3RD ICAENS 2022 Conference Proceeding

3 rd Intern ational C onferen ce on Applied Engineeri ng a nd Natural Scien ces Jul y 20-23, 2022 : Kon y a, Turke y Proceeding Book ICAENS 2022 i 3 rd Inter national C onference on Ap plied Engin eering and Na tura l Sciences July 20-23, 20 22, Ko nya, T urkey Typesettin g Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZ KAYA Cover Desi gn Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZ KAYA Editors Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut ÖZ KAYA ISBN: 978 - 625 - 00 - 0830-0 ii National Organiz ing Committee Prof. Dr. Mur at Yaka r, Mersin Univer sity, Turkey Assoc. Prof. D r. Enes Y iğit, Uludağ Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halit Öztekin, Sa kary a Ap plied Scien ce Univer sity Assoc. Prof. D r. Harun K em al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Univers ity Assoc. Prof. Dr. Merih Palan döken, İzm ir Katip Çe lebi Un iversity Asst. Prof. Dr. Um ut Özkaya, Konya T echnical Univer sity International Organiz ing Committee Prof. Dr. J os ep G uerr ero, Aalborg U niversity Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coelh o, Univers idade Nova de Lisboa Prof. Dr. Moham m ad Ashraf Gondal, King Fahd U niversi ty Prof. Dr. W eidong Zhu, U niversity of Mar yland Assoc. Prof. D r. Abdul Ghaffar, G overnm ent College U niversi ty Assoc. Prof. D r. Farid Me lgani, Univer sity of T rento Assoc. Prof. D r. Francesco C ottone, Un iversity of Perugia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rita Ism ailova, Ky rgyz Turkish M anas Uni versity Dr. Am ina Othm ani, University of Monast ir -Tunisia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Institute of Inform ation Tec hnology Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail Unive rsity Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, University of - Sidi Bel Abbé s, Algeria Dr. Muhamm ad Sulta n, Zakariy a Universit y iii Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. A bdurazza g Ali Ab uras, Uni versity of Kwazulu-Natal Prof. Dr. A dnan Söze n, Gazi Uni versity Prof. Dr. Am it Soni, Manıpal U niver sity Prof. Dr. A nis Kouba a, Prince Su ltan U niversity Prof. Dr. Carl os A. Coel ho, Univer sidade Nova de Li sboa Prof. Dr. J osep Guerr ero, Aal borg U niversity Prof. Dr. J uan Va squez, A alborg Un iversity Prof. Dr. L aszlo T. K oczy, Budapest Uni versity of Technol ogy an d Econom ics Prof. Dr. Mo hamm ad Ashraf Gon dal, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Prof. Dr. Mur at Ya kar, Mersin U niver sity, Turkey Prof. Dr. Muham m ad Rashid, Univers ity of W est Florida Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhi lef, Malay a U niversity Prof. Dr. Sal im Ibrir, King Fahd Un iversity Prof. Dr. Su barna S haky a, Tribhuvan U niver sity Prof. Dr. Suz uki Hisa shi, Chu o Univers ity Prof. Dr. U sha Mehta , Institute of Technology, Nirma U niversity Prof. Dr. V agif Gasi m ov, Azerbaijan Tec hnical Un iversity Prof. Dr. W eidong Z hu, Univer sity of Mary land Assoc. Prof. Abdul G haffar, G overnm ent College U niver sity Assoc. Prof. Ali Ha kan Işık, Bur dur Me hm et Akif Ersoy Univers ity A ssoc. Prof. Am ita Nandal, Ma nıpal Uni versity Assoc. Prof. Aslan İ nan, Yıld ız Tekn ik University iv Assoc. Prof. Atif Iq bal, Qatar U niversity Assoc. Prof. Francesc o Cottone, U niversity of Perug ia Assoc. Prof. Farid M elgani, Un iversity of T rento Assoc. Prof. H alit Öz tekin, Sakary a A pplied Science U niversity Assoc. Prof. Ham dy Ziedan, A ssiut U niversity Assoc. Prof. Harun Kem al Öztürk, Pam ukkale Universi ty Assoc. Prof. Jiri Pela, Brno U niversity of Technol ogy Assoc. Prof. Merih P alandöke n, İzm i r Katip Çelebi Un i versity Assoc. Prof. Rita Ism ai lova, Ky rg yz T urkish Manas Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Sadia Sam ar Ali, King Abdul-Aziz Un iversity Assoc. Prof. Tanm a y De, N ational Instit ute Of T echnology Durgapur Assoc. Prof. Zeashan K han, Air U niversity Dr. A li Alm isreb , I ntern atio nal Univer sity of Saraj evo Dr. Am in a Othm an i, University of Monastir -Tunisia Dr. A rti Jain, Jay pee Instit ute of Inform atio n Tech nology Dr. A run Kumar V erma, Malaviya N at ional Institu te of Tec h nology Jai pur Dr. A ziz Shah, Unive rsity of G laskow Dr. Bal Chan d Nagar, ECE N ational Institute of Tec hnology Pat na Dr. Baoze W ei , Aalborg U n iversity Dr. Bohum il Brtník, University of Pardubice Dr. D iptiranjan Beher a, The Uni versity of the W est Indies at M ona Dr. Fay çal BENSAALI, Q atar University Dr. Fugui Qi, F o urth Mili tary Medical U niver sity Dr. Magdi S. Ma hmoud, Kin g Fahd Uni versity Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ism ail University Dr. Merdac i Slim ane, Universi ty of - Sidi Bel Ab bés, Algeria Dr. Moharram Challenger, Antwer p Unive rsity v Dr. Muhamm ad Sultan, Zakar iya University Dr. L esya A nishchenko, Ba um an Moscow State Tech nical U niversity Dr. Sadina G agula Pa lalić, I nternatio nal Univer sity of Sarajevo Dr. Stefania Tom asiello, Univers ity of T artu Dr. Sy ed Om er Gilani, Natio nal Uni versity of Sciences and Tec h nology (NUST) Dr. T arık Nam as , Internatio nal Univer sity of Saraje vo Dr. U duak A. Um oh , Uni versity of U y o Dr. Y ajuan Guan, A alborg Un iversity vi Topics Engineerin g Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Biolog ical En gineering and Science s Biolog ical S y stems Engineering Biomedica l Engineering Bioprocess Engineering Chemical Eng ineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrica l Engineering Electronic Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Engineering Food Engineering Geotechnical Enginee ring Genetic Engineering Industria l Engineering Manufac turing Engineering Materials Engineering Mechanical Enginee ring Mining and Geophy sical Engineering Nanoengineering Nuclear Enginee ring Petroleum Engineering Power Engineering Process Engineering Forest I ndustr y Engineering Structural Eng ineering Systems and Software Engineering Textile Engineering Thermal Engineering Web Engineering Natural Sc iences Astronomy a nd Space Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Biolog ical Sciences Botany Bac teriolo gy Chemistry Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences Forestry Sciences Genetics Geolog ical Sciences Materials Science Mathematics Medical Sciences Meteorology Microbiology Mineralogy Palaeoec olo gy Pharmacology Physical Sciences Physics Plant Sciences Psychology Statistics Systems Biology vii 3 RD I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N A P P L I E D E N G I N E E R I N G A N D N A T U R A L S C I E N C E S J U L Y 20 -2 3 , 2022 25.07 .2022 20 - 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihlerinde MEET üzerinden çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirilen 3 rd Internati onal Conferenc e o n Applied Engineeri ng a nd Natural Sciences akademik teşvik kriterlerini sağlamaktadır. Toplam 7 36 adet bildirinin yer aldığı kongre dört gün boyunca çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkiye dışından toplam 2 0 farklı ülkeden katılım sağlanmış olup, 73 6 a det bildirinin 371 tanesi yabancı katılımcı tarafından sunulmuştur. Kongremiz e ilgini z için te şekkür ederiz. Saygılarımı zla, Asst. Prof. Dr. Umut Özkaya C o n g r e s s ' C o o r d i n a t o r 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 1 Measuring the co ncentration of so me heavy metals and their adv erse effects in the so il adjacent to the Gha rraf River, Sha trah Branch : Pathologica l study Mohammed A. Hasa n 1* , Ibtihaj A. Kadhim 2 1,2 Biolog y Science Dep artment, College o f Education for Girls / Thi -Qar Universi ty, Repu blic of Iraq. 1 Scho ol of Veterinary Med icine (Patho logy and Microbiology Departmen t), UPM Universi ty, 43 400 UPM S erdang, Selangor, Malaysia * ( mohamm [email protected] u.iq ) Abstract – T he aim of the re search was to determine the content of the soil adjacent to the Shatrah River branch of the Al -Gharraf River, starting from the Al -Ba daa ar ea (1), and f or five other area s, according to the sequen ce (agricultural area (2), Shomali area (3), hospital area (4), Al - Shula area). (5), Al-Hawi area, which is under the influ ence of v arious human activities from the con centration of some heav y met al elements Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and some ph y sical and chemical properties of the studied soils were determined, and the conc entration of heav y meta ls was estimated using the atomic absorption device. The studied soils are within the natural limits in most of t he studied sites.The accumulation of most of the elements in the surface la yer of the soil and their d ecreasing di stance f rom the station according to the ph ysical and chemical properties of the soil s of the studied sit es, it turns out that the area s close to traffic and h uman activities recorded th e hi ghest values of heav y elements and In direct p roportion to the or ganic matt er and inversely to the pH of the studied soils. The highest values were recorded for th e studied elements, starting from t he 3 -6 ar ea, b ecause these areas have the most traffic a nd human activities . Keywords – Heavy metal, org anic ma tter, Soil, To xicity of the elemen ts and adve rse effects. I. I NT RODUCTI ON As a result of the tremendous development in technology , the proble m of environmen tal pollution has emerged, which is o ne of the most dangerous problems of the age as a result of human e xposure to many environmental pollutants, in a ddition to the harmful and effect on living or ga nisms and facilities (Prasad, N.R. and Patil, J.M. 2008). Environmental pollution is defined as an undesirable change in the physica l, chemical and biologica l phenomena of the air and Soil and water (th e biosphere) and thus affect most if not all natural or artificial systems (Al-Saadi, 2000) Heavy m etals are among the most dangerous pollutants. Environmental media (Nasir, A. M., et al., 2011) where it accumulates in water, soil and within li ving tissues and affects most of its vital ac tivities, being transitional elements that have the abilit y to for m stable complex compounds with many or ganic and inorga nic compounds th at are found in the bodies of organisms These minerals differ in their level of readiness and tox icit y to l iving organisms according to their chemical state, as they are either dissolved mineral ions, organic or i norganic complexes, or in the form of suspended particles (Al- Azzawi et al., 2014). Soil is the main ingredient component of urba n and agricultural environments, as well as the human activities that take place on it. Therefore, mining, manufacturing and unconscious use of industrial products such as W aste, sewage, industrial, and others cause soil pollution (Abdullah, Maitham Sultan, 1998). I n addition, heavy metals, which are naturally present in the soil , lead to soil pollution, especially in sit es where pesticides are use d extensively or where mining reactors are located, as Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 2 well as industrial ar eas that release chemicals (A l - Bassam, K.S.1977). The increase in th e accumulation of minerals in the soil is toxic to humans, plants and animals, as well as long-term exposure to heavy metals leads to man y health problems de pending on the type of metal and th e amount to which the person was exposed (Mahd i, Seif Saleh, 2001). Such as transition elements, lanthanides, actinides. T hey are naturall y present in the e cos y stem, with large difference s in concentration. But the recent increase in its perce nta ge is due to industrial sources and industrial effluents. (Ahmed, Esmat Ashour , 1993). I t was known that it is one of the largest environmental pollutants, as its contin ued emission leads to a n increase in its concentrations in the soil, and it includes a large group of which are important to humans, such as iron and copper, and others are toxic to l iving things. Heav y metals are character ized b y their high specific weight (Kruus et al.1991). Heav y metals are found as components i n the environment and in clude the earth' s crust in small proportions, the biosphere, fossil fuels, or from burning automobile fuels and mining operations, and some of these elements are used i n the production of agricult ural pesticides such as copper (Vedenov et al.1 996). And that the damage caused by he av y metals in the living body is re lated to more than one aspect of biochemica l activit y a nd cell structure, because heav y elements a re character ized b y their abilit y to combine with sulf ur and attac k the protein compounds that make up many enz ymes and inhib it there. It binds to the cell membrane and sometimes leads to blo cking or blocking the entr y of chemicals, that