dr. J osep M. Guerre ro, Aalbor g Universi ty, Denmark Prof. Dr. Moham m ad S. Obaidat , Universit y of Sharja h , BAE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Am irrudin Kam sin , Unive rsity of Malay a , Malay sia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roohollah B agherzad eh , Am irkabir Universi ty of Technol ogy , Iran Dr. Muhamm ad Sultan, Zakar iya U niversity, Pakistan vii Topics Engineerin g Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Biolog ical En gineering and Science s Biolog ical S y stems Engineering Biomedica l En gineering Bioprocess Engineering Chemical Eng ineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrica l En gineering Electronic Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Engineering Food Engineering Geotechnical Enginee ring Genetic Engineering Industria l Engineering Manufac turin g Engineering Materials Engineering Mechanical Enginee ring Mining and Geophy sical Engineering Nanoengineering Nuclear Enginee ring Petroleum Engineering Power Engineering Process Engineering Forest I ndustr y Engineering Structural Eng ineering Systems and Software Engineering Textile Engineering Thermal Engineering Web Engineering Natural Sc iences Astronomy a nd Space Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Biolog ical Sciences Botany Bac t eriology Chemistry Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences Forestry Sci ence s Genetics Geolog i cal Sciences Materials Science Mathematics Medical Sciences Meteorology Microbiology Mineralogy Palaeoec olo gy Pharmacology Physical Sciences Physics Plant Sciences Psychology Statistics Systems Biology 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 1 Analitik Hiyerarş i Süreci (A HS) Yönte mini Kullana rak Havacılı k Sektörünün Kali te Süreçl erindeki İ nsan Fa ktörü Risklerinin Değerlendirilmesi Ebru Yazgan 1* 1 Uçak Gö vde ve Mo tor Bakımı Bö lümü / Ha vacılık ve Uzay Bilimleri Fa kültesi, Eski şehir Tekn ik Üniversite si, Türkiye * (eyazgan@eski sehir.edu.tr) Ba şlıca yazarın mail ad resi Özet – Havac ılık operas y onlarının sürdürül ebilirliği için onay lı havacılık kuruluşlarında kalite y önetimi sisteminin kurulması gereklidir. Kalite y önetim sistemi, ilg ili havacılık işletme y önetmeliklerine uygun ve kuruluşun stratejik hedeflerini başarmak için k a lite y öneticisi tar afından y ürütülm ektedir. Havacılık operasyonlar ındaki hataların ve uçuş emni y et riskleri son derece önemli olmasından dolayı, y önetmeliklere ve insana da y a lı risklerin kalite y ön etimi tarafından doğru şekilde y ön etilmesi ha y ati önem taşı maktadır. Kalite y öneticisi, hav acılık operas y onlarındaki en küçük hatanın bile ölümcül ol abileceğ i için operasyonel ortamda y a sal ve mevzuata da y alı riskleri yönettiği için çok kritik bir göreve sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, havacılık ortamında kalite süreçlerindeki öz ellikle kalite y öneticisi için öncelikle insan risk faktörleri kategorize edilerek v e b u riskler çoklu kar ar verme tekniği olan, nitel faktörleri de dikkate alan Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) y öntemini belirlenen ri skler a ğırlıklandırılmıştır. Ça lışma ile geliştirilen AHS modelinde kalite y öneticisi için araştırılan en önemli risk faktörleri sırası y l a zaman baskısı, y önetim desteğ i eksikliği ve g ün cel havacılık mevzuatlarının takip edilmemesi olarak belirlenmiştir. İ nsan fak törleri risklerini sıralamak, üst yönetime proa ktif bir y akl aşımla ilgili risklerin yönetilmesi için fayda sağlay acaktır. Bu çalışmada elde edilecek sonuçlar sa yesinde k alite süreçlerindeki g elişimin, i y il eşmenin ve kalite süreçlerinin kurumun stratejik amaçlarının başarılmasına katkısının bü yük olması amaçlanma ktadır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Hava cılık Sektö rü, Kalite Yön etim, Analitik Hiyerarşi S üreci (AHS), İnsan Faktörü 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 2 Optimization of P ara meters Affecting Anti -Icing Pe rfor mance on Win g Leading Edg e of Aircraft Hayati Ka dir Pazarlıoğlu * , Ahmet Ümit Tepe 2 and Kamil Arslan 3 1 Karabük University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karabük, T urkey, (ORCID: 0000 -0002-9365-9431) 2 Sinop University, Dep artment of E nergy S ystems Enginee ring, Sinop, Turkey, (ORCID: 0000 -0001-7626 -6348) 3 Karabük University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of M echanical Engineering, Karabük, Turkey , (ORCID: 0000 -0002-1216-6812) * (hayatikad irpazarlioglu @gmail.com ) Email o f the co rrespondin g author Abstract – I n this artic le, one of the hazardous trouble in-flight situations called ice accumulation on NACA 0015 has been nume rically investi ga ted. While the tar get surface is kept constant temperature at T w =263.15 K , the inlet temperature is taken constant at T in =473.15 K and it enters to the sy stem with 𝑚 󰇗 = 0. 004 kg/s . The investigation starts with validation of numerical study using NACA 0015 under constant pic colo tube dimensions, jet ang le, distance a mon g jets and distance between jet - to -target positions. The secon d and third stages are to anal y z e the anti - icing p erformance of changin g positions of piccolo tube on X (4≤ H/d≤8 ) and Y (- 1.25≤ L/ d ≤1.25) directions under different jet angles (30°≤  ≤150°). The fourth sta ge is to determine the optimum H/d, L/d , a nd   ratios to increase anti -icing pe rformance wi th maximum convective heat transfer a nd minimum pressure drop condition. The optimization stud y has been done using Re sponse Surface M ethodology ( RSM ). Finall y , while the best anti-icing performance proposed desi gn is achieved using   °  L/d= 0.0, and H/d= 4.0, the optimization re sults show that the  L/d , and H/d values shoul d be 55.45°, 0.0, and 4.0, respec tivel y to achieve maximum heat transfe r rate with mi nimum pressure drop value. Keywords – Optimi zation, A nti-Icing , NACA 0015, R esponse Surface Methodolog y (RSM), CFD 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on Applied E ngineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 3 Farklı Tuz Konsa ntras yonlarında Halo fit Bitkiler il e Tu zlu Toprakla rın İyileştiril mesi Hasan ER 1 ,2 * , Semih EL İBOL 3 1 B iyosistem Mühen disliği Bölü mü / Ziraat Fa kültesi , Bingöl Üniversite si , Türkiye 2 Arı ve Doğ al Ürünler AR - GE ve ÜR - GE Uyg. ve Arş. Merkezi / R ektörlük , Bin göl Üniversite si , Türkiye 3 Tarla Bitkileri Bölü mü / Ziraa t Fakü ltesi , Bingöl Üniversite si , Türkiye * (hasaner@bing ol.edu .tr) Özet – Tuzluluk tarımı olumsuz etkiley en en önemli çevrese l faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Tuz lu toprakların i yile ştirilmesi maliyet ve y üksek iş güc ü gerektirdiğ inden dola y ı fitoremediasy on alternatif bir y öntem olarak düşünülmektedir. Toprakta bulunan fazla t uzların bitkiler kullanılarak giderilmesi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu amaçla Semizotu ( Portulaca oleracea ) ve Kamışsı Yumak (Festuca arundin acea) bitkilerinin farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarında fitoremedias y on y öntemi ile değerlendirme pota nsiyeli araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada Toprak tuzluluğunu sağlamak a macı y la 4 farklı tuz (NaCl) konsantrasy onu (0, 75, 150 ve 200 mM) uy gulanmıştır. Ar aştırmada bitki boy u, bitki kuru ağırlığı ve y aş ağırlığ ı parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Hasad öncesi ve sonrası topra kta elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), değişebilir sod yum y üzd esi (ESP), katyon değ işim kapasitesi (KDK) özellikleri incelenmiştir. bitki boy u, y aş ağırlığı ve kuru ağ ırlık değerlerine bakıldığ ında kamışsı yumak bitkisinin bit ki bo y u %6.33 arttığı, bitki kuru ağırlığı % 5.05 ve bitki y aş ağırlığı (% 11.12) azaldığ ı görülmüştür. Semizotu bitkisinde ise bitki boy u %39.1 azalmış, bitki y aş ve kuru ağırlığ ı % 45 ve % 42.11 artmıştır. İ ki farklı bitki g rubundan oluşan çalışmada bitk ile rin ekiminden önce ve hasatlarından sonra tuzlu toprakta EC, ESP ve KDK okumaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki bit kide de düşüş gözlemlenmiştir. Hesaplama l ar neticesinde kamışsı yumak bitkisi , semiz otu bitkisine göre EC ve ESP de ğerlerini daha fazla azalttığı belirlenmiştir. KDK d eğerlerine ba kıldığında bütün uygulama l ar için önemli değ işimlerin olmadığı hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda her iki bitkininde tuzlu toprakların ıslahında kullanılan diğer y önte mlere ek ola rak düşünül en fitoremedias y on yönteminde tercih edilebilecek bitkiler olara k görülebilmektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Fitoremed iasyon, Tuzlu topraklar, Po rtulaca oleracea , Festu ca arundinacea 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 4 Engelli Oto mobilleri İçin Ele ktro -M ekanik Tertiba t Ta sarı m ı ve Uygula ması Ömer Özcan 1* , Ahmet Toprak 2 ve Ahu Cavlazoğlu Davulcu 3 1 Bilgisayar Tekn olojileri B ölümü , Bozkır MYO, S elçuk Ün iversitesi, Kon ya/ Türkiye 2 Elektrik ve Enerji Bölümü , Bozkır MYO, Selçu k Üniversi tesi, Kon ya / Türkiye 3 Pazarlama ve Reklamcılık B ölümü , Bozkır MYO, Selçuk Ün iversitesi, Kon ya / Türkiye * (oozcan@selcuk. edu.tr ) Özet – Kara y olları Trafik Yönetmeliği ve 4760 sayılı Özel Tüketim Vergisi Kanunu’na göre engelli vatandaşlar Özel Tüketim Vergisi muafi ye ti ile o tomobil alabilmektedir. Enge l o ranı %90’ın altında olan vatandaşlar y ukarıda bahsedilen kanun ve y önetmeliklere göre araçlarını özel tertibatlar il e ke ndisi kullanabilmektedir. Engel oranı %90 ve üz erinde olan vatandaşların araçları için ilgili kanun ve y önetmeliklerde belirtilen kişiler tar afından kullanılacağından dolayı herhangi bir özel tertibat zorunluluğu y oktur. Aracını ke ndisi kullanabilecek durumda o lan enge lli vatandaşlar ın hangi şa rtlar altında araçlarını kullanabilece kleri sağlık kurulu ra porunda yer alm aktadır. Bu durum raporlarda vatandaşın engel durumuna göre “Özel tertibatlı araç kullanabilir” ve y a “Oto matik vitesli araç kull anabilir” gibi ibar elerle belirtilir. %90’ın altında enge li bulunan bir va tandaş araç almak istediğinde raporunda belirtilen tertibat vey a tertibatlar araç ba yiden ç ıkarılmadan y apılır ve o şekilde teslim edilir. Bu tertibat y a da tertibatlar e ngelin bulunduğu uzvun y apması gereke n araca a it kontrolleri diğ er uzuvlara y aptıracak şekilde tasarlanır. Ancak kullanılmakta olan bu özel tertibatlar günümüz teknolojisinin g erisinde kalmıştır. Her ne kadar zorunlu ihti y acı karşılı y or olsa da olması g erekti ği kadar pratik değ il dirler. Genellikle metalden ve tamamen mekanik olara k tasarlana n bu tertibatlar enge lli v atandaşlar ın araç kullan malarını zorlaştırmakta ve bazı durumlarda y eni a lınmış olan a raca zarar vermektedir. A yrıca görsel açıdan da araçla u y um sağlamamaktadırlar. L iteratüre bakıldığında engel li birey lerin araç kullanmalarını kolaylaştıran hatt a hiç kullanamayacak durumda olan birey lerin araç kullana bilmelerini sağlayaca k çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda görüldüğü üzere s es tanıma teknolojileri, g örüntü işl eme teknolojileri, dokun matik ekranlar ve servo motorlar gibi günümüz teknolojileri engellilerin araç kull anmalarını kola y laştıracak şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Uzunca bir süredir üzerinde çalışılan bu konu e ngellerin ve araçların çeşitliliği sebebiy le kola y ca çözülememektedir. Her bir enge l ve her bir araç için a y rı bir çözüm gere k m e ktedir. Yapılan bu çalışma ile g erçek bir engelli aracı nd a var olan mekanik özel tertibat da ha moder n ve kullanışlı olan elektro- mekanik bir tasarımla yenilenmesi a m açlanmıştır . Anah tar Kelimeler – Rob otik, Engelli, Servo Motor , Elektro -Mekanik, Oto mobil 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applied Engineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 5 Almanpınarı (Os maniye) Civa rında ki Killerin Mine ralojisi ve Jeokimy asa l Özellikleri Pınar Koçhan 1* , Cihan Yalçın 2 ve Yusuf Uras 3 1 Jeoloji Mü hend isliği Bölümü , Mersin Ün iversites i , Türkiye 2 Dünya Bankası Proje Uygulama Birimi , Sa nayi ve Teknoloji Bakan l ığ ı , Türkiye 3 Jeoloji Mü hend isliği Bölümü , Kah raman maraş Sü tçü İmam Ün iversite si , Türkiye * (pinarkoch an@hotma il.com ) Özet – Kil mineralleri birçok se ktörde farklı amaçlar için kullanılan endüstriy el bir ha mmaddedir. Türkiye’de ki önemli bir kil oluşumu Al manpınarı (Osmani y e) bölgesinde yer alır. Bu bölgede killi kireçtaşları üzerinde y er alır. Kırmızımsı renkte olan killer va dilerde birikinti şeklinde ye r alır. Kil minerelleri illit, kaolinit ve smektit şeklindedir. Yapılan jeokim y asal anali zler sonucunda SiO 2 m iktarı %36.76- 58.49 arasında , Al 2 O 3 %7.68-12.89 ve MgO % 0.8- 1.95 şe klindedir. SiO 2 - Al 2 O 3 korel asy onu kuvvetli negatif v e SiO 2 -MgO korelas yonu ise ku vvetli pozitiftir. İz elementl erin SiO 2 ile olan ilişkilerine bakıldığında ise Co, Ni, Sc ile kuvvetl i pozitif bir görünü m bulunmaktadır. Kil mineralojisi ve jeokimyasa l analizler sonucunda kili oluşturan ana kayacın a y rışmış asidik kara kterli bir ka yaç olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Kil Mine rali, En düstriyel Hamma dde, Jeokimyasal An aliz, Ko rela syon, Alma npınarı (Osmaniye) I. Gİ R İ Ş Kil başta sera mik olmak üzere tuğla, sondaj ve inşaat sektöründe kullanılan önemli bir endüstri yel hammaddedir. Bu geniş ve önemli kullanım alanlarının vazgeçilmez bileşeni olan killerin aranması, jeolojik ve jeokim yasal öz elliklerinin belirlenmesi önem ar z et mektedir. Bilindiği üzere ülkemi zde birçok alanda kil üzerine araştırmalar ya pıl mıştır. Almanpınarı kili sahip olduğu özellikler açısından sera mik endüstrisinde sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Almanpınarı killer i Osm aniye doğusundaki Üst Kretase y aşlı killi kireçtaşları içe risinde bulunur [1]. Tabakalanma sunmay an killer kırmızımsı rengi ile diğer bi rimlerden k olayca a yrılır. Bu killerin fiziksel ve meka nik özellikleri araştırmacılar tarafında n y apılmıştır [2 -4]. Mird allı vd., [ 3 ] seramik sektöründe bo y a olarak kull anımının uygunluğunu, A y tekin [5 ] ise zemin iy ileştirme açısından u y gunluğunu orta y a ko ymuştur. Ruse n [6 ] farklı lokasy onlardaki killeri değerlendirmiş ve bunların serbest basınç dene yler ini y apmıştır. Bu de neyler i Almanpınarı k illerinde de u y gulamış v e Proctor testi ile sıkıştırmıştır. Endüstriye l kullanım al anının ön plana çıkması ve birçok araştırmacının fiz iksel ve makanik özelliklerini ortaya ko y ması nedeni yle Alma npına rı killerinin mineralojisi, jeokimy ası ve jeolojisi ileride y apılacak farklı alanlarda ki çalışmalara katkı sağ la y acaktır. II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM MTA’nın [ 7 ] 1/100.000 ölçekli jeoloji ha ritası kullanılarak saha çalış maları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sahada g özlenen killerden jeokimy asal analiz ve XRD (X- Işınları difraksi y on y öntemi ) çalışmaları için örnek derlenmiştir. XRD analizleri Mersin Üniversitesi İ leri Teknoloji Eğitim, Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi nde, ana el ement analizleri Demireller M adencilik (MERS İ N) laboratuar ın da ve iz element an alizle ri ise ACME (Kanada) laboratuvar ında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Koçhan vd., Almanpınarı (Osmaniye) Civarındaki Killerin Mineralojisi ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 6 XRD analizi için killerin 2 mikrondan küçük kil fraksiyonunu elde etm ek için Atteberg (pipet) y öntemi kullanılm ıştır . Jeokim y asal analiz için ise örnekler p ellet haline ge tirilmişti r. III. BULGULAR İnce leme alan ı tektonik olarak Doğu Toros Orojenik kuşağı ve Amanos dağlarına ait birimlerin gözlendiğ i bir alandadır. Farklı y aş ve kökenli kay açların bir a rada gözlendiğ i alanda temeli Kambro- Ordovisiye n y aşlı Seydişehir formasyonuna ait birim ler oluşturur. Bu birim üzerinde ise Orta Ordovi siyen - Alt Devoni y en y aşlı Bedinan ve Üst Devoni y en ya şlı Hasanbey li formasyonları açısal u y umsuzlukl a y er alır. Palezoy ik istif üzerinde ise Üst Kretase yaşlı ofiyolitler bindirme il e gözlenmektedir . Tüm b u istifler üzerinde ise Neojen ve Kuvaterner y aşlı birimler açısal uyumsuzlukla y er alır [ 7 ]. Almanpınarı kil lerinin Üst Kretase y aşlı killi kireçtaşlarında olduğu [1] belirtilmiştir. Ancak MTA [7 ] haritası ve saha çalışmalarında bu killerin Almanpınarı bölgesinde gözlenen Üst Devoniyen y aşlı killi kireçtaşlarında bir va di içerisinde birik inti şeklinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. A. Kil Mineralojisi XRD analizi yapılan örneklerde kil bileşiminin çoğ unlukta olduğu ve kil minerallerinin illit, kaolenit ve smektit gruplarından oluştuğu belirlenmştir (Şekil 1). Şekil 1. Almanpınarı bölgesin den alınan örnekler den kil fraksiyonu son ucu elde edilen malze menin XRD dese nleri (K:Kaolinit, I:İliit, S:S mektit, Mic:Mikroklin, Q:Ku vars, Hm:Hematit, Dol:Dolo mit, Kal:Kalsit, Mo :montmorillon it) B. Jeokimya İnceleme alanından de rlenen örneklerin jeokimyasa l an aliz leri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre ana oksi t olan SiO 2 miktarının %36.76- 58.49 arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer analiz edilen majör oksitl er ise; %15.22- 29.22 Al 2 O 3 , %7 .68-12.96 Fe 2 O 3 ; % 0.5-9.3, CaO; %2 -8.1 K 2 O; %1-7.61 Mg O ve % 0.8 -1.95 Ti O 2 şeklindedir . SiO 2 içeriği y üksek olan ö rnekle de k il minerallerine kuvars e şlik etmektedir. Yükse k oranlarda elde edilen Al 2 O 3 değ erleri kaolini, K 2 O ise i llit i temsil etmektedir. Ma gnezy um o ranları smektit ve karbonat minerallerin i işaret etmektedir. Almanpınarı killerinin ana oksit bileşenler inin birbirleriy l e olan korelas y onu y apıldığında, SiO 2 ile Al 2 O 3 ara sında kuvvetli negatif (r= -0.89) (Şekil 2), M gO ile kuvve tli pozitif (r =0 .82) bir ilişki vardır (Şekil 3). Eld e ed ilen bu ilişki ler baskın kil minerallerinin üç tabakalı oldu ğunu göster m ektedir . Ayrıca SiO 2 ile Al 2 O 3 arasındaki güç lü negatif ilişki önemli miktarda serbest kuvarsın bulunduğuna işare t etmektedir. Koçhan vd., Almanpınarı (Osmaniye) Civarındaki Killerin Mineralojisi ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 7 Şekil 2. Alman pınarı bölgesi nden alınan örnek ler in SiO 2 - Al 2 O 3 değiş imi . Şekil 3. Almanpınarı bölgesin den alınan örnek ler in SiO 2 - MgO değişi mi İz elementlerin SiO 2 ile olan ilişki lerine bakıldığında ise Co, Ni, Sc ile kuvvetli bir pozitif ilişkinin olduğu görülmektedir (Şekil 4). Şekil 4. Almanpınarı bölgesin den alınan örnekler in SiO 2 - Co, Ni ve Sc d eğişimi Almanpınarı killerinin ana oksit ve iz element miktarları ve birbirleri ile olan il işkileri de beraber değerlendirildiğinde kilin jenezinin asidik kökenli ka y açların a y rışması ile ilişkili olar ak oluştuğu görülmektedir. IV. TARTI ŞMA Kil mineralleri öne mli endüstri y el alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple kil oluşumlarından derlenen örneklerin fiziksel, mekanik v e kim ya sal özellikleri araştırmac ılar tarafından in celenme ktedir. Almanpınarı killeri de birçok araştırmac ı tarafından incelenmiştir. Mirdallı vd., [ 3 ] sera mik se ktöründe boya olarak kullanımın u y g unluğunu incelemişken Güneyli [ 4 ] ve Rusen [6 ] mühendislik özelliklerini ortaya koymuştur. A y tekin [ 5] ise kil lerin kötü zeminlerde iyileştirici fonksi y onunu incelemiştir. Almanpınarı killeri birçok alanda araştırılmı ş olmasına rağmen bu killerin jeokimy asal davranışları ilk kez ortaya Koçhan vd., Almanpınarı (Osmaniye) Civarındaki Killerin Mineralojisi ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 8 konulmuştur. Elde edilen bu sonuçlara ilave ol arak killerin Nadir Topra k Elemen t (NTE) içeriklerinin belirlenmesi ve bu bileşimlerin orta y a konulması gerekmekte dir. V. SONUÇLAR Almanpınarı killeri killi kireçtaşı birimlerinde vadi lerde gözlenmektedir. Tabaka sunmaya n bu killer birikinti şeklinde arazide g özlenmektedir. Kırmızımsı reng i ile diğer birimlerden kolayca ay rılabilmektedir. Daha önceden Almanpınarı kil lerinin mühendislik özellikleri orta ya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada kil mineralojisi ve jeokim y a sal analizler ortay a konulmuş ve sonra ki çalışmalara katkı sunacaktır. Bu kapsamda ana ve iz elementlerinin karşılıklı korelasy onu yapılmış ve killer in oluşumunun aydınlatılması sağ lanmıştır. Kil mineralojisi ve ana ve iz elementle rin davranışları göz önüne alındığında bu bölgede 3 farklı kil mineralinin baskın olduğu ve kil oluşumunda köken ka yacın asidik bileşimli kay aç oldukları tespit edilmiştir. TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışma Mersin Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimince 2017 -2-TP2-2619 proje numara sı ile destek lenmiştir . Ayrıca bu çalışma dan ışman hocam r ahmetli Prof. Dr. Fevzi ÖNER anısına hazırlanmıştır. KAYNAKL AR [1] “Osmaniye İl Çevre D urum Rapo ru”, İl Çe vre ve Orman Müdürlü ğü, 2004, sf.34 , Osmaniye , Türki ye. [2] T. Taskıran , “Diyarabakır İli, Kay apınar - Yeni köy - Bağcılar Yöresi Kili nin Sisme Po tansiyelinin İrdelen m esi”, Y üksek Lisans tezi, G. Ü. Fe n Bili mleri Enstitüsü, 2000 . [3] N. Mirdallı, Y. Z. Halefoğlu, N . Sakarya, “ Almanp ı nar ı K ı rm ı z ı Kilinin Seramikte Boya Olarak Kullan ılab ilirliğinin Arastı r ı lma s ı ”, Çukuro va Üniversitesi So syal B ilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1 5 (1) , 229 -234, 2006. [4] H. Güne yli , Farkl ı Kök enlere Sahip Killerin Kompaksiyon Özelliklerinin Karşılastı rması , Ç.Ü. Mühendislik M imarlık Fak ültesi Dergisi , Cilt: 2 3, sa yı 2, s. 199 -206, 199 8. [5] S. Aytekin, “Uçuc u Küllerin Killi Zeminlerin Islahında Kullanımı ”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Ü niversitesi Fen Bili mleri E nstitüsü, J eoloj i Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Adana, 8 2 s , 20 09. [6] T . Rusen , “ Killi Zeminlerin Tek Eksenli Da yanımı Üzerinde Örnek Bo yutu Etkisi ”, Yüksek L isans T ezi , Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 274s. , 2011. [7] ( 2018), MTA, “1/100.000 Ölçekli Jeolo ji Haritası”, Erişim : http:// www. mta.org/ 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 9 Oscillation Co ntrol of Tw o -Wheeled Robo t using a Gyrostab ili zer Faruk Ünker 1* 1 Departmen t of Mech anica l Engineering , Gümüşhan e Un iversity, Turkey * (farukunker @gumusha ne.edu.tr) Ema il of the correspond ing a uthor Abstract – Two-whe eled robots a re popular in transportation applications because of their high maneuverability. In this research, the oscillation attenuation performance of the control moment gy roscope (CMG) for the two-wheeled robot was studied. The stored kinetic e nerg y of a CMG c an off er a weight and volume saving c ompared to conventional vibrati on absorbers. This CMG is also more re actionless than other conventional absorbers b y tr ansforming th e impact of an gular momentum to unidi rectional thrust along the center of gravit y . The gimbals ca n precess while providing the angular momentum under the gravitational force. This study indicated that the CMG can operate in a wide range of ex citation frequencies to balanc e the robot in a stable period. Be cause the fly wheel speed is much ea sier c hanged to thrust aga inst the unwanted oscillations dist urbing the robot stabili ty . There is a relation between the gimbal amplitude and the flywheel spee d of CMG, in which the required fl ywheel speed can be reduced if the higher gimbal amplitude is chosen. I t can be also con cluded fr om the stud y that the oscillation amplit udes at the tar get freque nc y can decrease as much as fl y wheel speed increases. There was also a mathematical model using ANSYS software . The simulation results using ANSYS matched well with the theor etical results of t he Lagrang ian model . Keywords – A bsorber, damp ing, d ynamic abso rbers, control momen t gyroscop e, gyroscope, gyrosta bilizer, in verted pend ulum 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 10 Geology and Geo chemistry of Copper Minera lizatio n of Volcanic Rocks Due to Quart z Veins in Western Part of Almus (TO KAT -T URKEY) Cihan Yalçın 1* , Mustafa Kumral 2 , Mustafa Kay a 2 and Muhittin Karaman 2 1 World Bank Project Implementation Unit , Ministry of I ndustry and Technology, Turkey 2 Departmen t of Geo logical Engineering , I stanbul Techn ical University, Tu rkey * (cihanyalcin [email protected] om) Abstract – I t is rec ognized that magmatic a ctivities have occurred a long the I zmir Erzincan suture due to the closure of the Te th yan ocean. I n the weste rn p art of Almus (Tokat), which is situated around this suture zone, quartz veins along the fracture lines are obser ved in the volcanics owin g to the ma gmatism. There ar e copper enrichments along the quartz veins wit h an average thi ckness of 70 cm in volcanic rocks. Mineralization occurred as vein t ype and epigenetic formation. Paragenesis consists of bornite, covellit e, pyrite , ma gnetite in ore forming ph ase and goethite, malachite and azurite in supergeneous phase. In ge ochemical anal y zes, th e CuO value near the surface reaches 23% due to the presence of malachite and azurites also 0.03% in non-oxidized zones. This enrichment alon g the secondary quartz veins in the fracture lines of Eocene volcanic rocks is associated to the effect of the extension regime in the region. Keywords – Quartz vein s, Vol canics, Cop per, Superg eneous pha se, Extensio n regime, Almus (Tokat ). 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 11 Investigating the urease activity of Sporo sarcina pasteurii for po tential usage of m icrob ially induced ca lcium carbo nate prec ipitation Kağan Ery ürük 1* 1 Departmen t of Civil En gineering , Necmettin Erb akan University, Turkey * (kaganeryu ruk@gma il.com) Email o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – The urease activity of Sporosarcina pasteurii was investigated using different number of bacterial cells. Resting Sporosarcina past eurii ce lls and 500 mM urea solution were placed into the beakers to measure the change in electrical conductivit y of the solution. The electrical conductivit y values were varied between 0.382 mS/s and 6.224 mS/m for 10 min. The highest electrical conductivity was meas ured for addition of th e larges t number of cells (10*10 9 ) to the solution. Resting Sporosarcina pasteurii cells and 500 mM ure a and 5 00 mM CaCl 2 solution were also plac ed int o the bea kers to observe and ev aluate microbially induced Ca CO 3 precipitation. The a mount of microbially induced CaCO 3 precipitation was changed betw een 4 mg and 28 mg in the experiments for ten mi nutes. The highest amount of CaCO 3 precipitation was observed in beaker with the hi ghest number of cells (28 m g) than in those with t he smallest number of cells (4 m g). Hence, the amount of microbially induc ed C aCO 3 precipitation was increased in direct proportion to the cell number in the be akers. The experiments su ggest that the ureas e activi ty S. pasteurii is depended on the number of c ells and more cells of S. pasteurii leads more microbia ll y induce d CaCO 3 prec ipitation in a short time period. Keywords – Electrical co nductivity, Microbially in duced calcium carbo nate precipita tion, Number of cells, S porosa rcina pasteurii, Urea se activity. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 12 Lucas Say ı Dizisinin Entropi Yönü nden İncelen mesi Bünyamin ŞAHİ N 1* , İhsan TUĞAL 2 1 Matematik Bö lümü, F en Fakültesi , S elçuk Ün iversite si , Kon ya, TÜRKİYE 2 Yazılım Mühen disliği, Mühen dislik ve Mimarlık Fa kültesi, Muş Alpa rslan Üniversite si , Muş, TÜRKİYE * ( bunyamin .sahin@selcuk. edu.tr ) Özet – Lucas sa y ı dizisi , ilk iki terimi 𝐿 1 = 1 ve 𝐿 2 = 3 olmak üzere 𝐿 𝑛 = 𝐿 𝑛−1 + 𝐿 𝑛 − 2 indirgeme bağıntısı ile elde edilir. Bu çalışmada Lucas sa y ı dizisi, bilgi entropisi yönünden incelendi. Sistemlerin entropi değerleri hesaplanırken sayısal üç genler den ya rarlanmak olağan bir uygulamadır. Fibonacci sa y ıl arı Pasc al üçgeninden ve Luc as sa y ıları L ucas ü çgeninden elde edilebileceğinden, bu üçgenlerin entropisi hesaplandı. Elde edilen sonuçlar Leibniz’in harmonik üçgeniy l e kı yaslandı. Anah tar Kelimeler – Entro pi, Lucas Sayı Dizisi, Pascal Üçg eni, Luca s Üçgeni, Leibniz Üçgeni 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 13 Removal of Disso lved Organic Mat ter in Drin king W ater Using Active Mic roo rganisms (EM) Ze hra Gülten Yalçın 1* , Mustafa Dağ 2 , and Ercan Aydoğ muş 3 1 Karatekin Un iversity, Facult y of E nginee ring, Department of Chemica l Eng ineering, Çan kırı, Turkey 2 Karatekin Un iversity, Facult y of E nginee ring, Department of Chemic al E nginee ring, Çankırı, Turkey 3 Fırat University, Fa culty of E nginee ring, Department o f Chemical E nginee ring, Elazığ, Turkey 3 * (zaltin@karatekin .edu. tr) Ema il of the correspond ing author Abstract – Conventional treatment methods are used in the treatment of drinking water to protect human and environmental health. These methods can b e named aeration to increase th e amount of ox ygen, precipitation, chemical treatment, filtration, chlo rination for disinfection. Besides, iron and man ganese removal operations are performe d in places where the hardness is very high depending on the geographical location, iron and manganese r emoval op erations are performed in cases where the iron and man ga nese content is high. Drinking, a nd drinking water t reatment technolog i es in Turkey are genera ll y the sa m e. The conventional methods us ed are briefl y described as ventilation, coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, sand filtration, and chlorination. In recent years, it has been observed that in addition to these methods, ozone has been use d f or primary disinfection purposes, activated carbon adsorption for advanced purification purposes, re verse osmosis studies have been performed. C onventional treatment plan ts are usually built when there is the use of superficial water sources. In settle ments where spri n g or well water is used in a ce rtain area, the water is only available b y th e chlorination process. The purpose of drinki ng water treatment is to be clear, colorless, odorless, disease-causin g organism-free, free of c hemicals ha rmful to health, and suitable for domestic use. The treatment technologies used in drinking water treatment plants vary depending on the pr operties that are desired t o be found in purified water, as well as the prop erties of raw water. Ph y sical, che mical, and biolo gical pur ification , which is one of the classical methods us ed in the purif ication process, may be insufficient in the face of dissolved organic matter . This enc oura ges us to look for new methods of combating dissolved organic matter. Keywords – Active microo rga nism, Purification, Drinking water, Water treatment 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 14 Computer Aided Deep Learni ng Ba sed Assess ment of Stroke Fro m Brain Radiolog ical CT Images Dr. Ali Berkan URAL * 1 Electrical Electron ics Engin eering , Bio medica l, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey uralberkan @gmail.co m * (berkan.ural@ka fkas.edu .tr) Abstract – The a im of the study is to detect the a bnormal area(s) from bra in C Ts of stroke patients using Image Processing and to accuratel y ev aluate the stroke ch anges in br ain ti ssues amon g patients with Deep Learning models in MATLAB 2019b interface. 1000 patients (500 stroke suspected, 500 health y participants) were chose n betwee n 25 and 75 age ranges from TOBB ETU and Yıldırım Beya zıt University Hospitals according to the e thics committee certific ate. For this stud y , for incr easing the a ccuracy a nd eliminating the redundanc y , from the image data of the p atients, only lateral and 4th v entricle CT images were used. Firstl y , thes e ima ges were processe d via Image Processing methods (Image Acquisition, Preproce ssing, Thresholding, Segmentation, Morphological Operations etc.). After these methods, the resulted lateral ventricle image w as split into 6 specific areas and 4th ventricle image was split into 1 4 specific areas li ke automated compute rized Albert a Stroke Scoring, respectivel y . For 1000 ima ges, t otally 20x1000=20000 pieces of CT subimage s were obtained with the specific class names (as healthy and stroke) and we re used as the input of Artificial I nt elligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) models (optimiz ed ANN with L evenberg-Marquardt method a nd CN N). This a pproach can give an important chance to the doctors for supporting their re sults with a decision support s ystem, speeding up the diagnosis ti me and also decreasing the possible rate of misdiagnosis. Keywords – Artificial Intelligence , Deep Learning, Stroke Diagnosis, CAD, Stroke Prevention 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 15 Effects of par ticle size on transpo rtation o f Sporo sarcina pasteur ii thro ugh porous m edia Kağan Ery ürük * Departmen t of Civil Eng ineering, Gra duate Schoo l of Science, Necmettin Erba kan Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0003-399 3-839X * (kaganeryu [email protected] m) Email of the correspond ing author Abstract – The present study was aimed to investigate the transportation distance of Sporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11859) and how many cells w ere ex isted through porous media. Th e experiments were conducted using continuous-flow c olum ns, which were plastic columns that had a 2.4 cm inner diameter a nd w ere 50 cm in height, containin g glass be ads with average diameters of 0.25 mm and 0.50 m as porous media. S. pasteurii cells were int roduced int o the columns with flow rate of 2 m L/min and c ell density of OD 600 2.25 to examine the transportation of cells through colum n. After introduction of each cell suspension, the samples were taken to measure OD 600 value with spectrophotometer. T he column was divided into five equal parts to count to ba cteria pr esented in each part. T he r esult indicated that the largest amount of cell (1.72*10 10 cells) was deposited in the columns packed glass beads in 0.25 mm diameter and the cell n umber was decreased at the bottom of the column. In th e case o f the columns p acked glass beads in 0. 