is, it im pedes the process of bio -osmosis (ATSDR, 1992). The process of disrupting or stopping bio-osmosis inside the bod y of the or ganism due to the accumulation o f heavy metals leads to preventing the ar rival of foo d needed for energ y generation (Baghurst, P.A,1992)The ov erall effects of he av y metals o n biological s ystems lead t o a group of diseases that include cancer, heart diseases, kidne ys, liver, brain and ne rves, ( WHO, 1977, Baier d,2001) . Organic matter is an im portant p art of the solid part of the soil. I ts source is microorganisms found in the soil, where plant and animal remain have undergone some change and tra nsformation under the influence of various factors into simpler substances, or this transformation resulted i n a substance that resists decomposition called humus , and humus is known as a dark-colored substance that remains in the soil and gives it a lot of fertilit y . Carbon is the primar y component of soil org anic matter, as is nit rog en. T he amount of org anic matter depends on several factors, includin g temperature, as its percentage decreases in are as with high temperatures due to the speed of decomposition. I t is known that heat determines the sp eed o f chemical and biological reac tions th at occur in the soil , as an i ncrease i n temperature by ten de grees Celsius would increase the spe ed of vital (biological) reactions to double or triple, and organic matter may accumulate in vary ing amounts in cold areas, Then th e y congrega te in cool, humid areas. One of the environmental risks is the accumulation of heav y metals Heavy elements are one of the environmental pollutants that spread in t he environmental parts (air - water - soil). Th rough t hese p arts, heav y elements are directl y and indi rectl y linked to human and animal health through their influence on the growth of plants that live organisms feed on. The importance of pollution with he avy metals in nature is due to the impossibility of decomposing their nuclei, unlike the rest of the chemical pollutants (Gossel, TH. J Bricker,1994), as the ir decomposition is caused by a number of chemical environmental influences such as heat, moisture and sunlight or by vit al infl uences that lead in most Sometimes to reduce it s toxicit y . Heav y elemen ts enter the c y cle of n ature and move be tween the part s of the e nvironment and their contents of living and non-living elements so that the y are biolo gica ll y concentrated (Craig , N,1 980). Where its particles in the air a re subjected to a dilution process due to their vertic al and horizontal spread, but their deposition on the g round and contamination of the soil leads to their concentration in it . Top of the food chain, especiall y human s (Timbrell,1989). Th e con centration o f heav y metals in river sediments depends on several factors, so me natural and oth ers r esulting from human activity, such as organic matter, pH, salinit y , and othe rs (Brooks,1972, Zeng. F ,2011). This research a ims to 1-Measuring the concentrations of some heav y metals in the soil , whic h include (lead, cadmium, copper, Zinc). 2- Determining the values of some laboratory tests, which include both organic and carbon values Hydrogen in sediment models of the Garraf Rive r, Shatrah Branc h Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 3 3-Identifying the reasons that led to the rise o f these values and knowing th e extent of the im pact of development on the so il and the accumulation o f these elements II. M AT ERIALS AND WOR KING ME T HODS Before starting the stud y and collecting samples, all tools used, which include glassware and polyethylene, are cleaned according to the meth od described ( Boehuke & Delumy e 2000), if the tool s are washed with tap wa ter and d etergent powde r, then rinse d with water several times, and then Put it in a basin containing diluted Hcl 10% for 24 hours and then wash it with distilled water ( Nollet, 2007) and then collect the samples. Samples were collected from six stations along the Al -Gharraf River, Shatrah branch, f or the month of December (Akkad, Al-Mashtal, Shomali, City Cent er, Al - Shula, Al-Hawi) starting from the fir st site to th e sixth site during the months (November, December) Heavy metals: ions were extracted from (lead, pb, cadmium, Cd, Z n, copp er, Cu) according to the method (Yietal, 2007) a nd as follows: 1. Af ter the samples taken fr om the study stations were d ried at a temperature of (70) C for thre e days. After mixing it well and removing the suspend ed matter, it was ground by a ceramic mortar and passed throu gh a sieve with a diameter of (63) microns and kept in marked polye th ylene containers. • Weighing (2) g of each dry s ample and placing it in a Teflon beaker with a volume of (50) ml, and adding (70) ml of concentrated Hc l and HNO, then he ated on a g lass plate a t (80) °C. (3) ml of concentrated hydrofluoric and perchloric w as added a nd then eva pora ted to nea r dryness, the n separa t ed b y centrifugation at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 minutes, then it was measured by a F lame atomic absorption spect rophotometer (FAAS). It was checked according to (APHA, 2003) and according to the following equa tion: E con : the concentration o f the ele ment in each sample. A: t he conce ntration of the ele ment extracted fro m the calibration curve. B: final volume ( ml). df: dilution factor 2 • Determination of tot al organic c arbon in soil (TOC): A method was adopted (Ga ndette et al.,1973) to estimate the organic ca rbon content of sediments a nd for this purpose, a weight of (1) g was taken from each s ample. Which was previousl y dried by e lectric oven at (70) C and placed in a conical flask with a capacity of (200) ml. Then (10) ml of potassium dichromate K2Cr2o7 was added and mix ed well, afte r that (20) ml of sulfuric acid was carefull y and ca refully added to the sample flask and the sample was diluted to (100) ml with distilled water. Then (10) ml of H3PO4, (0.1) of sodium fluoride and 10 drops of the guide (Diphenylamine) wer e a dded to the two flasks wi th ammoniac iron sulfate solution. Then, both the sample and the plank were powdered wi th ammoniac iron sulfate s olution, so that the brown color turns to gre en, then to blue-black gray, then to brilliant green (Brilliant gre en), which represents the end of the reaction The organic c arbon is calculated acc ordin g to the e quation: TOC % = (1-T \S) [1. ON (0.003) (100 \W)] where: T : the volume o f the ammoniac ferrous sulfate soluti on needed to clear the sam ple S : the volume of t he a mmoniac ferrous sulfate so lution needed to s m ooth o ut the s ham correcto r, S/T: co efficient that era ses the effect o f t he standard ization . o f ammoniac ferro us sulfate solu tion. 0.003: mm equivale nt weight o f carb on. 0.1 N: standar d potassium dichro mate solution . 10: volume o f potassium dichromate . W: w eight o f sediment sa m ple . 3-PH: pH was measured using a profe ssional benchtop (BP 3001) PH meter. III. R ESULTS AND DISCUSS I O N The sources of pollution with heavy met als vary, some of them are nat ural sources and include sediment weathering Mineral oil is the burning of trees, ash from volc anoes, and others, including what is the re sult o f hum an industrial activity , suc h as the combustion of coal, fossil fuels, soli d an d liquid industrial wa ste, mining products, agricultural activities, a nd others (M athuri y a a nd Yakhmi, 2014). Industrial fac ilities and electric power plants are among t he most prominent sources of heav y m etal poll ution. Heavy m etal pollution is not confined to specific r eg ions but to most r egions in the world, but it increases in densel y populat ed area s with high industrial and traffic densit y (Victoria, 2015). After analy zing the soil sample s and conducting laboratory tests for eac h of the conc entrati on of the selected heav y m etals according to Tabl e (1) and in comparison, with Table (2,3) of the scientific parameters, it was found that the conc entration of Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 4 heavy elements in the stud y areas a re within the permissible li mits and did not exceed them. The results showe d that the averag e PH during the study period amounted to (7.426667), and its highe st value was in a rea (1), reaching (7.85), and its lowest value in the nurser y area (6.87), wh ere it became clear that there is an in verse relationship between pH and h eav y m etal tox icity , the lower the v alue of pH As heavy metals become more soluble and therefore more toxic (Addy e t al., 2004). W e al so noted that the results for the pH values during the study period were very close, and this ma y b e due t o the lack of waste and fertiliz ers thrown out during this period (Al-Zubaidi, 2012). Friedl, et al) that t he total values of organic carbon during th e stud y amounted to (3.366667%), while the hi ghest value of carbon w as in region (6), reaching (4.3%), while the lowest value of or ganic carbon (1) reached (2.2) %) that is, there is a direct relationship between organic materials and th e toxicit y o f the elemen ts and an inverse relationship with the PH concentration. The mo bilit y of h eav y metals through the soil se ctor is of g reat importance, due to the resulting hazard about the possibilit y of bein g absorbed b y the roots of the plant in large quantities, and the access of these m inerals to the groundwater as a result of washing them with wastewater. Soi l pH (E ssa and Farragallah, 2006), (A y dinalp and Marinova 2003), indicates that the mobility of minerals varies with the degree of pH. In acidic soils, Cd and Zn are hi ghly mobile, while Ni and Cu are medium, and Cr and Pb are slow. Movement Th e total amount of heavy me tal also varies according to the degree of weatherin g of the roc ks that make u p it. The higher the de gree of weathering, the hi gher the proportion of heav y metals in the soi l (Khuwaidam et al., Maldonado et al., 2008, 2009). Heavy metals are stron gly adsorbed on soil particles and interact with different soil compounds, where they enter into certain reactions such as ox idation- reduction reactions and sedimentation reactions, and thus they bind to soil compounds, which in turn increases or decreases the mobilit y of thes e minerals depending on the nature of these compounds (Dube et al., 2000). T emperature affects the solubil ity of ga ses in water, as it greatl y affects the solubilit y of ga ses, especiall y ox y gen gas a nd carbon dioxide, where their solubilit y decreases with an incr ease in the degree of Heat (Mellina et al.,2002), explained (Hauer & Lamberti,2007), I n creasing the temperature b y 10 °C dou bles the speed o f chemical reac tions si gnifica ntl y by (2-3) times. The flow velocit y i s also an important en vironmental factor in its im pact on the chemica l and biological composition of the bottom, as the high flow velocit y carries the fine bottom particles to and from other places, while the large particles such as stones remain deposited. I t facilitates the germination of some aquatic plants, so it also pla ys a grea t role ( Nielson, 19 50) on the components of the bottom and thus on the distribution of living organisms (Sabri et al., 2001). In addition, the flow rate greatly affects the dissolved ox ygen (Al-Sa adi, 2006), and the increase in the flow speed causes man y h ydrological changes in the river, as it results i n a change in the nature of the se diments due to erosion proc esses that occur in the banks of the river and from Then it c auses habitat change (Al- Sa ffar, 2006). The depth of wat er also plays an important role in determining a lar ge number of properties, es pecially ph ysical ones such as the amount of li ght transmittance, heat distribution, flow speed, sedimentation ra tes and others, which applies to th e nature of the chemical properties of th e solubility of materials, the l evel of alkalinity, acidit y , salts and nutrients. These factors and their predecessors directl y a ffect the biomass o f living thi ngs. at v arious levels, especiall y v egetarian ones, all thes e factors are affected b y the l evel of pollution in the water because the size of the body Water, in the end, is the focus of all interactions in water between living and nonliving fac tors. (Al - Janaini and Al -Fatiani 1986, Al-Muthannani and Al -Salman, 2009, Alakum and Al-Nashi 2012). IV. CONCLUSION 1- The soil content of heavy metals studied in ge neral in station (6) increased due to human activities. 2-The soil content of the studied sites of heav y metals was within the permissible limits. 3-The high content of the studied heavy metals in the soil s of the selected sit es compared to the horizons of the subsurface soils. V. R ECOMMENDATIONS 1-Continuat ion of the stu dy on the same study stations and the nearby area s for dif ferent pe riods of tim e of th e year. 2- Identify the sources of pollutio n and try to limit their access to th e riverine env ironm ent. Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 5 3- Spreading environm ental and health awarenes s among the residents of the a reas throug h which the riv er's path extends. 4- The necessity of coope ration be tween the exe cut ive bodies concerned with env ironm ent and water a ffairs in the Ministry of Env ironm ent, Water Resource s and Health and the Un iversity of K arbala in o rder to d evelop scientific and pract ical plan s to p reserv e water r esources in t he region, especially the Shat rah branch- T he Garraf River. 5- Paying at tention to the pr ocess of lining the sides of the river, organiz ing the side shoulders, and pav ing the roads, because the s tudy proved its contri bution to affecting the properties of the r iver' s soil and w ater, especially w hen it ra ins. R EFE R ENCES [1] Chokor. A. A and Ekanem. E. 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[22] Hauer, F.R. and Lamberti, G.A . (2 007). Methods in stream ecology. In Acad. Press of an imprint of Elsevier, 2 nd, ed . pp: 103 - 117. [23] Khu waidam, Kari m Hu ssein. Al -Ansari, Habib Rashid. Al -Bassa m, Khaldo un Sobhi, 20 09 stud y o f distrib ution, some heavy elements in the soil o f the city of Basra - southern Iraq. T he Iraqi Journal of Science, (4 )533 (50)542 . [24] Mahdi, Seif Saleh , 2001 . Estimation of the concen tration of some heavy metals in the water and sediments of the Garraf River - thi Qa r. [25] Mathuri ya. A. S a nd Yakhmi. J . V, (2 014 ). Microb ial fuel cells to recover heavy metals. Environ Chem Lett, Vol. 12, P: ( 483 – 494 ). [26] Mellina, E.; Moo re, R.D.; H inch, S.G.; Macd onald, J .S. and Pearso n, G. (2002 ). Strea m te mperature responses to clear cut lo gging i n Br itish Columbia: the moderatin g influences of gro und water and head water Ca nadian J. of Fisheries & Aqu a. Sci. 59: 1886 – 1900. [27] Nasir, A. M., Abdullah , S. B. and Al-Yaser i, S. T. L. (2011) Determ ination of so me trace’s m etals i n w ater of Shatt Al-Arab River d uring 2 007-20 08. Jour, of T hi-Qar, Sci, 2(4 ):109- 116. Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 6 [28] Nielson, A (195 0). The tor rential i nvertebr ate fa una. Oikos, 2: 17 6- 196. [29] Nollet, 2007, Determinatio n o f the content o f heavy metals in p y rite soil and plant. [30] P rasad, N.R. and Patil, J.M. (2 008). A s tudy of physic - chemical para m eters o f Kri shna River w ater partic ularl y in western Mahara shtra Rasa yan J. Che m.1(4):94 3 -953. [31] Sabry, Anmar Wehbe; Younis, Muhammad Has san and Sultan, Hassan H indi (2 001) . B acterial co ntamination in the Euphrate s Ri ver. Journal of En vironmental Research and Sustainable Develop m ent, : 30 -42,( 1)4. [32] Suleima n, Mus tafa, A l -Salman, Ibrahim Mahdi, and Al - Saidi, Muhammad Ali (2009 ). Evaluation o f some Physicoche mical and biolo gical p roper ties of the la kes water o f t he Ha mira Agric ultural Pro ject - Libya, Conference 16 -18 Nove m ber, Seb ha University – Libya. [33] Vedeno v et al., 1996. Squential determination of C d, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marina by gr aphite Furnace ato mic. [34] Victor ia. A. O, (2 015). Surface Soil Po llution B y Heavy Metals: A Case Study Of Two Refuse Dum p sites In Akure Metro polis. I nternational journal of scie ntific & Tec hnology research, Vo l. 4, p p: (71 -74). [35] W HO , 2006. World Health organization Safuse for wastewater, excreta a nd gre y water. [36] Wo rld Health Organization (WHO) (2011 ). Report of WHO Expert Committee. E nvironmental p ollution, pp : (170 ). [37] Yietal, 2007 . Heavy m etal poisoning clinical and pathophysiolog y . [38] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechno logy , 2nd ed., R. M. Osgood , Jr., Ed. B erlin, Ger m any: Spri nger-Verla g, 1998 . [39] J. Brec kling, Ed. , The A nalysis of Directional Time Series: App lications to Wind Sp eed and Direction , ser. Lecture No tes in Statistics. Berlin, Ger many: Sprin ger, 1989 , vol. 61. [40] Zeng. F; Ali. S; Zhang. H; Ouyang. Y; BoyinQiu. B ; W u. F; Zhang. G, (2 011). The influence o f p H and or ganic matter content in padd y so il on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants. Environmental Po llution, Vol. 15 9, pp: (84 -91). Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 7 Tab le (1) The relatio nship between the concentrat ion of hea vy elements, organic matter, and pH. Tab le (2) Critical limits of so me heavy metals i n soil accord ing to the World Health Or ganization (WHO, 201 1) specific values (p p m ) Heavy metal 1-3 Cd 50 - 140 Cu 30 - 70 Ni 50 - 300 Pb 150 - 300 Zn 1-1.5 Hg Table (3) Cri tical lim its of som e heav y m etals i n soi ls for som e countries (Chok or and Ek anem , 201 6) Critical lim it(mg /kg) Country Cd Cr Cu Pb Zn 0.5 20 30 25 50 Canada 0.3 50 30 40 100 Denm ark 0.3 80 32 38 90 Finland 0.8 75 50 50 200 Switzerland 1.0 100 50 50 150 I reland 0.2 90 55 32 100 Russia Figure (1) repr esents the relationsh ip betwee n the conc entration o f heav y metals and the study area s. pH organic matter% Copper (PPM) Zinc (PPM) Cadmiu m (PPM) Lead (PPM) NO 7.85 2.2 31.7 24 0.47 11 1 7.67 2.9 32 18.5 0.56 13 2 7.6 2.9 33 22.5 0.63 14.5 3 7.5 3.7 43.5 42.9 0.77 15.5 4 7.07 4.2 51.5 20 0.83 17 5 6.87 4.3 56.7 40.4 0.97 18 6 7.42 66 3.36 66 41.4 25.5 8 0.70 5 14.8 333 average Hasan et al., Measuring the conc entration of some heavy metals and their advers e effects in the soil adjacent to the Gh arraf River, Shatrah Branch: Pathological study , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 8 Figure (2) rep resents the distribution of the conce ntration o f cadmium and organic materials acco rding to the stud y area s. Figure (3) r epresents the distribution of t he concentration o f lead and o rganic materials acc ording to the stud y areas. Figure (4) r epresents the d istribution of the co ncentration o f copper and organic materials acc ording to the stud y areas. Figure (5) repr esents the distributio n of the conc entration of z inc and org anic mate rials accord ing to the s tudy areas 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 9 GÖRÜNTÜ İŞLE ME İL E ÖRME KUMAŞL ARDA BONCUKLANM A DEĞERLENDİR MESİ Kardelen Baltacı 1 , Sera p İla y da Çı nar 1 , İre m Yolcu 1 , İre m Ülgen 1 , Ercan Şen y igit 1* , Gökhan Ya şar 2 1 Endü stri Mühendisliği Bölü mü / Mühend islik Fakültesi , Erciyes Üniversite si , Türkiye 2 Aydın Tekstil Tica ret A. Ş. , Türkiye * (senyigit@erciye s.edu.tr ) Özet – Tekstil sektöründe örme kumaşlar da me y dana gelen estetik açıdan sıkıntı oluşt uran, ilerley en süreçte kumaşta hasarlı görünüme y ol açan boncuklanma önemli bir kalite problemidir. Kumaşlar müşteriy e teslim edilmeden önce laboratuvar ortamında Martindale Yöntemi ile kumaş türüne göre öncesinde belirlenen devir hız ında test edilir. Uzman kişiler gözle muayene ile test sonucu nda kumaşın bonc uklanma derecesine karar verir. Bu ça lışmada teksti l sektöründe önemli bir kalite problemi olan örme kumaşlardaki boncuklanmaların ge lene ksel ve görec eli olan gözle muayene değerlendirmesinin y erine daha teknolojik ve objektif bir değerlendirme sağlayan karar destek ya zılım ı geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, ya zılım için gerekli numune kumaş görüntüleri alındıktan sonra P ython programı P yc harm arayüzü ve OpenCV görüntü işleme kütüpha nesi kullanılarak y ü rütülmüştür. Görüntüler, I phone 8 plus ile işletme de uzmanların boncuklanma d erecesini b elirlerken kull an dıkları özel ışıklı kabinde çekilmiştir. Kumaşın kenarlarını belirlemek ve kumaş y üzeyindeki b oncuklanmaları belirgin hale g etirmek için filtreleme çalışmaları y a pılmışt ır. Programın karar meka nizmasını oluşturmak için programda işl enen numune verileri toplanarak Wek a Programı aracılığı y la veri madenciliği sınıflandırma çalışması y apıl mıştır. Çalışma, Kay seri Organiz e Sanay i Bölgesinde faaliy et göst eren AYDIN TEKSTİL T İCARET VE PAZARLAMA A.Ş.’de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, 1139B12103030 kodlu 2209- B Sanayiye Yönelik Lisans Araştırma P rojeleri kapsamında TÜB İTAK tarafından d esteklenmektedir. Bu bildiride proje kapsamında elde edilen ilk sonuçlar pay laşı lmışt ır. Çalışmada 44 örnek kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma çalışması sonucunda e n iyi sonuç %73,33 perform ans ile J48 algoritmasında e lde edilmiştir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Veri mad enciliği ; Görüntü işleme ; Karar destek ya zılımı ; Boncu klanma prob lemi ; Pyth on. 3rd Inter national C onference on Ap plied Engineering and Natura l Scienc es https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 10 Investigation o f structural, microstructur al, and opti cal properties Sn O 2 thin films by spra y p yrolysis Roguai Sabrina 1, * , Djelloul Abdelkader 2 1,2 Depa rtment of science o f the matter, Ab bes Lag hrour university, khen chela , Algeria * (rog.sabrina@ya hoo.fr ) Abstract – SnO 2 th in fil ms we re deposited by ultrasound p yroly sis spra y technique at 450°C. The films were characterized by X-ra y diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared (FTI R), and ult raviolet – visible spectroscopy. The t etragonal rutile -t y pe structure was confirmed b y X-ray diffrac tion with an av erage crystallite siz e of 35 nm. In addition, the FTI R study indic ated the existence of two distinct ch aracteristic absorptions which correspond to (0- Sn -O) deformations and (O -Sn) stretching modes. For the o ptical properties, the band gap energy was deter mined by W emple DiDomenico model. Keywords – SnO 2 Thin films, X -ray d iffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, Op tical prop erties. I. I NT RODUCTI ON SnO2 is n-t y pe semiconductor with high conductivity due to the presence of structural defec ts (VO) in it s rut ile tetra gonal structu re.in addition to their transpare ncy with a ga p energ y of 3.6 eV at 300K [1] Severa l techniques have been used to develop tin oxide thin lay ers of such as sol ge l [ 2], pulsed laser de position [ 3], RF sputtering [4] and spray p yrolysis [5 ]. The ult rasonic pyrolysis spray has many advantages, such a s their simplicit y to prepa re thin films with large surface area from high purity materials. The obtained films have a great homogeneity, a well -controlled stoichiometry , can be tre ated at lo w temperature. The b est advantage is its low cost [ 6]. In this work, we studied the struc tural and optical properties, of SnO2 thin films deposited b y the ultrasound p y rol y sis spra y technique (USP ). Theoretical relationships are used to obtain the dispersion parameters of the films from a single experimental transmission spectrum. II. E XPERI MENTAL M ETHODS A. Film preparation SnO2 thin films were prepared b y USP method. The utilized solution for the e laborated films has the following composition: 0.01 M of tin chloride [SnCl4, 2H2O] (Fulka 99.9 %) is used as the Sn source; 50 ml deionized wa te r ( resistivit y =18. 2 MΩ.cm); 20 ml CH3OH (Merck 99.5 %); 30 ml C2H5OH (Merck 99.5 %). Details are listed in the works [6]. B. Characterization techniques The thin films were cha racterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and optical absorption and photol uminescence properties are thoroughl y studied. Structural properties recorded using diffractometer hi gh resolution Rigaku Ultima IV powder equipped with Cu - Kα radiation (λ= 1.5418 Å). The surface morphologies of thin fil ms were characterized b y using scanning electron microscop y (SEM) (FE I Quanta TM 250 FEG). T he opti cal properties wer e estimated utiliz ing a Pe rkin Elmer UV -VIS-NIR La mbda 19 spectrophotometer in the 190-1800 nm Sabrina et al., Investigation of str uctural, microstructura l, and opti cal p roperties SnO 2 thin films by spray pyrolysis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 11 spectral range. The F T IR spectra were recorde d using Thermo-Nicolet equipment in the 4000 -400 cm -1 region. III. R ESULT S AND DI SCUSSION A. Structure analysis X-ray diffraction patterns of as-prepared pure SnO2 in F igure 1 reveal the formation of tetrag onal Rutile structure as confirmed with (JCPDS Card No. 00 - 041- 1445) with space group P42/mnm. located a t 2θ values 27.2◦, 34.4◦ , 38.4◦, 52.2◦, 55.1◦ and 62.1◦ and their Mil ler indi ces were (110), (101), (200), (211), (220) and (310) re spectively [7]. A p referred orientation a lon g (110) direction [8] is observed, no appare nt reflection (impurities) were observed which indicated the synthesized samples we re purely sin gle phase [9] Fig. 1 XRD p atterns of SnO2 thin films. B. Microstructural observations Figure 2 shows nano-partic l es of SEM image s of SnO2. The surface morpholo gy is uniform and appears as a distribution of small granular shaped particles evenly distributed throughout it [10]. Cr y stalline size: 100 nm Fig. 2. SEM imag es of SnO2 thin films. C. FTIR Analysis FT -IR spectroscop y is used to identify the adsorbed functional group from their frequencies. Fig u res 3 shows the FTIR spectra for SnO2 film recorded between 400cm-1 and 4000cm-1 at room temperature. Two large p eaks around 3444 cm-1 an d 1624cm-1 are observed due to the vibrations of the hydrogen bond involved in the O-H oscillators in the adsorbed water molecules and in the alcohol respec tivel y [ 11], and sm all peaks around 1023 cm - 1, 1384cm-1 a nd 2356 cm1denote the h y drogen bonds involved in O- H oscillators and pe aks around 2894 c m-1 and 2353 cm-1 may be du e to the CO2 absorption from the ambient air atmosphere [1 2]. And two bands a ppearing around 574 c m -1 a nd 665 cm -1 for a re due to th e Sn -O-Sn vibration and t he Sn -O bond in SnO2 which confirms the ex istence of SnO2 [11,13]. Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of SnO2 f ilms grown onto glass substrate by u ltrasonic spra y p yrolysis at 450°C in the ga me 4 00 -4000 Cm - 1. Sabrina et al., Investigation of str uctural, microstructura l, and opti cal p roperties SnO 2 thin films by spray pyrolysis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 12 D. Optical properties Fig u re 4 shows the transmission spectrum of SnO2 deposited on a g lass substrate. the spectrum obtained as a function of the wavelength (190 -1100 nm), The solid curve corresponds to the curve fitting and the s y mbol represents the ex perimental data. The Figures reveal a reasonably good fitting to the experimental data [14]. the values of th e transmission is of the order of 68.9%. This value gives our thin la yers obtained by p y rol y sis S pray, the transparency c har acter in the visible. Fig. 4. Trans m i ssion spectru m o f SnO2 films depo sited on glass substrate at 450 °C. Measured ( full circles) a nd calculated (solid lines) transm ittance spectra of films. Tab le 1 Dispersion para meters of the films extracted by fitting the experimental d ata [14 ]. The value obtained from the Eg as well as the thickness and n at 598 nm, extracted by fitting [14] the experimental data are listed in Table 1. T he value of the bandgap obtained is in acc ordance with the known value of SnO2 [15]. IV. CONCLUSIONS SnO2 Thin layers were deposited by the P y rol ysis Spray technique on glass substrates at 450 ° C at 30 min. The obtained films are polycrystalline with the tetragonal structure and have a (110) preferre d orientation, found uniform surfa ce morphology with sm all granular shaped particles distributed throughout th e surface. The FTIR stud y indic ated the ex istence of two distinct cha racteristic absorption peaks at 574c m-1 and 665 cm-1 for the mode of vibration of deformations (0 - Sn -O) and of stretching (O-Sn) respectivel y . From the transmittance spectra, we have deduced the optical ga p Eg as well as the thickness and the refr active index of SnO2 films b y the model of W emple an d DiDomenico. . A CKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would li ke to thank the National Project Research (PNR) and LASPI2A Laborator y of Khenche la Universit y (Algeria) for their financial support of this research project. R EFE R ENCES [1] A.K. Sinh a, P.K. Man na, M. Pradhan, C. Mondal, S.M. Yusuf, T. Pal,” Tin oxide with a p - n hetero j unction ensures both U V and visible light photocata lytic activ it y, ” Royal Soc iet y of Chem istry Adv . vol. 4, pp. 208- 211, 2014. [2] T.N. Soi tah, Y. Chunh ui, S. Liang, ” Struc tural, optical and e lectrical p roperties o f Fe -doped SnO2fabr icated by sol- g el dip coating techniq ue,” Materials S cience in S em iconductor Processing. vol. 13, pp. 125- 131,2010. [3] M. Gaidi, A. H ajjaji, R. Sm irani , B. Bessa is, M.A. El Khakan i,” Structu re and photolum inescence of ultrathin films of SnO 2 nanopartic les synthesiz ed by m eans of pulsed laser de position,” Jou rnal of Applied Phy sics. vol. 108, pp.1- 5,2010. [4] C. Korbe r, P. Agoston, A . Klein,“ Surface an d bulk properties o f sputter D eposited undoped an d Sb- doped SnO2 t hin film s,” Sensors Actua tors B. vol. Thickness (nm) E g (eV) n at 598 (n m) SnO 2 583 3.83 8 1.69 7 Sabrina et al., Investigation of str uctural, microstructura l, and opti cal p roperties SnO 2 thin films by spray pyrolysis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 13 139, pp. 665- 672,2009. [5] D.R. Acost a, W. Estrad a, R. Castanedo, A . Maldonado, M.A. Valu nzuela,“ Stru ctural and surface s tudies of tin oxide film s doped with fluorine,” Thin Solid F ilms. v ol. 375, pp. 147 - 150,1998. [6] S. Rogua i, A. Djelloul, “ Sy nthesis and ev aluation of the st ructural, micro structural, op tical and m agnetic properties of Zn1−xCoxO thin flms grown onto glass subs trate by ultrasoni c spray pyrolysis, ”. Appl Phy s A. vol, 125, pp.816, 2019 [7] R. Khan Z ulfiqar, Y. Z aman,” Effe ct of anneali ng on structu ral, dielec tric, transport and mag neti c properties o f (Zn, Co) co-doped SnO2 nanoparti cles,” Journal of M aterials Science:M aterials in El ectronics. vol. 2 7, pp.4003- 4010,2016. [8] P. Pascariu D orneanu, A. Airinei, M. Gr igoras, N. Fifere, L. Sa carescu, N. Lupu, L. Stole riu, “ Structur al, optical and m a gnetic prope rties of Ni doped SnO2 nan oparti cles,” Journal o f Alloys and Com pounds. vol. 668,pp. 65- 72, 2016 [9] B.D. Cu llity,” Elem ents of X - Ray Diffraction,” Addison- Wesley, Reading MA. pp. 44-45, 1987. [10] M.S. Pere ira, F.A.S. L ima1, C.B. Silv a, P.T.C. Freire, I .F. Vasconcel os,” Structural, morpholog ical and op ti cal prop erties of SnO2 nanopa rticles obtained by a proteic so l -gel method an d their applicat ion in dye- sensitized solar ce lls,” Journal o f Sol -G el. Science and Technolog y. vol. 84, pp. 206-213, 2017. [11] H. Bastam i, E. Taheri- Nassaj, “ Synthes is of nanosized (Co, Nb, Sm )-doped SnO2 pow ders using copr ecipitation m ethod,” Journa l of Alloys and Com pounds. vol. 495, pp. 12 1-125, 2010. [12] J . Jouhannaud, J. Rossignol, D. S tuerga ,” Rapid synthesi s of tin (I V) oxide nanoparticles by m icr owave in duced therm ohydrolysis,” Jour nal of Solid St ate Chem itry. vol. 181, pp. 143 9-1444, 2008. [13] C. Vel ásquez, F. Ro jas, M.L. O j eda, A. Or tiz, A . Cam pero,” Structure and texture of se lf - assem bled nanopor ous SnO2,” Nanote chnology . vol. 16, pp. 1278, 2005. [14] S. Rog uai, A. Djell oul, C. Nouveau, T. Souier, A.A. Dak hel, M. B ououd ina,” Structu re, m icr ostruc ture and determ ination of op tical cons tants from transm ittance data of co- doped Zn 0.90 C o 0.05 M 0.05 O (M = Al, Cu, C d, Na) f il m s,” Journal of Alloy s Compounds. v ol. 599, pp.1 50-158, 2014. [15] J. Me lsheimer, D. Zieg ler ,” Band gap e nergy and Urb ach tail stu dies of amorphou s, partially cry stalline and poly crystalline tin di oxide,” Thin So lid Film s. vol. 129, pp. 35- 47, 1985. 3rd Inter national C onference on Ap plied Eng ineering and Natura l Scienc es https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 14 Investigation o f S tructural, microst ructural and optica l properties of zinc oxide and Fe- doped ZnO nano particles prepa red by si m ple copreci pitation method Roguai Sabrina 1, * , Djelloul Abdelkader 2 1,2 Depa rtment of science o f the matter, Ab bes Lag hrour university, khen chela , Algeria * (rog.sabrina@ya hoo.fr ) Abstract – Fe -doped ZnO nanoparticles (0.00, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10) were prepare d by the chemical co -precipitatio n m ethod. chemical. On the str uctu ral, morphological and optical pr opertie s of ZnO nanoparticles, the effect of iron doping was exam ined by X -ray diffraction (XRD), scanning elect ron microscopy (SEM), and UV -Visible spectroscopy . T he XRD analysis revealed the single -phase of the as made and Fe- doped ZnO nanopa rticles. SEM imag es showed the fo rm ation of agg regates of sm all individua l nanop articles of v arious s izes. UV – Visibl e m easurement revealed a reduct ion in the en ergy g ap with increasing Fe concen tration. Keywords – Fe -do ped Zn O nanoparticles, Co -p recipitation metho d, structural, microstructu ral, op tical properties. I. I NT RODUCTI ON Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been adopted in a variet y of fi elds and applications suc h as semiconductors, catalysts and p aints [1]. ZnO is a transparent semiconductor with direct g ap and wide band gap (3.37 eV) with a fairl y high exciton bonding energy of 60 meV [ 2]. This diversity means that ZnO could find many applications in different fields such as optoelectronics, acousto-optics, piezoelectric and as a gas detector photocataly sts and light emitting diode s (LEDs) [3]. I n addition, ZnO has attracted a lot of interest as a semiconductor photocatalyst, as a powder [4], nanoparticle [5] or thi n film [6]. I t should be note d that the photocatalytic properties of Z nO are direct ly linked to its structure, morpholog y and cr y stallite size, which in turn depend on the ZnO preparati on method. In addition, doping Z nO with metallic elements can also improve its photo -catal y tic properties. The aim of this work is to stud y the influen ce of Fe -doping on the structural, microstructural a nd optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. II. E XPERI MENTAL M ETHOD S A. Synthesis of ZnO and Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles Zn1-xFexO nanoparticles (with x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10) were s y nthesized b y the co - precipitation method. Analytical grade zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O)], ferric chloride (FeCl3) and sodium hy droxide (NaOH) w ere used as raw materials. Starting solution was prep ared b y dissolving 2.19 g Zinc acetate dehydrate (Z n(CH3COO)2.2H2O) in 100 ml deionized water. In a t y pi cal s y nthesis procedure, a c ertain amount of analy ti c grade ferric chloride (the atomic ratio of Fe was fixed to b e 2, 5, and 10%) was used as the dopant precursor. The required amount of NaOH (0.3 M) solution was add ed in the precursor solution till the pH value reached 12. The p re pared combination was ma gnetically stir red at room temperature durin g 2 h. The precipitate was separa ted fr om the mix ture b y filtration, where it was washed with dist illed water, ethanol and dried Sabrina et al., Investigation of Str uctural, microstructural and optical properties of zinc oxide a nd Fe -do ped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by simple coprecipitation method , IC AE NS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 15 overnig ht at room t emperature in oven at 100 ◦C for 6 h. The dried ing ots were thereafter, calcined at 600 ◦ C for 2 h followed b y grinding to get fine particle s [7]. B. Characterization techniques The s y nthesized Zn1-x FexO nanoparticles were analy z ed using XRD, SEM, FTI R and UV- VIS techniques. The cr ystallogra phic structure and crystallite size of F e-doped ZnO n anoparticles were determined using a PANaly tical Emp y rean diffrac t ometer working with a C uKα radiation tube (λ = 0.1546 nm) in the θ –2θ Bragg Brentano config uration (GA = 0.5◦). The X -ra y sour ce voltage was fixed at 45 k V and the current at 30 mA. SEM microg raphs were obtained by using a JEOL JSM 7500F microscope. The absorbance propert y was evaluated using Parkin Elmer UV – V I S – NIR La mbda 19 spectrophotometer in the 190 – 1800 nm spectral range. III. R ESULT S AND DISCUSSI O N A. Structure analysis The XRD spectra of undo ped and Fe-doped ZnO (2, 5 and 10 at%) are given in Fig. 1. From these spectra, all the peaks (100), (002), (101) , (102 ), (110), (103), (200) , and (112) are identified presenting a single phas e Z nO wurtzite structure with the space group P63mc (JCPDS card no.36 – 1451) a = b = 3.249 Å, c = 5.206 Å) [8]. The XRD spectra confirm the absence of an y s econdar y phases or cluster formation, with no visible diffrac tion patterns of Fe spe cies suc h as Fe, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. These results indi cate that Fe atoms were succe ssfull y in corporated into the ZnO la ttice, preserving the wurtzite structure of ZnO [9]. Fig. 1 XRD patter ns of Fe-doped ZnO nanopo wders B. Microstructural observations The morphologies o f the s y nthesiz ed samples (ZnO and Zn1-xFexO (X = 2, 5 and 10 at.