50 m m diameter, cell deposition was hig her at the bottom of the column. In the light of the results, althoug h using smaller siz e of glass beads resulted in more cell deposition in the porous media, more cells we re transported through the porous media while larger size of g lass beads were used. I t can be concluded that larger size of particle size could le ad easier tr ansportation conditions for cells for transp orting deep parts of th e porous media. Keywords – Bacterial c ells, co lumn, g lass bead s, poro us media, S porosarcina pasteu rii 16 2nd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Engineering an d Natural Scie nces https://www.i caens.com/ March 10 -13, 2022, K onya, Turkey High Performanc e Electroche mical Double Lay er Capacitors Deriv ed from Red Pepper Pulp -Based Micro porous Activated Carbons I.Isil Gur ten Inal* 1 , F iliz Koyuncu 2 1 Departmen t of C hemical Engineering , Ankara Un iversity, Turkey 2 Departmen t of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dicle University, Turke y * ( [email protected] nkara.ed u.tr) Abstract – I n this stud y , we converted red pepper industrial processing pulp (PP) into sustainable low -cost high-quality a ctivated c arbon samples (ACs) through a sin gle-step chemical activation/carbonization process for use as a highly reversible electrochemi cal double la y er capacitor (EDL C) electrodes. ZnCl 2 was used as the pore enhancing activation agent in the activated carbon pr oduction process. The s urface properties of the a ctivated carbons were altered b y chan ging the ac tivati on/carbonization temperatures. Three different activated carbon samples were prepared at the temp eratures of 600⁰C, 700⁰C, and 800⁰C. The structural/morphological properties of the carbon samples were characterized in terms of the BET surface area, the pore size distribution, FTIR spectroscopy , and SEM-EDX analyses. Coin cell-type EDL C electrode s were prepared b y using each ca rbon sample and the e lectrochemical performance of the electrode s was tested in an aqueous (6 M KOH) electrolyte using c yclic v oltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscop y (EIS) techniques. The characterization of the carbon samples show ed that activation/carbonization temperature substanti ally affected the su rface area, pore structu re, and surface functionalit y of the c arbon samples. Th ese changes were attributed to the interac tion between the raw material and the ZnCl 2 at the chang ing temperatures during the a ctivation process. The electrochemical chara cterization of the elec trodes d eveloped from ACs showed that the sample produced at the activation/carbonization temperature of 800⁰C, which h ad the highest percentage o f mi cropore s, ex hibited the highest spe cific capacitance (200 F/g) in 6 M KO H. The results of thi s stud y revea led that PP -derived mic roporous AC is a promising electrode material fo r low - cost and high- performan ce carbon-base d electrochemical double-la y er capacitors. Keywords – Red pepp er p ulp; Activated carbon ; Chemica l activa tion, Carbonizatio n, Characterization, S urface characterizatio n, E lectrochemical d ouble layer capacitor 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13 , 20 22, Konya, Turk ey 17 Yüzey İyileştirme Yönte mlerinde B or Elementinin Kullanı mı Oğuzhan ÇAKI R 1* , Recep DEMİRSÖZ 2 ve Mehmet Tayy ip Ö ZDEMİR 3 1 Makine Müh endisliği / Müh endislik Fakültesi , Karabük Üniversitesi , Türkiye 2 Makine Müh endisliği / Müh endislik Fakültesi , Karabük Üniversitesi , Türkiye 3 Makine Müh endisliği / Müh endislik Fakültesi , Karabük Üniversitesi , Türkiye * oguzh an.cakir18@gma il.com Özet – Kullanımı günümüzden y üz y ıllar öncesine da ya nan ve günlük y aş antımızda da oldukça önem taşıya n çelikler birçok farklı sektörde kullanılmakt adır. Bu kulla nım sürecinde korozy on, aşınma, sıcaklık, sürtünme vb. gibi çeşitli çevre sel koşullara maruz kalmaktadır. Bu ç evresel koşullara da y anıklı çelik ler üretebilmenin y ollarından birisi y üze y sertleştirme işlemlerinin kullanılmasıdır. Yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri temel olarak malzemenin iç y apısınd aki tokluk değerini koru y up, y alnız ca y üze y y apısının sertliğini ve mukavemetini artırmaktadır. Malzeme y üz ey y apısı nın sert ol ması istenilen çalışma ort amında y ü ksek k arbonlu sert çelikler y erine y üze y sertleştirme işlemi sonucunda aynı y üze y sertlik değerlerine sahip orta/düşük karbonlu çeliklerin kullanılması maliy et açısından daha avantajlıdır. Bir yüzey sertleştirme işl emi olan borl ama, bor el ementinin y üksek sıcaklıklarda p arça yüzeyine dif üz y on y o lu y la y üz e y bileşimini değiştirerek malz emenin y üz e y sertliğini, mukavemeti y le birlikte yorulma, korozyon ve aşınma dayanımını artıran bir ısıl işlemdir. Bor e lementinin çok sert y apısından dolay ı malzeme y üze y i ni istenilen sertlik derecelerine ulaştırması mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, bor elementinin y üz e y sertleştirme işleml eri için öneminden, proses u y gulamalarından ve avantajlarından b ahsedilip literatüre sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Yüzey ser tleştirme, Bo r, Borlama , A şınma, Isıl işlem Abstract — The use of steel, which dates back centuries and is ver y important in our dail y life, is u sed in many different sectors. In thi s usag e process, it is exposed to various environmental conditions such as corrosion, abrasion, temperature, friction, etc. One of the wa ys to produce steels resistant to these environmental conditions is the use of surface hardening p rocesses Surface hardening pr o cesses b asicall y preserve the toughness value in the internal structure of the material and only incre ase the hardness and streng th of th e surface structure. In the working environment where the material surface structure is d esired to be hard, it is more advantageous in terms of cost to use medium/ low ca rbon steels with the same surface hardness values as a result of the surface ha rdenin g process instead of hig h carbon hard steel. Boronizing, whic h is a surface harde ning process, is a heat tre atment that increases the surfa ce hardness of the material, alon g with its strength, fatigue, co rrosion and wear resistance b y changing the su rface composition of the boron element through diffusion to the part surface at high temperatures. Due to the very hard structure of the boron element, it is possible to reac h the desired hardness levels on the material surface. I n this study, it is aimed to mention the im portance of bo ron element for sur face hardening processes, proce ss applic ations and advantages and present it to the literature. Keywords — Su rface ha rdening , Boron, Bo ronizing , Wear, Heat trea tment Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 18 I. II. Gİ R İ Ş Yüzey sertleştirme işlemleri malz emenin tamamının aksine sadece malzeme y üze y inde sertleştirme işl emi sağlayan bir çeşit ısıl işlemdir v e bununla birlikte yüzeyi sertleştirilmiş malzemelerin çekirdek y apıl arında y üz e y ine kıyasla daha y u muşak bir y apı elde edilmektedir. Bu s ayede y üz e y sertleştirme işlemi u y gulanmış malzemeler y üz e y lerinde y üksek a şı nma direnci ve çekirdek y apıl arındaki tokluk g ibi özelliklerinden dolayı dişli çarklar, kam milleri v e rulmanlar gibi makine elemanlarıyla birlikte türbin uy gulamal arı ve otomotiv uygulama lar ındaki pa rçalarda da kullanılmaktadır. Malzemenin y alnızca y üze y in in sertleştirilmesinin bir avantajı da maliy e t bakımından daha u y gun olan düşük ve orta karbonlu çelikleri tamamen sertleştirme sonucunda o rtay a çıkabilece k olan mikro y apıdaki bozulmaları ve çatlamaları minimuma indirmekle birlikte malzemenin tamamını gevrekleştirmeden çekirdek y apıd aki darbe da y anımını koru y abilmektir [ 1]. Borlama işlemi, bor elementi kull anılara k uygulanan bir y üze y sertleşti rme işlemidir. Oldukça y ü ksek sıcaklıklarda u y g ulanan bu işlem sa y esinde parça nın y üz ey in e bor eleme nti nin difüz y onunu, ay nı zamanda da parçanın ısıl işleme maruz kalmasını sağlar ve bu sebeple borlama, yüzey bileşimini değ işt iren y üze y sertleştirme y ö ntemlerine dahil edilmektedir. Bu ç alışmada, endüstride oldukça y aygın olan aşınma ve koroz y on gibi olumsuz faktörlerin gider il mesinin bir y öntemi o larak u y gulanan bir y üz e y sertleştirme işlemi olan borla m a uygulama sında kullanılan bor elementinin özelliklerinden, öneminde n ve avantajlar ında n bahsedilmiştir. III. BOR ELEMENTİ Bor elementi, pe riy odik tabloda 3A grubunun ilk ve kütl ec e en hafif ü yesi olan “B” simgesi ile göster il en, atom numarası 5, atom a ğırlığı 10,81 g/mol, y o ğ unlu ğu 2,84 g/cm3, ergime noktası 2200 °C, kay n ama noktas ı 2250 °C olan ve metal ile ametal arası yarı ile tke n bir elementtir [2]. Bor, kararlı bir y apıda bulunmadığından ve diğer ele mentlerle reaksi y ona girme isteğinden dola y ı doğa d a saf h alde değil, tuz halde bulunm aktadır. Yer yüzünde 230 ç eşit civarında bor minerali vardır. Bor atomlarının oksijen ile tepkime y e g irm e eğ il imli olması sebebiyle bor - oksijen bileşikleri bulunmaktadır ve bunlara borat adı verilmektedir. Bor elementi, birçok metal ve ametal element ile bileşik oluşturabilme özelliklerinden dolay ı, mühendislik u y gulamalarında çeşitli alanlarda kullanıma olanak sağlamaktadır . Şekil 1. Siyah -Gri Beta Bor [3]. Bor elementi 8B, 10B, 11B, 12B, 13 B izotoplarından meyda na gelmektedir ancak en kararlı oldukları y apıları 10B, 11 B izotoplarıdır ve sırasıyla %19,1 -20,3 ve %79,7- 80,9 oranlarında doğa d a bulunmaktadırlar. Türki y e’de cevhe r y at akları en fazla olan 10 B izotop y apısına s ahip b or atomudur [2]. Doğadaki bor elem enti serbest bir halde bulunamadığından dola yı y ap ay bor elde edilmesi gerekmekte di r. Bu y ap ay bor amorf ve k ristal y apıd a olmak üzere i ki farklı biçimde eld e edilmektedir. Amorf borun y o ğunluğu 2,34 g/cm3, siyah y a da ka hve reng i toz re nkte, kristal borun y o ğunluğu 2,33 g/cm3, siya h renkte, sert ve kırılgandır. Kristal bor; orthorombol ve tet ragonal kristal kafes ya pısı na sahiptir [3]. Saf bor elementi 19. y üz y ılın başlarında keşfedilmiştir. Bu keşif Fransız J oseph L o uis Gay - Lussac ve Louis Jacques Thenard, İngiliz Sir Humphery D avy isi mlerinde ki bilim adamları tarafında n birbirlerine y a kın tarihlerde gerçe kl eştirilmiştir. Büt ün bu ya pıl an çalışmalara rağmen %99 saflığa sahip kristalize y apıdaki bor 1909 yılında elde edilebilmişti r. Doğada bulun an y akl aşık 230 çeşit bor minera linin tamamı ekonomik açıdan önem taşımamaktadır ve ekonomik değere sahip olan bor mi nerallerine y at aklık ya p an sa y ılı yerler bulunmaktadır. Yapısındaki B 2O3 (bor oksit) bileşiği bakımından değer kı yaslaması y apıl an bor elementi, ne kad ar Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 19 y üksek oranda B2O3 bi leşiği içeri y orsa o d erece daha değerli kabul edilmektedir [ 4]. Ekonomi k açıdan değerli bor mineralleri Tablo 1’de göster ilmişti r. A. Bor Elementinin Kullanım Alanları Tab lo 1. Ekonomik açıdan öne mli bor mineralleri [4 ]. M ineral Kimyasal For mülü B 2 O 3 (%) H 2 O (%) Bulunduğu Ye rler Boraks (T inkal) Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O 36,5 47,2 Türkiye (Kırka), ABD, Arjantin Kernit Na 2 B 4 O 7 4H 2 O 51,0 26,4 ABD, Arjantin Kole m anit CaB 6 O 11 5H 2 O 50,8 21,9 Türkiye (E m et, B igadiç, Kestelek), ABD, Me ksika Üleksit NaCaB 5 O 9 8H 2 O 43,0 35,6 Türkiye (Bigadiç), ABD, Şili Probertit NaCaB 5 O9 5 H 2 O 49,6 25,6 ABD Szaybelit MgBO 2 (OH) 41,4 10,7 Kazakistan, Çin Datolit Ca 2 B 4 Si 2 O 12 2H 2 O 26,7 5,6 Doğu Rus y a ve Kaza kistan Sasolit H 3 BO 3 56,3 43,7 İtalya İlk olarak bil inen ve kullanımına başlanılan bor minerali tinkal (Sod y um Tetraborat- Boraks), birkaç medeniy et tarafından oldukça eski zamand an beri kullanılmaktadır. Bor minerali Sümerler ve Etil er döneminde oksit tabakalarını çözmek, Mezopotamya ve Mısır medeniyetlerinde antiseptik malzeme olarak kullanılmak, Çin’de seramik ve cam üretmek, Roma dö neminde arena tabanlarını dezenfekte e tmek ve Arap c o ğrafyasında da ilaç üretmek amacıy la kullanılmı ştır. Günümüzde ise bor mine ralleri, savunma sa na y i, cam, enerji, ilaç ve kozmetik, inşaa t, kim ya, otomotiv, tıp gibi sektörler başta olmak üzere birçok sektörde kullanılmaktadır [5]. B. Dünya ve Türki ye Bor Rezervleri Dünya bor rezervleri hakkında ke sin bir bilgi verilmesi muhtemel değildir ancak toplam dünya rezervi tahmini olarak 170 mily on ton B 2O3 ve muhtemel rezerv olara k ise 470 mi ly on ton B203 olarak sö ylene bilmektedir. Dünya bor r ezervinin liderleri başta Türki ye, Rus y a ve ABD olarak kay ıtlarda ye r almaktadır [6] . Tablo 2’de Dünya bo r rezervleri göster ilmiştir. Tab lo 2. Dünya Bor Rezervleri ( milyon ton B 2 O 3 ) [6]. Ülkeler Görünür Rezerv M uhtemel Rezerv Arjantin 2 9 Bolivya 4 19 Şili 8 41 Çin 27 36 İran 1 1 Kazakistan 14 15 Peru 4 22 Rusya 40 100 Türkiye 30 150 ABD 40 80 TOPLAM 170 473 III . BOR ELEMENTİ Borlama, malzeme y üze y bileşimini değ iştiren bir y üz e y sertleştirme yöntemidir. Borlama ile çeliklerin yüzeylerinde bor elementinin difüz yonu sağlanarak y üksek sertlik derecelerine ulaşılır. Bu çeliklerin korozyon ve aşınma direnci artırılmaktadır. Ancak y orulma direncine etkisi sınırlı olmaktadır. Borlamanın en avantajlı y ön ü, tüm demir esa slı malzemelere uygulanabilir durumda olması ve pahalı parça lar y erine borlanm ış ve eşit mekanik öz elliklere s ahip olan p arçaların birçok kullanım alanına sa hip olm asıdır. Özellikle abrazif ve adhezif aşı nma ortamlarında y a yg ın olarak kullanılmaktadır [7]. Borlama sonucunda parça yüzeyinde Fe2B ve FeB fazları oluşmaktadır ve bu fazlar sa y esind e parça nın sertliği, malzeme özellikleri ve operasyonun başarılı bi r şekilde u ygulanmasına göre, 1500 - 2000 HV değerlerine ulaşmaktadır. Borlama işleminin parametreleri, oluşan borür tabakasının kim y asal ö zelliklerini ve kalınlığını belirlemektedir. Kabuk yapısında, Fe 2B olmak üzere tek bir faz y a da FeB üst kısımda, Fe2B ise alt kısımda olacak şe kild e iki fazda ay nı anda bulunabilmektedir [7]. Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 20 Borlama işlemi ortamında oksidas y ondan kaçınmak amacı y la ko ru y ucu bir gaz olan argon ga zı bulunmaktadır ve 800 - 1050 °C sıcaklıkları arasında u y gulanmaktad ır. 1 - 12 saat aralığında gerçe kl eştirilen borlama işlemi sonucunda 30 -150 µm kalınlığında borür tabakası oluşmaktadır. Darbesiz kullanım alanlarında, özellikl e abrazif aşınmay a maruz kalacak alanlarda bu tabaka kalınlığı 350 - 500 µm de ğerine ulaşabilmektedir. Bu say ede m alzeme ömründe oldukça fazla bir artış olmaktadır. Borlama işlemi uygulanaca k malzeme al aşımı vey a karbon iç eriği ne kadar fazla olurs a borür tabaka kalınlığı o oranda azalmaktadır. Karbon atomları borür taba kada erimez ve sert borür tabaka altında bir ka rbon difüz yonu oluşt urmaktadır [7 ]. Borlanmış çeliklerin sert lik değerleri ve diğer s ert malzemelerle karşılaştırılması Tablo 3’te verilmiştir. Tab lo 3. Borlanmış çeliklerin sertlik değerleri nin diğer işlemlerle ve sert malzemelerl e karşılaştırıl ması [8]. Malze m e M ikrosertlik (HV) Borlan m ış yumuşak çelik 1600 Borlan m ış AISI H13 kalıp çeliği 1800 Borlan m ış AISI A2 çeliği 1900 Su verilmiş çeli k 900 Su verilmiş ve temperlen miş H13 çeliği 540 - 600 Su verilmiş ve temperlen miş A2 kalıp çeliği 630 - 700 Yüksek hız takı m çeliği BM4 2 900 - 910 Nitrürlenmiş çeli k 650 -1700 Sementasyonlu d üşük alaşıml ı çelik 650 - 950 Sert kro m kaplama 1000 -1200 Sementit karbürler, WC+Co 1160 -1820 (30kg) Al 2 O 3 + ZrO2 sera m i kler 1483 (30kg) Al 2 O 3 +T iC+ZrO 2 sera mikler 1730 (30kg) Sialon serami kler 1768 (30kg) TiN 2000 TiC 3500 SiC 4000 B 4 C 5000 Elmas ~10000 A. Borlama Y öntemleri Borlama işlemi y üksek sıcaklıklarda (850 - 1050 °C) ve 1 - 12 saat aralıklarında u ygulanan bir y üz e y sertleştirme işlemi olmasıy la birlikte kullanımdaki amaçlar ınd an birisi de sertlik dere cesi neredey s e elmasa y ak ın olan bor elementini kullanarak diğer y üze y sertleştirme işlemlerine kıyasla u y gun sıcaklık d eğeri, kullanılan malz eme sertliği, operas y on orta mı ve prose s süreleri gibi parametreler d e dikkate alındığında daha yüksek sertlik değ erleri elde e tmektir. İ stenen sertlik değeri, prosese u y gunluk ve malzem e cinsine göre bor, katı , sıvı, ga z vb. formlarda bulunabilmektedir. E n y a ygın kullanım alanına sahip termo -kimyasal borlama işlemleri kutu, sıvı , ga z ve pasta borlama olarak bilinirken termo -kim ya sal olm ayan borlama y öntemi için ise plazma borlama kullanılabilmektedir. Şekil 2’de kutu borlama işleminin şematik gösterimi verilmiştir. Şekil 2. Kutu bor lama işlemi ş ematik gösteri m i [9] . B . Borlama İşlemi Avantaj ve Dezavantajları Bor elementi sa y esinde y üze yde oluşan taba k a sertliği, oldukça düşük sürtünme katsayısı sa y esinde malzemenin aşınma ve k oroz y on direncinde artışlar görülmektedir. Bu avantajları dışı nda borlama işleminin diğ er a vantajla rı da aşağ ıd a listelenmiştir [10]. • Yüzeyler i borlanmış malzemeler, oksidas y ona karşı dire nçleri sayesinde 850 °C’ye kadar herhangi bir değişim göstermeden çalışma imkânı sağlama kt adır. • Oldukça y üks ek sıcakl ıklarda dahi sertlik dereceler i sabit kalır ve bu konuda nitrürlemeden da h a avantajlı konumdadır. • Demir ve demir h arici birçok malz emey e uygulanabilmektedir. • Malzeme y üze yindeki sürtünme katsayısı oldukça azalmaktadır. • Çeşitli ge ometrik parçalara uygulanabilmektedir. Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 21 Borlama işleminde oldu kça fazla avantaj oldu ğ u gibi dezavantajlarda bulunabilmektedir. Bu dezavantajlar a şa ğ ıda listelenmiştir. • Hassas işlemlerde elmas uç kullanılmalıdır. • Çeliklerin eğilme ve y orulma day anımlarındaki artış sı nırlıdır. • İstenilen sonuçların elde edilebilmesi için borlama işlemini atmosferik şartlarda y apmak gerekir. • İşlem sonrası malzemedeki bütünlüğün korunabilmesi adına temperleme ve sertleştirme işlemleri y apıl ması g erekebilir. • İşçilik fazladır. Borlamanın en bü y ük avantajlarından biri, uygulanabildiği malzeme genişliği oldukça fazladır ve bunlardan bir kısmı; sade karbonlu çelikler, paslanmaz çelikler, takım çe likleri, dökme demirler ve sinterlenmiş demirlerdir. Demir dışı metal alaşımlarına ise şunla r örnektir; molibden, nikel, kobalt, krom, titany um ve mangan. Ya pıl an araştırmalar sonucunda bazı seramik türlerine de borlama uygulana bilmektedir. IV . BORLAN MIŞ YÜ Z EYLERİN GENEL ÖZELLİ K L ERİ Demir- bor bileşiklerinin oluşumu düşünüldüğünde, alaşımlardaki alaşım elementleri ge nelde atom çaplarına göre, ara y er ya da y er alan element olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, α - Fe için bor atomu hem ara yer hem de ye r alan element pozis y onunda olabilmektedir. Bor çelikleri de ppm olar ak çözünmektedir. Atom çaplarına göre sınıflandırma y apıldığından dolayı, bor atomunun çapı de mirin atom çapından %27 daha küçük olması durumlarında bor atomu k a tı eriy ik y apabilmektedi r. Sıcaklıkların ç ok yüksek olmadığı durumlarda demir içindeki borun çözünürlüğü kı y aslandığında %2 oranında ara ye r atomu olarak, y üksek olasılıkla ise y er alan atomu olarak erimektedir [9]. Borlama işlemi esnasında bor atomları malzeme y üze y ine difüze edilir v e malzeme y üze y inde metal kafes iç erisinde bor bileşikleri oluşmaktadır . Bu borürler, tek fazlı veya ç ift fazlı tabakalar (Şekil 3) olarak oluşabilmektedir. Bor tabaka biçimi, büyüklüğü ve oluş an fazların içeriği tem el malzemenin kimyasa l içe riğine, bor taba ka sertliğine ve yeni oluş an bor tabaka biçimin e bağ lıdır [8] . Demir esaslı malz emelerin borlanması esnasında bor tabakası, genel olarak d emir borür ler in oluşumuy la ve büyüme ka y detmesi y le oluşmaktadır. Termo - kim y asal bir şekilde b or tabakasının oluşması esnasında, F eB/Fe2B y a da Fe2B/FeB biçimlerinde sıralanarak borür geçiş fazları dişe benzer bir y apı oluşturmaktadırlar. Oluşan kolonsal borür kristalleri, difüz y on parametreler ine bağımlı olarak, eşit bo y utlarda değ ilse bile başta sertlik olmak üze re oldukça iyi mekanik özelliklere sahip olabilmektedir [9]. Şekil 3. Çift fazlı bo rür tabaka şe m atik gösteri mi [10]. A. Borlayıcı Ortam ve Konsantrasyon Etkisi Ortamda ne kadar mi ktarda bor ka y nağı bulunursa, tabaka kalınlığı o oranda a rtmaktadır. Ortamda bor ka y nağı yoksa veya borlama sırasında bor kay n akları tükenirse borür tabaka oluşumu durmaktadır. Bu sebepten dola y ı ise istenilenden daha ince bir bor tabakası elde e dilebilmektedir. Borlama sırasında yüzeye difüze edilebilmesi için saf bor gereklidir. Bunun için B4C bileşimin ay rışması g erekmektedir ve bu sebeple ortamd a redüksiy on sağlaması için bir redüktan malzeme gereklidir. Bu ihtiyaç SiC ile sağ lanmaktadır. SiC ve B4C reaksi y onu sonucu B (e lementel bor) e ld e edilir ve ortamda serbest kalan bor el ementinin oksijenle kimy asal bağ kurma ist eğ i olduk ça y üksektir. Bu iki element say esinde B2O3 bileşiği meydana gelmektedir. Redüksiyon sağla y an SiC ay nı şekilde d emir e l ementini de redükler. Bu say ede demir ile bor elementi de bileşik y aparak FeB ve F e2B t abaka ları me y d ana gelmektedir. Bor elementinin demire y ayılımını hızlandıran ise KBF 4 bileşiğidir [9]. B. Alaşım Elementlerinin Etkisi Alaşım elementleri, demi r esaslı ve demir dışı malzemeleri borlama e snasında borür tabak anın v e Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 22 geçiş bölgelerinin kristal y apısı üzerinde, faz bileşiminde, tabakanın bü y üme kineti ğinde ve mekanik özelliklerinin etkisi üzerinde bü y ük rol oyna m aktadır. Alaşım elementleri incelendiğ ind e, borür tabakada bileşik oluşturabilecek alaşım elementlerine Cr, Ni, V, Mn, Mo g ibi elementle r örnek göster ilebilirken, C, Cu, Si, Al gibi elementler borür tabakasında çözünme gerçe kleştiremezler. Karbon elementi, demir borür bileşiğinde çözünemez y alnızca ana malzeme y e do ğru y a y ınırla r ve bu durum sayesinde g eçiş bölge si daha düzenli ve sert bir yapıda olabilmektedir. Sil isyum elementi de karbon elementi gibi borür bileşiğinde çözünemez ve bor atoml arı sa y esinde Fe2B tabakasının altındaki ana malz emeye doğru itilir. Silis y umların biriktiği bölge yumuşak bir y apıda olduğundan dola yı ç atlama, çökme y a da dökülmeler me y dana gelebilmektedir. S ilis y um içeriğinin %1’den fazla olması tercih edilmemektedir. Şekil 4. Çeliklerde alaşım ele mentlerinin bor tab akası kalınlığına etkisi [ 8]. Krom ve nikel, borlamada birer alaşım elementidir. Krom elementi borü r tabakada çözünürken, nikel elementi bunun aksine geç i ş bölgesinde çözünüp y a y ınmaktadır. Ni kel içeriği %9’un üzerinde olursa kaplam alar tı rtıklı y apıd an düz ya pı ya geçiş y apmaktadır ve bu duru m sonucunda Fe 2B fazının etkilenmemesine rağmen FeB fazında sertlik düşüşüne sebep olur. Kromlu ve kromsuz alaşımlar tarafından karşılaştırıldığında ise kromlu alaşımlar konsantras y on fa rklılıklarına bağlı olarak tabakanın daha ince ve daha düzgün olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ay nı zamanda krom miktarı arttıkça tabakalar ın s ertliği de o oranda artmaktadır. Manganez elementi de krom elementi ile a ynı şekilde y ani borür tabakada çözünür ve yüzeye y a y ınım ı gerçekleşir. Tabaka ka lınlığında azalmasına ve biçimsel olarak düzleşmesine sebebiy et vermektedir. Molibden, titany um, tung sten ve vanad y umdan oluşan alaşım element grubu, çoğunlukla ge çiş ve kaplama böl geleri arasında çözünüp oluşmaktadır. Bu elementler de tabakanın azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. G eçiş bölgesinde tane bü y üm esine engel olan ve FeB fazında çözünerek sertlik artış ını sağlay an madde titanyum elementidir [10] . Şekil 4’te çeli k içerisindeki alaşım elementlerinin oranının bor tabakası kalınlığ ına etkisi gösterilmiştir. C. Sıcaklığın Etkisi Borlama işleminde sıca klık ve işlem süresinin artması ile oluşan borür tabaka ka lın lığı do ğru orantılı olmaktadır. Tab lo 4. Farklı sıcaklıklarda b orlan m ış C45 çeliğinin tabaka kalınlıkları [10 ]. Sıcaklık (°C) 700 750 800 850 950 1000 Tabaka Kalınlığı (μm) 2 12 17 30 46 59 Borlama işleminde sınır sıcaklık, FeB için ergime sıcaklığıdır. FeB için sınır sıcaklığı olan öt ektik sıcaklık 1149 °C’dir ve bunun aşılmaması gerekmekte di r. Bu sıcaklığın aşılması durumunda malzeme y üzeyinde kısım kısım erimeler ve y üz e y de bozuklukl ar me y dana ge lmektedir. Sıcaklık il e tabaka kalınlı ğı ar tışının doğru orantılı olmasının y anında sıcaklık artışı oldukça borür tabakanın porozit e olma durumu da artma ktadır. Porozite artmasıy l a ise borür tabak a daha s ert ve ge v rek bir yapıya bürünmektedir. Kalınlığın belirlenmesi ni etkileyen bir di ğer parametre ise kırılganlıktır. Tabaka kalınlığı ve kırılganlık doğru orantılıdır bu y üzden özellikle çi ft fazlı tabakalarda kalınlık çok fazla te rcih edilmemektedir [10]. V . SONUÇLAR Borlama, nerede y se bir elmas kadar sert olan bor elementinin saf hale getirilere k m alzeme y üze y in e difüz y onu ile gerçe kl eştirilen bir y üze y sertleştirme işlemidir. Malzeme yüzeyinde FeB ve Fe2B fazlarından oluşan sert tabakanın malzeme y üzey ine tutunması amaç lanarak u y gulanmaktadır v e bu say ede y üzeyde çoğu yüzey sertleştirme işlemlerind en daha sert bir tabaka elde edilmektedir. Çakır vd., Yüzey İyileştirme Yöntemlerinde Bor Elementinin Kullanımı , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 23 Bu tabaka sa y esinde malz emenin y üzeyinin oldukça sert bir tabaka ile kaplanmasının ya nı sıra düşük y üz ey pürüzlülüğü ve düşük sürtünme katsay ısı, y üksek aşınma ve koroz y on dir enci, y üksek ve düşük sıcaklıklarda ç alışabilme özelliği ve oksidasyon direnci gibi mekanik öz ellikleri iyileştirilmiş olmaktadır. Borlama termo-kim y asal ve termo-kim y asal olmaya n ana başlıkları a ltında iki farklı biçimde uygulanabilir. Termo- kim y asal olarak kutu (katı), sıvı, g az ve pasta bor lam a, termo-kim y asal olm ayan şekilde ise plazma borlama y öntemi ile malzemelerin y üze y leri sertleştirilebilir. Oluşan sert tabakanın öz ellikleri ve kalınlığı, uygulanan ortamın konsantras y onuna, işlem süresine, sıcaklığa ve alaşım elementlerinin türlerine göre ç ok çeşitli olarak değişebilmektedir. İşlem süresi ve sıcaklı ğı arttıkça tabaka kalınlığı artmaktadır. Borlama işleminin diğer ava ntajları ise; ço ğ u çeliğe u y gulanabilen bir işlem olan borlama say esinde düşük sürtünme katsay ısı elde edilir ve bunun so nucu olarak yağ lama ihti y acını minimize etmektedir ve malz eme ömrü oldukça uzu n olmaktadır. KAYNAKL AR [1] S. Lampman, In troduction to Surfa ce Hardening of Steels , ASM Handbook 4 th ed., Ohio, USA: Mater ial Park, 1 991. [2] (2021) Boren, Bo r elem e nti . [İnternet]. https://www.bor en.gov.tr/Sayfa/bo r-ele m enti/23 ( 2021). [3] T . Ay ter, “Bor lama işleminin çeliklerin yüzey kalitesi v e aşınma da vranışına etkisi”, Yü ks e k Lisans T ezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa, Türkiye, 2005. [4] A, Yılmaz, “Her der de deva hazin emiz bor”, Bilim ve Teknik, 414 : 34- 48 , 2002. [5] T MMOB Metalurj i Mühendisler Odası, “ Bor Raporu”, Metalurji, 1 34: 1- 50 , 2003. [6] DPT, “Madencilik Özel İ htisas Ko misyonu Rapo ru”, Sekizinci Beş Yıll ık Kalkınma Planı , Ankara, 2001. [7] A, H, Demirci, Fe -Esas l ı Malzem eler: Çelikler ve Dökme De mirler, Mühen di slik Malze meleri: Öne mli Endüstriyel Malze meler ve Isıl İşlemleri . İstanbul, Türkiye: Alfa Akademi , 2004. [8] A, K, Sinha, Boriding (B or onizing) of Steels, ASM Handboo k 4th ed ., Material P ark, Ohio, U SA: Ma terial Park, 1 991. [9] A, Uluköy, ve A, Ç, Can, “Çeliklerin borlan m ası”, Pamukkale Ü niv er sitesi Mühendisli k Bilimleri Dergisi , 12 (2) 1 89- 198 , 2006. [10 ] B, Kondul, “ Bor lam a ile yü zeyi sertleştiril miş ray çeliğinin aşınma da vranışının incelen m esi”, Y üksek Lisans Tezi, Ka rabük Üni versitesi L isans üs tü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Karabü k, T ürk iye, 2020. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 24 MacWillia ms Identities For The Li near Codes Over ℤ 𝟒 + 𝒖ℤ 𝟒 + 𝒗ℤ 𝟒 Basri Çalışkan 1* 1 Department of Mathema tics, Facu lty of Arts an d Science , Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey * ( bcaliskan@osma niye.ed u.tr ) Abstract – L inear codes are important pa rt of cod ing theor y and pla y a ke y role in error co rrection. The y are more effec tive than other code s because they encode and decode rapidly. Thus , they a re most preferr ed codes because of their al gebraic properties. Another im portant subject on coding theor y is the MacWilliams identity th at describes the correlation between a linear code and its dual co de on the weight enumerator. It is used to determine err or correcting a nd error detecting capabilities of cod e. In this pr esentation, we d efine complete weight enume rators, the s y mmetriz ed weig ht enumerators and the Lee weight enumerators for the linear codes over th e ring 𝑆 = ℤ 4 + 𝑢 ℤ 4 + 𝑣 ℤ 4 , where 𝑢 2 = 𝑣 2 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑣𝑢 = 0 and prove the MacWilliams identities for a ll the weight enumerators involved. Keywords – Linear co de , d ual code, MacWilliams identity , weig ht enu merators, Gray map REFERENCES [1] A. R. Ha mmons, P . V Ku mar, A . R. Calderb ank, N . J . A. Sloane and P. Solé , “ T he ℤ 4 ‐ linearit y of Kerdock, Prep ara ta, Goethals, and Related Codes,” I EEE Transactio ns on Info rmation Theory , vol. 40, pp. 301 ‐ 319, 1994. [2] B. Çalış kan and K. Balıkçı , “ Counting ℤ 2 ℤ 4 ℤ 8 - additive codes,” European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics , vol. 12(2 ), pp. 668- 679 , 2019. [3] B. Çalışkan ve Ö. Özkan, “ Serbest ℤ 2 ℤ 4 ℤ 8 - T oplamsal Kodları Sayma ,” E rzincan Ün iversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , vol. 13 , pp. 70 - 75 , 2020. [4] B. Çalışkan , “ On one- weight and ac d cod es in ℤ 2 r × ℤ 4 s × ℤ 8 t , ” Filomat , vol. 35(3), 871 -882, 2021 . [5] H. Isla m and O. Parakash, “A st udy o f c yclic and constacyclic cod es over ℤ 4 + uℤ 4 + vℤ 4 , ” I nt. J. o f Information and Coding Theory, vol. 5, pp. 155 -168, 2018 . 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 25 Effect of Hydra zine Modification o n Paper Pulp Pro duction fro m Wheat Straw with Soda Method Ayhan TOZL UOĞ LU 1 , Ahmet TUTU Ş 2 , Selva SERTKAYA 3* , Uf uk KILLI 4 , Recai ARSL AN 5 1 Faculty o f Fo restry, Forest Produ cts Engin eering Depar tmen t, Duzce Un iversity, Turkey. ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-1828 -9450 2 Faculty o f Forestry, Fo rest Products En gineering Department, Kahrama nmara s Sutcu I mam University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 03-2922 -4916 3* Forest Pro ducts En gineering Dep artment, I nstitute of S cience , Du zce University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-0490 -1821 * (selvasertkaya @duzce.edu .tr) 4 Forest Produ cts Engin eering Departmen t, Institute o f Science, Kahrama nmara s Sutcu Imam University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5997 -6089 5 Forest Prod ucts Eng ineering Depa rtment, Institute of Science , Duzce University, Tu rkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-4038 -2176 Abstract – Within the scope of the stud y, fiber production was investigated b y using wheat stra w as the main ra w mate rial sourc e with soda- hydra zine (N 2 H 4 ) modified cooking method. During the cooking stag e of wheat straw, diff erent N 2 H 4 ratios, different temperatures, different cookin g times and dif ferent liquor/straw ratios were tried to determine the effect of soda-N 2 H 4 method on fiber prod uction from wheat straw. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the N 2 H 4 modification in soli d and liquid form could not provide the desired level of delig nification on the wheat stalks, and an effective cooking pr ocess did not take plac e. I t was deter mined that with the increase of kappa number depending on the N 2 H 4 modification, the total y ield and the reject ratio increased and the viscosit y value decreased. Keywords – Wheat straw, h ydrazine, fiber, yield, kappa, visco sity. I. I NTRODUCT ION Today , in parallel with the increasing population and development in the world, consumption is also increasing. As it is known, the increase in paper consumption in a cou ntry is an indicator of development in the fields of culture and industry for that country . Paper play s an important role in writing, cleaning, packaging, and the production o f newspapers, books and magazines. Since paper is a non-durable consumer good, despite the increasing population and develop ment, the development of the paper industry has been significantly affected b y decreasing raw material resources, increasing environmental pollution and energy prices. Therefore, studies condu cted in r ecent y ears aim t o obtain the hi ghest efficienc y from raw mat erials, t o keep consumption at the lo west level durin g production, to reduce environmental pollution as much as possible and to improve qua lit y [ 1]. Chemicals used in pulp production b y chemical method, cooking temper ature and time c ause the degrada tion of carboh y drates in the chips and cause the y i eld to be lower than other pulp productio n methods. For this reason, in man y studies in the li terature, while pulp is obtained by using chips fr om diffe rent tree species, ch emicals s uch as a nthraquinone [2] , [3], [ 4], [5] , [6], [7], poly sulfide [8], [9] [ 10], [ 11] and sodium boroh y dride [ 12], [13] , [14] , [15] [16], [17], [18], [ 19] have been a dded to the cooking liquor to partially eliminate the low e fficiency, which is the most obvious di sadvantage of th e chemical me thod. Tozluoğlu et al., Effect of Hydrazine Modificati on on Paper Pulp Production from Wheat Straw with Soda Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 26 In this stud y, it was aime d to determine the e ffect of the soda-N 2 H 4 method on the pulp fibers wit h differe nt N 2 H 4 c oncentrations, different temperature, different co oking times and differen t liquor/wheat straw r atios in the cooking experiments for the paper production from wheat straw. II. MATE RIAL S AN D METHOD A. Materials Within the scope of the study, freshly cut wheat straws (Triticum aestivum L .) from th e province of Kütahy a (Turke y ) were used as the main raw material sourc e in fiber production. Wheat stalks were brought to Düzce Universit y Faculty of Forestry Sample Pr eparation Laboratories, and various weeds were removed and sized to 3-5 cm in length. B. Method In the study, it was planned to produce fiber f rom wheat stalks with the soda-N 2 H 4 method. I n th is context, fiber production was carried out in 10 l rotating dige ster which c an be heated el ectrically , resistant to 25 kg/cm 2 pressure and the temperatu re can be controlled b y the rmostat with an automat ic control table. In production, the active alkali content (as Na 2 O) is 14% a nd the N 2 H 4 ratio is 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 (hy drazinium chloride-solid for m and hy drazine monohydrate-liquid form) maxim um tempera ture 140 °C, time to reach maximum temperature 30, 35 and 40 min., cooking time at max imum temperature 50, 55 and 60 min. and the liquor/wheat straw ratio was taken as 5/1, 6/1 and 8/1. A tot al of 36 cooking experiments with 12 re petitions were carried o ut under the specified c ooking conditions. The resultin g pulps were broken up and washed on a 150 mesh screen with plenty of water until the black liquor is remov ed and kept in a laborator y t ype disintegra tor for 10 minutes. And then the y wer e scree ned by emplo y in g a flat laboratory screen (Somerville Flat Screen, Techlab S ystems) with a slot width of 0.15 mm (TAPP I T275). After scree ning, the non -fibrous parts were separated an d the y ield and reject (TAPPI T 210 cm-03) were determined. Viscosity (SCAN-CM 15-62) and kappa numbers (TAPP I T 236 om -99) of t he obtained fibers were d etermined and c ompar ed wit h y i eld and reject amount, the effect of soda- N 2 H 4 (hy drazine) method on fiber production from whea t straw was tried to be determined. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSS I ON Screene d y i eld, reject, total y i eld, kappa and viscosity values in fibe r production from wheat straw by soda-N 2 H 4 method are given in Table 1. Tab le 1. Yield, kappa and viscosity values ob tained after sod a -N 2 H 4 pulpin g production Cooking Number Active Alka line Content (%) N 2 H 4 conc. (%) N 2 H 4 form Temperature (ºC) Time to max . temp (min) Cooking t ime at max. temp. ( min ) Liquor /Wheat straw ra tio Elenmiş Verim (%) Rej ect (%) Total Yield (%) Kappa Number Viscosity (cP ) 1 14 - - 140 40 60 8/1 40.9 9.82 50.7 22.6 52.6 2 14 0.3 Solid 140 40 60 8/1 37.7 13.1 50.8 27.8 40.7 3 14 0.5 Solid 140 40 60 8/1 39.6 12.9 52.5 30.6 38.5 4 14 0.7 Solid 140 40 60 8/1 39.7 14.4 54.1 32.2 37.6 5 14 - - 140 30 50 5/1 44.6 7.12 51.7 47.4 - 6 14 0.3 Solid 140 30 50 5/1 44.1 6.23 50.3 42.5 - 7 14 0.5 Solid 140 30 50 5/1 46.6 8.42 55.0 48.0 - 8 14 0.3 Liquid 140 30 50 5/1 43.3 6.84 50.1 29.5 - 9 14 0.5 Liquid 140 30 50 5/1 42.4 6.70 49.1 30.8 - 10 14 0.7 Liquid 140 30 50 5/1 43.4 5.68 49.1 24.3 - 11 14 - - 140 35 55 6/1 44.6 6.50 51.1 24.0 - 12 14 0.5 Liquid 140 35 55 6/1 41.2 6.15 47.4 23.3 - Tozluoğlu et al., Effect of Hydrazine Modificati on on Paper Pulp Production from Wheat Straw with Soda Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 27 When Table 1 is examined; according to the cookin g results between 1 and 4, it was determined that the total y ield and the p ercentage of the reject inc reased with the rising up in the kappa number du e to the N 2 H 4 modification in sol id form, and as a result, an adequate a nd effective cooking process did not tak e place in parallel with th e lack of deli gnification at the desired level. However, a ccording to li terature studies; [11], [18], [19] when anthraquinone, polysulfide and sodium borohy dride are added i n certain propor ti ons to the soda/kraft cooking liquor, they reduce the carbon yl group at the reducing en d of the c ellulose chain to the h y d rox yl group durin g cooking, thereb y stopping the possible p eeling reac tion, thus preventing the r eduction in y ield during cooking, and the pulp. The y stated that it increased the screened yield and therefore the tota l y i eld, and that the chemicals used had an active delignification effec t on lignin. Cooking c ondit ions were changed based on the first four trials and when the results between 5 and 7 of the cooking which w as performed with the solid form N 2 H 4 modification were examined; it was observed that the total yield was not a ffected compared to the 1-4 cook ings, but the ka ppa numb er increased. A fter this point, when the results of cooking performed with N 2 H 4 in li quid form under differe nt cooking conditions were examined, it was seen that the ch ange in total yield a nd ka ppa number did not differ much fr om cooking between 1-7. C ONCLUSION In thi s study, the effects of N 2 H 4 on soda method were investigated by using wheat straw as ra w material. A significant increase in kappa numb er was observed with the addition of N 2 H 4 in the soda method. Addition of N 2 H 4 to soda pulp resulted in an increase in yield a n d a decrease in viscosit y value. As a result of the experiments, the desired results in yield, kappa and viscosit y could not be observed with the soda-N 2 H 4 method in fiber production from wheat straw. A CKNOWLEDGMENT This study was supported by TUBITAK TEYDEB 1505 (Project No: 5180044). R EFE RENCES [1] Ş. Bostancı, Kağıt Hamur u Ü retim ve Ağartma Tekno l ojisi, Trabz on:K.T .Ü. B asımevi No: 1 14, 1987. [2] D. N. Jakate, G . V. Rao, V. S. R Sw amy, C. V. Swamy , K. Gopich and and G. S . R. P. Sarm a, “Sod a- A Q pu lping of rice straw,” Tappi J ournal, vol . 64 (6), pp. 124-125, 1 9 81. [3] A . H. Man ji, “Kraf t p u lping of coastal softw o od from B ritish Col u mbia using A Q an d a digeste r additive,” T appi Journa l , vol. 79 (10), p p. 147- 152, 1996. [4] C. Atik, “Soda -AQ pulping o f okra stalk,” Cellul o se Chemistry and Technolo gy, vol. 36(3-4), p p . 353-35 6, 2002. [5] M. A k gül a nd A . Tozl u oğlu, “ A comparison of soda and soda -AQ pulps from co tt on stalks, ” African Journ al o f Biotechno logy, vol . 8 (22), pp. 6127-6133, 20 0 9. [6] S. Kamy a r, K. Ot har and P. Rudolf, “ C omparison of MEA/AQ , soda and soda/AQ pulping of wheat and rye straw , ” Industrial C rops and Products, vol . 52, pp. 6 0 3-610, 2014 . [7] S. K. Gül so y, A. Kılıç Pekgözl ü and A. C. Aktaş, “ Uti lization of th e pomeg ranate tree (Punica granatum L . ) in t he paper industry ,” Turkish Journal of Agr iculture and F o restry, vo l. 3 9, pp. 295-299 , 2015. [8] O. Pekkala, “On the ex t ended del i gnification using pol ysulfi de or anthraquin one in kraft pulp i ng,” Paperi Ja Puu-Paper and Timber, vol. 64(11), p p. 735-741, 1982. [9] J. E. J iang, “ Exte nded modifie d cooking of Southern p ine w ith polysul fide – effe c ts on pu l p y i eld a nd phy sical p roperties, ” Tappi Journal, vol. 77( 2), pp. 120-124, 1 994. [10] M. MacL eod, T. Radiotis, V. Uloth, F. M unro and L. Te n ch, “ Basket cases IV: High er yield w ith Paprilo x (TM) polysulfide-AQ pulpin g of hardw oods,” Tappi Jour n al, vol. 1(8), pp. 3 -8, 200 2 . [11] M. Paanane n a nd H. Sixta, “ High-alkali low-te mp erature polysul fide pulping (H ALT) of Scots p ine,” B ioresource Technology, vol . 193, pp. 97 -102, 2015. [12] N. Hartler , “ Sulphate cooking with the addit ion of reducing agents,” Sve nsk Papperstidning , Prel i minary report on the addition of sodium borohy drid e, vol . 62(13), p p. 467 -47 0, 1959. [13] R. A urell and N. Hartler, “ Sul phate Cooking With th e A d dition of Reducing Agents- Part I I ,” T appi J ournal, vo l. 46 (4), pp. 209 -215, 1963. [14] V. Di aconescu and S. Pe trovan, “ K i netics of sulfate pulping with addition of sodium b orohy drid e,” Cellulose Chemistry and Tec hnology, vol . 10(3), pp. 357-378, 1976. [15] M. Akgül , Y. Ç ö pür and S. Temiz , “ A comparison of kraft and kraft - sodium borohy drat e brutia pine pulps ,” Buil d ing and Environme n t, v ol. 42(7), p p. 2586-2590, 200 7 . [16] A . I st ek a n d I. Ozkan, “ Eff ect of so d ium borohy d ride on Populus tremula L . k raft p u lping,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol . 32, pp. 131-136, 20 08. [17] A . Tutus, S. Ates, I . Deniz, “ Pulp and paper pro duction from Spruce w ood with k raft and modifi ed Kraft methods,” Afric a n Journ al of Biotechnol ogy, vol . 9(11), pp. 1 648- 1654, 20 1 0. [18] S. K. Gul so y and H. Eroglu, “Infl u ence of sodiu m b orohy drid e on kraft pulping of euro p ean black pine as a di geste r additive,” I ndust rial & Enginee rin g Chemistry Res earch, vol. 50(4), pp. 2441-2444, 2 0 11. [19] E. Gümüşkay a, E. Erişir, H. Kirci , N. Misi r, “ The effect of sodiu m borohy drid e on alkali n e sulfi te -anthraqui none pulping of pine (Pinus pinea) wood,” Industria l& Engineering Chem ist ry Research, vol. 50(13), p p. 8340-8343, 2 011. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Scie nces https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 28 Süperilet ken kabloların AA kayıpla rını ölçmek için kullanılan yöntemlerin karşı laştırıl m ası ve termal bir yönte m Rıfkı Terzioğlu 1* ve Türker Fedai Çavuş 2 1 Elektrik- Elektronik Mühend isliği / Mühen dislik Fakü ltesi , Bolu Abant İzzet Ba ysal Üniversite si , Türk iye 2 Elektrik- Elektron ik Mühen disliği / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Sakarya Üniversite si , Türkiye 3 Bölüm / E nstitü, Üniversite, Ülke * rifkiterzioglu@ibu .edu. tr Özet – Süperiletkenler e şsiz özellikleri ile son y üz y ılda oldukça ilgi çe kmişl erdir. Özellikle son 20 y ılda y üksek sıcaklık süperiletkenlerin ke şfi ve ge lişimi güç sistemlerindeki uygulamalarının say ısını arttır mıştır. Güç sistemlerinde süpe riletken kabloların kullanılması için normal il etkenlere kı y asla y üksek akım y oğunlu ğuna ve daha d üşük ka y ıplara sahip ol maları gerekmektedir. Süperiletken kablo üretimi nde en önemli parametr eler kablo üretiminde kullanılacak filaman/şeritlerin iyi el ektriksel, man y etik ve mekanik özelliklere sahip olmalarıdır. Bu özellikl ere sahip süperiletken kablolarda Alternatif Akım (AA) kay ıplarının ölçümü ve azaltılması önemli bir faktördür. AA kayıpları elektriksel, man ye tik ve t ermal y öntemler il e öl çülmektedir. Transport ka yıp ölçümlerinde genellikle elektriksel bir y öntem olan 4 kontak y öntemi kullanılmaktadır. B u y öntemin kullanımında fila man/şeritlere zarar verdiğ i özel durumlarda farklı ölçüm y öntemlerinin kullanılması ge rekmektedir. S üperiletken kablolar AA ve alternatif ma n y etik alana ay nı anda maruz kaldıklarında kayıplarını ölç mek için ölçüm y öntemleri i y ice azalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu gelene ks el y öntemler karşılaştırılmış ve e konomik bir termal y öntem anlatılmıştı r. Hassasiye ti düşük bir akış ölçe r ya rdımı ile buharlaşan sıvı mi ktarı ölçülmüş, harici bir güç ka ynağ ı y a rdımı ile kabloy a hiçbir bağ l antı y apılmad an AA kayıpları ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca termal yöntem ile edilen sonuçların ölçüm aralığının dar olması sebebi y le elde edilen sonuçlar, f arklı nümerik y öntemler (farkl ı ekstrapolas y on yöntemleri) kullanılarak daha geniş aralıkların tahmininde kulla nılmıştır. Termal yöntem il e ölçüm hassasi y etinin d üşük olduğu fakat geleneksel y öntemler ile ölçüm y a pılamayacak durumlarda k ayıplar hakkında bir ilk gözlem olanağı sunduğ u gö rülmüştür. Anah tar Kelimeler – Sü periletken, a lternatif akım kayıpları, termal yön tem, transp ort kayıpla rı, süperiletken ka blola r 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 29 Sezgisel Bulanı k TOPSIS Yönte mi Kullanıla ra k Bir Ca m İşleme İşletmesinde Ma kine Seçi mi Buse Duygu DAĞI D I R 1* , Barış ÖZKAN 2 1 Akıllı Sistemle r Mühend isliği / Lisan süstü Eğitim Enstitü sü , Ondo kuz Mayıs Ün iversite si , Tü rkiye 2 Endü stri Mühendi sl iği / Mü hendislik Fakü ltesi , Ondo kuz Mayıs Üniversite si , Türkiye * busedu yguyang [email protected] Özet – Üretim y apan işletmelerde makine y a tı rımı en önemli ve ha y ati kararlardan biridir. B ulunduğu piyasa da söz sahibi olmak isteyen işletmeler farklı lık y aratabilmek adına kapasitelerini artırmak y a da ürün kalitesini üst düzey e çıkar tmak için ya şam döngüleri içerisinde makine y atırıml arına ihtiyaç duymakta dırlar. Makine y a tırım kararı, birden faz la kişinin söz sahibi olması ne deni y le bir grup kararı niteliği taşırken, birden fazla kriteri de ğerlendirmeyi gerektirdiği için “çok kriterli karar verme y önte mleri” y a rdımı yla çözüml enebilmektedir. TOPSIS, pozitif ideal çözüme en y akın ve negatif ideal çözüme en uzak çözümü orta y a ko y an bir doğrusal ağırlıklandırma tekniğidir. Bulanık TOP SIS belirsizliğin ve çoklu karar vericilerin olduğu karar verme problemlerinin çözümünde kullanışlı bi r y ö ntemdir. Karar vericilerin kriter ve alternatif değerlendirmelerini dilsel ifadeler ile y apabilmesine olana k s ağlar. B ulanık kümelerin popüler bir uzantısı olan sezgis el bulanık küme, elemanlarını ait olm a, ait olmama ve tereddüt derecesi ile göster di ğinden karar ve ricilerin sözel olarak be lirttikleri düşünce lerini etkili bir şekilde ortay a koy ma ktadır . Grup karar verme problemlerinde her k arar verici ve kriter eşit derece de öneme sahip değildir, sezgisel bulanık TOPSI S y öntem inde öncelikle karar vericiler ve ardından karar vericilerin değerlendirmelerine göre kriterler ağırlıklandırılm aktadır. Daha sonra alternatiflerin sezgi sel ideal çözüm e uzaklıkları hesaplanarak, alternatifler sıralanmakta ve içlerinden seçim yapılmakta dır. Bu çalışmada çok kriterli karar verme y öntemlerind en sezgisel bulanık TOPSIS k ullanılarak bir cam işleme işletmesinde roda j makinesi seçimi problemi ele alınmıştı r. B u ama çla öncelikle beş tane alternatif rodaj makine si ve alternatifleri değerlendirmek için sek iz tane kriter belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra sezgisel bulanık TOPSIS y öntemi uygulanara k alternatifler sıralanmıştır. Sonuç olarak en yüksek skor a sahip olan a ltern a tif tercih edilmişti r. Anah tar Kelimeler – Makin e S eçimi, TOPSI S, B ulanık M an tık, Sezgisel B u lanık TOPS IS , Ç ok Kriterli Karar Verme 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on Applied E ngineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 30 Determination of optimum insulati on thickness and CO 2 e mission a mount of various insula tion materials for Karabük provinc e Abdullah Dağdeviren 1 Steel – I ron Institute, Karabuk University, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5418 -4445 Abstract – Modern societies around the world have developed several methods to use and control energy resources effectively. Energ y consumption in Turkey h as been increased dramaticall y by residence and industry requirements. Among this increment, 30% of the total amount of e nergy is consum ed in residences approximately. That is wh y researchers have been working for y ears to reduce our ener gy consumpti on due to costs. I n this stud y , for the province of Ka rabük, ene rg y requirement fo r hea ting purposes and per capita emissions are calculated using a new method, cons idering different insulation materials for natural gas fuel. Heating period b y comparing th e amount of carbon dioxide emitted from a unit area ac cording to the t y p e of differe nt insulation materials for natural ga s fuel and without insulation, the effec t of the optimum insulation thickness (OIT) on the environment a nd energy was calculated for K arabük province. I n the calculations made, energy cost s are 2,001 x 10 -4 . The optimum insul ation thicknesses were calculated as 4.4 c m, 4.7 c m, and 5.27 cm for XPS, EP S and rock wool, re spectively. Rep ayment ter ms are ca lculated as 3.46, 5.84 and 2.15 y ears, re spectively. I t is calcula ted as 1.79 kg / person y ear for the provinc e of Karabük if the fuel is natura l gas. Keywords – Optimum insulati on th ickness, CO 2 emission, XP S, EPS , Rock wool I. I NT RODUCTI ON Dozens of people die eac h y e ar due to diseases caused by a ir pollution. CO 2 is one of the ga ses that cause air pollution [ 1]. The main source of t he accumulation of CO 2 ga s in the a tmosphere is fossil fuels burned to mee t the hea ting needs of the houses. Excess fuel burned for h eating needs in houses th at do not have proper thermal insulation causes both energy costs and CO 2 e missions. Therefore, it i s very important to have the right thickne ss as well a s insulation [2]. In this stud y , the optimum insulation thickness required for three different insul ation materials for Karabük province was det ermined, energy costs, pa y back periods of insul ation and CO 2 emission rate were c alculated b y bu rning natural gas to bring it to the desire d t emperatures. II. M A TERIAL S AND M E THOD In this stud y for Ka rabük, the opti mum insulation thickness, energy cost an d CO2 emission in case of natural gas bur ning were calculated for three different insulation materials for the w all structure shown in Figure 1. The wall t y pe in Figure 1 is made for one type o f fuel (natural gas) and three insulation materials (XPS , EPS, Rockwool) . Th e cross-sectional picture of the two walls used in the study is shown in Figure 1. is seen. Wall components in this figure; (a) interior plaster (3 cm ), (b) ga s concrete (13.5 cm), (c) i nsulation material, (d) exterior plaster appears as (2 cm). The most he at loss or heat gain in buildings occurs on the outer wall. Heat losses and gains on the outer wall are differe nt acc ording to th e direction of the buil ding, its location, whether it is insulated or not, and the properties of the materi als used in the outer wall components. In this study , the annual energy need for heating was calculated with the equations numbered 15. Heat loss transferre d from the outer wall unit area , Equi. It is given in 1 [ 3 ]. Dagdeviren ., Determination of optimum insulation thickness and C O2 emission amount of various insulation materials for Karabük province , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 31 Fig. 1 . Cross-sect ion s o f wall types used in t he study (a) interior plaster ( 3 cm ), (b) gas concrete (13.5cm), (c) insulation m aterial, (d) ex terior p last er (2cm). q = U . (T b – T o ) (1) In the equation, U is the outer wall total heat transfer coefficient [W/m 2 K] , Tb is the equilibrium temperature [ °C] , and to is the indoor temperature [°C]. External wall tot a l heat transfer co e fficient Equation. It is calculated with Equation 2 [4 ]. U = 1 R a +R b +R c +R d (2) In the e quation, U outer wa ll total heat transfer coeff icient [ W/m 2 K ], Ra and Rd are the thermal convection c oefficients of the inner and outer wall surface, respectively. Rb is the tot a l heat tr ansfer coeff icient of the non-insulated wa ll lay er. Rc shows the thermal resistance of the insul ation material use d, x the laye r thickness of the insulation material (m), k y the heat transmission coefficie nts of the insulation mater ial [W /mK], Eq. I t was calculated with Equation 3 [5 ]. 𝑈 = 1 𝑅 𝑦 (3) The annual amount of e nerg y consumed for heating on the exterior walls of the buil ding, with an d without insulation, is given in Equation 5 [6 ]. I n the equation, C f ; fuel cost, IDS; heating degree hour value, LHV ; lower heating v alue of fuel (J/m 3 ), η; repre sents the efficienc y of the heating s y stem. Tab le 1. Values used i n calculations Parameters Values IDS (Karabük) ( ° C hou r) 4347 XPS (heat transfer coefficien t ) 0.033 W/mK EPS (heat transfer coefficien t ) 0.036 Rock wool (heat transfe r coefficient ) 0.04 Natural gas 34.285 x 10 6 J/m 3 ℎ %90 P 1 9 P 2 1 The following e quation 5 was used to find the optimum thickness of the insulations. T opt = ( IDS . C f . P 1 .k y P 2 .LHV . C i .h ) − k y . R wt (5) Payback period of insul ation Equation. It is given in 6. 𝐺Ö𝑆 = 𝐿𝐻𝑉 . 𝐶 𝑖 . 𝑃 2 .ℎ .( 𝑅 𝑤𝑡 .𝑇 +𝑅 𝑤𝑡 2 .𝑘 𝑦 ).(1+ 𝑖 ) 𝐶 𝑓 . 𝐼𝐷𝑆 (6) The general combustion equation fo r natural gas used in flue gas emissi on calculations is given in Equation 7. 𝐶 1, 05 𝐻 4 𝑂 0, 034 𝑁 0, 022 + 2, 033 ( 𝑂 2 + 3, 76 𝑁 2 ) → 1, 05 𝐶 𝑂 2 + 2 𝐻 2 𝑂 + 7, 655 𝑁 2 (7) In Equation 7, CO and NOx emissions are neg lected. Emissions fro m the combustion of 18 to 1 kg of fuel rates have been calculated. 𝑀 𝐶𝑂 2 = 𝑥.𝑚 𝐶𝑜 2 𝑀 𝑦𝑎𝑘𝚤𝑡 (8) CO 2 per unit surface based on annual fue l consumption emission amount Equations 9, 𝐶 𝑂 2 = 𝑀 𝐶𝑜 2 . 𝑁𝑇𝐷 . 𝐾𝑆 𝑁𝑆 (9) The surfac e a rea of an averag e house in NTD is taken as 100 square meters, in KS the number of residence s in Karabük province is accepted as 100000, and the number of population in Ns as Dagdeviren ., Determination of optimum insulation thickness and C O2 emission amount of various insulation materials for Karabük province , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 32 300000 rooms. According to 2011 OECD countries gre enhouse ga s emission values, While the count ry with the highest CO2 emissions is the USA with 6.7 billion tons, Turkey ranks ninth with 422 million tons, OECD States' avera ge gre enhouse gas emissions per capita is 12.8 tons I t is the CO2 equivalent. Australia 24.7 tonnes CO2 per capita ranks first among OECD countrie s with its equivalent Turkey has the least gre enhouse gas emission with 5.7 tons of CO 2 equivalent is among the emitting countries [7 ]. III. R ESULTS Heating period b y co mparing the amount o f carbon dioxide emitted f rom a unit ar ea accordin g to the t y pe of different insul ation materials for natural gas fue l and without insulation, the effect of the optimum insul ation thickness (OIT) on the environment a nd energy was ca lc ulated for Karabük province. In the c alculations made, energy costs are 2,001 x 10-4. The optimum insulation thicknesses were calculated as 4.4 cm, 4.7 cm, and 5.27 cm for XPS, EPS and roc k wool , respectively . Repayment terms are calculated as 3.46, 5.84 a nd 2.15 y ears, respec tivel y. It is c alculated as 1.79 k g / person y ea r for the province of Karabük if the fuel is natural gas. IV. DI SCUSS ION Although the subject of optimum insulation thickness is a frequently encountered subject in the literature, it s applications are not made a ccording to these results. S tudies on this subject need not b e taken into acc ount. V. CONCLUSION In the stud y, the optimum insulation thickness of differe nt insulation materials was calculated for th e province of Karabük in case the fuel is natural gas. In the calculations made, energy costs are 2,001 x 10-4. The optimum insulation thicknesses were calculated as 4.4 cm, 4.7 cm, and 5.27 cm for XPS, EPS and rock wool, respectivel y . Repa y ment terms are calculated as 3.46, 5.84 and 2.15 years , respec tivel y. It is c alculated as 1.79 k g / person y ea r for the province of Kara bük . R EFE RENCES [1] A . Dagdevire n , B . Acar, and M . Aydın, “ A lternative h eat insulation m ethod for rigid construction walls ,” Interna tional Jo urnal of Energy S tudies. , vol. 6, pp. 19 – 35 , 2021 [2] M . Ertürk, “ Calculat ion amount o f carb on dioxide and sulfur dioxide per capita area , per unit area for the heating period : Exam ple of Iz mir,” Journa l of th e Faculty of Enginee ring and Architectu re of Gazi Un iversity , vol. 36 , pp. 3 19 – 332, 2021 [3] O. Bu yukalaca, M. Bulut, T. Yıl maz, “ Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree -days for Turke y, ” Applied En ergy , vol. 69, pp. 26 9 – 283 , 2001 [4] M. Kad ıoglu , Z. Sen, “ Degree day for mulations and [5] applicatio n in Turkey, ” Jou rnal of App lied Meteorology, vol. 38 (6) , pp. 37 – 46 , 1999 [6] N. Daouas, H. Hassen, a nd H. Aıssıa, “Analytical period ic solution for the study o f thermal p erfor man ce and opti mum i nsulatio n thickness of buildi ng walls in ,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 30( 4), pp. 319 – 326 , 2 010 [7] ÖA. Do mbaycı, M. Gö lc ü, an d Y. P ancar, “ Optimization of ins ulation th ickness for ext ernal w alls using different energy-sources ,” A pplied Energy , vol. 8 3, p p. 921 – 928 , 2006 [8] http://www.tuik. gov.tr/basinO dasi/haberler /2014 _22_20 140408 d.pdf. Erişim tarihi, 14.10.2018. 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 33 The Effect of Indi u m Addition on the Corross ion Be haviors o f Sn – 3 Ag – 0.5Cu Solder Allo y In Hydrochloric Acid So lution Serkan OGUZ * , Ahmet Mustafa ERER 2, Yunus TÜREN 3 and Hay rettin AHLATÇI 4 1 Departmen of Ph ysics/Faculty o f Science , Karabük Un iversity, TURKEY 2 Departmen of Ph ysics/Faculty o f Science , Karabük Un iversity, TURKEY 3 Departmen t of Metallu rgical an d Materials En gineering /Faculty of Engin eering , Karab ük University, TUR KEY 4 Departmen t of Metallu rgical an d Materials En gineering /Faculty of Engin eering , Karab ük University, TUR KEY * (soguz78@gma il.com ) Email o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – This paper aims to investi gate the effect of indium addition on the corrosion behavior of Sn – 3.0Ag – 0.5Cu (S A C 305) solder alloy in 1M HCl a cid solution under potenti odynamic polarization. Afte r electroc hemical tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X- r ay spectroscop y (EDX) were used to examine the propertie s of the samples. Polarization studies indica ted that an addition of 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.% In in the SAC305 solder alloy doesn’t lead to significantly different corros ion potentials. I nstead of a true passivation reg ion, a pseudo-passivation reg ion is observed in which currents are nearl y constant (though high). This pseudo -passive region do es not ha ve a r eactivation point wit hin the scanning interval. Corrosion rates, on the other hand, follow a pattern in which 0.5 wt.% indium replacement of silver causes a drop-in corrosion rate. W ith the further replacement of sil ver with indium, ho w ev e r , the corrosion rate increases. Microstructure analysis reveals the ex istence of gaps and porositi es which introduce limits on the forma tion and stabilit y of protective passive corrosion products. Keywords – In -ad dition, corrosion , microstructure, Pb -free s older a lloy, HCL. 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13, 202 2, Konya, Turkey 34 Studying The We tting Properties of Sn -0.7C u Binary Pb-Free So lder Alloys on Cu Sub strate Awam Mahmood Rahmadan BAKR * Serkan OGUZ 2 and Ahme t Mustafa ERER 3 1 Physics/Facu lty of Scien ce, Karab ük Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0003-485 9-1201 2 Physics/Facu lty of Scien ce, Karab ük Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 0000 -00 01- 6315 -8970 3 Physics/Facu lty of Scien ce, Karab ük Un iversity, Turkey ORCID ID 00 00 -0003-435 8-4010 * (soguz78@gma il.com) Email of the correspond ing author Abstract – This article aims to improve the wetting properties o f Sn -0.7Cu lea d-free solder alloy on Cu substrate b y sessile drop method in Ar g as atmosphere. Scanning e lectron microscop y (SEM) a nal ysis was performe d to ex amine the properties o f the solder allo y samp le. It was d etermined that as th e temp erature value increased, the wett ing angles d ecreased and the spreading rate incre ased. The low est wetting angle value was measured as 57.54 ° at 310 ℃ . According to th e SEM analy sis results, it was r eported that the Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn lay ers formed on the interface became mor e prominent as the temperature value increased. Keywords – Lead -free Sold er Alloy, wetting ang le , Sn -0.7Cu alloy. I. I NT RODUCTI ON Soldering and its p rocesses i n the area of the elect rical and e lectronics ind ustry are used f or bonding materials to each o ther i n elect ronic pa ckag es. Soldering operations in these interco nnection m odules are critical in term s of providing electrical and mechanica l streng th. Tin/lead (Sn – Pb) solder alloy , known as t he eutec tic or nearly eutectic alloys has lo ng bee n dom inat ing the fiel d as a solder ing material in the electric al and electronics industry due to its lowe r melting tem perature ( 183 ℃ ), superior soldering ability, and reliability [ 1]. Howev er, because the lead elem ent in the eutectic Sn -Pb solder alloy has neg ative effects o n the environm ent and human health, th e legislat ion that obliges the remov al of lead- containing sol der alloys from el ectronic connections is actively followed in the European Union (EU) and around the wor ld. So it i s on t he list of bann ed elements. Due to the hig h cost of recycling process es required in the electrical and electronics industry , the recycling rates of electroni c devices are very low [2]. Since most electronic device s contain lead elem ents, they will end up in the soil and thus in a garbag e st ate, where the end-of-life electroni c device wastes are found in the local ecosystem . The E U has taken a s t ance on ban ning lead in solde ring proc esses in e lectronic d evices. At the beg inning of the 200 0s, tw o directives we re env i saged to be adopted, namely the WEEE and RoHS direct ives, which restrict the use of toxic subs tances [3 ]. Toget her with t he WEEE directive, it requires the remov al of lead f rom t he components of end- of - life electro nic d evices. RoHS specif ically prohibits the use of lead in electron ic devices m anufactured after Jul y 1, 2006. All electron ic devices m anufactured or imported in EU member states must be lead-free under these directives. Lead - free solder alloys that can repla ce the eut ectic or near-eutectic Sn-Pb sol der alloy should have similar or better reliability in ter ms of m echanical and wetting pr operties. The low melting temperature o f Sn- Pb lead- containi ng sold er alloys is 183 °C, which contributes to t he reliability of sol de r joints in the soldering process used in elec trical and electronic packaging. Alternativ e lead -free solder alloy s BAKR et al., Studying The Wetting Properties of Sn -0.7Cu Bin ary Pb-Free Solder Alloys on Cu Substrate, ICAE NS 2022, Konya, T urkey 35 to be produ ced s hould h ave a melting t em perature similar to exi sting Sn- Pb solders, e specially eutecti c and near-eutectic solder alloy s. T he creep-fatigue ability of the sold er alloy during the manufacturing process m ust have an electrica l conduct ivity of at leas t as m uch or better to transmit electrical sig nals efficien tly . Alternative l ead-free solder alloys should also be toxic- free and hav e a relativ ely inexpens ive cos t [1]. I t is an important condition that a suitable metallurgical bond is form ed between the l ead-free solder alloy and the surface to be soldered, whic h is called the base meta l, according to the properties of t he base materia l on wh ich the solder is m ade . Interm etall ic phase s (I MC 's) may occur, whi ch will significa ntly affe ct the expected bo nd structure in the m etallurg ical structure, due to the soldering process of the solid alloy by melting and the interaction of the liquefied alloy (solder) with the substrate a long the su rface and the properties of t he m etals in the alloy [4]. The structu re of the metal m at erial used, its tem perature, therm al conduc t i vity, th e roughness of the surface, the t hickness of the bas e m aterial to be soldered, etc. Conditions are factors that affect soldering . Copper (Cu) elem ent i s wide l y use d in the soldering process in term s of its electric al conductivi ty [5-7]. In soldering processes in electronic s packag i ng, the m ec hanical support depends on the structure of the so lder j oints and also acts a s electr ical interconnects. I f any of these af orem entioned requirements a re not m et , the soldering joint (solderin g process) is considered t o be unsuccessfu l, which can lead to sys t em crashes in electronic devices used i n the electrical and electr onics in dustry [8]. Among the binary- triple lea d- free solder alloys produ ced and used as an alternativ e to lead-containing solder alloys, tin - silver-copper- containing Sn - Ag -Cu (SAC) and tin-silver- cont aining Sn-Ag (SA) eutectic alloy s have lower melting points and wetting abilities. are considered c andidate alloys. The alloy t hat can b e used instead of t he lead-conta ining alloy for the process called wave soldering is Sn-0.7Cu all oy [9-10]. In the ea rly 2000s, SAC solder for reflow soldering and eutectic Sn- Cu alloys for wav e solderi ng were a ccepted as potentia l candidates in terms of ergonom ic properties and practical breeding was anticipa t ed [11-12]. It is k nown t hat Sn-Cu eutectic binary lead-free solder alloy with a melting temperature o f 227C has a Sn - r ich phase and a Cu6Sn5 phase [13]. In addi tion, it is an import ant facto r t hat it shows excellen t solderin g properties and ha s cost advantages ov er Ag- containing solder a lloys [14 ] . I n thi s study , wetting properties of Sn-based 0.7Cu binary lea d-free solder alloy s on Cu substrate was investig ated. The variation of wetting angles depending on time (the spread of Cu on the substrate) was exam i ned by the sessile d r op m et hod in Ar a tmospher e. II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD The wetting properties of Sn-0.7Cu binary lead -fre e solder alloy were investigated by the sessile drop metho d on a 99.85% pure electrolyti c copper substrate. Lead -fre e solder alloys were dropped onto the copper substrate at various predeterm ined tem per atures (250, 280, and 310°C). T he experim ent was record ed for about 10 m inutes at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 s econds and by the "Casio Made Pro EX -F1 300 FPS" model video camera as soon as the drops fell on the Cu substrate. The we tting an gle between the solder/C u substrate was measure d with the "Corel Draw X5 software" with the help of the screenshots of t he video in the specif ied seconds. The graphs o f t he wett ing ang le values m easur ed at the end of the experim ent were plotted using the "Sigm a Pl ot 12" prog ram. The chemical components and interm etallic l ayer s (I MC's) that may occur on t he interf ace between the solder alloy and the Cu subs trate was inv est ig ated wi th the help of XRD analysis. The I MC ' s form ed on the interface between t he solder an d the C u substrate were exam ined with t he help of SEM analysi s and obs erved one by one for th ree experim ent ally determ ined temperature v alues. III. R ESULTS AND DI S CUSS I ON When the chang e of wetting a ngle is examined depending on time, it is seen that the angle values decrease pa r abol ically ov er time and the angle val ue stabilizes and r eaches equilibr ium from the 60th secon d (Fig. 1). Wetting angle v alues at tem peratures of 250, 280, and 310 ℃ decrease as the temperature incre as es . Likewise, the spreading tendency of the solder alloy on the Cu substr ate incre ases proportionally wi t h the ang le value. The smaller the wetting angle, t he faster the spreading ra te. I t is known t hat there are both physical and chemical interactions between l ead- f ree solder and Cu substrat e. Analyz es were made with the " CARL ZEI SS ULTRA PLUS GEMINI FESEM" and "Q150R ROTARY- PUMPED SPUTTER COATER/CAR BON COATER " devices used for SEM analy si s at Karabük Univer sity MARGEM Laboratories. I nt ermetall ic layers formed by the combination of Sn -C u/ Cu substrate are seen at the interface. T hese form ed intermetallic l ayer s are in the form of interm et allic component s ( Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn) at the interface dur ing the sol dering pr ocess. As seen in the results obtained fro m SEM analysis, it is obvious that the phases for med at the interfac e are seen more clea rly as t he change in t he g ro wth rate of IMCs increases. As the experim ent al measurem ent tem per ature v al ues ( 250, 280, and 310℃) increase, it is seen that t he t hick ness of the IMC' s f ormed on th e i nt erface increa se s gra dually. BAKR et al., Studying The Wetting Properties of Sn -0.7Cu Bin ary Pb-Free Solder Alloys on Cu Substrate, ICAE NS 2022, Konya, T urkey 36 In addition, it is seen that the intermetallic la y er has a flatt er m orp hological str ucture and the roughness of t he Cu substrate material decrease s at the highest m easure ment temper ature value selected as 310 C duri ng the e xperi ment p rocess (Figure 2). Fig. 1 Time-dependent con tact angle values of Sn -based 0.7Cu and Pb free binary solder alloy at 250, 280, and 310℃ [15]. Fig. 2 SEM i m age of Sn -based 0.7Cu content Pb-free binary solder alloy at (a) 250℃ (b) 280℃ (c) 310℃ [1 5 ]. Fig. 3 XRD analysis f or Cu 3 Sn and Cu 6 Sn 5 of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free sol der alloy for [15 ]. The formation of intermeta llic compounds i n Sn -Cu/Cu brazing system s occurs in two st ages. The first IMC's Cu 6 Sn 5 phase form ed on the interface during the BAKR et al., Studying The Wetting Properties of Sn -0.7Cu Bin ary Pb-Free Solder Alloys on Cu Substrate, ICAE NS 2022, Konya, T urkey 37 soldering process. Later, it is seen that the Cu 3 Sn phase is formed between this phase and Cu substrate ( Fig. 3) The diffusion of Cu ato m s is faster than Sn ato m s, resulting in the f orm ation of an I MC' s ri ch in C u elements on th e inte rface (F ig. 2). IV. CONCLUSION 1- When the temperature- dependent wetting ang le change graphs of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solde r alloy were examined, it was observ ed t hat the angle values decreased expone ntially according to tim e and came to equilibrium after the 60t h second. 