%)) were observed b y a SEM as shown in Fi g. 2. These image s clearl y show th e presence of large sphe rical aggrega tes of small in dividual nanopa rticles of various sizes. The observed partic les were agg lomerated for all Fe-doped ZnO samples and th is type of ag glomera tion is originated from hi gh surface energy of the synthesized nano powd ers. From these images, it is clearly seen that the grain size decreases with th e increase of Fe doping concentration, confirming that iron dopin g restrained the grow th of ZnO. This trend is consistent with the variation of cr ystallite size calculated from XRD spectra . Sabrina et al., Investigation of Str uctural, microstructural and optical properties of zinc oxide a nd Fe -do ped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by simple coprecipitation method , IC AE NS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 16 Fig. 2. SEM imag es of Zn1- xFexO [x = 0 .00, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10] nanopowders. C. Energy dispersive spectroscopy ( EDAX) analysis The results obtained from the energy -dispersive X-ray spectroscop y a re pre sented in Fig. 3. Z n, O and Fe peaks obse rved from the EDAX spectra a re evident indicating the ZnO phase formation and the increase of the F e peak intensity confirms the Fe/Zn substitution in the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Fig. 3. EDX ele mental co m position ana lysis o f ZnO (a ), ZnO:Fe 2% (b) , ZnO:Fe 5% (c) and ZnO:Fe 10% (d ) nanopo w ders. D. Optical properties The optical absorption s pectra of undoped, 2%, 5%, and 10% iron d oped ZnO NPs in the wavelength r egion 200 – 800 nm is shown in Fig. 4. The absorption limits remained at the same wavelengths near 406 nm for undope d and 2% doping rate, for the other two dopin g rates 5% and 10% shifted to longer wavelengths around 417nm and 423nm respectivel y . This shift can be interpreted b y the concept of Moss -Burstein ban d filling effect [ 10]. On the other hand, it i s significa ntl y due to the distortion of the band structure due to the inco rporation of the Fe dopant into the Z nO c rystal latt ice. The a bsorption in th e visible range improve s with increasing amount of Fe doping, which may be due to the numerous defects introduced b y the incorp oration of Fe [11]. which is well illustrated in the change in the color of the obtained powders from gray for Z nO to brown for a doping ra te of 10%. Fig. 4. Absorptio n spectra of ZnO:Fe nanopar ticles. The band gap of th e sam ples is calculated from th e plot betwe en (α hν) 2 and hν as sh own in F ig. 5. The energy values of the forbidden band decrease wi th the increase of the Fe ratio, the y are lower than those of pure ZnO. From this, t he re dshift of the forbidden band is mainl y attributed to the s -d and p -d exchange interactions between th e band electron s and the localized d electrons of the Fe2+ ions replacing the cation, which causes the development of ox yg en va cancies and additional energy levels, resulting in a reduction of the forbidden band. Because of thi s, we also notice that the values of the energy of the forbidden band decrease with the decrease in the size of the cr ystallites [12], which is affected b y the state of in sertion of iron in ZnO, and [13] confirms that the ener gy of the forbidden ban d is impacted by the surface. Sabrina et al., Investigation of Str uctural, microstructural and optical properties of zinc oxide a nd Fe -do ped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by simple coprecipitation method , IC AE NS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 17 Fig. 5 . T auc plots of undoped ZnO, and Fe -doped ZnO (2%, 5%, and 10 %) nanoparticles. IV. CONCLUSIONS Iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully prepared b y th e chemical co-precipitation, which i s a simple method, inex pensive and easy to implement. The structural cha racterization was carr ied out using XRD, which showed that the synthesized ZnO powders was crystallized in a hexagonal würtz ite structure for all the s y nthesized samples. The crystallite size of the doped samples was found to dec rease with increasing the dopant concentration. The SEM image s showed nanoparticles with non-uniform size and agg lomerated. In addition, the doping effectiveness in prepared sa mples was confirmed b y EDAX spectra. For the optical properties, the ene rg y values of the forbidden band d ecrease with the increase of the Fe ratio. . A CKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank th e N ational Project Research (PNR) and LASPI2A Laborator y of Khe nchela Universit y (Algeria) fo r their financial support of this research project. R EFE RENCES [1] B. Herz og, S. Mong iat, C. 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Harihar an, “ Photo catalyt ic degradation of organic con tam inants in w ater by Z nO nanoparti cles, “ Revi sited. Appl ied Cataly sis A: General. vol. 304, p p. 55 – 61, 2006 . [6] J. Lv, W. Gong , K. Hua ng, J. Zhu, F. Me ng , X. Song, Z . Sun, “ Effect of ann ealing tem perature on photocataly tic activ ity of ZnO thin films prepare d by sol – gel m ethod, “ S uperlattic es and Microst ructure s. Vol. 50, pp. 98 – 106, 20 11. . [7] Q. Yin, W. Wu , R . Q iao , X. Ke , Y. Hu , Zh. Li , “Glucose - assisted tran sform ation of N i-doped- ZnO @carbon to a Ni- doped- ZnO @void@SiO 2 core – shell nanocom posite photocata lyst, “ RSC A dv . Vol.6, pp. 38653, 201 6. [8] A. Kaphle , P. Hari, “ E nhancem ent in power conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells wi th cobalt dope d ZnO nanoparticle thi n film lay ers, “ Thin Sol id Film s . vol. 657, pp.76 – 87, 20 18. [9] M.M. B a-A bbad, A.A.H. Kadh um , A.B. Moham ad, M.S. Tak riff, K. Sop ian, “ Vis ible light photocata lytic activ ity o f Fe3+ − doped Z nO nanoparti cle prepared v ia sol –gel technique, “ Chem osphere. v ol. 91, pp. 1604 – 1611, 20 13. [10] K.G. S aw, N.M. Az nan, F.K. Yam , S.S. N g, S.Y . Pung, “ New I nsi ghts on the Bu rste in-Moss Shift and Band G ap Narrow ing in I ndium - Doped Z inc Oxide Thin Film s, “PLoS One. v ol.10, pp. e0141180, Oc tober201 5 [11] A. Gokta s, I .H. Mutlu, Y. Y amada, “ I nfluence of Fe -doping on the struc tural, opt ical, and m ag netic propert ies of ZnO thin film s prepared by so l – gel m ethod, “ Superlatt ice. Microst. v ol.57, pp.1 39, May 2013 [12] K. Raja, P .S. Ram esh, D . Geetha, “ Stru ctural, FTI R and photo luminescence s tudies of F e doped ZnO nanopowder by co- precipitation method , “Spectroch im . Acta Mol. Biom ol. Spectros c.vol. 131, pp. 183, O ctober 2014. [13] V. Srik ant, D.R. C larke, “on the opt icalband g ap, “ J. Appl Phy s. v ol. 83, pp.5447, Ap ril 1998. 3rdInterna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 18 Mechanical B ehavior of Thin CrN Layers, Depo sited by DC M agnetro n Sputtering on 41 Cr4 T ype Steels Bouaicha Salah * 1, 3 , Mohamed Zine Touha mi 2 , Riad Badji 3 , K. Laggoune 3 1 Laborato ry of S urface Engineering, Departmen t of Metallurgy University Ba dji Mokh tar B.P. 12 - 23000 An naba, Algeria 2 Laborato ry of Found ry, Department of Metallurg y University B adji Mokh tar B.P. 12 - 23000 Annaba , Algeria 3 Research Center fo r Indu strial Techn ologie s, CRTI, P.O. Box 6 4, Cheraga 16014 Algiers , A lgeria * (bouaich [email protected] om ) Abstract – The objective of this work is to stud y the effect of chromium nitride la ye rs deposited b y the DC reac tive magnetron sputtering technique on the mec hanical behavior of 41Cr4 carbon steel, prior to the deposition process, all samples we re mec hanicall y polished to a mirror surface . The chromium nitride thin films were deposited at a temperature of 400°C for 90 min using a nitroge n/argon gas mix ture. Grazing incidence X-ra y diff raction results revealed that th e deposit consists of C rN and Cr 2 N phases, with hardness ranging fr om 1000 to 1800HV. The surface morph ology was determined b y scanning electron microscop y. The adhesion of the chromium nitride laye rs was evaluated by the DAIMLER BENZ ROCKWE LL and scratch tests. I t was obser ved that the contour of th e indentations located on the deposit is regular, indicating good adhesion. Scr atch te st results showed that under a normal 30N load applied gradually, linear cracking occurs a t a load of 17N unti l the CrN lay er breaks up at a load of 20N. Keywords – 41Cr4, CrN, Mech anica l Behavior, Ma gnetron sputtering , Scratch test 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Scie nces https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 19 Optimization study of perovskite -based so lar cells using R-soft packag e Maroua Chahmi 1 , 2, * , Moun ir Bouras 1, 2 And Moufdi Hadjab 2, 3 1 Signal a nd Systems Ana lysis Laboratory (LASS), Mohamed Boudiaf Un iversity of M’sila, M’sila 2 8000, Alg eria 2 Electronics Depa rtment, Faculty o f Technology, Mohamed Bo udiaf University of M’ sila, M’sila 2800 Al geria Leibniz Institute of Polymer R esearch D resden Institute of Th eory of Po lymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany *marou a.chahmi@un iv-msila .dz Abstract – I n this work, we have used the “RS OFT’s Diffract MOD and solar Cell Utility ” based on the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analy sis (RCWA) technique to a nal y ze the behavior of the perovskite-based solar cell. Here, the RS oft CAD (Photonic Device Tools ) was utiliz ed to determine the effect of materials in differe nt la y ers of a perovskite-based solar ce ll on the power conve rsion efficienc y (PCE ) and other useful parameters, such as the densit y of the current- voltage (J-V) measurem ents. Therefore, we chose the perovskite as an active lay er , PDMS as a window la y er and gold (OR) as a reflective la y er. Here, Diff erent ETM and HT M candidate s ha ve been suggested. Firstabl e, HTM was proposed randoml y and prese nted b y P3HT and the ETM is pre sented b y TiO 2 , ZnO, Z nSe and Z nS, and thus, it was fou nd that the best ETM is ZnS because the enh anced PCE i ncrea sed from 18.30 % when we use the ZnSe to 21.19 % when the ZnS is chosen. S econdly , the optimum ETM candidate w as selected and presented b y ZnS, and the two HTM candidates were changed and presen ted b y P3HT and AZO. It was found that the best HTM is the AZO, and the PCE of this perovskite-based solar ce ll reached the value 21.43%. Keywords – solar cell, perovskite, materia ls, ETM, HT M, efficien cy. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 20 Existence of distri butiona l solutions for nonlinear fra ctional Schr ö ding er- poisson sy stem involving new operator Boutebba Hamza * ,Lekhal Hakim 2 and Slimani kamel 3 1 Departmen t of math ematics/ In stitute of Scien ce, University of 20 August skikda , Algeria 2 Departmen t of ma thematics/ In stitute of Scien ce, University of 2 0 August skikda , Algeria 3 Departmen t of ma thematics/ In stitute of Scien ce, University of 2 0 August skikda , Algeria * ( h.bout ebba @univ-skikda . dz ) Abstract – I n this work, we investigate the ex istence of non-trivial solutions for nonlinear fractional Schr\"{o}dinger-Poisson system involving a new operator. By using th e perturbation method and the mountain pass theorem, with some additional assumptions on $f$, we prove the existing results. Keywords - Fractio nal Sch ö rdinger-P oisson equatio ns, Mountain Pa ss Theorem, Palais- Smale cond ition, Perturba tion method , Distribution al solutions. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 21 Phytochemical an alysis , antioxidant and anti bacteria l activities in vitr o of polar extracts of Moltkia ciliata SoumaiaChihi a,b , Oumelkheir RAHI M a* a Pollution & Waste Treatmen t La boratory, Department o f Chemistry, Facu lty of Mathematics an d Matter science s, Kasdi Merbah Un iversity, Ouargla 30000, Algeria. b VTRS La boratory, El- Oued University, B.P. 789 , El -Oued 390 00, Algeria Email of th e correspon ding author * ( rahiou melkheir@gmail. com ) Abstract – T he plant Moltkia ciliata belongs to the Boraginac eae family , althoug h thi s plant has been traditionally used for the t reatm ent of va rious ailments. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of organic extracts of Moltkia ciliata obtained using the tw o sy stems (acetone/water) and (methanol/wate r) (80/20). T he results of the phytochemica l tests showed its richness in most of the active compounds, while the et hyl acetate and butanol extract s gav e the highest extraction yield in both extraction systems. T he c hrom atographic separa tion results proved the use of s everal mobile pha ses, the bes t of which was Methanol/Ch lorofor m (3/1) . The extracts studied were rich in flav onoid com pounds, and u sing HPL C and TLC technology , they were found to contain many r efere nc e compounds and in dif ferent amounts. The quantitativ e estimation of phenolic com pounds and flavonoids showed their presenc e in sig nificant amounts. In comparison, between the t wo system s, it was found that the extrac ts obtained from t he (acetone /water) system contained the h ighest amounts of phenolics and f lav onoids com pared t o the e xtracts obtained from the (metha nol/water) system . The an tibacterial activi ty was estimated on three bacterial strain s; Staphylococcu s aure s , Escheri chia c oli and Pseudomonas aerugino sa using the disk diffusion method, the results showed that it had lim ited inhibitory act ivity against the bacterial strain s. We reported the evaluation of antioxidant properties using electroch emical and spec trophotometr ic assay s, this study sugges ted that the differences in antioxidan t activity potency can be explained by differences in polyphenol and flavonoid levels. T he study concluded that this plant i s a rich source of p henols and f lavonoids, and al so showed g ood in -vitro an tioxidan t act ivity by all m ethods. Thus, the plant M . ciliata can be explored as a potential sou rce of natu ral ant ioxidant. Keywords – Moltkia ciliata, antibacterial activity, extraction, an tioxidant capacity, phytochemical conten t, bioactiv e compounds. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 22 Biosynthesis o f silver nano particles a nd determinatio n of antibac terial activity – A Review Soumaia Chihi a,b , Oumelkheir RAHIM a* a Pollution & Waste Treatmen t La boratory, Department o f Chemistry, Facu lty of Mathematics an d Matter science s, Kasdi Merbah Un iversity, Ouargla 30000, Algeria. b VTRS La boratory, El- Oued University, B.P. 789 , El -Oued 390 00, Algeria * ( rahioumelkh [email protected] ) Email of the correspond ing autho r Abstract – I n the past two decades, nanotechnology and nanoparticle research have become one of the most important area s of modern materials' science research and have attracted grea t interest in the fields of electronics, biology a nd medicine due to the distinctive properties of nanoparticles. Nanomaterial’s can be useful in areas such as s olar energ y conversion, catal y sis , and medicine and wate r trea tment. Amo ng th e noble metals, silver (A g) is the preferred metal in the field of biolo gical system, living organisms and medicine. Although there are man y types of nanomaterial’s, silver AgNPs nanopartic les have proven to be the most effective for their resistance to microbes, bacteria, fungi, viruses and mi croorga nisms. Currentl y , green synthesis of ne w metallic nanoparticles such as silver nanopa rticles has become an emerging branch of nanotechnology, wh ere recently pl ant extracts have been used in the s ynthesis of green nanoparticles because the y are rich in bioactive compounds. Through this review, we decided to identif y the methods of biosynthesis, diagnosis and evaluation of their antibac terial activit y of silver nanoparticles. Keywords – Silver n anop articles, Bio synthesis, AgNPs, An tibacterial activity. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 23 IoT-Ba sed Data Capture Syste m Using MQTT Protoco l Yehya ANIBA 1* , Mounir BOUHEDDA 2 , Mourad BACHEN E 3 , Hamza BENYEZZA 2 , Sakina MOULAI MOSTEFA 2 and Chaimaa LARBI 2 1 Laborato ry of App lied Automation and Industrial Diagn ostic (LAADI), Unive rsity of D jelfa , Algeria 2 Laborato ry of Advan ced Electronic Systems ( LSEA), Univer sity of Medea , Alg eria 3 Laborato ry of Mech anics, Physics, Math ematical Mod eling (LMP2M ), Univer sity of Med ea, Algeria * y.anib [email protected] iv-djelfa.dz Abstract – Nowadays IoT is one of the technologies which is attracted ma ny researc hers to resolve existing problems in ma ny fields. The p resent paper p resents an architecture for ata monit oring based on the internet of thing s (IoT). For this aim , a hardware im plementation using Rpi 3 B+ where the communication layer uses Message Queuing Telemetr y T ransport (MQTT) protocol to collect data issued from sens ors in real-time in o rder to be moni tored on a terminal li ke a sm artphone or a computer. Fo r this purpose, a Human Man I nter face (H MI) is developed using th e Node-Red Platfor m fr om IBM. The ev aluation and test results show the efficiency a nd f easibility of the developed s y stem. Keywords – IoT , MQTT , HMI, Nod e-Red, Rpi. I. INTRODUCT ION Fea ture is an necessar y aspect for both little an d enormous enterprise. W hether enterprise is en gaged with fabricating or offering t y pes of assistance, quality is at the he art of its a ctivities and , surprisingly, its endur ance. Customar y qualit y control s y stems involve fast assessments and reviews after things are made. This pushes enterprises to bring about costs since every mistake or issue found on thin gs expects them to dispose of the whole group and reh ash the assembling s y stem from start. This isn 't the case with utili zing I oT innovatio n [1]. While I nternet of T hings (IoT) is an ever - widening envirement that incorporates program, equipment, ph y sical objects, and compulation devices to comm unicate, gather and swap d ata. The IoT offer a smooth po dium to help interactions between humans and a diversit y of ph y sical an d virtual things[2]. I n the field of artifi cial intelligenc e, IoT is becoming a stage about the revolution of the wo rd in the present da y [ 3]. I oT keep evolving . S pecialists forecees that, b y 2025, about 22 billion I oT apparatuss will be linked to the Internet and will communicate in this I oT context [4] . I ntern et of things (IoT) give the interconnec tion of objects with the I nternet, and data can be dispatched or colle cted through the I nternet[ 5]. IoT can join to handle whole from the easiest to the most complex activity [6]. various c ommunication and messag in g protocols have been produce d, espe ciall y Constrained Application P rotocol (CoAP), Advance d Message Queuing Protocol (A MQP), Extensible Messaging Presence Protocol (XMPP) and Message Queuing Telemetr y Transport Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 24 (MQTT) [ 7]. from all, MQTT has bee n extensivel y used inindustrial applications [8]. MQTT (Me ssa ge Queuing Telemetry Tr ansport) network protocol is an a pplication protocol of the TCP/ I P pile made and distributed in 1999 [ 9]. The lightly quality of the MQTT protocol gives the possibilit y of the transfer of data rapidl y and therefore, this prototocol has now be en used a lot in many applications related to I oT [ 10]. T he utilization of the MQTT in the machine- to -machine communication have a slight publish -subscribe [11] . MQTT uses a publish/subscribe paradigm for communication. Meanwhile, this protocol operates Fig.1 Pro posed w hole architec ture on a client-server system in which the server, note d as the MQTT Broker, keeps on upda ting the MQTT clients [12] . HMI (Human Machine I nterface) is one fro m the most scheme that lik s humans and machine i n the field o f technolog y. The great purpose of the HMI s is that it can be control and visualiz e of situation either manuall y or via real time computer visualization. Therefore HMI s ystem generally works onli ne by reading information sent through I/O port utilized b y th e scheme controller [13] . Atmoko et al have applied the use of the MQTT protocol to produce a data learning s ystem of temperature and humidi t y sensor s with a mobile interface [14] . De Moura et al The su ggested a framew ork d ata acquisition system of a solar photovoltaic using the MQTT protocol [15]. Saminathan et al develop a Real-time healthcare monitoring sy stem using MQTT protocol [16] . Niyige na Kwizera et al estabilished a syst em with an algorithm that g aines environmental information and publishes them to the internet through an MQTT protocol [17]. Shahri et al introduced a s y stem design with wide simulation and realization results that validate the possibility of the approach, displa y that time delicate MQTT transport c an be really segrega ted and prioritized to find application- defined real-time rules [18]. In this context, thi s work is a contribution to giving a solution to set up a hardw are and software framew ork for capturing data from sensors based on IoT. Tests and results were done on an HMI to validate the propose d soluti on. Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 25 This paper is organiz ed as follows. Section II gives s y stem specifications. Section III d escribes in detail adopted material and methods. Section IV presents the validation test. Section V concludes the research work and discusses outlook possible researches . Th e synaptic framework in troduced in Fig.1 shows the proposed architecture with its Different compenents. I. S YSTEM DESCRIPTION Components and connections. Many essential elements a re necessary for the proposed architecture which is namely: the Rpi for the control, data acquisition of sensors' states, Dht22 sen sor(temperature, humidity), WIFI for c ommunication, and the HMI . As show the fig.1. II . M ATER I AL AND METHOD This section presents in detail the main parts of the the proposed s y stem that has been implemented i s namely. a) Publisher: the tool that d ispatches dat a on a particular topic to the broker. b) Subscriber: the tool that demands a nd rece ives the data of the topic that is concerned, fr om the brok er. c) B roker: the server that r eceives the data o f topics sent by publishers, and sends it to the subscribers who are interested in those topics [19]. broker: An MQTT broker is a fundamental point of contact. when the responsibility of the sending of a ll messag es between the clients is the work of the broker[20]. d) Node- RED : Node-Red is a Visual Programming langua ge (VP L ) at first made by IBM. Node -RED aims to give clients the to make I oT-based applications by employing graphica ll y approached the program segments. Node-RED backings distinctive equipment like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and so forth underpin working framew orks like Android, Windows, and Mac[21]. As show the fig.2. Fig.2 Node -red The s y stem we offer is a solution for sendin g and rece iving a set of information, for example, a message via a me ans of communication (PC, Smart Phone ..) remotel y. In ou r project, we have d etailed how to measure temperature and humidit y b y t he RP I and the MQTT pro tocol we use the DHT 22 sensor, and send it from the place of measurement at several remote PCs. The proposed work is divided into two parts: Fig.3 Configuratio n of the tem perature gauge Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 26 Fig.4 Configuratio n of the hi midity gauge a. we start b y making a very simple flow, this flow re ads the last temperature and humidit y value and is displ aye d as a gauge in a window called the "dashboard", we use i n this part th e RPI and th e sensor DHT22 We h ave r ealized the following program on our Node-Red as fig.2 is present. This flow is composed of: a Gauge node: to add a g auge- like widget to the user in terface. Fi g. 3,fi g.4, and.5. below show how we made the configuration of our "gauge" node a debug node: which displa y s th e ms g. pay load a DHT22 nod e: for measuring temperature and humidit y in our c ase we chose PIN 16 pin GPIO. a function node: The Function node a llows a message to pass throu gh a J avaScript function.an Inject node: The injection node allows us to inject messages. Into a stream, either by c licking on the node button or by setting a time interval between injections. By deplo ying (b y clicking on the depl o y button) we obtain the last value of temperature and humidit y . Fig.5 Config uration of the DH T 22 sensor After the configuration’s steps , a prog ram has been developed with node-red to read t he temperature and the humidit y values. as shown the fig.6. b. in this part, we used the MQTT protocol to send the remote data, and fo r this rea son, we us e the MQTT data sending node To send via th e MQTT protocol, click on the node to configure the MQTT protocol parameters (topic, broker address, etc.).We chose the "house/humidit y" topic and the "house/temperature" topic with the same broker address "10.0.62.127:1883".After adding th e MQTT protocol to the first pa rt we get the following program: The following steps are followed to send and rece ive data (temperature and humidit y) at a distance: We open a terminal in the RPI and we wrote the word “ mosquito” and we do enter after we write the word “ifconfig” and we enter to obtain the address o f the broker than we install mqttbox .  The MQTT config uratio n:  The host is the server and we wrote the address of the mosquito: Broker  We choose the protocol: MQTT/TCP.  