2- The lowest contact angle was obtained as 57.54° at 310°C. 3- As a r esult of SEM and XRD analyz es, it was observed that se conda ry intermetallic phases were formed i n the m icrostructure and it was understood that these phases were Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn. 4- It is seen that the Cu 6 Sn 5 phase fi rstly fo rmed in a fringed struc ture, and the Cu 3 Sn phase th en form ed as a thin layer betwe en Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu sub stra te. 5- However, it has been un derstood from the analy zes and literatu re research th at t he Cu 3 Sn phase is m uch thinner and takes long er to form than the Cu 6 Sn 5 phase. R EFE RENCES [1] H. Ma and J.C. Suhling, “Areview of mechanical prop erties of lead -free solders for electro nic packaging,” J Mater Sci, vol 44, pp. 1141 -1158, 2009 . [2] L.J. Turbini, G.C. M unie, D. Ber nier, J . Ga malski and D.W. Berg m an, “E xamining the en vironmental i mpact o f lead- free soldering alter natives,” IEEE Transactio ns on Electronics Packag ing MAnufacturing , vol 24 (1), pp. 1521 -1524, 2001. [3] J.S. Hw ang, “Im pleme nting lead - free electronics,” McGra w Hill, Ne w York, NY, p1, 2004. [4] B.L. Silva, N. Cheung, A. Gar cia and J.E. Spinelli, “Sn - 0.7Cu-(xNi) allo ys: Microstructure -mechanica l prop erties correlations with s older/substrate inter facial heat transfer coefficient,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds , v ol 632, pp. 274-28 5, 2015. [5] K. Nogita, C.M. Gourla y and T . Nishimura, “Cracking and phase stabil ity in reaction la y ers bet ween Sn - Cu -Ni solders and Cu substrates,” Le ad- free sold er, vol 6 1, pp. 45 -51, 2009. [6] H. Nishikawa, J .Y. P iao and T. Takemoto, “I nterfacial reaction bet w een Sn -0.7Cu ( -Ni) solder and Cu substr ate, Journa l of Electron ic Materials, vol 35, pp. 1127 -1132 , 2006. [7] J.W . Yoon, Y. H. Lee, D.G. Ki m , H.B . Kan g, S.J. Suh, C.W. Yang, C.B . L ee, J.M. Jung, C.S. Yoo and S.B. Jung, “ Inter m etallic compound layer gro wth at the interface bet ween Sn- Cu -Ni sold er and substrate, ” Journa l of Alloys and C ompounds, vol 3 81, pp. 1 51 -157, 2004. [8] B.L. Silva, N. Cheu ng, A. Gar cia and J.E . Spinelli, “Thermal par ameters, m icrostruct ure and m echanical prop erties o f dir ectionally soldified Sn -0.7 w t. % Cu solder alloys contai ning 0 pp m to 100 0 ppm Ni,” Journal of Electron ic Materials, vol 42, p p. 179-191 , 2012. [9] S.W. Ch en, S.W. L ee, M.C. Yip, “ Mechanica l proper ties and intermetallic co mpound formation at the SnNi and Sn –0.7 wt.%Cu/Ni joints,” Journal of Electronic Materials , vol 3 2, pp . 1284 – 1289 . 2003. [10] W.T . Chen, C.E. Ho , C.R. Kao , “E ffect of Cu concentratio n on the interfacial r eactions between Ni a nd Sn - Cu solders,” Journa l of Materials Research, vol 17, 263 – 266, 2002. [11] K. Zeng, K.N. Tu, “Six cases of reliability stud y of P b - f ree solder j oints in electronic packagin g technology,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol R38, pp. 55 – 105, 2002. [12] G. Li, Y. Shi, H. Hao, Z . Xia, Y. L ei and F. Gu o, “Effect of phosphorus ele m ent on the comprehensive pr operties of Sn-Cu lead- free solder,” Jo urnal of Alloys a nd Compou nds, vol 491, pp. 382 -385, 2010. [13] K. Nogita, “Stabilisation of C u6Sn5 by Ni in Sn -0.7C u- 0.05 Ni lead- free sold er allo ys,” Intermetallics, vol 18, pp. 145 -149, 2010. [14] T . Ventura, S. T erzi, M. Rapp az and A. K. Da hle, “Effects o f solidification kinetics on micro structure formation in binary Sn - Cu solder alloys,” Acta Materialia, vol 59, p p. 1651 - 165 8, 2011. [15] A.M.R. BAKR, “Sn - 0.7Cu İkili k urşunsuz lehi m alaşımlarının te mas özelliklerinin Cu altlık üzeri nde incelenmesi,” MSc thesis, The Gr aduate Sch ool of Natural and A pplied Sciences, Karab ük, T urkey, June 2021. 2nd Internat ional Conference on Appl ied Engineerin g and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 38 Optimization of P ara meters Affecting Noodle Drying by Taguchi Metho d Rana Başataç 1 , Zehra Gülten Yalçın 2* , Mustafa Dağ 3 , and Ercan Aydoğmuş 4 1 Karatekin Un iversity, Facult y of E nginee ring, Department of Chemica l Eng ineering, Çan kırı, Turkey 2 Karatekin Un iversity, Facult y of E nginee ring, Department of Chemica l Eng ineering, Çan kırı, Turkey 3 Karatekin Un iversity, Facult y of E nginee ring, Department of Chemic a l Eng ineering, Çan kırı, Turkey 4 Fırat University, Fa culty of E nginee ring, Department o f Chemical E nginee ring, Elazığ, Turkey * (zaltin@karatekin .edu. tr) Ema il of the correspond ing author Abstract – I n this research, Taguchi method application studi es have been carried out to optimi ze the parameters affecting the dry ing of noodles mad e in Çankırı reg ion b y Sun, conve ntional oven, a nd microwave method. I n the experimental stud y , the noodles were dried in a single row in thin strips of 3 -4 mm constant thickness to form an area of 100 cm 2 (square plate). Variable parameters in thre e d ifferent dry in g methods a re temperature, duration, and mic rowave power leve l. S un dry ing of noodles was performe d at an ave rage temperature of 19 °C in June. Oven drying experiments were carried out at different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C) and times ( 30, 60, 90 minutes). Microwave drying operations were performe d at 300 W, 450 W, 600W power and 1, 2, 3 minutes respectivel y . The f actors affecting the moisture content that can be separated f rom the noo dles in the conventional o ven were determined as d rying temperature and drying time. I n mi crowave dr y ing, power and dr y ing time were chosen as control factors. For this purpose, the L9 orthog onal sequence w as arranged in the Taguchi de sign used in experimental studies. The effects of control factors w ere d etermined b y an al y zing variance anal ysis (ANOVA) at 95 - 97.6 % confidence l evel. The stud y also anal y zed moisture, ash, pr otein, color, and volum e increase for dried noodles with 3 differe nt dr y ing techniques. In the sun dry ing of the noodles, 9.47 moisture, 1.33 a sh, 10.73 protein, 87.48 L * color value, 1.03 â* c olor va lue, 22.46 B* c olor value, and 282.67 volume increase va lues were found. In ov en dr y ing, 9.20 moisture, 1.31 ash, 10.77 protein, 80.24 L * color value, 1. 64 â* color value, 24.10 B* color value, and 250.23 volume increase values were measured. 8.73 moi sture, 1.29 ash, 10.83 protein, 78.50 L * color value, 0.90 â* color value, 25.13 B* color value, and 262.40 volume increase values were dete rmined in microwave dr ying. Keywords – Noodles, Drying, Tag uchi meth od, V a riance analysis 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13 , 20 22, Konya, Turk ey 39 Kemik Rejeneras yo nu için Farklı Gö zenek Oranlarında ki Kafes Tab anlı Gözenekli Yapını n Geçirgenli k Perfor m ansının Değerlendiril mesi Derya KARAMAN 1 ve H üccet KAHRAMANZADE 1* 1 Makine Mü hend isliği / Müh endislik Fakültesi , Karadeniz Tekn ik Ün iversite si , Türkiye * ( h.kahrama nzade @ktu.edu.tr) Özet – Günümüzde, travmalar, kemik tümörleri veya osteonekroz g ibi çeşitli nedenler ve a rtan yaşlı nüfusa da bağlı olarak kemik ka y ıplarına sıkça rastlanılmaktadır. Kemik ka yıplarının giderilmesi ile hastanın kemik fonksiy onlarını devam ettirmesi, e stetik görünümün korunması g ibi hasta y aşam kalitesi korunmay a çalışılmaktadır. Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte, kemik kayıplarının y erini alması için gözenekli ya pı y a sahip protezlerin tasarlanması ve üretilmesi oldukça yaygındır. Protezler, hasta için kullanıma sunulmadan önce birçok sa y ısal ve dene ysel analizlere tabi tut ularak biyomeka nik olarak u ygunluğu araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kiriş tabanlı k afes y apılardan bir mim ari belirlenerek bu geometriy e sahip farklı gözeneklilik oranlarındaki iskelelerin kemik rejeneras y onu için u y gunluğunun araştırılması amaç lan mıştı r . Bu doğrultuda, iskele model lerinin kemik benzeri davranışlarını belirlemek iç in akış analizleri sa y ısal olarak gerçe kleştiril miştir. Hes aplamalı Akışka nlar Dina miği y öntemi ile y apılan akış a nalizleri son ucunda geçirge nlik değerle ri hesaplanmış olup, y apı içeri sinden geçen akış çizgileri ve y üze y lerde oluşan duvar kay ma gerilmeleri kay dedil mi ştir . Tasarla nan modellerin g eçirgenlik performanslarına b akıldığında, tüm modeller trabeküler kemik geçirge nli ğinin alt sınırının üstünde olduğu görülmektedir. A yrıca, duvar kayma gerilmesi ba kımından %50 ve %60 g öz eneklilikteki iskelelerde kemik hücre ge lişimi için olumsuz olabilecek gerilme değe rleri me y dana geldiği görül mektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Kemik re jenerasyon u , Geçirgenlik, Gözenekli Yapı, Hesap lamalı A kışkanla r Dinamiği Abstract – Toda y , bone loss is fre quently encountered due to various reasons such as tra umas, bone tumors or osteone crosis, and the increasing elde rly popu lation. W ith the elimination of bone loss, the p atient's quality o f life is tried to be pre served, such as maintaining the bone func ti ons of the patient and preserving the aesthetic appearance. With the developing technolog y, it is quite common to design and manufacture prostheses with a porous structure to replace bone losses. The biomechanical suit abilit y of the prosthesis is investigated b y subj ecting it to man y nume rical and experimental anal y zes befor e being put into use for the patient. In this stud y, it was aimed to investigate the suitabilit y of scaffolds with different porosit y ra tios with this geometr y for bone regenera tion by determining an a rchitecture from beam-bas ed truss structures. Accordingly, flow ana l y z es we re c arried out numerically to d etermine the bone -like behavior of the scaffold models. The permeability values w ere calculated as a result of the flow analy z es mad e with the Computational Fluid D ynamics method, the flow li nes passing throu gh th e structure and the wall shear stresses on the surfaces were recorded. All models considered fo r their perm eability performance are above the lower limit of trabecular bone permeabilit y . In terms of wall shear stress, it was observed that stress values that could be negative for bone cell development oc curred in scaffolds with 50% and 60% po rosit y . Keywords: Bone regeneratio n, Permea bility, Poro sity, Comp utational F luid Dynamic 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 40 Estimating the A m ount of CH 4 an d CO 2 Emissions from Solid Wast es by Using the Land GEM Mathematical Mo del Nesli Ay dın Karabuk University, Faculty of Eng ineering, Department o f Environ mental Engineering , K arabu k, Turkey (nesliciplak@ka rabuk.edu .tr) Abstract – I n this stud y , CH 4 and CO 2 generation potential from the Demirli L a ndfill S ite in Tekirdağ w as assessed by appl y ing the L andGEM 3.02 mathematical model after collecting r equire d data suc h as the production and composition of municipal waste and the c haracteristics of the area whe re the site is located. The results of this study show ed that the amount of landfill ga s (CH 4 and CO 2 ) is estimated to reac h 60 000 tonnes in 2040 in a case where m ethane generation rate is 0.02 . It could fu rther rise to 120 000 tonnes in the same y ear if m ethane generation rate is 0.05. I t was also found that a n increase in pot ential methane ge neration capacit y from 140 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of waste to 159 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of waste causes emissions to reac h the p eak value fro m 120 000 tonnes/y ear to 140 000 tonnes/yea r. Ho weve r, it does not affect the y ear when the e missions reach the ir peak. Moreover, an incr ease in methane ge neration ra te pla y s a vital role in the formation of more emissions from the site. If this rate is hig h, it causes emissions to decrea se more rapidly after reachin g the peak. I n conclusion, the conversion of CH 4 to energy pla y s an important ro le in waste man age ment in te rms of reducing global emissions and compensating some costs via the energ y conversion. I f it is not possi ble to make this conversion, CH 4 should be executed b y collection s y stems and flared off to pre vent the g as from accumulating. Keywords – Waste manag ement, LandGE M mathema tical model, Solid wastes, Emiss ions, Landfill site I. I NT RODUCTI ON CO 2 and C H 4 emissions from landfill sites shoul d be kept under control due to their adve rse effec ts on climate change and global warming. Chroni c exposure to these emissions increases the incidence of certain diseas es in landfill site workers and the individuals livi ng in the v icinity of these sites [1, 2] . Although landfilling is the last step in the waste hierarchy and is c onsidered the least preferred waste disposal method by waste mana g ement authorities, it is a widely applied waste disposal option in developing countries suc h as Tur ke y . In the literature, there are many methods for evaluating CH 4 emi ssions, including fi eld experiments and site e valuations. For instance, severa l measure ments were carried out in Belgorod, Russia [3]. I t was estimated that the occurrence o f СH 4 , O 2 and CO 2 range s between 30-32%, 0-2% and 40-60%, r espec tivel y . Another stud y focused on emissions produced fro m Chinese landfill sites by arra nging static chamber s to obtain data [4]. Many f ac tors affect the emission production in landfill sites, such as the potential to produce methane, the fraction of degradable organic carbon, and the oxidation factor [ 5]. Some of these factors, such as methane generation potential and ga s collection efficiency, a re represented b y default values in many st udies [6]. However, the methane production potential of the sit e is influenced by t he factors such as the rainfall frequency of the area where the site is located and the characterisation of the waste to be disposed of. For instanc e, the structure of ga s collection in Chinese landfills w as assessed b y using the LandGEM model [7]. The outcomes were verified with actual measurements. In another stud y , gas emissions from the landfill si te in I ndia we re estimated b y using a flux chamber and Aydın, Estimating the Amount of CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Solid Wastes by Using the LandGE M Mathematical Model: A Case Study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 41 a range of models, such as Modified Triangular Method, I PCC model and L andGEM. The results obtained through these mathematical models we re compared with actual f ield experiments [8] . I t was determined that the biodegrada ble composition of matter and meteorology pla y a vit al role in th e production of emissions from wa ste. Different mathematical models, such as the German EPER Mode l, TNO Model, Scholl Cany on, have been used to estimate landfill gas producti on so far. However, the y w ere not sufficient to produ ce realistic estimations, because EPER Model, for example, onl y considers the last y ear’ s w aste input in calculating methane generation [ 9]. La ndGE M estimates emissions from landfill sites as it facilitates to calculation of landfill gas generation (CO 2 and CH 4 ) ove r a long period (starting fr om the time of waste ac ce ptance and extending beyond the closure of the site) b y using a first -order decay equation. I n this study, the emissi ons, particularly СH 4 and CO 2 , from the De mirli L andfill Sit e we re estimated by emplo ying different methan e ge neration rates (the first one is specific to the site and the second one is a default rate) and varying frac tions of degra dable or ga nic ca rbon b y taking th e waste composition into account in the L andGem mathematical model. The site is the only facility for municipal waste s generated from Tekirdağ and is operated b y the Tekirdağ Metropo litan Municipality. II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD A. Research Area This research is based on a descriptive -cross sectional stud y focusing on the estimation of СH 4 and CO 2 emissi ons at the Demirli Landfill Site b y applying LandGEM so ftware. The first la goon of the Demirli Sanitary L andfill, which was established on an area of approximatel y 20 hectares, was commissioned in June 2008 and the lagoon area is 4.3 hectare s. The second lagoon, which is 8.2 hectares, was completed and put into servic e at th e beg inning of 2016 [10] . Municipal wastes produced in Tekirdağ are collected b y the district municipalities. These wastes brought t o the transfer stations are then sent to the Demirli L andfill Site to be disposed of. The re are 5 transfer stations in the province. These are located in the districts of Malkara, Sa ray, Çorlu, Marmara Ereglisi and Şarkö y [11]. B. Data Collection The data on the amount and composit ion of the waste sent to the Demirli La ndfill Site were obtained by the literature r eview. The muni cipal was te composition in the provi nce of Teki rdağ is given in Table 1. The amount o f waste p roduced in th e province was determined a s almost 1 300 tonnes/day in 2020 [11- 14]. I t is known that municipal waste ge neration is a ffec ted b y t he increase in population. As the second lagoon of the site was completed and started to operate in 2016, the initial time of the model was decided as 2016. The last y ear for wast e acceptance was assumed as 2035 as the additional lagoon (the third one) is already on the agenda of the Municipality [10]. The amount of municipal waste which was disposed of a t the site between 2016 a nd 2021 was collected from the Turkstat waste database [ 13]. To e stimate the amount of waste to be sent to the landfill site beyond 20 21, an increase in provincial population obtained from the Turkst at population database was taken into account [14]. Tab le 1. Municipal Waste Co mposition in T ekirdağ Waste Fracti on Composition A (%) [12] B (%) [11] Food 46.2 34 Paper and Cardboards 11.0 16 Plastics 14.6 2 Glass 5.6 6 Metals 1.1 1 Green Was te (from gardening) 2.2 - Other burnabl e waste 11.6 19 Others 7.7 22 Total 100 100 To calculate the emissions b y L andGEM software, the amount of wa stes g enerated du ring the period of operation must be suitab ly det ermined. LandGEM provides the calculation of emissions ge nerated b y using the amount of waste disposed of and the emission generation ca pacit y . Aydın, Estimating the Amount of CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Solid Wastes by Using the LandGE M Mathematical Model: A Case Study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 42 C. The Existing Situati on of the Are a The waste generation per c apita in Tekirdağ is almost 1.3 kg/day and the moisture content is 75.1% [11, 12]. As it is shown in Table 1, the orga nics (food waste) has the highest sha re and it is followed by other burnable wastes, plastics, paper and cardboard. The landfill site is located in Tekirdağ which has an average annual tempera ture of 14.1 o C and a monthl y tot al rainfall amount of 583.1 m m [15]. D. Description of the LandGEM Model The La ndGEM software was built by the United States Environme nt Protection Agency (US EPA ) to monitor and control mos t of the lar ge st landfills in the scope o f the air quality su rveillance programme in the US [16]. The software is based on the first - order equation metho dology and takes into consideration two important parameters, the methane production rate and the methane production potential. La ndGEM model requires users to enter th e parameters b y considering the character istics of a site. These parameters are the methane generation rate, potential methane ge neration capacit y a nd methane content. The value of methane generation rate is affected b y sev era l factors regarding t he composition of the wa ste and the conditions of the site. The hi ghe r rates ar e related to the hi gh moisture conditions of the site a nd the r apidly d egradable material content of the waste stream. In this stud y , the metha ne generation rate was determined as 0.02 due to hig h food waste content (T able 1) and humid weather conditions (as expl ained in Section: The Existing S ituation of the A rea ). How ever, this rate was specified as 0.05 for conventional la ndfills b y default in the model. Therefore, two rates (0.02 an d 0.05) were entered into the model and th e results were compared. Potential methane g eneration ca pacity depends on factors such as; (1) Methane correction factor , which represents how well the site is managed. For instance, unmanaged sites produce less methane from waste, compared to well-managed sites as some of the methane escapes from l ayers and a larger fraction of w aste d ecomposes aerobicall y , (2) Degra dable o rganic car bon, which is a function derived from a composition of waste, (3) Fraction of methane in land fill gas, w hich is assumed to be 50% by volume in theory, (4) The oxidation factor, which reflects the amount of methane from the site that is oxidised in the soil or the la y er [ 7, 17]. Well- managed sites usuall y have higher ox idation results than unmanage d dumpsites. I n this study, potential methane generation capacit y was calcul ated and entered into the model as 140 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of waste and 159 CH 4 /tonne of waste by taking into account first-order decay equations [9, 17]. These values correspond to A and B compositional data, respec tivel y , as p resented in (Table 1). The wast e degrada tion from an y landfill site during five differe nt stages is also shown in Figure 1, b y identifying the key processes and products. Figure 1. Landfill gas composition [18] III. R ESULTS AND DISCUSS ION The amount of landfill gas emissions (CH 4 and CO 2 ) from the site is shown in Figure 2 and 3. As it is known, the high percentage of or g anic matter i n landfill sites causes an increase in gas generation. Fig ure 2 and 3 show that gas genera tion is in a n increasing tre nd due to the rapid biodegradation of raw wa ste in the f irst years of th e landfill operation. This generation decreases as the waste ages and the biodegrada tion rate gradually reduces. Fig ure 2 shows the landfill ga s production from the site when the pot ential methane generation capacity is 140 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of waste (Composition A in Table 1). It is seen that th e amount of landfill gas r eaches 60 000 tonnes in 2040 in a case where methane generation rate is 0.02 and 120 000 tonnes in the same y ear if metha ne ge neration rate is 0.05. Aydın, Estimating the Amount of CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Solid Wastes by Using the LandGE M Mathematical Model: A Case Study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 43 An increase in methane generation rate pl ays a vital role in the for mation of more emissions from the site. Howeve r, if this rate is high, it cause s emissions to decre ase more ra pidl y after reaching the peak. Figure 2. Landfill Ga s Generation P rofile [methane generation rate: 0 .02 and p oten tial methane generation capacit y : 140 m 3 /tonnes (to p chart); methane ge neration rate: 0.05 and potential methane generation cap acity: 140 m 3 /tonnes (bo ttom chart)] Fig ure 3 de picts that an increase in potential methane generation capacity from 140 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of waste (Composition A in Table 1) to 159 m 3 CH 4 /tonne of was te (Compos ition B in Table 1) ca uses emissions to reach the peak value from 120 000 tonnes/ye ar to 140 000 tonnes/ y ear. However, it does not affect the year when the emissions reach the ir peak. IV. CONCLUSION In this stud y , landfill gas ge neration from municipal wastes disposed of to Demirli La ndfill Site, Tekirdağ was determined b y usin g t he La ndGEM model. Different values fo r metha ne ge neration rate and potential metha ne generation capacity were us ed to analy se if a n y change in these values makes any consid erable ef fec t on outcome s. It was observed that an increase in methane ge neration rate causes more emissions to be forme d. Figure 3. Lan dfill Ga s Generation P rofile [methane generation rate: 0 .05 and p oten tial me thane generatio n capacit y : 140 CH 4 /tonnes (to p chart); methane ge neration rate: 0.0 5 and potential methane generatio n capacity: 15 9 m 3 / tonnes (bo ttom chart)] The results show consistenc y with the li terature. For instance, potential methane generation capacit y was determined as 170 m 3 CH 4 /tonnes and the highest amount of CH 4 and CO 2 emissions from Kahrizak Landfill was sp ecifie d to app ear a couple of ye ars after the acceptance o f the first waste inputs. I n addition, it was found that almost 65 000 tonnes/year landfill gas emissi ons appear ed short time after the first w aste acceptance in the Sist an and Baluchistan Province [ 19]. I n another stud y , th e potential methane genera tion capacit y was determined as 170 m 3 /ton nes by taking into a ccount waste character isation in Yasuj city landfill site. It was found that the peak value of emissions r eac hed 1 610 tonnes several ye ars after the waste acceptance [17] . Different amounts of landfill gas produced from various studies could be due to the differe nt character istics of the sit e (such as an average of annual temperature and rainfall amount ) Aydın, Estimating the Amount of CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Solid Wastes by Using the LandGE M Mathematical Model: A Case Study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 44 and the composition of the in coming waste (specifically , or g anic comp ound and pape r). This study partic ularl y highlights these points;  Employ ing scientific designin g methods, such as mathematical models for the maintenance of landfill sit es could provide a better estimation of th e energy potential of the se sites. The bette r management of the m could also prevent the occurrence of some incidences such as fire s, explosions, emissions o f unpleasant odours and pollutants and hence helps the protection of the environment.  The results of this study could be used to estimate energ y production from CH 4 . In landfills, conversion of CH 4 to e ne rgy pla ys an im portant role in terms of reducing greenhouse gases and compensating some cost s via energ y conversion. If it is not possible to make thi s conversion, CH 4 should be e xecuted by co llection sy stems and flared off to prevent the ga s from accumulation and explosions. References [1] P. O. Nj oku, J. N. Edo kpay i, and J. N. Odi y o, “Health and E nvironmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Ca se Study o f T hohoyan dou Land fill, Limpopo P rovince, South Africa”, Int. J. Environ . Res. Public Health , vol. 16, no. 12, 2019. https://doi.o rg/10.3390/ijerp h1 6122125 [2] C. Wu, J. L iu, S. Liu, W. L i, L. Yan , M. Shu, P. Zhao, P. Zhou, and W . B. Cao, “ Assess ment of the health risks and odor concen tration o f volatile comp ounds from a municipa l solid waste landfill in China ”, Chemosphere, vol. 202, pp. 1-8, 2018. https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.che mosphere.2018 . 03.068 [3] P. A. Tr ubaev, O. V. Verevkin, B. M. Grishko, P. N. Tar asy uk, I. I. Sche kin, D. Y. Suslov, a nd R. S. Ramazanov, “ Investi gation of L a ndfill Gas Output Fro m Municipal Solid W aste at the Polygon ”, in Internatio nal Conference on Energy Systems- 2007 (ICES-2017) IOP Publishing , IOP Conf. S eries: Journal o f Physics: Conf. Series, 20 18, p a p er 1066, 012 015 doi :10.1 088/1742 - 6596/1 066/ 1/012 015 [4] C. Zhang, Y. Guo, X. Wang, and S. Chen, “ Temp oral and spatial variation of g reenhouse g as emissions f rom a limited-con trolled landfill site ” , Environment International, vol. 127, pp. 387-394, 201 9, https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.envint.201 9.03.052 [5] F. Fei, Z. Wen, and D. D. Clercq , “ S patio-temp oral estimation of landfill gas energy poten tial: A case stud y in China ” , Renewable and Sustainable E nergy Reviews, vol. 103, pp. 217 - 2 26, 2019. https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.rser. 2018.12.036 [6] K. J. Nw ao korie, C.A. B areither, S. C. Mantell, an d D. J. Leclaire, “ The influence of moisture enhan cement on landfill ga s gen eration in a full -scale land fill ”, W aste Management, v o l. 79, pp. 6 47 -657, 2018 . doi: 10.1 016/ j.wasman.2018 .08.036. [7] Y. Sun, D. Yue, R. Li, T. Yang, and S. Liu, “ Assessing the performance o f gas collection systems in select Chinese landfills acc ording to t he LandGEM model: drawbacks a nd potential direction ” , Environmental Tec hn o logy, vol. 3 6, no. 23, pp. 2912 – 20 18, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1080/09593 330.2014.943679 [8] M. Gollapalli, and S. H. Kota, “ Meth ane emissions from a land fill in n orth-ea st India: Performan ce o f vario us landfill g as emission models ” , Environmental Po llution, vol 234, pp. 174 -180, 2018. https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.envpol.2 017.11.064 [9] F. Atabi, M. A . Ehyaei, and M. H. A hmadi, “ Calculation of CH4 and CO2 E mission Rate in Kahriza k Landfill Site with Land GE M Mathemat ical Mod el ” , in World Sustaina bility F orum 2014 Conference Proceedings , p aper, 1-4 No vem ber 2014 [10] (20 16) T ekirdağ Me tropolitan Municipalit y website. [online]. Available: https://www.te kirdag.bel.tr/haber /7658, https://www.te kirdag.bel.tr/haber /33686, https://ww w.tekirdag.bel.tr/hab er/31674 [11] (20 19) Provincial Directo rate of Env iro nment and Urbanization, 2019 , Tekirdag P rovin ce , Environ mental Status Report. [o nlin e] . Available: https://webdo sya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced /icerikler/tek - rdag_201 9_cdr-20201 006172441.p df [12] K. B ay ındır, “ Characterizatio n o f M unicipal Solid Waste in the Pro vin ce o f Tekird ağ” , M. Eng. t hesis, Facult y of Engineering, Namı k Kemal Universit y , Tekirdağ, 2019. [13] (20 20) T urkish Statistical Institute (Turkstat) . [online]. Available: https://biruni.tuik. gov.tr/medas/?kn=119 &locale=tr [14] (20 20) T urkish Statist ical I nstitute (T urkstat) P opulation Database. [online]. Available: https://data.tuik.go v.tr/Kategori/GetKategori? p=nufus - ve -de mografi-109 &dil=1 [15] (20 20) General Directorate of Meteor ology, Seasona l Normals of the Pro vin ce s, M easurement Perio d: 1939 - 2020 . [online]. Available: https://www. mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendir me/il - ve - ilceler-istatistik.a spx? m =T EKIRDAG [16] (20 22) EPA, United States Environ mental Pro tection Agency. [online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/air - emissions -f ac tors-a nd-quantification/emission s- estimation-too ls [17] S. Fallahizadeh, M. Rahmatinia, Z. Mo hammadi, M. Vaezzadeh, A. T ajamiri, and H. So leimani, “ Estimation of meth ane gas by Land GEM mo del from Yasuj municipa l solid wast e landfill, Iran ”, MethodsX 6 , pp. 391 – 398, 2019, https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.mex.2019 .02.013 [18] P . T. Willia m s , Waste Treat ment and D isposal , J ohn Wile y & So ns, Ltd, 2 005 [19] H. B iglari, S. Rahdar, M. M. Banes hi, M. Ahamadab adi, M. Saeidi, M. R. Nar ooie, A. Salimi, and R. Khaksefidi, “ Estimating the Amo unt of Metha ne Gas Generated from Aydın, Estimating the Amount of CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Solid Wastes by Using the LandGE M Mathematical Model: A Case Study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 45 the Solid Waste using the Land GEM Software, Sistan and Baluch istan ” , Journal of Glob al Pharma Tec hn ology, vol. 3, no. 9, p p. :35- 41 , 2017. 2 nd Internatio nal Conf erence on A pplied E ngineeri ng and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 46 Influence of D C Field Ex citation on the Perfor mance of IPM Machine fo r EV Applica tions Tay fun GUNDOGDU Departmen t of Electrica l and Electronic Engin eering , Hakkari University, Turkey tayfung undogdu @hakkari.ed u.tr Abstract – I n this paper, the effect o f the constant field generated b y the DC windings mount ed on the stator of an int erior permanent magnet (IPM) machine is investigated in depth. Th e aim of this stud y is to reveal the dist urbing effect of the DC field on the AC field b y comparing the key performan ce characteristi cs of conventional IPM machine and hybrid-excited IPM (H-IPM) machine. Flux modulating eff ect, in essence, is the key to e nsuring e ffective coupling between the mag n etic fie lds excited by different mag netic sourc es and to provide a ste ad y electromag netic torque. Therefore, how an H- IPM machine behaves without the flux modulation effect will be shown in this stud y. Th e IPM machines are designed by using the specifications of the To yota Prius 2010 I PM commercial machine and the performance characteristi cs in differe nt operating conditions are investigated b y t he 2-D time-stepping finite element method (FEM). Keywords – Field enha ncing, field weakenin g, hybrid ex cited mach ines, IPM ma chines, variable flux machin es. I. I NT RODUCTI ON Because of its capacit y to regulate ma gnetic fields and change operating modes based on working conditions, hy b rid excited permanent mag net machines are a promisi ng alternative for electr ic vehicles (EVs) with variable spee d nee ds [1]. Whe n compared to conventional PM machines, the extra free dom to change the flux linkag e b y the fiel d excitation current with prope r control techniques enables higher torque at low spee ds and a larger working speed range, a s well as good efficienc y across a wide operating zone [ 2]. A traction mot or of an electric vehicl e (EV) spends the majority of its time when being driven in cruising mode, which is characterized b y low torque and low- to medium-s peed. Consequentl y, the traction machine's efficiency should ideall y be maximum here. I n the cruising mode, since the torque a nd hence copper loss is low, the most dominant power loss is the iron losses. The most popular method to increase the eff icienc y in th is region is to reduce the iron loss b y re ducing the magnetic flux. Conventional flux-weakening methods c an do this using −𝐼 𝑑 , but this causes to increase in the copper losses as b eing in the h ybrid- excited PM machines. On the other hand, the flux- weake ning can be ac hieved by inj ecting −𝐼 𝑑 or +𝐼 𝑑 with a very sho rt pulse [1] -[5]. Therefore, significa nt penalt y of inc reased copper loss can be avoided thanks to short-pulse method. As an alternative topolog y to h y brid ex cited permanent-magnet machines, the variable-flux (VF) memory machines has been propos ed to offer a solution to increase the flux -weakening re gion and improve the efficiency. The VF m emor y machines consist of a low c oercive force (variable) a nd a high coerc ive force ( constant) PM in rotor and a stator with distributed or concentrated windings. A ne w type of PM s y nchronous machine with fully controllable air -gap flux, called VF memor y motor is proposed in [ 3] and [4] in order to improve the flux-weakening performance. The ope ration of memory motor is based on its ability to change the magnetization of it s PMs with ver y low amount of Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 47 stator curre nt injected f or a very short period. In other words, b y injecting the 𝐼 𝑑 for a ver y short time, the air- gap flux density c an be easil y controlled with neg li gible copper loss. The memor y motors can b e built as VF or pole-changing machines. In [ 5] a pole-changing memory motor, which has more than one equall y m agnetized mag net sets per pole, has been designed and the obtained electromagnetic performa nce results have been compared with a squirrel-cage induction machine. The operation principle of the machine i s that with a short pulse of stator curre nt, the pole n umber changes the i.e. 8- pole int o 6-pole mag netization. Since the number of magnets per pol e is not any mo re an integer, so me magnets remain non- magnetiz ed. I t has been shown that thanks to the propos ed VF memor y machine, a higher efficienc y and o utput power, and a better thermal utilization is achieve d over squirrel -cage induction machines. In [ 6], a novel series hybrid-PM VF mac hine, consisting of va riable-PM and constant-PMs placed on adjacent rotor poles, is introduced, which overcomes the drawbacks of sa crificed torque density in the conventional VF machines. I t has been shown that the torque densit y is remarkabl y increased and the machine e fficienc y can be improved by fle xibly adjusting the PM magnetization state. More over, it has been found that the unipolar end leakage flux occurs if the variable-PM and constant-PMs are not balanced [ 7]. It h as also shown that the VF -I PM machines re quire large amount of m agnetizing current that caus es to increase the siz e of the inverter [ 6] , [8]. I n order to reduce the magnetizing curre nt and hence avoid oversizing the inverter, a design procedure for tangentially ma gne tized VF machines, which is designe d b y usin g Alnico ma gnets, have been presented in [ 9] and [8]. I t has been shown that the designe d VF machin es with Alnico magnets can provide torque density comparable to ra re-earth PM machines at the constant torque region, and it can achieve improved e fficiency throu ghout a wide speed range b y dema gnetizing the magnets at hi gh speeds b y 𝐼 𝑑 pulses [ 9]. The machine geometric parameters has be en determined b y considering the inverter ratin gs in order to reduce the magnetizing curre nt amplitude and hence inverter r ating [ 10]. In [11], a hy b rid-PM VF flux-intensify ing machin e designe d b y tan gentially magne tizing the Nd FeB and AlNiCo magnets in order to inc reas e the operational speed ran g e and the maximum efficie nc y of the PM machines. There a re further several papers on the de sign and evaluation of VF -IPMs based in the flux - intensifying principle [12], [13], [14]. Althoug h flux-intensif y ing VF -IPM machines has many advantage s such as good flux adjusting capability and high efficiency, th ey suffer from the hi gh magnetizing current re quirement. The influence of magnetic properties of P Ms and PM arr angement on the performance of an I PM machine h ave been inv estigated [ 15], [16]. I t has been shown that the t ype- ∇ rotor structure a nd strong ma gnet provide in creased torque and output power with improved efficiency shift ed to the low- speed, high-torque region. I n [17] , in order to reduce the q-axes flux, which causes to increa se the core losses, some large flux barr iers are re placed into the rotor’s q-axis . I n similar studies [ 18 ], [19], the rotor of different IPM machines, which have t y pe - ∇ shape and t y pe- ― shap e, has been optimi zed for higher torque production with lowe r iron losses. The aim of the studies is to dev elop advan ced desi gns of I P M motors in order to reduc e the harmonic iron loss es at high speeds under fie ld -weakening control. In a similar stud y [ 20], a set of effective approaches to minimize the iron losses of surfa ce-mounted PM machines has been pre se nted. In order to avoid the slip ring and brush loss es, the field excitation is intended to place into stator [21], [22] . Theoretica lly, the excitation of the field winding, which is mounted on the stator, should be AC , since the flux produced by a DC coil is constant and stationer y . B ecause, it can be predicted tha t injection of the DC field i nto the AC field may c ause significa ntl y distortions in the main flux waveform. That is why flux modulation between AC and DC fields is required. To the best o f the author's knowled ge , this stud y will be the fir st to demonstrate the distortion level and its impact on the perf ormance c haracteristics of the h y brid-excited IPM (H-IPM) without flux modulation eff ect. I n order to investigate the influence of DC fie ld exc itation, a conventional an d a h y brid ex cited IPM ma chines are design b y usin g Toyota Prius 2010 I PM machine’ s specifications. Air-gap flux densit y , flux linkage, back -EMF, electromag netic torque waveforms, and flux distributions have been anal y s ed and compared to revea l the effect of the D C field. Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 48 II. D ESI GN T OPO LOGY AND S PECIFICA TI ONS The ke y fa ctor is that a VF topology is required in order to widen the spe ed range and inc rease th e efficie nc y in the cruse mode. Furthermore, anothe r key f actor is also being able to enhanc e the flux to produce the maximum torque for acceleration, deceleration, and c limbin g . The preliminaries are determined as following. • Abilit y to adjust the flux a s a wide range; • The chan ge in flux must be a chieved within realistic powe r suppl y limi ts; • Minimum self-demagnetization; • Minimum on-load demagnetization; • Lower and che aper g rade PMs with low volume; • Highe st efficienc y at low -speed and low -torque region (cruise mode). A 48-stator slot/8-pole (48S/8P) h y b rid-excited IPM (H-IPM) machine is initially desi gned by usin g the topology illustrated in Fig. 1. As s een in the figure, the proposed machine c onsists of field windings, which are concentrated on one pole tooth with concentra ted windings (CW), and armature with single-layer, 5-slot pitch, and intege r -slot distributed windings ( I SDW). Furthermore, the rotor consists of V-shape single-l ayer, rare earth PMs and notches around the rotor lamination. The structure of the p roposed machine is quit e simple with single stator a nd rotor. Fig. 1 Structure o f the propo sed H-IPM. Fig. 2 Structure of the T oyota Prius 2010 IPM m achine . The proposed machine is designed b y using the same specifications with To y ota Prius 2010 IPM machine. The anal y s es h ave been carried out b y 2- D time-stepping finite element method (FEM) . The electromag netic performance of the proposed machine is investigated comprehensively under various operation modes and electric loads. I n order to validate the obtained re sults, a comparative study including the electromagnetic performance analy ses results of To y ota Prius 2010 IPM and the p ropose d H-I PM m achine is presented. The structure of the proposed H -IPM and To y ota Prius 2010 I PM machine are illustrated in Fig. 1 a nd Fig . 2, respectivel y . As seen in the as explained before , H-IPM ma chine has two set o f windin g namely armature (AC) a nd field (DC). In addition, the rotor has V- shape single-la y er P Ms. The same stator winding la yout and rotor structure with Toyota Prius 2010 IPM h as been utilized for the H - IPM machine. Note that, although the Prius IPM machine is globall y opti mized, the H -IPM ma chine is not globally opti miz ed. It is parametricall y optimized for the maximum torque. The d esign specifica tions and mat erial properties, are given in Table I. Th e knee point of the BH curve of the cor e material is about 1.5T. After this lev el, the cores start to saturate. Tab le 1. Design Specificatio ns Para m eter unit Prius 2010 H-IPM Stator Outer Dia meter mm 264 Stator Inner Dia meter mm 161. 9 170. 016 Stator axial le ng th mm 50.8 Rotor Inner Dia m eter mm 51 Air-gap mm 0.73 Number of Slot 48 48/8 Turns per coil 11 9/4 Parallel brunches 1 Coils in series per phase 8 8/8 PM d im ensions (W × T ) mm 2 35.76 × 7.16 Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 49 Number of turns per pha se 88 72/24 Slot fill factor 0.45 0.45 Core Material DW31 0_35 PM material NdFeB3 5 III. A NALYSIS AND P ER FORMANCE C OMPAR ISON A. No Load Analysis No -load performance ana lysis has been performed at 1.5 krpm with no excitation. The obt ained airgap flux densit y w aveform and it s harmonic spectra are illustrated in Fig. 3. As clearl y seen, both of the machine has similar no -load air- gap flux densit y waveforms. However, since the H- I PM ha s an e xtra field coil slots on the stator, its waveform is mor e distorted. On the other hand, the flux densit y amplitude of the H-IPM machine is sli ghtl y higher than the Prius I PM. Phase Back-EMF waveforms and their harmonic spectra are illustrated in Fig. 4. The both of phas e back-EMF waveforms are significantl y distorted because of the MMF har monics and slotting effect. Although the fundamental back-EMF harmonic of the Prius I PM is quite higher than that of H-IPM, its THD level is also higher. The most domi na nt harmonics are the 3 rd and 5 th harmonics for both of the machines. (a) (b) Fig. 3 Air-gap flux densit y wa veforms (a) and their harmonic spectra (b ) at no -load op eration. (a) (b) Fig. 4 P hase Back-EM F waveforms (a) and their har m oni c spectra (b ) at no -load operation. The cogging torqu e wave forms of the machines are compared as shown in Fig. 5. As clearl y seen in the figure, the H- IPM’s cogging torque is higher tha n that of Prius I PM. The maximum cogging torque differe nce between the machines is approxim ately twice. Fig. 5 Co m pariso n of coggi ng torque . B. Armature W inding Excit ation Only Full-load anal y ses have been carried out under 250Apeak current ex citation at 1.5krpm. Not e that only the armature winding of the H-IPM mac hine is excited. The obtained electroma gne tic performance character istics have b een presented as follows. Th e air-gap flux densit y w aveforms and their harmonic spectra are shown in Fig. 6. Th e flux densit y amplitude a nd THD p ercentage of the Prius I P M machine is hig her than th at of the H-IPM machine. -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Air- gap Flux Density (T) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg.) H-IPM Prius 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 13579 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Flux Density Amplitude (T) Harmonic Order H-IPM Prius THD (%) 28.68 28.17 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Phase Back -EMF (V) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) H-IPM (A) Prius (A) H-IPM (B) Prius (B) H-IPM (C) Prius (C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 Back -EMF Amplitude (V) Harmonic Order H-IPM Prius THD (%) 11.96 14.3 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Cogging T orque (Nm) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) H-IPM Prius Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 50 (a) (b) Fig. 6 Air-gap flux densit y waveforms (a) and their har m o nic spectra (b ) at armature excitatio n only operation. The phase back-EMF waveforms and their harmonic spectra are shown in Fig. 7. As seen in the figure, back-EMF waveforms have been highl y distorted as a consequence of winding factor and hence MMF harmonics, and slot ting effect. The comparison of the obtained torque waveforms under the full-load operation condition is shown in Fig . 8. As clearly seen in the figure, the avera ge torque amounts are almost the s ame. However, the torqu e ripple perce nta ge of the H -I PM machine is quite higher than that of the Prius I PM machine. (a) (b) Fig. 7 P hase Back-EMF waveforms (a) and their harmoni c spectra (b ) at armature excitatio n only operation. Fig. 8 Compariso n of tor que at armature e xcitation on ly operatio n. C. DC W indi ng Excitation Only Once the DC winding is excited only , the stati c torque can be examined. The static torque anal y sis of H-IPM machine is p erformed under the 63.83 A curre nt injection and 1.5krpm. I n order to investigate the flux ad justif y ing capability with DC excitation, the injected curr ent has been determined as randoml y b y considering the cu rrent densit y and ampere-turns ratio of the armature winding. Under this operation condition, the wavefor m of the air- ga p flux density and its harmonic spectra are illustrated in Fig. 9 . A s seen in the figure, the waveform is highly dis torted. Since the field is produced b y DC ex citation, the obtained waveform is DC. (a) (b) Fig. 9 Air-gap flux densit y wavefor ms (a) a nd their harmonic spectra (b ) at field excitation only operation. The back-EMF wav eform and its harmonic spectra are shown in Fig. 10. As see n in the figure, since t he source is DC, it ha s a larg e number of e ven and odd harmonics. The static waveform of the H-IPM machine is shown in Fig. 11. Although the p eak value of the static torque is quite high, the average value is zero as expected. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Air- gap Flux Density (T) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg .) Prius H-IPM 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 Flux Density Amplitude (T) Harmonic Order H-IPM Prius THD (%) 46.5 55.55 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Back -EMF (V) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg.) A (Prius) A (H-IPM) B (Prius) B (H-IPM) C(Prius) C (H-IPM) 0 50 100 150 200 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Back -EMF Amplitude (V) Harmonic Order H-IPM Prius THD (%) 21.05 19.74 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 T orque (Nm) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) Prius H-IPM Average Ripple (%) 222.08 8.43 223.2 15.7 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Air- gap Flux Density (T) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg.) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Flux Density Amplitude (T) Harmonic Order THD (%) 34.77 Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 51 (a) (b) Fig. 10 Back - EMF at field excitatio n only operatio n: (a) wavefor m and (b) harmonic sp ectra. Fig. 11 Static torq ue w aveform at peak field ( 𝐼 𝑓 = 63 . 83 𝐴 ) current excitation. D. Full Load Analysis The full-load anal y sis of the H -I PM h ave been carr i ed out with 250Ape ak curre nt and 63.83Apeak curre nt of field windin g. In order to reveal the flux - regulation capability of the field windin g, several field current a mounts have been inje cted and the armature current is k ept as its rated amount. All t he analy ses have been performed at 1.5krpm. The ampere-turn amounts of the field and armature windings are 670At a nd 1584At, respectively . Therefore, as requested 40% flux control can be achieve d with current ampere-turns amounts. It should be noted that once the injected field current becomes zero, the H- IPM machine has character istics identical to the To y ota Prius. Fig. 12 Torq ue against cu rrent an gle for vario us field excitations. The determination of t he current angle of the armature current is illustrated in Fig. 12. As clearl y seen in th e fi gure, the current angle delivering the maximum torque is independent fr om the magnitude of the field curre nt. In addition, the curre nt angle ha s been determined as 98°. Variation of a ir-gap flux density with respect to rotor position for different field excitati ons is illustra ted in Fig. 13(a). As s een in Fig. 13(b), the fundamental amplitude of the air- ga p flux change s more sharpl y for the positive fie ld current amounts. The variation of the dominant air-gap flux densit y harmonics an d THD percentage with respec t to field current is illustrated in F ig. 13(c). it is clear that for th e positive amounts of the f ield current, the amplitude of the dominant harmonics and hence THD perce nta ge are increased considerabl y . Variation o f armature and field flux linka ge with respect to rotor position for various fiel d current amplit udes are illustrated in (b) Fig. 14 . I t is clear that, infl uence of field current on the armature flux linkage is not significant. One important phenomenon can be see n from (b ) Fig. 14 (b). As seen in the fig ure, a s the field excitation is change d, w aveform of the flux linkage is shifted along the y-axes . Therefore, the variation of the a mplitude of the fie ld flux linkage is significa nt. I t is the m aximum once ther e is no fiel d excitation. Va riation of flux c omponents of the armature winding for v arious field excitations is illustrated in Fig. 15. As s een in the figure, direction of the field curre nt is not cha nged the magnitude of the flux linkage. I t is also shown that the variation of the field current has no significant effect on the amplitude of the main flux linkage (see Fi g. 16 ). -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Back -EMF (V) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Back -EMF Amplitude (V) Harmonic Order THD (%) 116.06 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Static T orque (Nm) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 70 80 90 100 110 120 T orque (Nm) Current Ang le (Deg.) If = -63.83A If = -15.96A If = 0A If = 47.87A If = 63.83A 98 Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 52 (a) (b) (c) Fig. 13 Air-gap fl ux densit y wavefor ms for various field current excitat ion (a), funda mental amplitude (b ), an d, variation of the do minant harmonic perce ntages with respec t to field excitatio n (c). Variation of th e armature and field flux linkage dominant harmonics with respect to field excitation are show in Fig. 17. As seen, the flux linkage harmonics become mi nimum once the field excitation is zero. I t is also clear that the 3 rd and 5 th harmonics do not change si gnificantl y with excitation current whilst other ha rmonics change significa ntl y. It can be pr edicted that the 2 nd and 4 th harmonics are injected from the field flux linkage into the armature flux linkage. (a) (b) Fig. 14 A rmature (a) and field ( b) flux li nkage a gainst rot or position for various f ield excitatio ns. Fig. 15 Armature flux linkage co mponents against rot or position for various f ield excitatio ns. (a) (b) Fig. 16 Variation of (a) arm ature flux linkage components and (b) fu ndamental flux linka ge amplitudes with respect to field excitation. (a) (b) Fig. 17 Var iation of d o minant ar matu re (a) and f ield (b) flux linkage har monic percenta ges with respect to field excitatio n. Armature and field winding phase back -EMF waveforms are shown in Fig . 18. As s een from Fig. 19, the fundamental m agnit udes of the back -EMFs are the same and the in fluence of field ex citation change on the arma ture winding is not significant. It is also clear that the v ariation of the back -EMF magnitude is independent of the direction of the field excitation. Variation of the dominant back - EMF harmonics and TH D percentages with respe ct to field excitation a re il lustrated in Fig. 20. It i s -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 T orque (Nm) Rotor Position (Elec. Deg.) -63.83A -47.87A -31.92A -15.96A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Air -gap Flux Density Amplitude (T) Field Current (A) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Air-Ga p Flux Density (%) Field Current (A) 3rd 7th 11th 13th THD -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Armature Flux Linkag e (Wb) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg.) -63.83A -47.87A -31.92A -15.96A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A -0.25 -0.23 -0.21 -0.19 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 230 240 250 260 270 280 -0.3 - 0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 F ield F lux L inkag e (W b) R otor P os. (E lec . De g .) -63.8 3A -47.8 7A -31.9 2A -15.9 6A 0A 15.96A 31.92 A 47.87A 63.83A - 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Ar matur e F lux L inkag e (W b) R otor P os. (E lec . De g .) -63.8 3A -47.8 7A -31.9 2A - 15.9 6A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A - 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 2 3 - 0 . 2 1 - 0 . 1 9 50 60 70 80 90 1 0 0 0 . 1 9 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 5 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Field Flux Linkag e (Wb) Rotor Pos. (Elec. Deg.) -63.83A -47.87A -31.92A -15.96A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Flux L inkage (Wb) Rotor Pos. (Elec . Deg.) ψ d (I f=- 63.83) ψ q (I f=- 63.83) ψ d (I f=0) ψ q (I f=0) ψ d (I f=63.83) ψ q (I f=63.83) -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Flux Linkag e (Wb) Field Current (A) ψ q ψ d 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Fundamental Flux Linkage Amplitude (Wb) Field Current (A) Armature Field 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Armature Flux Linkage (%) Field Current (A) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th THD 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Field Flux Linkage (%) Field Current (A) 0th 2nd 3rd 4th 5th THD Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 53 obvious that once the field ex citation is zero, the minimum distortion is obtained. (a) (b) Fig. 18 Armature (a) and field (b) phase back -EMF against rotor position for various field excitation s. Fig. 19 Variation of funda mental back -EMF a m p litudes with respect to field excitation. (a) (b) Fig. 20 Variation of do minant ar mature (a) and field (b) b ack- EMF harmonic per centages with resp ect to field e xcitation. Flux density and flux line dist ributions for various field excitation are illustrated in Fig. 21. As seen in the figure, the saturatio n level of the stator y oke changes si gnific antl y with the field excitation. On ce the field current is positive, the stator y oke saturation is minimum. On the othe r hand, once it is negative, the stator y oke saturation is maximum. Furthermore, the n egative direction of the fiel d curre nt is also increased the saturation level of the rotor. Fig. 21 Flux densit y (le ft) and flux line (right) distributions for various field excitatio ns . Variation of the torque with respe ct to rotor position for various field excitation is shown in F ig . 22. As seen in the figure, the effect of the fie l d curre nt c han ge on the average torque is not significa nt while it has significant effect on the torque ripple. The e xistence of the field current causes to increase in the torque ripple percentage because o f the ver y hi gh static torque component produced b y the field flux . As illustrated in Fig. 14(b), once the flux waveform becomes unbalanced, it causes large amount of torque ripple. -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Armature Back -EMF (V) Rotor Position (Elec. Deg.) -63.83A -47.87A -31.92A -15.96A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A -200 -150 - 100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 F ie ld B a c k - EMF (V ) Rotor Posi tion ( Ele c . D e g .) -63.8 3A -47.8 7A -31.9 2A - 15.9 6A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Ar matur e B a c k - EMF (V ) R otor P osit ion (E lec . De g .) -63.8 3A -47.8 7A -31.9 2A -15.9 6A 0A 15.96A 31.92 A 47.87 A 63.83A -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Field Back -EMF (V) Rotor Position (Elec. Deg .) -63.83A -47.87A -31.92A -15.96A 0A 15.96A 31.92A 47.87A 63.83A 0 40 80 120 160 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Fundamental Back -EMF Amplitude (V) Field Current (A) Armature Field 0 5 10 15 20 25 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Armature Back -EMF (%) Field Current (A) 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 9th 11th THD 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Field Back -EMF (%) Field Current (A) 2nd 3rd 5th 6th 8th 9th 11th 12th THD Tayfun GUNDOGDU , Influence of DC Field Excitation on the Performance of IPM Machine for EV Applications , ICAENS 2022, Konya , Turkey 54 Variation of power los s with respect to field excitation is illus trated in Fig. 23. Since the field excitation is continuously injec ted, the fie ld winding copper loss is not negligible. As seen in the figure, it is about 200W durin g the highest field excitation. On the other hand, the c ore loss re duction due to t he field excitation is neglig ible. (a) (b) Fig. 22 (a) Variation of toque against ro tor position w ith respect to field e xcitation. (b) Variation of average toque an d torque rip ple percentage with resp ect to field excitatio n. Fig. 23 Variatio n of po wer losses: To tal core lo ss Pcore , ar m ature P cu_a, and, field P cu_f cop per losses (excludin g the end-winding copp er loss). Therefore, it can be dedu ced that injecting DC field excitation into the AC field without flux modulation effect results in significantly disturbed torqu e waveform, and reduced efficienc y . Other findings can be summarised as fo llows: (a) cannot enhance the total flux; (b) cannot incre as e the torque; (c) true field-regulation performance cannot be achieved; (d) c auses significantl y h igh torque ripple; (e) core loss reduction is not satisfactory. IV. CONCLUSION The electromagnetic performance of H -IPM machine has be en invest igated comprehensivel y in case of existing of DC ex citation in the stator part . A significant distortion on the main flux path and according l y high disto rted torque waveform and increased loss are resulted. The important key findings can be summar i zed as follows. • The existence of field ex citation onl y redu ces the average torque . Since the flux linkage of the field coils is shifted awa y fr om the y -axes in case of any field cu rrent dire ction, the mag nitude of the flux linkage is reduce d once the field current is increase d or decreased ; • The exist ence of the field excitation increases the torque ripple level significantly ; • The current ang le delivering the maxi mum torque is indepe ndent fr om the magnitude of the field excitation; • With the DC field ex ci tation, it is not possible to obtain a true flux-weakening characteristic; • The additional slots for the field winding s on the stator can improve the electromagneti c performa nce. 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Energy Convers ., vol. 3 2, no. 2, pp. 424 -435, Jun . 2017. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 56 Plazma Ele ktrolitik Pa rlatma Yön te mi Üzerine Bir Derleme Mustafa Enes YAZICI 1* ve Hasan DEMİRTAŞ 1 1 Makine Müh endisliği / Müh endislik Fakültesi , Samsun Üniversitesi , Türkiye * (mustafaenesyazici1 @g mail.com) Özet – Plazma elektroliti k parlatma (Pep) y öntemi, yüzey özelliklerini öne mli ölçüde geliştirmesi nedeni y le özellikle son y ıllarda araştı rmacıların dikkatini ç ekmektedir. Bu yüzey sonlandırma tekniğ inin; koroz y on direncini arttırması , düşük pürüzsüzlül ük değerlerine sahip parlak y üzeyler elde edilmesi , ma lzeme kaldırma oranının kontrol edilebilir olması ve farklı geometrilerdeki metalik parçaların ön işleme tabi tutulmadan işl enmesini sağlaması gibi pek çok avantajı bulunmaktadır . Ma lzemeleri yüzeyden plazma ve elektrokimy asal reaksi yonlar yoluyla uzaklaştırır. P ep prosesleri genel olarak enerji ka y nağı ( iş parç ası ile bağ l antılı anot ve banyo ile bağlantılı katot), elektrolit ünitesi ve iş parçası tutan parçadan oluşmaktadır. Plazma e lektrolitik parla tma y önteminde, i yonlar ve e lektronlar il etken b ir ka nal va sıtasıyla, iş parç ası y üze yine do ğru harek et eder ek iş pa rçası il e etk ileşime girme y e başlar. Bu etkileşim, hem iş parça sı y üze yinin hem de iletken kanalın sıcaklığında bir artışa ve erimeye yol açmaktadır. Sıcaklığın daha çok y ükselmesi , kanalda bir patlamay a y ol a çarak erimiş metali kaldırır. Bazı a raştırmacılar, Pep işlemi sırasında erimenin olmadığını, ana parlatma mekaniz masının elektrokimy asal çözünme olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Pep y öntemi y le ilgili li teratürde y apılan çeşit li çalışmalar derlenerek çeşitli proseslerin çalışma prensibi , işlem parametr ele rinin (voltaj, frekans, ele ktrolit türü, elektrolit sıcaklığ ı, malzeme ç eşiti ve işlem süresi) y üzey pürüzlülüğü ve mekanik öz ellikler üzerindeki etkisi üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştı r. Ayrıca, Pep prosesinin, mekanik parlatma ve farklı parlatma y öntemleri y le birleştirilere k kullanılmasının etkisi tartışılmıştır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Plazma elektrolitik parla tma, yüzey so nland ırma işlemi , yüzey p ürüzlülüğ ü, yüzey pa rlatma , elektrolit 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 57 The Effect o f Layer Thic kness o n the Mechanical Pro perties o f 3D ‑ Pri nted Parts b y Finite El ement Analy sis Method Meltem Ery ildiz * ,1 1 Departmen t of Mecha nical Eng ineering, Beykent University, 3 4398, A yazağa Istanbu l ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-2683 -560X * (meltemeryildiz @beyken t.edu.tr ) Email of the correspond ing a uthor Abstract – In recent decades, additive manuf acturing (AM) approaches have provided si gnificant advantage s to en gineering desig n, resulting in the emergence of an entirely new set of manufacturing procedures. In this stud y , Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a popular AM technique, was chosen for analy sis. La y er thickne ss is measure d along the z -axis in 3D printing and refe rs to the height of each lay er. Using a finite element a nalysis approach, this stud y intends to get a b etter knowledge of 3D printing b y evaluating the influence of lay er thickne ss. CATIA V5 was used to perform static anal y sis on samples with layer thicknesses of 0.1-0.2-0.3 mm utilizing a 1 00 N load. The lowest la y er thickness specimens had the largest Von Mises stress and displacement, according to th e findin gs. The highest Von mi ses stress was 1272.2 MPa for 0.1 mm la y er thickness samples, with a weaker val ue of 0.95 percent for 0.2 mm and a much lower rate of 6 percent for 0.3 mm spec imens as compared to the 0.1 mm specimens. Keywords – Fused depo sition modeling , Layer thickn ess, 3D printing, Finite elemen t analysis, Catia V5 I. I NT RODUCTI ON Additive manufacturing (AM) methods have offered several b enefits to engineering design in rece nt decade s, brin ging up an altoge ther new set of production processes. AM processes include fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithograph y (SLA), inkjet modeling (IJM), digital light processing (D LP), selective laser sinte ring (S L S), and electron beam melting (EBM ) [1]. 3D CAD data is utilized to buil d components from 3D p rinters in all AM technolo gies. A M differs from tr aditional manufacturing processes in terms of material wast e and ti me to produce the component since it involves the manufacturing of objects b y addin g one la yer over another [1,2] . Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a prominent AM approach, has been chosen for investigation in this work. FDM is an additive manufacturing (AM) technolog y that involves layering molten or semi-molten substance with a heated nozzle to create a d esired product. Th e printer, which is controlled b y machine software codes, heats a liquefier to the proper temperature for melting the polymer fila ment a nd extruding it. The properties of FDM-produced components a re heavily influenced by the proce ssing parameters [2,3]. A part is printed lay e r by la y er in 3D printin g. There is a thickness to e ach la yer. In 3D printing, the lay er thickness is measured along the z -axis and refers to the height o f eac h layer. The manu facturing process's time consumption is directly proportion al to the thi ckness of the layers. As the layer thickne ss is reduce d, the number of la y ers necessar y to complete the procedure increases, resulting in a n increase in the time required to fabricate the specimen. The la y er thick ness in FDM is commonl y 0.17 mm to 0.33 mm [ 3]. Recent researc h ha s focused on an alyzing the processing p arameters th at influence the me chanical properties of part s manufactured using th e FDM technique [4] . The influence of build ori entation, la y er thickness, and feed rate on th e tensile a nd flexural characteristics of Pol y lactic acid (P LA) material was investigated by Chacón et al. [5]. C hristiyan et al. [6] studi ed th e Eryildiz, M. , The Effect of Layer Thickness on The Mechanical Properties of 3D‑Pri nted Parts by Finite Element Analysis Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 58 effect of a few process parameters on t he mechanical properties of an ABS + h y drous magnesium silicate composite material and foun d that a thin lay er thickness can improve the mate rial's mechanical properties. Sufiiarov et al. [7] researche d the e ffect of layer formation thickness at selective laser melti ng o n density, microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and observed that at a higher thickness of an individual layer, str ength propertie s are lower and pl asticity i s h igher than in case of a lower thickness of the l a y er. Th e process -related factors have been an alyzed in the majority of the presented works to better understand the state -of- the-art of 3D printing procedures. Man y studi es studied paramete rs such as layer t hickness, nozz le temperature, infill pattern, and printing speed since they are the most important in ge nerating good quality products [ 8]. I n the context of 3D printing, there is sti ll a shortage of relevant information on these topics. The majority of publi shed 3D printing research is b ased on ex periments. Hence, this stu d y aims to gain a better un derstanding of 3D printing by examining the influence of la yer thickness using the finite element analy sis approach. II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD The C AD im ages o f the sa mples are given in Fig ure 1. The s amples were designe d b y usin g Catia V5 Design program. Three different la ye r thicknes se s were chosen as 0.1 -0.2-0.3 mm . Th e layers had 1.5 mm length and the y had 100 % inf ill density. A soli d model with the same dimensio n s was also designed for comparison. Static anal y sis was done on the samples havin g differe nt la yer thicknes se s b y emplo y ing a 100 N load. The mate rial data u sed in CAT IA V5 analysis was P LA (polylactic a cid) with specifications as shown in Table 1. Tab le 1. Material properties o f PLA used for static anal ysis Properties Value Young Modulus 3.2x10 9 N/m 2 Poisson Ratio 0.331 Density 1240 kg /m 3 Thermal Expan sion 6.84x10 -5 °K Yield Streng th 6x10 7 N/m 2 Fig. 1. T he CAD images o f the samples having different la yer thickness es Eryildiz, M. , The Effect of Layer Thickness on The Mechanical Properties of 3D‑Pri nted Parts by Finite Element Analysis Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 59 III. R ESULTS AND DI SCUSS I ON The static anal y sis w a s c arried out usin g a 10 kilogra m load. Figure 2 shows the results of the stress analy sis and distri bution on the samples. As can be se en in T able 2, the max imum Von Mises stress for the sample s having 0.1-0.2-0.3 mm laye r thickness and solid sample is 1272.2, 1260.2, 1200.1 and 1276.7 MPa, re spectivel y. F igure 3 shows the results of the displ acement on the samples. According to the results, the ma x displacement for the sa mples hav ing 0.1-0.2-0.3 mm laye r thickness and s olid sample is 0.695, 0.50 3, 0.441 and 0.728 mm, respectivel y . Tab le 2 . FEA results Sample The max. V on Mises stress [MPa] The max. Displace ment [mm] Solid 1276.7 0.728 0.1 mm layer thickness 1272.2 0.695 0.2 mm layer thickness 1260.2 0.503 0.3 mm layer thickness 1200,1 0.441 Fig. 2. Maximum Vo n Mises s tress distributio n on the samples a) 0.1 mm layer thickness b ) 0.2 mm layer thic kness c) 0.3 mm layer thic kness d) solid a) b) Eryildiz, M. , The Effect of Layer Thickness on The Mechanical Properties of 3D‑Pri nted Parts by Finite Element Analysis Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 60 The highest Von Mises stress was observed in the lowest laye r thickness specimens. This is because the stre ngth of FDM parts improves with incr easing the total number of la y ers [9] , since the number of layers increases as the layer thickness d e creases . Because of the ti g htl y packed interla y e rs, small layer thickness mea ns incr eased bondin g str ength. Because of the small gaps or pores ge nerated between la yers and borders, the bondin g str ength decreases as la yer thickness increases [10]. Thus, the maxi mum Von mises stress of 1272.2 MP a was offered for the sample s having 0.1 mm la yer thickness, while a weaker value of 0.95 % was noticed for the 0.2 mm a nd a much we aker rate of 6% for 0.3 mm as c ompared to the 0.1 m m specimens. This is due to larger gaps t hat can occur as the la y e r thickness increases. As a result, the porosity in the cross-section of the sample increa ses, resulting in dec reased mechanical properties [11- 12]. This is also confirmed with the solid s ample. I t has a bigger cross-section than the samples having 0.1-0.2-0.3 mm layer thickness and gave the hi ghest Von mises stress. Researc hes have also shown that for thi cker layers, the heating a ction of the heating bed causes intense thermal stresses d uring melting a nd cooling, making the sample vulnerable to cracking [2]. Du e to the increase in the nu mber of la yers, the samples with 0.1 mm la y er thickness showed the highest displacement. Hence, as the number of layers increases, the load is ev enly distributed a cross all bonded layers (including s urfaces and inner fibers), balancing the internal stresses, which are g ene rall y associated with a laminate structure. Because la yers are tightl y stacked to gether, the low er the la yer thickness, the grea ter th e inter-la yer bonding, and hence the hi gher the tensile stre ngth and elongation. Large r la yer thickness specimens, on the other han d, have inadequ ate inter-lay er bonding du e to larger microvoids, resulting in reduced tensile strength [9,13,14]. d) c) Eryildiz, M. , The Effect of Layer Thickness on The Mechanical Properties of 3D‑Pri nted Parts by Finite Element Analysis Method , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 61 Fig. 3. Maximum di splacement on the samples a) 0.1 mm layer thickness b ) 0.2 mm laye r thickness c) 0 .3 mm layer thickness d) solid IV. CONCLUSION Additive manufacturing (AM) methods have offered several b enefits to engineering design in rece nt decade s, brin ging up an altoge ther new set of production processes. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a prominent AM approach, has been chosen for investiga tion in this work. I n 3D printin g, the layer thickness is measured along the z -axis and refers to the heig ht of each layer. This study aims to ga in a better understanding of 3D p rinting b y examining the influence of la y er thi ckness usin g t he finite eleme nt analysis approach. Static an alysis was done on the samples having 0.1 -0.2-0.3 mm layer thickness by emplo y ing 100 N load by using CATIA V5. Ac cording to the results, the hig hest Von Mis es stress and displacement was observed in the lowe st layer thickness specimen s. the max imum Von mis es stress of 1272.2 MP a was offered for the samples having 0.1 mm lay er thickness, while a we aker value of 0.95% was noti ced for the 0.2 mm and a much we aker ra te of 6% for 0.3 mm as c ompared to the 0.1 mm specimens. This is due to larger gaps that can occur as the la y er thickness increases. Because the porosity in the cross -section of the sample increases, mecha nical properties decreases. R EF ERENCES [1] Bard iy a, S., J erald, J ., & Satheeshkumar, V. (202 1). Effect of p rocess para meters on the impact stren gth of fused filament fabricated (FF F) polylactic acid (PLA) parts. Mater ials Today: Proce edings, 41 , 1103 -1106. [2] Sharma, P., Dhanop ia, A. K., & Joshi, D. (2021). An experimental st udy on car bon fiber thickness and layer thickness o f depo siting mat erial in fused dep osition m odeli ng. Mater ials T o day: P roce edings, 44, 4479 - 4484. [3] Doshi, M., Mahale, A ., Sing h, S. K. , & Deshmuk h, S. (2021). Printing par ameters and materials affecti ng mechanical p roper ties o f FDM -3D printed Parts: Perspec tive and prosp ects. Ma terials Today: P roce edings [4] Gebisa, A . W., & Lemu, H. G. ( 2019). Influence o f 3D printing FDM pr ocess para m eter s o n tensile pro perty o f ULTEM 9 085. P rocedia Manufacturing, 30, 331 - 338. [5] Chacón, J. M. , Ca minero, M. A., García -P laza, E. , & Núnez, P. J. (2017). Additive m anufact uring of PLA structures using fused dep osition modelling: Ef fect o f process p arameters on mechanical p roper ties and their optimal selectio n. Materials & Design, 1 24, 1 43 - 157. [6] Christiyan, K. J., Chandrasekhar, U., & Ve nkateswarl u, K. (2016 , February ). A study on the influence o f process parameters on the Mecha nical Proper ties of 3D printed ABS composite. 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R., Mo hanavel, V., & Kiran, K. (2022) . Mechanical Pro perties and Characterizatio n of Pol ylactic Acid/Carbon Fiber Composite Fabricated by Fused Deposition Mod eling. Jo urnal of Materials En gineering and Per form ance, 1 - 10. [11] Ayrilmis, N. , Kariz, M., K won, J. H., & Kuz man, M. K. (2019). Effect of printing la yer thickness o n water absorp tion and m echanical pro perties of 3D -printed wood/PLA co m posi te mate rials. The Internatio nal Journal of Advanced Ma nufacturing Technolo gy, 102(5), 2195 -2200. [12] Rankouhi, B ., J avadpo ur, S., Delfania n, F., & L etc h er, T . (2016). Failure analysis and mechanical characterizatio n of 3D printed ABS with re spect to la yer thickne ss and orientation. J ournal of Fail ure Analysis a nd P revention, 16(3 ), 467- 481. [13] Rybac huk, M., Mau ger, C. A., Fiedler, T. , & Öchsner, A. (2017). Anisotropic mechanical prop erties of fu sed depo sition m odeled parts fabricated by using acrylonitrile butadiene st yrene p ol ymer. Journal of Polymer Engineeri ng, 37(7 ), 699 - 706. [14] Shubha m, P. , Sikidar, A . , & C hand, T. (2016). T he influence of layer thickne ss o n mechanical p roper ties of the 3D p rinted A BS polymer by f used deposition m odeli ng. In Key En gineering Material s (Vol. 706, pp. 63 -67). Trans Tec h Publications Ltd. 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13 , 20 22, Konya, Turk ey 63 Yakıt Hücreli Ar açlarda Enerji Yö netim Strate jileri ve Opti mizasyon Hedeflerinin İ nce len mesi Ceyda KÖK 1* , Suha Orçun MERT 2 1 Enerji Sistemler i Mühend isliği/ Lisansüstü Eğ itim Enstitüs ü, İsken derun Teknik Ün iversitesi, Hatay, Tü rkiye 2 Petrol ve Do ğalga z Mühendisliği Bölümü, İskenderun Teknik Ün iversitesi, Hata y, Türkiye * (ceydakok. [email protected] .tr) Özet – Günümüzde enerji kullanımı ç erçe vesinde çevre kirliliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. Enerji kullanımı esnasında me yda na gelen ve ekosisteme zarar veren bu kirlilikler, fosil y a kıtların kullanımı oluşmakt adır . Çevre kirlil iğinin sebepleri incelendiğ inde; fosil yakıt kullanan içten y anmalı motorlu araçlardan kaynaklı emisyon ga z larının etkisini n önemli düzey de o lduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, enerjinin verimli kullanımı ve çevresel faktörler dikkate alındığında yakıt hücreli elektrikli araçlar giderek y ay gınlaşmaktadır. İçten y anmalı motorlu araçlar kadar hız lı ivmelenme beklent isinden dolay ı bu araçlarda ya kıt hüc releri batar y a ve süperkapasitör ile bi rlikte kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu araçlarda fa rklı güç ka ynaklar ının b irlikte kullanımı ile karmaşık güç akışını y önetmek için enerji y önetim sistemlerine ihtiy aç duyulmaktadır. En erji y önetimi stratejileri ise maksimum verim koşullar ı dikkate alınarak optimiz asy on hedeflerine göre belirlenmektedir. Bu ça lışmada, y akıt hücreli ara çların farklı enerji y önetim stratejileri ince lenmiş olup; enerji yönetim sistemleri belirlenen üç hedef açısından deta ylı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucu e lde edilen bulgular, enerji yönetim sistemleri ve opti mizasy on ç alışmalarını konu alan bil imsel ve sektörel faaliyetler iç in önem arz etmektedir . Anah tar Kelimeler – Yakıt Hü creli Araçla r, Enerji Yö netim Sistemleri, Optimi zasyon Hedefleri, Yakıt Hü cresi, B atarya 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 64 Distinguishing W asps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Ba sed on a Co m bina tion of CN N, mRMR, and LDA Emine CENGİL 1* , Ahmet Ç I NAR 2 , Muhammed YILDIRIM 3 1,2 Compu ter Engin eering Departmen t, Fırat University, Ela zığ, Turkey 3 Computer En gineering Department, Tu rgut Özal Un iversity, Mala tya, Turkey * ( [email protected] u.tr ) Email o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – The development of deep learning techniques with new methods day b y da y provides benefits for man y areas. Agricul ture and animal husbandry are also amon g these areas. C onvolutional neural networks, which achieve successful results especiall y in the image c lassifi cation task, are improved with hybrid structures and give better r esults. I n the study, a h y brid method is proposed for bee and wasp classification. I n the model where Ale xNet and Vgg19 a rchitectures are used as feature extractors, features from the two structure s are combined. I n the next step, new f eature se ts were created by selecting the most effective features for cl assification from the features provided from the two models using the feature selection al gorithm. Fin ally, the classification p roc ess is done b y givin g the feature sets to the linear discriminant analy sis. Considering the results of the ex periments, it i s seen that the proposed a pproac h has an eff ect on increasing the ac curacy value. T he classification made using features selec ted with the feature selection algorithm has achieved 97.7 % a ccuracy. Th e results were also evaluated with perfor mance measurement criteria such as Sensitivi ty , Specificit y, Prec ision, F alse positive rate, and F -score. The re sults obtained support that it would be appropriate to use the method to de tect wasps and take pr ecautions in beekeeping. Keywords – Convo lutiona l neural networks, Fea ture tran sfer, Linea r discriminant a n alysis, Featu re selection, mRMR I. I NT RODUCTI ON Ecosy stem is an ecological s y stem that is formed as a result of the mutual relations of living and non- living environment in a certain ar ea and show s continuity [1]. Each living being has a se parate task in maintaining ecological balance. P ollination has an important place in environmental protection as it is necessar y for plant production. Pollination is important for the sustainabilit y of ecos y stems and human societies. No living sp ecies in na ture is superfluous. Ever y living thing pla y s a role i n ecological balance. Bees are among the creatures that ca rr y out the mos t important functions of th e s ystem. The y greatly help pollination by carry ing pollen [2]. Bee s pollinate 71 of the 100 t y pes of crops that provide 90 perce nt of the world's food, ac cording to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization [3]. Some flowering plants are pollinated on l y by bees specialized in these plants. Honey bees are the most economically valuable pollinators. Without bees, yield loss of u p to 90% occurs in most cu ltivated plants. In addition to helping pollination, be es are also producers of honey , which has an i mportant place in human nutrition. Wasps are beneficial insects for humans. They are used as parasites b y people of man y breeds, especially in agriculture, in pest control. Others are aggressive and k eep ins ect populations in check. Some species also undertake the t ask of c arrying pollen that helps plants to reproduce [3]. Wasps can have an advantage over normal be es when they encounter them. For thi s reason, especially durin g dry tim es, there are frequent incidents of wasps attacking the hives, kil ling the Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 65 bees a nd stealing the honey . Balance is important in the ecosystem. Having few or man y livin g species affects the balance badl y . Smart agriculture a nd livestock farming are important to tackle prod uction c hallenges in terms of productivity and sustainabilit y . Continuous monitoring and analy sis of complex and multivariate unpredictable ecosystems is required t o overcome the ch allenges [ 4]. This is possible wit h computer base d s y stems. A. Related Works Deep learning methods are technologies whos e use is rapidly increasing in man y areas. A griculture and animal husba ndry are also are as where deep learning is used. There are many studies on the subject. Fruit counting [ 5] , [ 6], weed dete ction [7] , greenhouse monitoring [ 8], leaf classification [9 ] , [10], flower classification [11], plant disease detection [12] , [ 13] and be e detection and classification [14-16] are some of the topi cs studied. V. Stojnic [ 14] focuses on the knowledg e that automatic detection of pollen-bearing bees can supply important information for monitoring pollination and evaluating the hea lt h of the beehive. A two-step method is applied in the stud y , whi ch classifies bees as pollen- carrying and non -carr ying pollen. First, seg mentatio n is done. Classification i s performe d with SVMs trained on several variations of VLAD coded S IFT identifiers. Stud y obtains 0.91% AUC for classification. In [15] drawing attention to the worldwide hone y bee decline scenario, a software that can automatically detect the cells in the comb images and divide their contents into 7 classes has been developed. The software enables cell classification by distin guishing th e c ells occupied b y eggs, l arvae, closed hatcher y , pollen, nectar , honey, and others. Circle Hough Transform and semantic segmentation technique were used. In addition, 13 different CNN architec tu res were trained and evaluated fo r classification of c omb cell s. In [16], a ne w model that implements deep learning methods for pollen sac detec ti on and evaluation is presented i n the hone y bee watching video. The count of bees c arrying pollen is c ounted. Pollen sacs are discov ered in individual bee image s recorded throughout the video frame usin g a b ee detection algorithm. A convolutional neural network was used to develop the pollen detection model. Uses the Faster RCNN a rchitecture for the task. I ndividual bee images are classified as images of bees with or without pollen sacs b y the network, which has been t aught to detect pollen sacs. Th is pollen bladder detection model is then combined with a bee tracking mo del to determine whether each bee is carr y in g poll en as viewed in successi ve video frames. The deep learning method has improved the results of the traditional image processing method. B. The Importance Of The Study And Its Contributions Wasps harm bees. I n or der for hone y production to be e fficient, the safety of be es must be ensured. I t is important in this respect to detect wasps that are likely to attack the hive. The aim of the stud y is t o classify between b ees and w asps with hi gh accuracy . It is difficult to distinguish betwe en the two bee sp ecies becaus e the y are similar. I n t he study, two pre-trained CNN architectures, Alex Net and VG G19, are used as an automatic feature extractor with feature transfer. The mRMR is applied to the feature set acquired b y concatenating the features from the l ast full y conn ected la ye rs of the two structu res to select the most dist inctive features. Finally, the classification process i s performe d b y givin g th e f eature set to feed the linear discriminant analy sis . C. Organization of The Paper The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows; section 2 includes the dataset, convolutional neural network models, feature selection al gorithm and classification method, which form the theor etical backgrou nd of the study. Details of the proposed method are pres ented i n section 3. Experimental results of the proposed approac h are given in Section 4. Finally, section 5 crea tes the conclusions section. II. T HE OR ETICAL B ACKGROUND The theoretical background of the article is explained in this section. A. Data Set Bee s and wasps are important aspe cts of n atural capital valued b y human societies. Bees pollinate wildflowers and agricultural products. Wasps regulate populations of a rthropods, including insect vectors and crop pe sts of human diseases [17] . Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 66 Bee s and wasps are easily confused without being examined from a dist ance or closel y. There are many properties to define them. Bees and wasps belonging to the or der H y menoptera consist of approximately 20,000 species each. The inse cts most likely to interfere with each other are hone y bees (Apis mellifera) and a few representatives of the wasp genus Vespula (widely known ). The bee or wasp dataset we use consists of ima ges containing four classes o f be es, wasps, other insect and other non-insect [ 18]. We got the images of wasp and be e class from them. There are 2468 bee and 2127 wasp image s in the dataset. Image examples belon ging to the bee and wasp classes are as given in Fi g. 1. We did not appl y an y pre-process to the images. Resiz ing has been made in order to give only the applied models. Fig. 1 Samples of bee and wasp image used for classification [1 8] B. CNN Models as Feature Extractor Convolutional neural net works have had a huge impact since the beg inning of deep learning. Inspired b y the human v isual cortex, the structure was first introduc ed b y the model develop ed b y Lecun et al. to r ecognize numbers written in handwriting [19]. I t was in 2012 that these networks ga ined popularit y and attrac ted attention. Krizhevsky and his frien ds, who participated in t he IL SVRC, which is a large-scale ima ge classification challenge , introduced their architecture called AlexNet [ 20]. The convolutional neural network structure used in the co ntest, which included the classification of 1.2 million images in 1000 class es, came in first with an er ror rate of 16.4%. In second place w as another m ethod that performed wors e, with an error rate of 26.2%. This h igh diff erence made the architecture stand out and made the scientific and acade mi c areas interested. CNNs consist of layers with learnable weights and biases, as in traditional neura l networks. Eac h neuron takes some input , calculates an inner product, and optionally follows it with a nonlinea r function [21]. Traditio nal neura l networks are computationally costl y as each neuron is linked t o all neurons in the previous layer. Images consist of spatially positioned elements. As a result, a network's neurons do not need to be connected to all input units. I n the C NN, n eurons are linked to a small a mount of units in the local area of the input. I n this way, neurons can focus on local features. Th anks to the weig ht sharin g of the structure, the complex structure of the network architec tu re is reduced. Convolutional neural network architecture can consist of several different la y ers called convolution, pooling, and full y connected. The convolution laye r c reates fea ture maps by performing a convolution process betwe en the input of the la y er and the filte rs it contains. The feature map holds the result of the convolution pro cess. An activation function is used after the convolution layer. While thi s fun ction is sometimes described in the convolutional la yer, i n other cases it is applied as a separate la ye r to add flexibilit y to the network architec ture [21] . Pooling lay e r reduces the spatial dimension of the repre sentation captured by the convol utional la yer, crea ting a dense ve rsion of the same information. Maximum pooling is the most often used form of pooling. Full y connected layers are often the last layer of convolutional neural network arc hit ectures. Their function is to classify on features detected and extracted in previous layers [21]. The AlexNet architecture, which draws attention to C NN architectures, consists of 8 la yers, five convolution and three pooling. The architecture includes convolution, pooling , activation and full y connected la y ers. REL U unit is used as activatio n. It takes an im age with a size of 227 x 227 pixels as input. I n the first convolution lay er, 96 filter of 11x11x3 size are used. 256 filters of 5x5x 3 size are used in the second convolution lay e r. For the th ird, fourth and fifth lay ers, 3 x 3 size 384 filter s are used. Each convolutional la yer creates a feature m ap. A 3x3 pooling layer is ap plied to three convoluti on layers. Step siz e 2x2 was chosen for pooli ng. Fea ture maps created aft er the applied convolution Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 67 and pooling la y ers are given to full y connected layers. Finall y , the classificati on possibilities a re found with the softmax lay er and finalized. Fig. 2 Schematic structure o f AlexNet a nd Vgg19 ar chitectur es Another successful structure, the VGG netwo rk [22], was created by researchers at Oxford's Visual Geometry Gr oup. The VGG19 model, which is a variant of the V GG network, contains 19 traina ble layers. Sixteen of the layers ar e convolution and three are full y connected layers. In the architecture, 2x2 max imum pool layers and 3x3 filters with o ne step padding are often used. I t has a de eper structu re compared to Alex Net. The general structure of the two architec tures is as gi ven in Fig. 2. C. Feature Selec tion Fea ture selection algorithms allow mac hine learning methods to work faster and achieve mor e successful results, such as reducing input size and destroy ing unrelated, residual data. Especiall y i n datasets wh ere ther e a re many features with hi gh corre lations and the numbe r of samples is low, the importance of attribute algorithms b ecomes more evident. In these case s, the feature selectio n algorithms eliminate un necessary f eatures in th e dataset and provide a better expression of th e data. They ma y also contribute to the high su ccess r ates of classifier algorithms even with low sample numbers [23], [24] . MRMR [25] is an entropy -b ased feature selection method. I t is preferred d ue to its high performance rate and f ast oper ation. According to the mRMR algorithm, a total of n features a nd the g iven feature set A j (j ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}), the importance of the features is calcula ted as in (1). 𝑓 (𝐴 𝑗 ) = 𝐼 (𝐷 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) − 1 |𝑆| ∑ 𝐼 ( 𝐴 𝑠 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) 𝐴 𝑠 ∈𝑆 (1) In equation, D is the corresponding class lab el, S is the selected fe ature set, | S | refers to the size of th e feature set. Mutua l information for discrete A and D variables is ca lculated as in (2). 𝐼 ( 𝐵 , 𝐴 ) = ∑ ∑ 𝑝( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) log ⁡ ( 𝑝 ( 𝑎, 𝑏 ) 𝑝 ( 𝑎 ) 𝑝 ( 𝑏 ) ) 𝑎 ∈ΩA 𝑏 ∈ΩB (2) The joint probability densit y is P (a , b), and the marg inal density function is p (). ΩA and ΩB, are sample spaces connected to A a nd B. At e ach phase of the method 's feature selection procedure, the feature with the greatest feature r elevance s core is added to the selected feature set S. The mRMR algorithm has two selection requirements referred to as mutual in formation differe nce (MID) and m utual information quotient (MIQ). Besides, for co ntinuous properties, since assuming the p robabilit y densit y can be computationally ex pensive, two alternatives have been proposed, namely F-test correlation difference (FCD) and F -test c orrelation quotient (FCQ) [ 26]. Selection criteria and formulas of the mRMR algorithm are shown in Table 1. Tab le 1. Var iants of mRMR feature selectio n algorit hm Na m e For m ula MID 𝐼 (𝐷 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) − 1 |𝑆 | ∑ 𝐼 (𝐴 𝑠 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) 𝐴 𝑠 ∈𝑆 MIQ 𝐼 (𝐷 , 𝐴 𝑗 )/[ 1 |𝑆 | ∑ 𝐼 (𝐴 𝑠 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) ] 𝐴 𝑠 ∈𝑆 FCD 𝐹 (𝐷 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) − 1 |𝑆 | ∑ 𝜌 (𝐴 𝑠 , 𝐴 𝑗 ) 𝐴 𝑠 ∈𝑆 FCQ 𝐹 (𝐷 , 𝐴 𝑗 )/[ 1 |𝑆 | ∑ 𝜌 (𝐴 𝑠 , 𝐴 𝑗 )] 𝐴 𝑠 ∈𝑆 D. Classification Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 68 In recent y ears, machine lea rning has bec ome an essential part of our lives. L inear di scriminant analy sis (LDA) [27] is a c ommon technique used for dimension reduction and classification. LDA is based on the premise that the dimensional subsp ace connecting each class's center s gives a simpl er reduce d manifold for determining the numb er of differe nt image classes. Fig. 3 Mod el design of the pro posed m ethod LDA provides class separation by drawing a decision zone between different classes. The algorithm tries to maximiz e the betwee n-cl ass variance a nd within-class variance ratio. Given t he set of training images represented b y feature vectors, we calculate the center of gravity and covariance matr ix for each class [28] . The within class scatter matrix distribution for binary classification is as given in (3). 𝐶 𝑤 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎 2 𝑎 =1 (3) Le t the d ataset center be d and the matrix M that holds the distances between the class centers and the center of the entire dataset. M = [ d1-d, d2-d ] matrix between class sca tter is provided as in equation (4). 𝐶 𝑚 = 1 2 𝑀 𝑀 𝑇 (4) 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐽 ( 𝑤 ) = 𝑤 𝑇 𝐶 𝑚 𝑤 𝑤 𝑇 𝐶 𝑤 𝑤 (5) The aim is to maximize the ratio between interclass variance and in -class variance. III. P ROPOSED M ETHOD In re c ent ye ars, it has been discove red that a CNN trained on a ge neral image classification problem can be used to solve a m ore specific problem using a method called transfer learning. There are two methods of transfer lea rning known as fine tuning and fea ture transfer. Fea ture transfer uses a pre-trained CNN architec ture as a feature ex tractor. The training s et for the spec ifi ed task is exposing to the pre -trained CNN. After th at, the d ata is retrieved from the intermediate la yers. Feature information, then learn a simpler machine learni ng a l gorithm like KNN or LDA for special task. It is used to train the sy stem. In the proposed method, fea tures obtained from the last fc layers of Alex Net and Vgg19 stru ctures are taken b y feature transfer method. When CNN is used for feature extraction, these la y ers have be en chosen since the last layers have more dist inctive features [29] . I n the n ex t step, the feature set acquired b y c oncatenating the features from both architec tures is used to feed the LDA. In the last step of the experiment, the mR MR feature selectio n method is applied to the feature set to improve model performance. I t is given to LDA b y usin g a certain number of selected features. The design of the model is shown in Fig. 3. IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESU LTS The steps of the extra ction of features from AlexNet and Vgg19 models with the feature tr ansfer method, the process of combi ning the features an d performing the c lassification process by giving it as input to the LDA were c arried out in the MAT LAB environment. Feature selection with MRMR fe ature selection algorithm is provided in jup y t er notebo ok with py thon software. The information in which environments the ex perimental procedures are performe d is il lustrated in Table 2. All experimen ts were carried out on the windows10 operating system. Other inform ation about th e workin g environment. It is 16 GB RAM, NVDI A Gefor ce 950M gra phic card and I ntel (R) C ore (TM) i7 - 7500U CPU. Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 69 Tab le 2 Software used in pro posed method p rocess Pro cess Software Language Environment Feature T ransfer MATLAB Matlab 20 19b Feature Concatenation Classification Feature Selectio n Python Jupyter Noteb ook To evaluate the c lassification performance of the proposed method, accuracy (Acc), error rate (E rr), sensitivit y (Sn), specificit y (Sp), precision (Prec), false positive r ate ( Fpr) and f-score (Fs) f rom the confusion matrix performa nce metrics were used [30]. The formulas for perform ance metrics are as given in Table 3. Tab le 3 The formulas of t he utilized per formance metrics Name Formula Acc TP + TN TP + TN + FP + FN Err FP + FN TP + TN + FP + FN Sn TP TP + FN Sp TN TN + FP Prec TP TP + FP Fpr FP TN + FP Fs 2 ∗ PREC. SN PREC + SN 1000 features are extracted from the fc8 la ye r, the last fully connected la y er of the Vgg 19 and AlexNe t architec tu res, in the suggested technique. First of all, these fea tures have been g iven to li near discriminant analy sis separatel y for tr aining. A ll experiments for the data set were performed with 5- fold cross validation [31]. The confusion matrix of bot h models is given in Fig . 4. Ac curacy values for AlexNet and V gg19 are 93.0% and 93.1%, respectively . Fig. 4 Confusio n matrix of AlexNet and VG G19 with LDA classifier In the second step, a new feature set is obtained b y concatenating the features in the last fc laye r of AlexNet and VGG19 networks. The feature set containing 2000 f eatures is used to feed the LDA. The confusion matrix a nd AUC curve of training performe d with the Bee or W asp data s et [ 32] are shown in Fig. 5. A ccording to these data, the classification accuracy of the method is 94.8%. Fig. 5 Confusio n matrix and AUC cur ve of co mbined features ( AlexNet and VGG19 ) with LDA classifier The feature set provided in the second step is subjected to the feature s election al gorithm mR MR to ena ble the sele ction of effective features. In this way, it is aimed to increase the classification accuracy b y selecting th e most effective features. The al gorithm has been comp iled with py tho n according to the M IQ criteria. In the 2000 feature set, the most effec ti ve fe atures were listed as 389, 522, and 392. Effective 250 fe atur es ranked according to the algorithm are selected. Then, the method was im plemented b y classif y in g th e feature set with the LDA algorithm. The experimental Cengil et al., Distinguishi ng Wasps for Efficient Beekeeping using an Approach Based o n a Combination of CNN, mRMR, and LDA , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 70 results of the architecture using 250 features are as in Fig. 6. Fig. 6 AUC curve a nd Confusi on matrix of 250 selected features ( mRMR ) with LD A classifier Tab le 5 Classification results of the methods Features Acc Err Sn Sp Prec Fpr Fs Alexnet 0.92 9 0.07 0 0.94 9 0.90 6 0.92 1 0.09 3 0.93 4 Vgg19 0.93 1 0.06 8 0.95 2 0.90 5 0.92 1 0.09 4 0.93 6 Alexnet+ Vgg19 0.94 8 0.05 1 0.96 4 0.92 9 0.94 0 0.07 0 0.95 1 AlexNet+mRMR 0.94 0 0.05 9 0.96 1 0.91 7 0.93 0 0.08 2 0.94 5 Vgg19+ mR MR 0.93 9 0.06 0 0.96 4 0.91 1 0.92 6 0.08 8 0.94 4 AlexNet+Vgg 19 & m RM R (250) 0.97 7 0.02 3 0.98 5 0.96 6 0.97 1 0.02 8 0.97 7 In addition, mRMR is applied to the architecture s without joining. The performance metric values of the methods performed by selecting the same number of features are shown in Tabl e 5. Performance values o f other methods are also demonstrated in Table 5. According to the t able, it is seen that the proposed pipeline increases the classification accurac y . The method achieved 97.7% performance of Alex Net and Vgg19 networks, improving the accuracy rate. V. CONCLUSION Convolutional neural network s are frequentl y successful in image classification problems. I n the study, a method has been proposed for bee and was p classification, foc using on the use of convolutional neural networks in areas such as agriculture and animal husbandr y. I n the propo sed method, featur es are taken from CNN networks with feature transfer and these features a re c ombined. I n the next step, effective features a re selected with the mr mr algorithm and onl y 250 fea tures are used to feed linear discriminant anal ysis. The proposed metho d was evaluated with the performance metrics of accuracy , error ra te, sensitivity , specificit y , precision, false positi ve rate and f -score (Fs) and t he results were shown. The proposed approach achieve d a classification accuracy of 97.7%. Bee s mak e important contri butions to the ecosystem, agriculture a nd econom y. Th eir role in pollination supports the surviva l of plant populations while also increasing f ruit productivity [33]. In areas where hone y b ee farming is carried out, the presence of wasps affects the life o f honey be es and thus honey prod uction. It is an e vent that wasps attack and steal hone y bees, especially in dr y times [34]. The presence of wasps in agricultural areas is beneficial in terms of pest control. How ever, an uncontrolled incr ease may adversel y affect agricultural activities. The refore, their numbers ma y need to be controlled. Although wasps are necessar y and important for human life, their influence on th e life of hone y bees and other beneficial insects crea tes situations in which their recogni tion wou ld be beneficial. Classificati on the two bee species will benefit agriculture in terms of taking necessar y preca utions. 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Oregon State University Extensio n Service. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 73 Optimizing Susta inable Develop ment Goals throug h dig italized Circul ar Econo my in Food Supply Chain Batin La tif A ylak 1* 1 Indu strial Engineering, Turkish-German University, Turke y * ( [email protected] u.tr) E mail of th e correspon ding author Abstract – Sustaina ble De velopment Goals (SDG s) a re the UN- recognized 17 interlinke d g lobal goals to promote peace a nd p rosperity worldwide by improving h ealth, promotin g education, reducin g inequ alit y , and enhancing economic growth while ta ckling climate change b y 2030. However, the expectati on of population growth, reaching more than 8 million by the given time will provoke major global threats, such as increasing air and noise pollution and r eso urce inequalit y , whic h will further ch allenge the accomplishment of the SDGs. To ensure the prompt deliver y of these goals, the cu rrent and future challenge s can be conquered b y shifting fund amentally to a technologicall y driven circular econom y (CE) from the c urrent linear econom y. This transformation re quires commitment from leaders and businesses to work towards an interdependent sociall y, economicall y , and environment ally sustainable world instead of having just ec onomic co nsideration in big decisions. The three principles of C E; (i) design out waste and pollution, (ii) keep pr oducts and materials in use, (iii) regenera te natural sy stems, drive towards the c ommon goal of r educing, reusing, and rec yc lin g of te chnical materials; decomposing of biol ogical mate rials; and use of renewable en ergies. The feasibilit y of these principles require s a strong c onnection and transparenc y between the valu e chain, assuredly achieved by introducing digital tec hnologies for interaction, transactions, monitoring, control, and conce pt validation. The use of digital technologies in the CE allow s tracking and tr acing o f products and components in between v alue chains. The highl y exhibited parts of the CE, such as de materialization, re distributing materials, and providing service will hugel y b enefit from this concept as digitalization provides efficie nt waste collection, and conveniently connect consumers with producers to determine the quality o f material and customer satisfaction. Businesses can v alidate the feasibility and u sabili ty of their product so th at waste products can be eliminated and continue to pla y a key role in reducing the use of c ritical raw materials and hazardous substanc es. This eve ntuall y means higher e fficienc y and a higher deg ree of circularity in the processing of ma terials a nd manufacturing of products. As for the citizens, the y l earn to be int elligent producers and resilient cons umers. The y can appreci ate the facilitates that efficiently monitors climate, nois e pollution, and air pollution for environm ental health benefits. Being open-min ded to di gitalization activates quick and eas y acc ess to he alth care that enhances citizens' wellbeing. Addit ionally , th e di gitalized CE streng thens sustainable food production, provides access to clea n and safe drinking water, and stimulates the use of renewable energies. The development of smart digitalized sy stems connected to the CE can generate exclusive opportunities for society to be prepared to a ddress the challenges a ssociated with the SDGs. This will ensure a n equitable, environmentally , and eco nomically sustainable , an d healthy society. Keywords – Sustain able Dev elopmen t Goals, Circular E conomy, Fo od Supply Cha in 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineering and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 74 Investigating the Effect of Light Stress on Cell Size, Nu mber, Protein, and Chlorophyll Conc entration of Chla mydomonas reinh ard tii ami-RNA Mutant and Wild Type Tuba Sevgi Departmen t of Bio logy, Facu lty of Arts and Scien ces, Bursa Uluda g University, Tu rkey (tubaavci@ulu dag. edu.tr ) Abstract – Silencing the re l evant g ene and investiga ting the resulting phenoty pes is a ver y comm on approac h in the ana l ysis of ge ne function. In this stu dy, Chlamydomonas reinhardii wild -ty pe and HSP 70B- amiRNA strains w ere g rown at hi gh li ght intensities (400 μE*m -2*s-1) in th e presence of ammonium (non- inducing condition). At time point 0 nitrogen source s were changed to nitrate to induce expression of the amiRNA constructs. After shifting the medi a for both HSP70B -amiRNA-mutant and WT strains of C. reinhardtii, c ell number, and volume, chloroph yll, and protein concentrations were measured at the ti me points of 0h, 3h, 6h, and 24h. In ev ery time point C hlorophy ll/Volume concentration was higher i n WT culture than in mutant. Chloroph yll/Cell conce ntration showed a different pattern – the mutant strain contained more chloroph y ll, which is in accordance with increasin g cell volume. Protein/Volume concentration shows a pattern similar to Chlorophy ll/Volume. Protein/C ell concentration at all time points is approximatel y the s ame for both strains. The c ells behave similarl y at hi gher li ght int ensities (400 μ E * m-2 * s -1) concerning si ze of the cells. HSP70B - am iRNA-mutant culture shows lower conc entrations of chloroph y ll and much lower number of cells. Cell counts showe d an increasing difference between amount of cells in cultures of WT and HSP70B -amiRNA strain, reaching a r atio of around 8:1 at t24. But, the protein conce nt ration is approximatel y the same in both cultures for all points in time. Keywords – Chlamyd omona s reinhard tii, ami -RNA, hig h light 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 75 SiO 2 coated carbon interla yer for Li -S batteries Meltem Yanılmaz 1 Istanbu l Technica l University, Turkey [email protected] u.tr Abstract – L ithium-sulfur ba tteries ha ve rece ived great attention because of the high theoretical specific capacity , na tural abunda nce, low cost, and environmental friendliness of sulfur. However, poor c ycling and C-rate performance limit the application of Li-sulfur batteries. Placin g porous and highl y conductive interlay er between separators a nd sulfur cathodes is an efficie nt approach to improve active materia ls’ utilization and limit the poly sulfide shuttle effect and thus enhance the electroc hemical properties of L i- sulfur c ells. Moreove r, SiO 2 could further improve electrochemical performance via capturing large amount of polysulfides owing to the polar structure and strong chemical int eractions. S iO 2 coated highl y conductive carbon na nofibers were prepared and used as an interlay e r in L i-sulfur batteries. The uniform coating of SiO 2 nanoparticles on carbon nanofibers were obs erved from SEM and TE M images. Th e cells with SiO 2 nanoparticles coated highl y conductive carbon nanofiber (SiO 2 @CNF) i nterlayers delivered high first discharge capacity of 1547 mAh/g a nd re tained the specific capacity of around 916 mAh/g in 200 cy cles at 0.2C. The cells with SiO 2 @CNF interlay ers also showed improved C-rate performance compared the c ells without SiO 2 @CNF interlay e rs. The enhanced el ectrochemical performance resulted not only from high polysulfides capturing abilit y of SiO 2 nanoparticles with high specific surfac e area but also highl y conductive interconnected structure of carbon n anofibers. Highl y po rous structure of S iO 2 @CNF led to large amount of pol y sulfide adsorption and hi ghl y conduc tive structur e resulted in reu tilization of adsorbed polysulfides and thereby improved re versible specific capacities. Keywords – SiO 2 , n ano particles, nano fibers, coating, elec trospinnin g 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey 76 Determination of the Antimicrobial , Anti - Quorum Se nsing and Ant i - Biofilm Potential of Bacteria Extra cts Iso lated fro m Fish Belgin ERDEM 1 , Dilek YAL Ç IN 2* a nd İlka y AÇIKGÖZ ERKAYA 3 1 Departmen ts of Medical S ervices an d Techn iques, Health Services Vo cation al College, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey 2 Turkish Spa ce Agen cy, Advanced Techn ologies Unit, An kara, Turkey 3 Departmen t of En vironmental En gineering , Faculty of A rchitecture and Engineering , Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey * mail of th e correspon ding author d yalcin109 [email protected] Abstract – The emergence of multi -drug resistant (MDR) bacter ia observed worldwide, along with the misuse and overuse of a ntimicrobial age nts to tr eat infections of bacterial origin, has become a global problem. Considering this global problem, the disc overy of new a ntimicro bial agents and the investigation of their mechanisms of action as potential thera pe utic compound precursors are key issues in the scientific community. I n this stud y, antimicrobial, anti -biofilm and anti-quorum s ensing potential o f ba cteria ex tracts isolated from fish were therefore assessed. Bacteria obtained from the previous studies and included in the Culture C ollection of Kırşehir Ahi Evran Universit y were used in the stud y. All pathoge nic bacter ia were from cryopreservation and were str eaked onto TS A agar plate then incubated at 37°C overnight. Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC12742 was used as a QS biomonit or organism. The re w ere 19 out of 20 fish isol ates from pre vious stud y showed an anti -quorum sensing activit y. Those positive isolat es were extracted by using liquid – liquid extraction. The crude ex tracts that had bee n obtained were tested aga inst pathogenic bacteria. The crude extracts were also tested for anti-biofilm acti vit y and anti-quorum sensing activity against C. violaceum . F rom this assay , 17 of the 20 e xtracts showe d antibacterial activit y a ga inst pathogenic bacteria used in this study . The anti -quorum sensing a ctivity results showed that each phyllosphere isolate has its own optimal c oncentrations. Ac cording to the re sult of the bio -film (inhibition) activity assay that crude extracts had va rious inhibi tion activities against a ll pathogenic bacteria used in this study, with the most posi tive results ag ainst S. aureus and E. aerogenes the lea st against P. aeruginosa . As a result, b acteria isolated from fish c an be exploited in wide applications in the medical and ph armaceutical industries, and fish isol ates are promising sources for t he discover y of new ba cteria with anti -quorum sensing a nd anti -biofilm activity. Keywords – Antimicrob ial activity, Anti -Quo rum Sen sing, Anti-Biofilm , Chromoba cterium viola ceum, Fish Pa thogens 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 77 Using Nature in Architectur e: A perspective from Antoni Gaud i Şeyda Emekci * 1 Architecture D epartmen t, Anka ra Yıldırım Beyazıt Univer sity, Turkey * (semekci@ybu. edu.tr ) Abstract – Beginning in the earl y 1990s, environm ental concerns began to take a more prominent posit ion on the world agenda. The necessit y for establis hing a relationship betw een architecture and nature has become apparent as a re sult of increased public awareness of the repercussions of uncontrolled urban expansion and climate c hange. The c onsequences of reforms a imed at integrating environmen tall y friendly solutions into the c onstruction of buildings have altered public perceptions of the modern built environment. Although this relationship is perceived as new, it is rooted in ancient tim es. Over the course of hi story, many architects have recognized the need of developing a link with the environment and have taken steps to achieve this relationship. Antoni Gaudi is one of the architects who made a si gnificant contribut ion to this collabora tion. The aim of this article is to redi scover the relationship betwe en natur e and architecture through the works of Antoni Gaudi. Keywords – Sustain able a rchitecture, energy efficien cy, biomimicry, An toni Ga udi 2nd Internat ional Conference on Appl ied Engineerin g and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 78 Influence of HCl a ctivation on the Ammonia Adso rption Proper ties of Natural Clinop tilolite Orkun Ergürhan * ,1 , B urcu Erdoğan 1 1 Departmen of P hysics , Eskişehir Tech nical Un iversity , Turk ey * (oergurhan @eskisehi r.edu.tr) Email o f the co rrespondin g author Abstract – Clinoptilo lite is a natural z eolite containing channel s y stem along a and c axis. In these channels, exchangeable c ations and water molecules can be found. The specific surfa ce area and a dsorption properties of ra w zeolites can be im proved via acid activation process. In this stud y, the ammonia adsorption properties of untreated and acid activated clinoptilolites fro m Gördes region in Turke y was investigated. Specific surface area and micro-p orosit y of the samples were determined via N 2 adsorption measurements at 77 K up to 100 kPa w ith usi ng the Braneuer-Emmet -Teller (BET) and t-plot methods r espectively. Fourier Transform I nfrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the vibrational and structural properties of samples be fore and after ammonia a dsorption. Ammonia adsorption experiments were performe d at 298 K up to 100 kPa. FT - IR results showed the pa rtial destruction of clino ptilolit e structure owin g to the dealumination process. Also, the ammonium formation in the acid modified clinoptilolite samples after the ammonia adsorption was observed. Nitro gen isoth erms for the parent and a cid activated forms were of t y pe IV acc ordin g to the I UPAC classification . According to BET and t-plot c alculations, it is not possible to increase the surface area and mi cro-porosit y conti nuously after a threshold value of HCl concentration. The NH 3 adsorption capa cities of clinoptilolite samples (4.327 -5.006 mmol/g) were compared with those of natural and synthetic zeolites (1.77-9.32 mmol/g) reported in previous works on ammonia removal. Keywords – Clino ptilolite, HC l, Activatio n, Ammo nia, Adsorption 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 79 İnsan Hare ketlerinin Tanın masınd a Karmaşık Dalga cık Dönüşü mü, Yere l İkili Desen ve Zernike Mo ment’in Birleştiril mesi Erdal Özbay 1* 1 B ilgisayar Müh endisliği B ölümü / Fırat Üniversite si , Türkiye * (erdalozbay @firat.edu .tr) Özet – İ nsan hareketlerinin tanınması problemi bilgisay arlı görmenin başlıca konularından bir tane si olduğundan bu konuda ortaya konulmuş farklı y aklaşımlar söz konusudur. İ nsan faali ye tlerine ait b ir dizi görüntü üzerinden tanıma görevi, verilerin gerçek zamanlı işlenmesi gereklili ği ve hareketlerin değişken doğa sı sebepleri y le zorludur. Bu çalışmada, insan hareketlerinin tanınması için Karmaşık Da lgacık Dönüşümü (KDD) aracılığıyla çok çözünürlüklü bir çerçe vede çıka rılan bazı özelliklerin birleşimi önerilmektedi r. KDD’ni n çoklu çözünürlüklerinde Yerel İkili Desen (Yİ D), Ze rnike Moment ( ZM) ile birleştirilmektedir. İ lk olarak, hareket görüntüsünün doku özelliklerinin çıkarılması için görüntü çerçeve lerinin KDD katsa y ılarının YİD katsayıları hesaplanma ktadır, ardından nihai özellik vektörünün belirlenmesinde doku öz elliğinden şekil özelliğinin çıkarılması için bu Yİ D katsa y ılarının ZM’i hesaplanmaktadır . Çok sınıflı Destek Vektör Makine (DVM) sınıflandırıcısı, tanınan insan hareketlerinin sınıflandırılması için kullanılmıştır. Önerilen y öntem, ge nel erişime a çık standart veri kümeleri üzerinde test edilmiştir. Deney sel sonuçlar, öne rilen y öntemin insan hareketlerinin sınıflandırılmasında iy i çalıştığını ve nicel doğruluk performans ölçütü a çısından diğer yöntemlerin bazılarından daha i yi performans göster di ğini ortaya koy muştur . Anah tar Kelimeler – Görü ntü işleme, İnsan hareketi tan ıma, Karmaşık dalg acık dö nüşümü, Yer el ikili desen, Zernike mo men t 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 80 Drenaj Alan - Oran Metodu Kullanılara k Nehir Akım Veriler inin Yanlılık Düzeltmesi ile Do ğruluğunun İncel enmesi Serin DEĞERLİ 1 , Evren TURHAN 1* 1 İnşaat Mü hendisliği/ Müh endislik Fa kültesi, Ada na Alparslan Türkeş Bilim ve Tekn oloji Üniversite si, Ada na, Tü rkiye * eturhan @atu.edu .tr Özet – Su ka ynaklarının planlanma süreçleri içerisinde havza modelleme çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek meteorolojik ve hidrolojik parametrelerin deta y lı bir şekilde araştırılması oldukça önemlidir. Özell ikle baraj, gölet, köprü, men fez gibi su y apıları tasarlanırken, uzun periyotları kapsaya n verilerin eksiksiz olması, noksan olması h alinde ise uy gun yöntemlerle tahmin e dilebilmesi g erekmektedir. Ancak bi rçok sebepten ötürü bu ve rilerin tam olamadığı görülebilmektedir. Eğ er akım ölçümü su y apısının planlandığı y erde yapılamıyor ise mevcut verile rin istenilen bölge y e doğru bir şekilde taşınabilmesi ge rekebil ir. Bu kapsamda Drenaj Al an- Oran ( DAR) y öntemi, ba hsedilen ölçümlerin taşınmasında kullanılan metotlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Akdeniz Havzası’ndaki Elektrik İşler i Etüt İdaresi (EİEİ) tarafından işletilmiş olan 1712, 1717 ve 17 21 nolu Akım Göz lem İstasyonlarının (AG İ) gözlemlenmiş akım verilerinde n faydalanılmıştır. 1987 - 2011 y ılları arası a ylık akım verileri değ erlendirilmiş olup, 1712 nolu istasyonun verileri, birbirlerinden farklı uzaklıktaki 1717 ve 1721 nolu istasy onlar ın bulunduğu konuma DAR metodu ile taşınmıştır. Elde edilen değerler orijinal ( ham) veriler ile karşılaştırılarak y öntemin doğruluğu sınanmıştır. Ayrıca Yanlılık Düzeltmesi (Bias Correction) u y gulandığında ta şınan verilerin gözlenen v eriler ile ne oranda yakınsak olduğu irdelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Yanlılı k Düz eltmesi ile ort a ya konan hesapların düzeltme yapılmadan taşınan değerlere göre orijinal veriler açısından daha ya kın değerler v erdiği görülmüştür. Dola yısı ile su ka y naklarının doğru ve etkili y önetimi aşamaları düşünüldüğünde eksik akımların tamamlanması çalışmalarında havza genelindeki eşdeğer gözlem istas y onları verilerinin drenaj alanlarına göre düz eltmeleri y apılarak taşınmasın ın tasarım ve mali ye t hesaplamalarına olumlu anlamda etki ya pabileceği öngörülmektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Su Kayna kları Yönetimi, Akım Doğruluk Analizi, Drena j Alan - Oran Meto du, Ya nlılık Düzeltmesi, Doğu Akdeniz Ha vzası Investigation o f Strea mflow Data Accuracy w ith Bias Correction Using Drainage Area -Ratio Method Abstract – I t is ver y important to analy ze in detail the meteorolog ical and hydrological pa rameters that c an be used in draina ge b asin modeling studies within the plannin g processes of water resources. Especiall y when designing h y draulic structures such as d ams, ponds, brid ges and culverts, long -term data sho uld be complete and in case of shortcoming, it should be estimated b y appropriate methods. However, it can be seen that these data are not c omplete for many reasons. I f the flow measurement cannot be made where the water stru cture construction is planned, it ma y be necessar y to transfer or transport the available d ata to determined re gion app ropriately. In thi s context, Drainage Area-Ratio (D AR) method is one of the methods used to transport the relevant observation streamflow va lues. I n thi s study , the obse rved streamflow data of Stream Gauge Stations (S GS) numbered 1712, 1 717 and 1721 oper ated by the Electrical Works S urve y Administration (knownly as E IEI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, were used. The mont hl y flo w data Değerli vd., Drenaj Alan- Oran Metodu Kullanılarak Nehir Akım Ve rilerinin Yanlılık Düzeltmesi ile Doğruluğunun İncelenmesi , ICA ENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 81 between 1987 a nd 2011 were utilized, and the data of the SGS-1712 were transferre d to the location of the SGSs 1717 and 1721, which are at different distances from each othe r, with the DAR method. The accurac y of this method was tested by compa ring the obt ained values with the original (raw) data. In a ddition, when Bias Correction (BC) is applied, the ex tent to which the transferre d dat a converge with the observed data was examined. As a result of the study, it has been seen that the results using the BC give closer values than the values transferred without the correction in terms of the original dat a. Therefore, considering the stag e s of accurate and effective water resources management, it is predicte d that transporting the equivalent gauge stations streamflow da ta throughout the basin b y correcting them according to the drain age areas in the completion of the missing flows, can be a positive effect on the design and cost calcula tions. Keywords – Water Reso urces Manag ement, Streamflow A ccuracy Analysis, Drain age Area - Ra tio Metho d, B ias Correctio n, Eastern Mediterran ean Ba sin 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13 , 20 22, Konya, Turk ey 82 Ses Yalıtım Mal zemesi Olara k Kullanılan Mela min Süngerin Hidrofobik Özelliğinin İncele nmesi Merve Okuta n 1* ve Filiz Boran 1 1 Kimya Mühen disliği B ölümü , Hitit Üniversite si , Türkiye * merveokuta [email protected] .tr Özet – Endüstriyel, mesleki ve evsel faaliy etlerdeki atık su deşarjı; gemi y akıt tankları, nakliye, deniz sondaj ekipmanlarındaki petrol s ızınt ıları gibi farklı emis yon kay nakları seb ebiyle p etrol, y ağ ve organik çözücüler gibi ki rleticiler tar afından oluşturulan su kirliliği doğrudan su ekosiste mlerini, dola y lı ola rak da tüm canlıları ve ç evreyi olumsuz etkilemektedir. B u problemin üstesinden gelinebilmesi amacı y la y ağsı kirleticilerin sular dan etkin bir şekilde ay rılmasına y önelik pek çok çalışma y apılmaktadır. Bu nların arasında polimerik g özenekli malzemelerin hazırlanması ve y üzey modifikas y onlarına il işkin y apılan çalışmaların sayısı da gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ticari ve kol ay erişilebilir bir malzeme olan melamin s üngerin (M F) bazı geç iş metalleri y le modifikasyonu ile bir kirletici olarak bitkisel y ağın uzaklaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Modifiy e edilmiş MF’le rin Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektros kopisi (FTI R) analizi metallerin MF ile e tkileşimini doğ rulamıştır. MF ’ ler in temas açısı de ğerleri metal tuzla rıyla modifikasyon sonrasında %30 ’a kadar a rtmış ve Ni tuzu ile modifiy e edilen MF’ i n temas a çısı değ eri 153° olarak tespit edilmişti r . Modi fiye sün ge rlerin y ağ sorpsiyon de ğerleri a y çi çek yağ ı kullanılarak g ravimetrik y öntemle tespit edilmiştir. Bu d eğer, modifi ye edi lmemiş olan süngere nazaran kısmen azalmakla b irlikte metal tuzlarıy la modifi ye edilmiş süngerin suya olan il gisi azalmıştır. M odifiye MF’ler su dolu behere konuldukla rında su y üzeyinde kalmış, su ya kuvvet u ygulanarak daldırıldıklarında ise y üze y lerinde hidrofobik davranışı işar et eden gümüş a yna görüntüsü oluşmuştur. Bu çalışma, çevresel iyileştirmelerde potansiye l kullanıma s ahip olabilecek sorbentlerin hazırlanması i çin basit ve etkili bir y aklaşım sunmaktadır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Melamin , M etal Mo difikasyon u, Hidro fobik, Yağ , Tema s Açısı I. Gİ R İ Ş Son zamanlarda petrol ve kimy a s anayisi (gıda, tekstil, metal kaplama vb.) g ibi ham petrol ve yan ürünleri ile z ararlı organik çözücülerin kullanıldığ ı endüstriler ciddi bir ekolojik ve çevresel problem haline g elmiştir. Açık deniz petrol taşımacılığı ve petrol üretiminin sürekli hale gelmesi, ins an sağlığı ve deniz y aşamı için tehlike arz eden p etrol ve su da çözünmeye n organik çözücülerin sız ıntısı gib i kazaların meydana gelme olasılığını y ükseltmektedir [1,2]. Ay nı zamanda endüstriy el vey a evsel y ağsı/organik atıkların da neden olabileceği kirlil iklerin, bulunduğu ortamda uzun süre kalması çevre v e canlılar açısından çeşitli sorunlar orta y a çıkarmaktadır [ 3]. Bu gibi nedenlerden ötürü, sulardan y ağsı kirlil iğin gider imine yöne lik çözüm üretilmesi önem ar z etmektedir. Petrol, y ağ ve organik döküntül eri temizlemek için kullanılan geleneksel y öntemler a rasında y üze y den sıy ırma, kimyasal dispersanlar ekleme, biyore medias yon, yerinde y anma ve filtra s yon gi bi fiziksel, kim ya sal ve bi yolojik kay naklı y öntemler ye r almaktadır [1,2, 4 ]. Dökülme vey a deşarj kay naklı kirliliğin giderilmesi için en etki li y aklaşım karşılaşılan zorluklara rağmen u ygun sorbentlerin ge liştirilmesi ve geliştirilen sorbentin su kay nağında ikincil kirlilik ya ratmasına en gel olunmasıdır. Yağ ve su yu birbirinden ayırabilecek etkin bir sistem için öncelikle su geçişini kısı tlayan y ani hidrofobik ve oleofilik kara ktere sahip malzemeler gerekmektedir. Bilindiği üzere Okutan vd., Ses Yalıtım Malzemesi Olarak K ullanılan Melamin Süngerin Hidrofobik Özelliğini n İncelenmesi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 83 hidrofobik/oleofilik bir malzeme elde edilebilmesinin y olu y üze y pürüzlülüğünü art tırmaya ve düşük y üzey enerjili moleküllerle kaplama y apılmasına day anmaktadır. Sorbentin hidrofobik olması su tutmasını eng eller ve sonuç olarak su ile y ağ molekülleri arasında bir rekabet olmaması sebebiy le y ağ tutma kapasitesini iyileştirir [2]. Süngerler ve aerojeller gibi üç bo yutlu malzemeler sahip oldukl arı y üksek gözeneklilik ve spesifik y üze y a lanı ile y apıları içerisinde y ağsı atıklar için geniş bir depolama alanı sunabilmektedir [5 ] . A y rıca sünger şeklindeki sorbente emilen yağların sıkılarak uza klaştırılması mümkün olduğundan en verimli ve u y gun mali y etli y aklaşım olarak değerlendirilebilir [ 4 ]. MF gibi ticari olarak temin edilebilen polimerik sünger ler y üksek gözeneklilik, y üksek yağ ve or ganik çözücü emme kapasitesi, elastisite, boyut kontrollü üretim ve düşük maliyet gibi se beplerle özellikle zeolitler, doğa l ve sentetik polimerler gibi malzemelerle karşılaştırıldığında dikkatleri üzerlerine çekmektedir [ 1, 6,7 ]. Hidrofobik bir yüzey elde etmek amacıyla literatürde g enellikle karbon esaslı katkı kullanımı, florlam a, hidrokarbon -silan veya hidrokarbon- tiyol bileşikleriyle kimyasal işlem y apılması tercih edilmektedir. Daha hidrofobik bir y üze y elde e dilmesi amacıy la kullanılabilecek b ir diğer malzeme sınıfı d a geçiş metalleridir [ 8 ]. Birçok endüstri y el aland a farklı uy gulamalar için sıklıkla kullanılan ge çiş metalleri substrat olarak vey a oksidas y onları y la pürüzlü dolay ısıyla süperhidrofobik bir y üzey oluşturmak amacı yla kullanılabilirler. A y rıca, geçiş metalleri ve oksitle ri O, N ve S li gandları il e güçlü bir şekilde etkileşime gire bilme, mikro yapılar ve substrat arasındaki etkileşimleri iy ileştirebilme, kararlı hidrofobik/oleofilik y üzey sa ğlaya n tiyollerle modifiye edilebilme gibi sebeplerle de öne çıkmaktadırlar [ 9 – 14 ]. Bu çalışmanın amacı d ökülme vey a deşarj g ibi sebeplerle sulara karışan y ağ gibi kirliliklerin etkin şekilde giderilmesini sağla y acak, kol a y hazırlanan, tekrar kullanılabilen modifiye süngerlerin ge liştirilmesidir. II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM A. Materyal Basotect ® Me lamin sün ger (MF) Adetaş Yapı İnş. San. ve Tic. Şti ; etanol (susuz ), FeCl 3 ve NiSO 4 .6H 2 O (%99) Carlo Erba; ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O (≥ 99,5) Sigma Aldrich; CuCl 2 .2H 2 O (%98) PanReac ve Na 2 WO 4 (%99) Riedel-de Haen firmalarından, a y çiçek ya ğı is e y erel bir m arketten temin edilmiştir. Kim y asallar ileri bir saflaştırm a y apılmadan kullanılmıştır. B. MF’lerin Metal İyonu ile Modifikasyonu 2x2x2 cm 3 hacminde kesilen tica ri MF’ler 1 sa boyunca etanol:su (1:1, v/v) karışımında ultrasonik bany oda yıkanara k 70°C’deki etüvde 16 s a süresince kurutulmuştur. Ön y ık anmış MF’ler ağ ırlıkça %1 lik FeCl 3 , ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O, CuCl 2 .2H 2 O , NiSO 4 .6H 2 O ve Na 2 WO 4 ç özeltileri içeris ine sıkılarak daldırılmıştır. Ardından çalkala y ıcılı su bany osunda 25°C’de, 15 0 rpm’de ve 1 sa boyunca modifikasyon işlemi gerçe kleştirilmişti r. 1 sa sonunda çözeltilerden çıkarılan süngerler sıkılara k 75°C’deki etüvde 16 sa süresince ku rutulmuştur. Numuneler MF- Metal Adı şeklinde isimlendirilmiştir. C. Karakterizasyon Modifiye MF’lerin metal iy onları ile etkileşiminin daha i y i a nlaşılabilmesi için bir ATR - FTIR ciha zı (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Th ermo Scientific, Nicholet I S 10) ile 4000-520 cm -1 dalga say ısı arasında FTIR ölçümleri alınmıştır. Modifiye edilmiş MF’lerin ASTM D1622 -03 [ 15] standardına göre yoğunlukları hesaplanmıştır. ASTM D1622- 03’ y e göre, süngerlerin görünen y oğunlu ğu, ağırlığın her numunenin hacmine oranıy la elde edilmiştir (Eşitlik 1 ve 2). Sünger numunesinin bo yutla rı bir mikrometre il e ölçülmüş ve hassas terazide tart ıl mıştır. Ortalama görünür y oğunluk, he r bir modi fi y e MF için minimum ü ç numune ile elde edilmiştir. 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥𝑐 (1) Bura da V hacim (mm 3 ), a genişlik (mm), b derinlik (mm) ve c ise yükse klikti r (mm). 𝜌 = 10 6 𝑥 𝑚 𝑉 (2) Bura da ρ y oğunluk (kg/m 3 ), m kütle (g ), V ise hacimdir (mm 3 ). Modifiye MF numunelerinin statik sorpsiy on kapasitesi gravimetrik yöntemle belirlenmiştir. Bunun için a yç içek y ağı model kirlil ik olarak seçilmiştir. Önce den tar tılan 2x2x2 cm 3 hacmindeki Okutan vd., Ses Yalıtım Malzemesi Olarak K ullanılan Melamin Süngerin Hidrofobik Özelliğini n İncelenmesi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 84 modifiye MF küpleri y ağ içerisine 5 dk süre ile daldırılarak tekrar tartılmış, böy lece sorpsiyon öncesi (m 0 , g) ve son rası (m, g) kütleleri tes pit edilmiştir. Üç numuney le y apılan bu işlem sonrasında sorpsi y on k apasitesi (q t , g/g) Eşitlik 3’den hesa planmıştı r. 𝑞 𝑡 = (𝑚 − 𝑚 0 ) 𝑚 0 (3) Sünger morfolojisinin hidrofilik/hidrofobik karakterinin değişiminin incelenebilmesi için modifiye edilen ve edilmemiş MF’lerin statik su temas açıları sesil damla tekniği kullanıla rak KSV Attension Tensiometer cihazı ile belirlenmiştir. B u amaçla sünger yüzey ine 5 ml’lik bir su damlası damlatılarak en az üç ölçüm üzerinden her bir numune için temas aç ısı değerleri hesaplanmıştır. III. BULGULAR Modifiye edilmemiş MF ’in g örünür y oğunluğu 8,76 kg/m 3 iken metal tuzu çözeltileri ile modifiye edilen sünger için bu de ğerin 11 -12,6 kg/m 3 arasında değiştiği Şekil 1’de n görülmektedir. Şekil 1 . Modifiye MF ’lerin gö rünür yoğunluk değerleri Modifiye edilmiş ve edilmemiş süngerlerin FTIR ölçümleri alınmış ve sonuçlar Şekil 2’de verilmiştir. Şekil 2 . Modifiye MF ’lerin F T IR grafikleri Modifikasyon önce si ticari MF’in ortalama temas açısı değeri y aklaşık 118,7° olarak bulunmuşken, metal tuzlarıy l a modifiye edildikten sonra bu değer y a kl aşık olarak %9,7 ila % 29 aralığında artmıştır ve modifiye edilen MF’lerin su temas açıları Şekil 3’de verilmiştir. Şekil 3 . Modifiye MF ’lerin temas açısı değer leri Şekil 4’den görüldüğü üz ere M F’in yağ sorpsi yon kapasitesi modifiye edilmiş olanlardan daha y ü ksektir . Bununla birlikte modifiye e dilmemiş malzemenin su emme kapa sitesi de y üksekt ir. Modifiye edilmemiş ve ön yıkanmış MF ’in su sorpsiyon kapasitesi 112,1 g/g iken modi fiye edilmiş olan süng e rler su üzerinde kalmaktadır ve su içerisine batırıldığında hidrofobik kara kteri temsil eden g ümüş ay na ya ben zer yüzey gözlenmektedir (Şekil 5) . Okutan vd., Ses Yalıtım Malzemesi Olarak K ullanılan Melamin Süngerin Hidrofobik Özelliğini n İncelenmesi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 85 Şekil 4 . Modifiye MF ’lerin yağ sorp siyon değerleri Şekil 5 . a1 - a2) ön yıkama öncesi ve b1 - b2) ö n yıkama sonra sı su içerisine kon ulmuş MF küpleri; c1 ) su içerisine konulmuş Ni ile modifi ye edilmiş hidrofo bik MF küpü, c2) su içe r isine kuvvet uygulanara k batırıl m ış Ni ile modifiye edilmiş hidrofobik MF küpünün gümüş a yna benzeri yansıması IV. TARTI ŞMA Gözenekli bir y apıya sahip olan ticari M F’ i n y oğunlu ğu genel olarak 8-11 kg/m 3 arasında değ işmektedir ve bu çalışmada kullanılan sün gerin görünür y oğunluk değeri ASTM D1622 - 03’e g ör e 8,76 kg/m 3 olarak be lirlenmiştir. Modifikasy on sonrasında bu değerin artması, modifikas y o n sonrası y üz eye ve göz enek içerisine meta l bileşenlerinin girdiğini ve gözenek yapısının değ işmiş olabileceğini işaret etmektedir. MF’nin modifikas y onu ve hidrofobik karakterindeki değişimin daha i y i anlaşılabilmesi için F T I R a nalizi y a pılmıştır. MF’de triazin halkasındaki (C=N ve C−N) ve amin grubundaki (−NH−) olm ak üzere iki tip N atomu vardır. Metal tuzu ile modi fiye edilmiş MF’lerde görülen ve modifikasyonsuz MF’de 1327 cm -1 ’de gözlenen C−N pikinin ise tungsten hariç diğer metallerde y a klaşık 1318 c m -1 ’ e ka y dı ğı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç metallerle MF’in arasında koordinas y on bağı olabileceğine işa ret etmektedi r [16] . Temas açısı analizi sonuçlarına göre, y a pılan deneyler sonucunda melamin süngerlerin y üze y polaritesinin değ işmesine sebep olan metal komplekslerinin oluşması sebebiy le y apının daha hidrofobik olduğu ve temas açısının arttığı y orumu y a pılabilir. Bu sonuç FTIR an alizinden elde edilen sonucu doğrulamaktadır . Şekil 5’de ön y ıkamasız MF, ön y ıkanmış MF ve Ni tuz u çözeltisi ile modifiy e edilmiş MF’in su dolu behere daldırıldıklarındaki davranışları görülmektedir. Ön y ıka ma y apılmamış tica ri MF suya konulduğu anda hemen su emerek dibe batmıştır. Etanol:su karışımı il e y ıkanmış olan M F de suya batma süresi bir miktar artmakla birlikte benzer davranış sergilemiştir. Ancak Ni tuzu çözeltisi ile modifi y e edilmiş MF’ler su üzerinde kalmış, su y a kuvvet u ygulanarak daldırıldı klarında ise y üze yler inde gümüş ayna görüntüsü oluşmuştur. Bu sonuç modifi y e süngerlerin oleofilik karakterlerini y it irmeden hidrofobik ö zellik kazandığına işaret etmektedir . V. SONUÇLAR Bu çalışmada akustik sünger olarak kullanılan ticari MF ; FeCl 3 , ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O, C uCl 2 .2H 2 O, NiSO 4 .6H 2 O ve Na 2 WO 4 g ibi g eçiş metallerinin çözeltilerine daldırılmak suretiyle modifi y e edilere k hidrofobik karakterde bir malzemeye dönüştürülmüştür . FTI R analizi melamin y a pısındaki N atomla rıyla met al etkileşimin gerçe kleştiğini işaret etmektedir ve bunun sonucunda hidrofilik melamin süng erin temas açısı değeri büy ük oranda artar ak MF hidrofobik karakter sergilemiştir. Sonuç ola rak bu çalışma, kendi ağ ırlığının 67 ila 78 katı kadar yağ sorpsi y on kapasitesine sahip olan hidrofobik MF’lerin kola y, hızlı ve ekonomik bir şe kilde hazırlanabileceğ i ni göster miştir. TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışma, Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proj e No: MUH19001.19.002 KAYNAKL AR Okutan vd., Ses Yalıtım Malzemesi Olarak K ullanılan Melamin Süngerin Hidrofobik Özelliğini n İncelenmesi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 86 [1] P. 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Interface s ., vol. 1 0, p p. 6652 – 6660, 2018. 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.c om/ March 10- 13 , 20 22, Konya, Turk ey 87 Türkiye'de aşılama ora nı ile COV ID - 19 pand emisi ara sındaki ilişkinin matematiksel bir analizi Orhan Dalkılıç 1* , Na ime Demirtaş 2 1 Matematik B ölümü / Fen Bilimleri Enstitü sü , Me rsin Ünive rsite, Türkiye 2 Matematik B ölümü / Fen Bilimleri Enstitü sü , Me rsin Ünive rsite, Türkiye * (orhandlk9 52495@h otmail .com) Özet – Günümüzde karşılaşılan en önemli belirsizlik proble mlerinden biri, Covid - 19 pandemisine karşın nasıl bir önlem alınacağıdır. B u önlemlerin en önemlisi hiç şüphesiz aşılam alardır. B u çalışmada Türki y e'de uygulanan Covid- 19 aşılama süre ci analiz edilmiştir. Bu an aliz süreci için belirsizliğe yöne lik geliştirilen önemli bir matematiksel model olan sezgisel bulan ık esnek kümelerden y ararlanılmıştır. A y rıca, elde edilen bulguların daha i yi bir şekilde değ erlendirilebilmesi için bir alg oritma önerilmişti r. Sonuç olarak aşılamaların artma sı yla birlikte pandemiy e ya kalanan kişi sa y ısında azalmalar tespit edilmiştir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Covid -19, Covid - 19 aşısı, Belirsizlik pro blemi, Sezg isel bulan ık esnek kümeler, Korelasyo n katsayıs ı. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 88 Bacteriocin prod uction potential o f chees e -borne St aphylo coccus hominis Sümeyy e AKBU LUT * , Elanur TUYSUZ 2 , Ahmet ADI GÜZEL 3 , Hakan ÖZKAN 4 Departmen t of Molecu lar Biology and Genetics Atatü rk University, Erzurum, Turkey * sumeyya.a rslan@ataun i.edu.tr Abstract – Due to the widespread us e of classical antibiotics in the treatment of patho genic hum an and animal diseases, antibiotic-resistant strains have developed in rece nt y ears. This has increa sed de mands for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents to combat mul tidrug resistant pathogenic organisms. Bacteriocins have the potential to best respond to this demand with their hig h therapeutic index and non -toxic nature. Bac t eriocins are natural antimicrobial peptides that are generally p roduced by l actic acid bacteri a and can be used to tre at diseases c aused b y patho genic bacteria. In recent y e ars, studies have fo cused on the isolation and identification of potent antimicrobial bacteriocin producing strains and optimization of bacteriocin production conditions. In our current stud y, 21 isolates were obtained from 9 white cheese samples provided from Erzurum province and these isolates were c haracterized phenotypically in th e fir st stage. The isolates were then distinguished from each other as species or subspec ies b y genomi c fingerprint anal y sis (rep- PCR). As a result of the anal y sis, it was thought that 8 isol ates out of 21 are different from each other. To prove this prediction, isolates were genomicall y identified b y 16S rRNA sequence anal y sis. Antimicrobial properties of 8 isolates id entified as a result of sequ ence anal ysis were tested against va rious food pathogens in the first sta ge. Simult aneously , specific P CR anal y sis was p erformed to determine wh ether these 8 isolates contained the relevant bacteriocin g enes i dentified b y species. As a result of the anal y zes, it was determined that the isola te with the cod e SE27 ha d a stron g antimicrobial eff ect against Escherichia coli and that this isol ate was a strong plantaricin p roducer. As a result of the 16S rRNA sequenc e an alysis, it was deter mined th at the SE27 coded isolate was 99% similar to the Staphylococcus hominis species. Keywords – Antimicrob ial pep tide, ba cteriocin, ch eese, isolation, mo lecular id entification, 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 89 Investigation by Confocal Ra man Spectroscopy of Ba sic Volcanic Roc ks of Yüksekova Co mplex (Elazığ , Tur key ) Cedide Kaymak 1 , Me lek Ural 2* 1,2 Depa rtment of Geo logicalEng ineering /Enginee ring Faculty , Fırat University, Turkey 1* (melekural@fi rat.edu. tr ) 2 cdkayma [email protected] m Abstract – The study area in the western ex tension of the Bitlis - Zagros suture z one is around the pr ovince of Elazığ and Baskil (Kuşsarayı, Topaluşa ğı), Keban (Cebb eruşağı), Sivrice (Kinederiç - Bekçitepe), Sürek (Sivrice), Konakalmaz, Kesikköprü locations. Basaltic pillow lavas and partially doleritic subvolcanics from the volcanic mafic products of the Yüksekova unit, which represe nt volcano -sedimentar y arc-arc back-arc ge otectonic environments, were investigated petro graphically and usin g Confo cal Raman spectroscopy. It is seen that the rocks in the s tud y area h ave a b asaltic composition and an almost homogeneous compositional range. Althou gh it ha s the main mi neralogy of plagioclase+pyroxene ±olivine accompanied by secondar y minerals such as zeolite, chlorite a nd epidote in g eneral, the common and recognizable dominant mi neralogy is clinopyroxene and plagioclase. Subo ph y tic, intergranular, poi kilitic, microporph y ric, h y alomicrol y tic porph y ric, am y gdaloidal and g lom eroporphyric t extures are charac teristic in the rocks. There is a varie t y of alterations in the rocks such as carbonate and silica veins/fill ings; epidotization (from p y r oxenes), chloritiz ation (from p yroxenes), silicification, opacification (in some pyroxenes and common groundmass), carbonation, less sericitization (in plag ioclases), argillization. The mineral compositions defined a ccording to the Raman peaks obtained from the relevant loca tions based on Confocal Raman Spectro meter studies a re a s follo ws: Süre k r egion: albite, aug ite, pyrite; Alıncık reg ion: aug ite; Ku yucak (Baskil) reg ion: diopside; Cebberuşağı ( Keban) r egion: diopside, Konakalmaz region: aug ite; İç m e, Pirimezartepe, Yolüstü region: augite, diopside; Topaluşağı (Baskil) region: aug ite; Kuş sarayı (Ba skil) region: augite, di opside, albite, g oethite a nd magne tite. As a result; Confoc al Raman spectroscopy analy zes pe rformed on cl inopyroxenes of basic la vas of Yüksekova Complex show that mai nl y augite and relatively less diopside minera l t y pes are avalaible in t hese roc ks in this area. Keywords –Yükseko va Comp lex, basic lava , clinopyroxe ne, C onfo cal Ra man Spectrosco py 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 90 İşbirlikçi Oyun T eorisi ve TO PSIS Metodu Kulla nılarak Kuru msal Kaynak Planla ma Yazılımı Seçimi Mehmet Onur OLGUN 1* 1 Endü stri Mühendisliği B ölümü, Sü leyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, TÜRKİYE * onuro [email protected] .tr Özet – İ şletmeler sür ekli değişen çevre koşulları ve y oğun rekabet ortamında gelişen bilgi teknoloji lerini kullanmay a başlamışlardır. B unun sonucunda işletme deki karar vericilerin mevcut y azılım alternatifle ri arasından maksimum fa yday ı elde ede cekleri en u ygun v e doğru y azılımı seçmek istemektedirler. Burada en uygun ve doğru ile sö ylenmek istenen, seç ilen y azılımın çok fazla değişikliğe uğramadan kurumsal bilgi ve süreçlere entegrasyonu ve kurulum sonrasında yazılım a güven duyulabilmesidir . Yanlış u y gulanmış bir kurumsal ka y nak planlama yazılım seçimi işletmelerde gereksiz maliyetlere, risklere ve z aman kaybına neden olur. İ şletmelerin gelişen teknoloji doğrultusunda y önetim bilişim sist emlerindeki gelişmelere uyum sağlaması gerekir. Bu sür eçte yönetimin y a da k arar vericilerin bu kararı veri rken birden çok k riteri ve riski göz önünde bulundurmas ı şarttır. Kurumsal kay na k planlama y azılım seçi mi özelinde incele necek olursa y anlış u y gulanmış y azılımlar işletmey e p ara, zam an ve kaynak ka y ıplarına sebep olur. Çalışmanın amacı, işletmelerin karar problemlerinin çözümünde kriterler ağırlıklarının belirlenmesinde İ şbirlikçi O y un Te orisi ve alternatifle rin öncelik değ erlerine göre sıra lanmasını sağlaya n TOP SIS yöntemler ini n bir arada kullanılmasına y önelik iki aşamalı bir y aklaşım sunmaktır. Bu amaç do ğrultusunda; Sunulan iki aşamalı karar ve rme y aklaşımının uygulanabilirliğinin gösterilmesi, hede flenerek, i şletmelerde kurumsal k ay nak planlama yazılım seçimi üzerine farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren işletmelere y ardımcı olmak için örnek bir uygulamay a y er veril mesi planlanmıştır. Ay rıca, Kurumsal kaynak planlama yazılım seçiminde işbirlikçi oy un teorisi yöntemi ve TOPSIS y öntemlerinin hibrit bir biçimde kullanılmasıyla , ya pılan çalışmanın literatürde ki bu açı ğı doldurması hede flenmektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – İşbirlikçi Oyun Teorisi, TOPSIS Metodu, Kurumsal Ka ynak Planlama Yazılımı, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri , S hap ley Metodu 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 91 Investigation o f Ther m op hysical Pr operties of Poly ester Composit es Produced w ith Sy nthesized MSG and Na no -Alumin a Hakan Şaha l 1* and Ercan A y doğmuş 2 1 Munzur University, V ocation al Sch ool, Depa rtment of Food Proce ssing , Tu nceli, Tu rkey 2 Fırat University, Fa culty of E ngin eering, Departmen t of Chemica l Engin eering, Elazığ, Turkey * (hakansah [email protected] u.tr ) Email of th e correspon ding author Abstract – I n this study, synthesis of a new compou nd, 4 -[(E)- (5 -bromo-2-h ydrox y -3-methoxybenz y lidene) amino]-N carba mimido ylbenzenesulfona mi de (MSG) has been carried out . The structures of MS G are character ized using spectroscopic methods such as F ourier transform infrared spectroscop y (FTIR), and proton nuclear ma gnetic resonance spectroscop y (NMR). I n ex perimental studies, sy nthesized MSG has been reinforced with 1 wt .% and 2 wt .% unsaturated pol y esters. Besides, 1 wt.% and 2 wt .% alumina nanoparticles, 1.5 wt.% methyl eth yl ketone peroxide (MEKP), and 0 .5 wt% cobalt octoate (Co Oc) were used to produce polye ster composites. Although alumina nanoparticles increased the densit y of the produced pol y ester composite, MS G supplementation decreased it. Whil e nano-alumina raised S hore D hardness of the pol y ester comp osite, s y nthesiz ed MS G went d own it. Both nano-alumina an d MSG reinforcement have been increa sed the porosity in the surface morphology of the pol y ester composite. Also, nano-alumina reinforcement ra ised the ac tivation energ y of the poly est er composite and MS G decre ased it. In other words, since the alumina filler raises the activation energ y , the th ermal stabilit y of th e polyester composite has g one up. Keywords – Alumina , S ynthesis, MS G, Po lyester composite , C haracterization 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 92 MOLECULAR D OCKING AND ADME PR OPERT IES OF DITHIOPHOSP HORIC ACID DERIVATI VE CO NTAININ G ISOBUTYL MOIETY AS POTEN TIAL ANTIBAC TERIAL A GENT Ahmet AYDIN 1 , Ze liha Nur YILMAZ 1 *, Bülent DEDE 1 1 Süleyma n Demirel Universit y, Facu lty of Sciences a nd Arts, Departmen t of Chemistry, Is parta, Turkey * (zelihanu [email protected] ) Email o f the co rresponding author Abstract – Antibiotics a re use d for the main treatment of bac terial infections. However, bacteria quickly adapt and develop resistance to man y antibiotics. Along with antibiotic resistance, misuse of antibiotics has become one of the biggest problems of the 21st century . The refore, since the second half of the 20st centur y, scientists have turned to research on alte rnative drug molecules. Tod a y , the b ehavior of ch emical mol ecules in biological systems ca n be predicted b y developed software and molecular modeling techniques. In this stud y in -silico stu dies of dithiophosphoric acid de rivative (li g and) c ontaining isobut y l moiety w ere carr i ed out. The ligand wa s optimiz ed by molecular mechanical method. The optimized ge ometry of the ligand was used in molecular docking studies with selected proteins. I n mole cular docking studies, Ketoacyl-acyl carri er p rotein sy nthase III (KAS III) (PDB ID: 1HNJ ) and lipoteichoic acid s ynthase ( L taS) (PDB ID: 2W5T) proteins were chosen as rec eptors for gram-ne gative and gra m-positive bacteria, respec tivel y. Molecular dockin g simulations were carried out by using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 program. As a result of molecular doc kin g studies, ligand-protein binding energies, hydrogen bond sites and number that may oc cur between ligand-protein were determined and evaluated. The binding energies of the ligand's interactions wi th KAS III and LtaS were found to be -4.5 and -5.2 k cal/mol, respectively. From these values, it was determined that the liga nd inhibited LTa S better than KAS III and the li gand - LTaS complex was much more stable. Druglikeness and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) parameters of the lig and were also calculated. The obtained values showed that the lig and has favorable pha rmacological and g ood oral dru g candidate properties. Keywords – Antiba cterial Agen t , Isob utyl Moiety , Adme Properties Reference s 1. Trott, O., & Olson, A. J . (2010). AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and ac curac y of doc kin g with a new scoring function, efficient optimiz ation, and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry , 31 (2), 455-461. 2. Daina, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). Swis sADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medi cinal chemistr y friendliness of small molecules. Scientif ic Reports , 7 (1), 1-13. 2nd Internat ional Confere nce on A pplied Engineeri ng and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ March 10-13, 2022, Konya , Turkey 93 Impacts of Sus tainability on Suppl y Chain Ma nagement Batin La tif A ylak Departmen t of Industrial E ngineerin g , Turkish- German Un iversity, Turkey * ( [email protected] u.tr ) Email o f the correspon ding au thor Abstract – Prese ntl y , environmental strategies are critical for the improv ement of organizational operations. Sustainable Suppl y Chain Management, therefore, plays a key role in supporting or ganizations improve their overall performanc e. This stud y seeks to determine the level of correlation between sustainabilit y practice s and suppl y chain management within diverse orga nizational contexts. The research study was facilitated throu gh a s y stematic review approach. It was b ased on a data pool consisti ng of 13 secondary sources that were obtained from online re search d atabases such as W eb of Science and Scopus. The s ources were subs equentl y subjected to the ex clusion and inclusion criteria. The results obtained indicated that sustainabilit y p ractices can have a statisticall y significant and direct im pact on or ganizational operations such as procurement, ma nufacturing, and lo gistics, which fall under suppl y chain mana gement functions. It is, howev er , not clear where the impact of sustainabil it y practices is highest between pro curement and logistics processes. The findings further impli ed that the implementation of sustainability practices at an org anizational level ca n re sult in the establishment of nove l linkag es with pa rtners in the suppl y chain. The linkage s result from the necessit y of forming relationships with additional suppliers to obtain relevant resources. Keywords – Sup ply Chain Managemen t, Sustainability, Log istics 94 2nd Interna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineerin g and Natura l Scie nces h tt ps : // www.i caens.c om/ Mar ch 10 -1 3, 2022, K ony a, T ur k ey Effect Of Modification Of Environm ental Conditions During Ultraviolet-C Radiation (Uv-C) Applications On Some Quality Character istics Of Stuffe d Pasta (M antı) SULEYM A N GOK MEN 1 * 1 Food Pro cessin g Depart men t, T echnical Vocational School , Karamanoglu Mehmetbe y U niversity, Kara m an, T urkey * sugokmen [email protected] m Abstract – Ma ntı is one of traditional foods producing in Turke y . Shelf life of fr esh mantı is short because it contains g round beef in its mortar and dough part is ra w. For these reasons, it is ne cessary fo r pre - treatment in mantı samples. One of th ese pre -treatments is ultra violet -C (UV-C) applica tion. UV- C radiation is used in surface sterilization because of its low p enetra tion p ower. One w ay to inc rease the effectivene ss of UV-C is to modify th e ambient conditions in which it is applied. Therefore, effect of environmental conditions on the efficiency of UV - C in mantı samples was investi g ated. According to the obtained results, when the temperatu re and humidit y in crease d, microbial quality of mantı improved and the amount of, an indi ca tor of putrefaction, TBA (thiobarbituric acid) in the product decreased was found (p <0.05). I t was concluded that UV -C application at room temperature and high humi dit y in products containing both the dou g h and minced meat su ch as mantı would impro ve the qualitative properties of product. With this study, it was assumed th at UV application could be used b y modif y in g the ambient conditions in meat and meat-based foods. Keywords – Effective ness; environmental conditio ns; mantı, q uality feat u res; stu f fed pasta; u ltraviolet -C I. I NTRO DUCTI ON Some foods are mo re s usce ptible to spoilage since man y spoila ge f actors can be found in food s. Therefore, their shelf life is also short. Among these, there is mantı (stuffed pasta) with minced meat one of them is popularly consumed in our countr y bu t constitute a large health risk group [ 1- 3]. Mantı is one of our traditional foods that are popularly consumed in our countr y with hi g h nutritional value. In parallel with the in crea sing consumption of individual mantı in recent years, the rate of restaura nts and, so s imi l a r establishments serving mantı has also become widespread. Since the production made by hand in small enterprises is not enoug h to me et the d emand, mantı has started to be produced b y indus trial methods (machines) in various enterprises. Manti is defined that a traditional f o o d prepared b y putt ing the minced meat mixture in small pieces of mantı -dou g h and boil ing it in the water before consumed, diversified with di ff e r e nt types of spice s, soy protein, and/or minced mea t by definition. The bas ic production steps of mantı were g iven below. a. Mantı -dough preparation used flour, water, and salt. b. Mantı mortar is prepared with onion, minced meat, and oil. c. Mantı dough a nd its mort ar a re placed in the mantı making machine and, later it is pressed. d. La ter, the product enters the conve y or ov en with conveyor be lts and the mantı is baked in these conveyor ovens at 200 o C for 10-12 minutes. e. The product is not cooked enoug h is baked again at 130 o C for 10-12 minutes. f. After the pr oduct is cooled, it is packaged a nd stored at room tempera ture [2 -3]. Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 95 beef when freshly introduced to the market, its shelf life also short and there is food p oi son in g risk y . Food poisoning caused b y th ese foods i s fre quentl y encountered in Turke y [4]. Furthermore, practices such as modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging have be en used to incr ease the shelf li fe of fresh mantı, but although positive r esults have been obtained with these methods, no grea t success has been a chieved on an industrial scale [5]. In addition, due to the high cost of such packa ging applications, the ir usage was limi ted. Non-ionizing radiation can be applied to increase in shelf life of mantı. One of them is also ultraviolet application (UV-C). UV-C application is widely used in surface sterilization. I n addition to these, it has application s for pasteurization in liquid foods [6]. Howeve r, UV - C’s usage is limited due to the high putrification values (TBA) when used in meat and meat-based foods. Therefore, the aim of this stud y was t o investigate the usabilit y of UV -C application by modifying the environmental conditions in meat and meat-based foods such as mantı. II. M ATERIALS AND M ETHOD In this research, bundle- type mantı with minced meat was used as th e material. Mantı producti on was carried out according to the method described in the ge ographical signs of Kayseri mantı (mixing flour, water, eggs, and salt in certain proportions, kneading the dou gh, resting it for a while, and then dividing it into certain ratios pieces, putting equal amounts of minced meat in each piece, a nd twisting the dough) [ 7]. Mantı production w as carried out in batches, batch of 5 kg, in the mantı production compan y operating in Kon y a Province, Turk ey . Information about the Mantı with minced me at production produced fo r trial purposes and the materials used in produc tion were given in Table- 1. Table 1. Mantı production pro cess The application was c arried out in an air- conditioning cabinet d esigne d b y us. For th is purpose, a UV-C lamp a ssembly, which can b e use d in foods, has been inst alled in the cabinet. Th e distance between the product and the radiation source was determined as 25 c m based on li terature. In a ddition, the temperature values in the cabin we r e made considering the sto rage conditions of mantı in the mar ket [2]. I n the market, dried mantı a re stored at room tempera ture and wet ones a re stored at refrigera tor temperature [2]. While selecting the relative humidit y values, the lowest and highest values were chose n t o determine the e ffectiveness of UV -C. In the determination of the application times, the application times of the non -ionizing radiation applied to the mantı in t he literature w ere taken as criteria [ 7]. Pre- pasteur ized mantı production, cabin features, and UV -C lamp proprieties were given in below (Table 1-2). Table 2. Ultr aviolet-C applica tions (UV - C) in mantı UV -C applica tions Time(minu tes) Temperature ( °C) Relative Moisture (% ) 15 10 0 30 10 0 15 10 90 30 10 90 15 25 0 30 25 0 15 25 90 30 25 90 Control - - Properties o f UV-C Pre - pasteurized mantı prod uction Raw m antı Minced m ea t used i n mantı: double p ulled through meat machine, low-fa t (about 25 % fat). Mantı shape: B undle type Mantı sizes: 1 .5x1.5x1.5 cm Spices used in m antı mortar: salt, b lack pepper , m int Mantı weight: avera ge 1g Flour: Type 55 0 has the characteristics of 13. 00 -13.5 0% protein, m inimum 32% w et gl uten and 14.5 % m o isture in flour. Pasteurizat ion process ( 1 minute at 70 °C) was ca rried out in Mateks PM - 100 pasteurizat ion unit in the ma ntı facility. Cab features • • • control. • Branded by Daihan Scientific. Microprocessor is PID controlled. There is tempera ture, relative humidity, and lighting There is programma ble automatic op erati on capability f o r different tem p erature and hu m id ity values. There are 7 steps for the light source, 120 templates for humidity and tem perature values, and 1.200 segm ent pro gram functions. It has a capacity of 432 lt. Cabin temperature range is between 0°C ~ 60 ° C. Cabin temperature distribution is ± 1.0 ° C at 20 ° C, its tem peratu re acc uracy is ± 0.5 ~ 1.0 ° C. UVC T8 15W / G13 Scope of a pplication Water, food, air, and surfac e sterilization Low mercur y content, no ozone, it has the most eff ective radiation at 254 nm. Current: 0.31A Volt: 55 V Power: 15W Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 96 factor 7.8, the amount of malonaldehyde formed in mg/kg of the sa mple was calculated [7]. Dry Matter Passing into W ater Cooking water of mantı samples was used to determine the dr y m atter that passes into the water. Dr y matter in the cooking water was deter mined gravimetrica ll y [ 2]. We ight gain It w as measured by th e ra tio of cooking weig ht to initial weight. The results are expressed as % [2]. Picture 1. UV radiation ap plication to manti* * The distance between the sample and the UV -C source is 25 cm. Mantı samples apply ing UV -C radiation were processed to the following a nal y z es. Color analysis Color determination was performed using the Hunterlab Colorflex color meter device. L *, a * and b * color values of the samples were measured [7]. Moisture determination The moisture content o f the samples was determined gravimetrica ll y b y dr ying them at 100 ± 2 ° C until the y rea ch a constant weight [7]. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis It was homogenized with 10 g of sample and 97.5 ml of distilled water at 50 ° C. This mixture was taken into the Kjeldahl flask and 2.5 ml of 4 N HCl solution (1:2; 37% HCl , pure H 2 O) was added. Then the volume of the mi xture after it was complet ed to 100 ml. Anti -foaming glyc erin w as add ed. 5 ml w as taken from the distillate that was collected in the device b y steam distillation. 5 ml of 0.02 M TB A reage nt was added to th e mixture and the mix ture was kept in a boil ing wa ter bath for 35 min utes. Absorbance values of samples cooled to room temperature were read in the UV-spectrophotometer at 538 nm waveleng th. By multiplying obtained absorbance values by Microbiological analyzes Total mesophilic aerobic microorganism count The dilutions of mantı samples were prepared, incubated at 30 ° C for 24 hours in Plate Count Aga r (PC A) b y the pouring plate method, and later forme d colonies counted [7] . Total yeast and mold count The samples were homogenized with 1:10 isotonic solutions. These samples were diluted (100) and spread on 0.1 m L sample plates. Pota to Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used as solid medium to determine the total y east -mold counts. F or total mold and y east, the plate s were incubat ed at 25- 28 °C for 5 da y s. Finally, the formed colonies w ere counted [2,7]. Sensory analyzes Sensory anal y sis of mantı samples; I t was conducted b y 7 panelists who were e xperienced and trained in senso ry analysis. The followin g parameters were take n into ac count in the stud y [2] . 100-200 gra ms of man tı samples were taken, cooked, and subjected t o the following an aly zes (Figure 2). It was decided that mantı samples were cooked whe n the surface of cooking water come it. • Cabin's hum idity amount can b e a d justed a s 0-95% RH and its humidity distribution are ± 3% at 60 ° C, its accuracy is ± 1%. UV -C rad iation a pplication to manti wa s given in Picture 1*. Name and S ur n am e : Date: Product: M antı with m inced me at Explanatio n: Evaluate the coded samp les g iven to yo u separately , out of 10 points, in terms of the quality criteria give n below . K odlar Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 97 Quality Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 Taste Odor A ppeara nce Mouth Feel Gene ral eval uati on Explanat ions o n point values 1- 2= Very bad 3-4-= Bad 5- 6= No Bad 7- 8= G ood 9-10= Very Good Picture 2. Sensory Anal ysis For m Statistical analyzes In this study, UV -C application was carried out by using a 2x2x 2x1 (n = 8) f actorial trial d esign including 2 differe nt temperatures (10 and 25 °C), 2 different time (15 and 30 minutes), 2 replications, and control. At the same time, significant differe nces betw een avera g es in physicochemical, sensor y , and microbiolo gical anal y zes of mantı and control sa mples subjected to UV-C application i n the study were determined at a 95% confidence interval with Tuke y mult iple comp arison test using JMP progra m. III . R ESULTS The effect of UV-C a pplication in different environmental conditions and at different times on some quality properties of mantı was investigated and obtained re sults were given below. Color Analy sis Results According to obtained r esults from applications, there was no statisticall y si gnificant differe nce b etween the L, a, and b values of t he mantı samples (p> 0.05) (Table 3) . Tab le 3. Color an alysis, m oist ure analysis, Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), W ater Passing into Dr y Matter (WP DM), Weight Increased (WI) Value, and m icro biological anal y sis result s in mantı samples Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 98 1: Relative humidity 0- 10° C -15 mi n., 2: Re lative humidity 90- 10° C - 30 min., 3: Relative humidity 90 - 25° C - 15 min. 4: Relative humidity 90 - 10° C - 15 min.5: Relative h umidity 0 - 10° C -30 min.6: Relative humidity 90 - 25° C - 30 m in.7: Rel ative hum idity 0- 25° C -15 m in.8: Rel ative humi dity 0- 25° C - 30 min. 9: Con trol UV -C applications * Time(m in.) Temp erature (°C) Relative Moisture (%) Moisture rates (% ) 15 10 0 34±0.6 30 10 0 35±0.2 15 10 90 36±1.2 30 10 90 36±1.5 15 25 0 34±0.8 30 25 0 34±1.3 15 25 90 35±0.9 30 25 90 33±1.8 Control - - 34±1.0 *T he analysis w as carried ou t in 3 par allel. TBA: thiobarbituric aci d WPDM: Dry m atter passing into the wat er 1: Relative humidity 0- 10° C -15 mi n., 2: Re lative humidi ty 90- 10° C - 30 min., 3: Rel ative humidity 9 0- 25° C -15 min . 4: Rel ative hum idity 90- 10° C - 15 min.5: Re lative humidity 0 - 10° C -30 min.6: Relativ e humi dity 90- 25° C - 30 min.7: Re lative humidity 0 - 25° C -15 min. 8: Relat ive humi dity 0- 25° C - 30 min. 9: Control WI : Weight gain UV -C a ppli ca ti o ns** Time(m in.) Tempera ture (°C) R ela ti ve Moist ure (%) **** 100 cfu/g samp le **** 10-1 cfu/g samp le **** 10-2 cfu/g samp le ***** 100 cfu/g sampl e 15 10 0 UC* ** UC 1100 no colon y detect ed 30 10 0 UC 3920 500 15 10 90 UC UC 1450 30 10 90 UC 2880 420 15 25 0 UC 3130 250 30 25 0 UC 2520 210 15 25 90 UC 4940 580 30 25 90 UC 1500 12 Control UC UC UC <100 ** T he analy sis was carried ou t in 3 p arallel , *** UC: uncountable (too much), **** total micro org anism amo unt, ***** total y east and mol d amount. Previous studies were reported that UV- C does not generate heat gain in the environment and in the product [2,7]. S ince UV- C didn’t c a u se heating in the product, the color values of th e product didn’t change. In addition, it was Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 99 concluded that the application of UV-C at different temperatures and relative humidit y didn’t have effect on the c olor values of the product. Moisture results It was no found si gnificant difference between the moisture values of the mant ı samples subjected to pre-pasteurization (p> 0.05) (Ta ble 3). Table 3 Moisture rates, whi ch w ere initiall y 44% in mantı samples, de creased to 35% on avera ge . I t wa s reported in different studies that UV - C application didn’t cause heat exchange from t he en vironment [7 -9]. I n addition, it was reporte d that initial moisture values in mantı samples were the same and that the UV-C application did not pe rform heating and/or cooling [ 9]. I t was n o found differently (p<0.05) between the moisture values of the man tı . Therefore, obtained values are compatible with t he literature. In addition, it was concluded that UV - C application did not perform a si gnificant c hange (p<0.05) in the moi sture val ues of the product by modifying the a mbient conditions. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) results Thiobarbituric acid val ues (TBA) of t he mantı samples were determined and obtained results were found to be statistically significant (p <0.05) (Table 3). The difference in TBA values is an indication that mantı samples are affected by envorimental conditions of UV-C applications. TBA is an indicator of secondary fat ox idation i n foods. I t is used in the quantitative determination of putrefaction in foods and shelf life. For thi s reason, this anal y sis is widely us ed in meat and meat -based foods. I t was reported in the li terature that using o f UV -C w as limi ted due to the excessive increase in TBA values in meat and meat-based foods [7]. In studies conducted, it was reported that infrared and UV - C applications increased TBA values of man tı samples [7-10]. With this stud y , it was assumed that UV applica tion could be used by modif y in g th e ambient conditions in meat and me at-based food s. Different studies are needed on this subject. Dry matter passing into the water Dr y matter passing int o the water is one of the parameters that determine the quality of mantı. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the dr y m atter values of m antı samples in the applications (Ta ble 3). As the dr y matter passing int o th e water in mantı increases, the qual ity of mantı decreases [ 2, 7]. The increase o r decrease of thi s value varies depending on the nature of the process in mantı. It was r eported that there are changes in this value, especially with heat treatment a pplications [2]. The fact that no heat treatm ent was applied uv - c applications did not cause an y change in the d ry matter passing into the water values of the man tı samples. The obtained r esults are compatible w i th the literature. It was concluded that UV - C applications did not cause significant cha nges i n the dry matter values of mantı. We ight increased value Weight increased value is one of the other quality criteria that determines the qualit y of man tı [2,7,11]. There wa s no significant diff erence (p>0.05) between the weight increased va lues o f the mantı samples in the applications (Ta ble 3). Weight increased values indica tes the a bility of mantı to absorb wat er. Starch particles in the protein matrix of mantı provide weight increased [2]. For this rea son, the quality o f the flour used in mantı directly affects the weight increased value a nd the amount of substance that passes into the wate r. Likew ise, the pre -treatments (tempering, etc.) and heat treatments (dr y ing and pasteurization, etc.) applied to the ravioli affect the weight incr eased values of mantı s amples and the amounts o f substances that pass into the water [2] . I t was concluded that the UV-C applications and the modification of the ambient conditions did not affect the wei ght incre ased v alues of the ma ntı samples. Microbiological analysis results Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 100 According to the micr obiology results, a differe nce was determined between the total microorganism contents of the samples (Table 3). Table 3 Also, it was concluded that the increase in ambient temperature and humidit y increased the antimicrobial e ffect of UV application. Therefore, it is assumed that it will be possible to produce food s with the desired microbial qualit y b y modif y in g th e ambient conditions in other studies. It was made many studies on UV- C applications in food s. However, studi es on meat and meat -base d products limited. The total number of mesoph y ll aerobic bacteria in the samples was determined be tween 1.6x10 2- 4.0x10 6 cfu/g, and the number of mold - y e ast was between 1x10 5 - 2x10 5 [ 12]. According to the Turkish Food Code x, the microbiological criteria required for putti ng mantı on th e market were stated as 1 *104-1*105 for total microorganism, 1x10 2 -1x10 3 for yeast and mold [13]. In m ade a study, vegetables consisting of carr ots, red peppers, leeks, white zucc hini and cabbage were applied UV-C ra diation. Total aerobic bacteria count of these products was determined as 1.1-2.6 log 10 CFU / cm 2 . So, it was reporte d that the average microbial load of 1 lo garithmic unit decreased in these products [14] . I n anothe r study , after UV -C treatments, no microbial increase w as observed in leeks, gourd, and cabbage [14-18]. UV- C application was used n ot only for disinfection o f food surfaces but also for inac tivating enz y m es. In this way , the application wa s both prevented microorganism growth and enzymes rendered inactive. In another research conducted on the application of UV- C t o m anti, it was reported that it reduce d microbial load in mantı samples of this application [ 19]. Sensory analyses results It was raported that the main sensor y parameters of mantı samples were taste , smell, mouthfeel, appearance a nd general ev aluation [2] . In this study , it was found that the sensory qualit y o f the mantı produced by the modification of UV -C and ambient conditions was better compared to t he control samples. The obtained values are statistically sig nificant (p<0.05) (Table 4). Table 4. Sensor y analyses in mantı samples Gökmen, Effect Of Modification Of Environmental Conditions During Ultraviolet -C Radiation (Uv- C) Applications On Some Quality Characteristics Of Stuffed Pasta (Mantı) , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turke y 101 considered as a diff erent dimension of the thawing process. Therefore, th e obtained results are compatible with the li terature. I n this stud y , it w as concluded that the se nsory qualit y of ma n tı samples can be im proved b y modifying th e a pplication conditions of UV - C. V. CONC L US I ON In this stud y , ambient conditions were modified (tempera ture and re lative humidit y ) in UV- C application and it was applied to mantı samples. According to all these result s, it was concluded that both the putrefaction levels (TBA values) and microbiologica l qualities of the UV -C application in meat and meat-based bakery products could b e improved b y modif ying the environm ental conditions. Therefore, different studies are n eeded on this subject. A CKNOWLEDGMENT Thank y ou fo r the financial support to RND Researc h Development Design Machiner y Industry and Trade L im ited Company. 1: Relative humidity 0 - 10° C -15 mi n ., 2 : Rel ative hum idity 9 0- 10° C - 30 min., 3: Relative humidity 90 - 25° C -15 min. 4: Relative h umidity 90 - 10° C - 15 min. 5: R el a tive humidity 0 - 10° C -30 min.6: Relative humidity 90 - 25° C - 30 m i n.7: Relative humidity 0- 25° C -15 m in.8 : Relative humidity 0 - 25° C - 30 min. 9: Control IV . DI SCUSS ION In a stud y in whic h ma ntı samples were dried with infrared application, it wa s reported that the sensor y qualit y of the s amples dried with infrared was higher than the control samples [7] . I n another study on the subject, it was reported that the senso ry qualities of the microwave-dried samples we re better than the control samples [ 20]. As can be seen from these studies, it is seen that non - ionizing radiation applications c an be easil y used in t he dry ing processes of mantı. In another stud y , it was reported that the tempering process applied to the mantı improves the sensor y qualit y of the mantı samples [2]. Combining UV-C and modification of ambient conditions can be R EFE RENCES [1] Anonymous, (2020) “ Öz s oy Unlu Mamuller ”. Tekirdag, Turkey, http://www.turkticaret.net/Firma/62449/ozsoy .unlu.mamuller.gi da.santicltdsti . (Accessed 15 Jun 2020) [2] Gökm en, S., Aydın, M . F. , Kocabaş, A., Sayaslan, A., Yetim, H. and Çağlar, A. 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