Press Save.As shown in fig .7. Fig.6 T he program in node - re d Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 27 Fig.7 Capture d ata w ith t he MQTT pro tocol III . EXPER İ MENTAL TEST The fig.8. show the experimental test of the proposed s y stem with the different elements were connected toghether to obtain the desired architec ture. Than we have the different method to send the data remotel y as following. Fig. 8. The experi mental test a. From RPI to pc The fi g below presented the receiving value of the temperature and the humidity with RP I than rece ive the same value in another PC with the same broker .and Before doing this, the R PI and the PC must be connected to th e same n etwork, and they mus t be the same topics. The tempe rature valu e is 27.00° , and The humidit y value is: 43.00% as show the fig.9. Fig.9 Dashbo ard of temperature and humidity values b. From pc via rpi We sent the message "temperature and humidity" from the PC to the RPI in the same network, we use here the MQTT node and the debug node and w e wrote a pro gram in our Node-Re d, and we hit the word "subscribe" to m ak e the subscription between the PC and the RP I and then we press the word " publish" to send the me ssage and w e received t he same message in our RP I. c. From pc to pc The message "Hello, The practical work test ( 3 0 mins) and the interrogation (20 mins) is sche duled on Thursday 4/03/2022 at the GS1 B IB fac "has been sent fr om PC 1 to the PC 2 according to the following steps: Both PCs must be connected to the same network.  We press the wo rd "subscribe" in PC 2 to subscribe to PC 1.  We will write the message, after we press the word " publish", the message must be rece ived on the second PC . IV. R ESULTS The main view of the developed HM I is given by Fig .10. The user can choose: (a) the language: Arabic, En glish, o r French, (b)the t ype of the us er : publisher or subscriber, and (c) switches for activating or dea ctivating the diff erent sensors, and buttons for starting up the sy stem. Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 28 Fig. 10 Main view of the HMI . V. CONCLUSION A solution is given to captur e data over a local network and/or the Internet by MQTT protocol. The used software used is No de -RED hosted on a Rp i card. An H MI was developed t o supervise the different states of the sensors. The proposed solution can be considered as a step to developing a control, sp eed, or monitoring based on Cloud and IoT which can be the tool for developing systems based on Digital Tw in Technology and Industr y 4.0. REFERENCES [1] M. Hir man , A. Benesova, K. Sima, F. Steiner, and J . Tupa, “Design, fabrication an d risk assessme nt of IoT unit for prod ucts manufactured in industry 4.0 factory,” Proced ia Manu f. , vol. 51, pp. 1178 – 1183 , 2020 , doi: 10.1016 /j.promfg .2 020 .10.165. [2] M. Haghi Kas hani, M. Madan ipour, M. Nikravan, P. Asghari, and E. Ma hdipour, “A syste matic review o f IoT in healthcare: Applicatio ns, techniques, a nd trends,” J. Netw. Compu t. Appl. , vol. 1 92, no. May, p. 103164 , 2021, doi: 10 .1016/j.jnca.2021 .103164. [3] T. R. Wanasinghe, R. G. Gosi ne, L. A. Ja mes, G. K. I. Mann, O. De Sil va, and P. J. Warr ian, “The Internet of Things in t he Oil and Gas I ndustr y: A Systematic Revie w,” IEEE Internet Th ings J. , vol. 7, no. 9, p p. 8654 – 8673, 2020 , doi: 10.1 109/JIOT.2020 .2995617. [4] “K. L. Lueth. (No v. 19, 2 020). State of the IoT 2020. Accesssed: Dec. 2 9, 20 20. [Online]. Available: https://iot-anal ytics.com/state -ofthe-iot - 2020 - 12 - billion-iot-connectio ns-surp assing -non-iot- for-the - firsttime/.” [5] M. Javaid and I. H. Khan, “Internet o f T hings (IoT ) enabled healt hcare helps to ta ke the challe nges of COVID- 19 Pandemic,” J. Ora l B iol. Craniofa cial Res. , vol. 1 1, no. 2 , pp. 209 – 214, 2021 , doi: 10.1016/ j. jobcr.2 021. 01.015. [6] H. Ben yezza, M. Bouhedda, and S. Rebouh, “Zoning irrigation smart s yste m based o n fuzzy control technolog y a nd IoT for water and energy saving,” J. Clean. Prod . , vol. 302, p. 127001 , 2021, doi: 10.1 016/j.jclepro.2021 .127001. [7] E. Al-Masri et a l. , “Investi gating Messa ging Pro tocols for the Internet of Things (Io T),” IEEE Access , vol. 8, pp. 948 80 – 94911 , 2020, do i: 10.1 109/ACCESS.2020 .2993363. [8] R. A. Atmoko and D. Yang, “Onli ne Monitori ng & Controlling Industria l Ar m Robot Using MQTT Pro tocol,” Proc. 2018 Int. Conf. R obot. Biomimetics, Intell. Comp ut. Syst. Robionetics 2 018 , pp. 12 – 16, 2019 , doi: 10.1109 /ROBIONETI CS.2018.8674672. [9] Z. Kegenbekov and A. Saparo va, “Using the MQT T Pro tocol to Transmit Vehicle T elemetry Data,” Transp. Res. P rocedia , vol. 61, pp. 410 – 417, 202 2, doi: 10 .1016/j.trpro.2 022.01.067. [10] V. G upta, S. Khera, and N. T urk, “MQTT proto col employing IOT based ho me safety system with ABE encryption,” Mult imed. To ols Appl. , vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 293 1 – 2949, 2021, doi: 1 0.1007 /s11042 -020- 09750 - 4. [11] “A. Banks, E. B riggs, K. Bo rgendale, and R. Gupta, MQTT Version 5.0 , 7 Mar. 2019. OASIS Sta ndar.” [12] N. N. N. Vithana ge, S. S. H. T hanthrige, M. C. K. P . Kapuge, T . H. Mal w enna, C. Liyanapathirana, a nd J . L. Wijekoo n, “A Secure Corro boratio n Protocol for Internet of Things ( IoT) Devices Usi ng MQTT Versio n 5 and LD AP,” I nt. Conf. Inf. Netw. , vol. 2021 -Janua, pp. 837 – 841, 2021, do i: 10.1 109/ICOIN50884 .2021.9333910 . [13] “H. Haryanto and S. Hid ayat, ‘Per ancangan HMI (Human Machi ne Interface) Untuk P engendalian Kecepatan Mo tor DC,’ Setr um, vol. 1, no. 2, pp . 1 – 8, 2012.” [14] R. A. Atmoko, R. Riantini, and M. K. Hasin, “IoT real ti m e data ac quisition using MQT T pro tocol,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , vol. 853, no. 1, 2 017, doi: 10.1 088/1742 -6596/853/1/0 12003. [15] V. V., R. I. , and S. C., “IoT Embedded S ystem for Data Acquisitio n using MQT T Pro tocol,” Int. J. Comput. A ppl. , vol. 182, no. 11, p p. 1 – 4, 2018 , doi: 10.5 120/ijca2018917736 . [16] S. Saminathan and K. Geetha, “Real -time healt h care m o nitoring s ystem using IoT ,” Int. J. Eng. Techno l. , vol. 7, no. 2 , pp. 484 – 48 8, 2018, doi: 10.1 4419/ijet.v7i2.24.121 41. [17] V. de P . N. Kwizera, Z. Li, V. E. Lum or vie, F. Nambaje mariya, and X. Niu, “IoT Based Greenhouse Real-Time Data Acquisition a nd Visualizatio n through Messa ge Queuing T elemetry Transfer (MQTT ) Protocol,” Adv. Internet Thing s , vol. 1 1, no. 02, pp. 77 – 93, 2021 , doi: 10.4236/ait.2 021.112006 . [18] E. Shahri and P . P edreiras, “Extending MQT T w ith Real- Time Co mmunication Se rvices Based o n SDN,” Aniba et al., IoT -Based Data Ca pture System Using MQTT Protocol , ICAENS 2021, Konya, Turkey 29 pp. 1 – 1 9, 2022. [19] H. Kurdi and V. Thayanant han, “Authe ntication mechanisms for IoT system based on d istributed MQTT brokers: Review and challe nges,” Proced ia Comput. S ci. , vol. 194, pp. 132 – 139, 202 1, doi: 10.1 016/j.procs.2021. 10.066. [20] “https:/ /www.mat hworks.co m/help/suppo rtpkg/rasp berrypi/ref/publish -and -subscrib e- to -mqtt - messages.html.” [21] “H. Taij i and Nick O’Lear y, Practical Nod e -RED Pro gramming : Lear n po werful visual progra mming techniques and b est practices f or the w eb and Io T . Packt P ublishing, 2021 .” 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 30 EFFECT OF P ANEL DIRECT IO N ON ENERGY GENERATI ON IN 100kWp SOL AR POWER PL ANT Mehmet Fatih BEYOĞLU * , Prof.Dr .Metin DEM İRTAŞ 2 1 Departmen t of Electrica l and Electron ics Engin eering , Balıkesir Unive rsity , Turk iye 2 Departmen t of Electrical a nd Electronics E nginee ring, Balıkesir University, Turk iye * ( fatih.beyog [email protected] u.tr ) Abstract – One of the most important factors affecting the ener gy production of photovoltaic energy systems is the panel directi on. I n thi s stud y ; the effect of panel direction on energ y production for a 10 0kWp power plant at coordinates of 39.7N 27.9E was analy zed. Comi ng to the surfa ce effective direct ra diation, effective diffusion radiation, temperature , wind data in 2020 were used as the input paramete rs and the amount of energy produ ced w as calculated as the output parameter. Th e PVGIS pro gram was u sed to estimate the energy production. Analy zes were made for different horizontal and vertical angles of the power plant photovoltaic panels. Calculations were made for the slope angles of 0 -30-60-90 and for the panel azimuth a ngles of 0 -30-60-90-120-150-180-210-240-270-300-330. T he calculated energ y prod uction forecast r esults for different angle combinations were compared with each other. As a result of the anal ysis, it was seen that the energ y p roduction of th e s ystem varied from 29.2MW h to 144.1 MWh depending o n the an gle for the specified coordina tes. I n the calculations made for th e 31° slope and 3° azimuth ang l e specified as the optimum point of the s y stem, it is predicted that the s ystem will produce 144.19M Wh of energy in 2020. Keywords – SPP, Azimuth angle, Slo pe angle, Balıkesir, Solar Energ y I. I NT RODUCTI ON The solar radiation distributed coming to Earth differs depending on the distance to the sun and th e ang l e of arrival of ra y s. The solar ra diation at an y spot varie s de pending on the geographica l loca tio n on the earth. The solar radiation also changes according to the an gle and distance of annual motion of the earth, and the da il y atmospheric phenomena. For the photovoltaic power plant the most important s y stem input par ameter affecting th e amount of produce d energ y is the incide nt radiation to panel. Th e e ffective ra diation of incident to p anel depends on the latitude of the installation location, slope ang le and azimuth angle of the panel. Fig. 1 T he angle of the sun 's ra ys accor ding to surface Beyoğlu et al., EFFECT OF PANEL DIRECTION ON ENERGY GENERATION IN 100kWp SOLAR POWER PLANT, ICAE NS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 31 Fig. 2 Photo voltaic system m od el The effective irradiation value is calculated by using the direct and diffuse solar radiation value s coming to the earth and the incidence angle of ra ys to the panel surface . II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD In this study; the effect of the panel dire ction on energy production for a 100kWp solar power plant at coordinates of 39.7N 27.9E was analy ze d. Photovoltaic Geogra phical Information S ystem (PVGI S) program was used to estimate energ y production. As the input parameter, effective di re ct radiation, effective diffusion ra diation, temperature and wind data coming to the surfac e in 2020 were used and the amount of energ y produced w as calculated as the output para meter. Calculations we re mad e for th e horiz ontal a nd vertical angles of the power plant photovoltaic panels b y 30 d egrees. Calculations were mad e for the angles of 0-30-60-90 for the panel slope and for the pa nel dire ction an gles (azimuth) 0-30-60-90- 120-150-180-210-240-270-300-330. The calculated energy production fore cast resul ts for different ang le combina tions we re compared with each other. Base d on ou r calculations are made fo r our solar power plant with the P VGI S program, the annual energy production estimate according to the angles is shown in Table 1. . Tab le 1. 2020 Energy Prod uction (MWh/year) When the calculation results are examined, it is seen that th e lowest energy o f 20.9 MW h energy pe r y e ar will be produced when the panel s y st em installed with 180° of a zimuth angle and 90° of slope angle. The highes t energ y production is calculated as 144.1 MWh if the panels are installed with 0° of azimuth angle and 30° of slope a ngle. An an gular expression of the results obtained is given in Chart 1. Fig. 3 Energy pr oduction curv e accor ding to PV panel angle A z i m u t h A n g l e 0° 30° 60° 90° 180° 1 2 6 ,9 8 5 , 7 4 4 ,9 2 0 ,9 210° 1 2 6 ,9 8 9 , 8 5 4 ,4 2 9 ,6 240° 1 2 6 ,9 1 0 2 ,6 7 5 ,6 4 7 ,4 270° 1 2 6 ,9 1 1 7 ,6 9 7 ,6 6 6 ,6 300° 1 2 6 ,9 1 3 1 ,0 1 15 ,5 8 1 ,5 330° 1 2 6 ,9 1 4 0 ,5 1 27 ,7 8 9 ,3 0° 1 2 6 ,9 1 4 4 ,1 1 31 ,7 9 0 ,1 30° 1 2 6 ,9 1 4 0 ,9 1 27 ,7 8 9 ,0 60° 1 2 6 ,9 1 3 1 ,8 1 15 ,9 8 1 ,5 90° 1 2 6 ,9 1 1 8 ,5 9 8 ,0 6 7 ,0 120° 1 2 6 ,9 1 0 3 ,3 7 6 ,0 4 7 ,9 150° 1 2 6 ,9 9 0 , 4 5 4 ,9 3 0 ,3 180° 1 2 6 ,9 8 5 , 7 4 4 ,9 2 0 ,9 2 0 2 0 E n erg y Pr o d u ct i o n ( M W h / y e ar) Sl o p e A n g l e Beyoğlu et al., EFFECT OF PANEL DIRECTION ON ENERGY GENERATION IN 100kWp SOLAR POWER PLANT, ICAE NS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 32 III. R ESULTS For a photovoltaic solar power plant of 100kWp, the energy produ ction for the different directions and slope angles of the panels is calculated. As a result of the analysis, it was see n that the energ y production of th e s y stem varied from 29.2 MW h to 144.1 MWh depending o n the angle for the specified coordinates. As a result of the calculations, it is foreseen that the s y stem will annually produce th e lowest ene rg y o f 20.9MWh in 2020 if the pane ls are installed with az imuth angle of 180° a nd slo pe a ngle of 90°. The highest energ y produ ction is calculated as 144.1MW h if the panels are installed with 0° azimuth ang le and 30° slope angle. I f the s y stem panels were installed for the 31° slope and 3° azimuth ang le specified a s the optimum point of the system, the s y stem would be produced 144.19MWh of energy in 2020. In the light of the results obtained, it wa s se en that the amount of energy p roduced was significantly changed b y the panel angle. F or s y stems installed in the northern hemisphere , mounting the panel azimuth direction to the south and with the slope ang le e qual to the current latitude value is a practical method to find optimum mounting direction for maximum energy production. R EFE RENCES [1] Boztep e, M. 2 017. P arameters Affecting Efficiency in Photovoltaic P ower Systems, 1 – 8. [2] Abood, A. A. (201 5). A co m pre hensive solar a ngles simulation and calculation using m atlab. International Journal of Energy a nd Enviroment, 6 (4), 367 – 37 6. [3] Jazayeri, K., Uysal, S., & Jazayeri, M. (2013 ). MATLAB/si mulink based simulation o f solar incidence angle an d the sun 's position i n the s ky with respect to observation p oints on t he Ea rth. Pr oceedings of 20 13 International Conference on Renewable Energ y Research and Applications, ICRER A 2013, 1 73 – 177. [4] Kumar, N.M., Gupta, R. P ., M athe w, M., Jayakumar, A ., & Sing h, N. K. (2019 ). Performance, e nergy los s, and degradation p rediction of roo fintegrated cr ystalline solar PV sy stem ins talled in No rthern In dia. Case Studies in Thermal Engineeri ng, 13(Januar y ), 1 00409. [5] Beyoğlu, M. F. (2011). Com p ariso n of Efficiency of Dual Axis Solar T rac king Sy stem and Fixed Axis PV System in Balıkesir P rovince. Balıkesir Uni versity Graduate School of Natu ral and A p plied Sciences Master's T hesis. [6] Beyoğlu, M. F., Demirtaş , M . (2 019). A co m parative evalution o f photovoltaic p o wer plant e nergy prod uction established in Balikesir pro vince and prod uction forecasting pro grams, Internatio nal Marmara Scien ces Congress ( Autu mn) 201 9 Proceedings Boo k (Natural and Applied Sciences), (No vember), 4 01 – 406 [7] (2022) T he European Co mmission, T he Photovoltaic Geographical In formation System website. [Online]. Available: https://re.jrc.ec .europa.eu/pvg_tools/e n/ 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 33 Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata T ürü ve Etkileri Ana lizi (FMEA) yöntemi ya rdımıyla risk analizi Haydar Bacıoğlu 1 , Bulut Ozan Cey lan 1,2 ,* ve Ya sin Arslanoğlu 1 1 Denizc ilik Fakü ltesi/İstanbu l Teknik Üniversite si, Tuzla 349 40, I stanbul, Türkiye 2 Denizcilik Fakü ltesi/Bandırm a On yedi Eylü l Üniversitesi, Band ırma, Balıkesir, Türkiye * (bceylan@ba ndirma.ed u.tr) Özet – Gemiler va sıtasıyla yapılan de niz taşımacılığı , taşınan ton başına son derece verimli olması nedeniy le sıkça tercih e dilen ve kür esel tic arete y ön ve ren bir ulaştırma türüdür. Fakat Ulusl ara ra s ı Denizcilik Örgütü (I MO)’nün de vurguladığı gibi , bu alan popülaritesini n y a nında pek çok riski de bünye sind e barındırmaktadır. Gemiler y apısı gereği çarpma, çatışma, patlama, y a ngın, ka raya otur ma gibi pek çok y ıkıcı riskin varlığıy la beraber işletilmektedir . Ayrıca g emilerin makine daireleri çok farklı türde sistemi ve e kipman ı bir arada ba rındıran karmaşık bir ya pı y a sahiptir. Bu bileşenler ara sında , gemideki pnömatik sistemler, dizel jenera törler, ana makine gibi kritik ekipmanın çalıştırılması ve işletilmesi için kullanılan basınçlı hava sistemi önemli bir ye re sahiptir. Basınçlı hava sisteminin temel bileşen i olan kompresörler ise, tüm sisteme basınçlı hava ür eterek sistemi sürekli olarak besl emektedir . B u kritik ekipmanın önemini ve mevcut risklerini belirlemek amacı y la, bu çalışma ile gemi kompresör sistemini n Hata Tür ü ve Etkileri Analizi (FMEA) y öntemi il e risk ana lizi y ürütülmüştür . Bu ç alışma ile kompresöre ait kritik hata türleri kodlanmış ve her bir hata türünün neden ve sonuç ları pa y laşılmı ştır. Elde edilen bulguların, gemilere ait kompresör sistemi risklerinin tespiti ve önleyici faaliyet planla nması am acı y la denizcilik payda şları tarafından kullanılması amaçlanmaktadır. Anah tar Kelimeler – Gemi ya rdımcı makineleri; kompresör; risk analizi; FMEA. I. Gİ R İ Ş Denizcilik, küresel ticare ti n en önemli bileşenlerinden bir tanesidir . Çeşitli ge mi türleri, ticari ağın y üz de 90'lık kısmının y ürütülm esinde rol almaktadır [1] . Bu t icari gemiler y a pıları gereği y ü ksek kapasiteli diz el makinelere ihti yaç duymakta dırlar. Bu sebeple, ticari g emilerde ağır hızlı, turboşarjlı, 2 z ama nlı y üksek karbonlu y akıtl ı makineler sıklıkla terc ih edilmektedir [2] . Yakıt, y a ğlama, ısıtma, so ğutma, egzoz ve basınçlı hava sistemlerinin tümü bu y ü ksek güç lü makinele ri çalıştırabilmek için birlikte kullanılmakt adır [3]. Örneğin basınçlı hava sistemi, ana makinenin ilk hareke ti, ileri ve geri manevra larını, a yrıca serv is havası sa y e sinde egzoz valfi hareke tleri gibi çeşi tli pnömatik müdahaleleri sağlamaktadır . Gemilerde y a ygın ola rak kullanılan 30 bar basınç kapa siteli, V tipi, 2 kademeli pistonlu hava kompr esörleri sistem gereksinimlerine cevap verebilmek a dına hava yı belli bir hacimde hava tüplerinde biriktirebilmektedir. Biriktirilen hava, sis temlere gönderilirken basınç düşürme valfleri sa y esind e istenilen değerlere kadar düşürülmekte ve sistem bileşenlerine servis edil mektedir. Bu sa yede jeneratörlerde a ni y ük dal galanmalarına ka rşı direnç gösterebilecek çalışma koşullarında kullanılan t urboşar j ünitesine gönderilen jet havasında, ine rt ga z sisteminde kullanıl an pnömatik valflerin kontrolünde, bazı valflerin uzaktan kumandasında ve otomatik kontrol sağ lanmak istenen (O.W.S) y a ğlı su a y rıştırıcısın da kullanılan pnömatik valflerin kontrolünde, gemi düdüğünde ve filtr e temizliklerinde basınçlı hava sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Ay rıca, g emilerde kullanılan hav a sisteminin gemi makinelerinin doğru işletilmesi, ge minin se y i r emniyetinin sağ lanması, gemi üzerinde y apılan raspa bo ya işl eri, filtre temizlikleri gibi yapılan işlerde çok önemli bir y ere sahip ti r. Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 34 Dolay ısı y la k ompresör sistemindeki oluşabilecek arızalar pek çok sis temin kullanılmaz hale ge lmesine sebep ol acağından, arızaların tespiti, önlenmesi, bakımlarının zamanında ve eksiksi z y apılması ha y ati önem arz etmektedir [ 4]. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmada, gemi kompresör sisteminin hata türü ve etkileri analiz ini (FMEA) yöntemi il e risk analizi y ürütülmüştür. Yapılan analiz , kompresöre ait hata türlerini, bu hataların neden ve sonuçlarını orta y a ko ymuştur. Bu çalışmanın il k kısmı giriş kısmı olup, iki nci kısımda kompresör le r ve FMEA y öntemi tanıtılmıştır. Üçüncü kısım risk analiz uygulama sını içerirken son kısımda sonuçlar y er almaktadır. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM Bu ça lışmada materyal olara k, g emi basınçlı hava sisteminin kritik bir bileşeni olan kompr esörler ele alınmıştır . Ay rıca ç alışmanın yöntem kısmında Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi (FMEA) kullanılmıştır . A. Kompresörler Gemilerde bird en fazla amaçla basınçlı hava sistemine ihti y aç du yulmaktadır. Basınçlı havay ı üreten ve bu h ava y ı hav a tüplerine göndererek orada depolanmasını sağlayan makinelere ‘hava kompresörü’ adı verilmektedir. Te knolojinin ge lişmesi yle birlikte kullanılmak istenen havay ı üretebilmek için birçok farklı türde kompresör ortay a çıkmışt ır . Denizcilik sektöründe birden f azla türde hava kompresörü kullanılması na rağmen, temelde bu y ardımcı makineler, dinamik kompresörler ve hacimsel kompresörler ol ma k üzere iki ana başlıkta sınıflandırılabilmektedirler. Dinamik kompresör adı verilen makineler ‘rad yal akışlı ve eksenel akışlı k ompresör ler ’ olmak üzere iki gruba a yrılırke n, hacimsel kompresörler, ‘kanatlı, vidalı, sıvı ha lkalı, loplu, ve pistonlu kompresörler’ olmak üzere beş farklı gruba ay rılmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada sıklıkla kullanılması, ürettiği ve depo edebildiği y üksek basınç , ge minin ileri ve geri hareket kabili ye tin e doğrudan etki ede n, ilk hareket h avasını sağlay abilmesi gibi özelliklerinden dola yı pistonlu kompresör tercih edilmi ştir. Pistonlu kompresörler tek pistonla çalışabildiği gibi birden fazla pist onla da çalışabilmektedirler. Gemilerde en çok ter cih edilen türü iki pistonlu hava kompresörleridir. Pistonlu kompresörlerin de birçok farklı çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; tek pistonlu vey a ç ok pistonlu, tek kademeli ve y a çok kademeli, hava , den iz su y u ve y a tatlı su soğutmalı, hava soğutmalı olarak sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Şekil 1’de V ti pi, iki pistonlu bir kompresörün teme l bileşenleri göster ilmektedir [5 ] . Şekil 1. T emel kompresör bileşenleri [ 5 ] Kompresör bir elektrik motoru y ardımıyla ilk harake tline başladığında, ilk olarak y üksüzleştiri ci valf devreye girmektedir. Kompresörün silindirleri içerisinde biriken nem i tahliy e etmek ve ya ilk hareke t esnasında havanın sıkışarak pistonların dönmesine engel olmaması için bu tertibat kullanılmaktadır. Aynı z amanda yüksüzleştirici, kompre sör hava tankını doldurma işle mi bittiği esnada da devreye girerek içeride bulunan sıkışmış havayı varsa y ağ ı ve nemi de tahliye etmektedir. Bu say ede bir sonraki çalıştırma için u y gun koşull ar sağlanmış olmaktadır. İ ki k ademeli pistonlu kompresörler hava yı b asınçlandı rırken pistonlar ın doğrusal hareketi sa y esinde pistonun aşağı hareke ti yle beraber önce emiş filtresinden gelen ortamdaki hava y ı bir inci kademe valfinden geçirerek pistona , son rasında pistonun y ukarı hareke ti yle beraber basınçla ndırılarak birinci kademe valfinden ikinci kademe va lfine transferi sağlanmaktadır. Daha sonra ikinci k ademe valfine ge l en sıkıştırılmış hava daha ara soğutucu ya sonra sında da hava tüpün de aktarılmaktadır . B. Hata Türleri ve Etkileri Analizi - FMEA Hata Türü v e Etki leri A nalizi (F MEA) y öntemi güve nlik a nalizi amac ı ile y apılandırılan sistemati k bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır [6] . Bu y önt em Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 35 say esinde süreç içer isindeki operasyonel performa ns arttırılmış ol up sistemdeki toplam risk sevi ye sinin düşürülmesi sağlanmaktadır . Analiz, diğer bir y andan geçmiş tecrübelerin sonuçla rını toplamak sureti y le potansiyel hataların tanımlanmasını ve uzak durulmasını sağ lamaktadır [7 ]. FMEA, bir sistemin, fonksiy onun ve y a bileşenin hata türlerini belirlemenin sistematik bir yoludur ve bunların etkilerini yüksek düzeyde değerlendirmek için kullanılabilmektedir. Ha ta türlerini n sonuçlarının belirlenmesindeki amaç, hata olasılığını azaltmak ve ya ortadan kaldırmak için neler y apılabileceğini ortay a ko y maktır. Bazı uzmanlara göre FMEA, araştırılan sistem veya bileşenlerin hatalarını bel irlemenin ve raporlamanın en etkili y oludur [8 ]. S tamatis (1995) ise FMEA tanımını daha da ge nişl etmiş olup, “ FMEA için, tasarım ile birlikte , süre ci , sistem i ve sistem ile ilgili tanımlanmış ve/veya olası hataları belirlemeyi, belirlediğ i hataları ve sorunla rı tanımlamay ı amaçlayan bir müh endislik tekniğidir.” ol arak tanımlamaktadır [9 ]. FMEA y öntemi ülkeler ara sı ilk defa 1949 y ılında standart olarak geliştirilen Birleşi k D evletler Ordusu tarafından ( M IL STD-1629A) ol arak ge liştiril ip ve uygulanmıştır [ 10] . 1960'lı yılların devamında sis tem ve ekipman arızalarının e tkilerini belirlemedeki kuvvetli yönler inin etkili olması ile Apollo projesinin NASA tarafından ge liştirilmes i say esinde u ygulanmıştır . Daha son ra Ford Moto r Company 1970’li y ılla rda otomoti v endüstrisinde de kullanmıştır. Ford Motor Compan y t arafından, tedarikçi firmaların kalite kontrol planlarını ge liştirme yi hedefle ye n, I SO 9000 Standart’ ı sistemine uygun FM EA uygulamaları eklenerek oluşturulan QS9000 sistemini kullanılmı ştır . Sistemin başarısı ile birlikte FMEA, Otomoti v Mühendisleri Derneği tarafından SAE J -1739 standardı kapsamında tüm otomotiv endüstrisine y ayılmıştır. Bunun y anı sıra Uluslararası Elektro teknik Komisyonu tarafında n y ine FMEA teknikleri kullanılarak geliştirdikleri IEC 60812 standardını y a y ınlanması nı sağlamıştır [8 ]. Günümüzde FMEA y öntemi otomotiv [11] , gıda [6 ], gemi [12] ve y azılım [ 13 ] endüstrilerinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yöntemin popüler olmasının temel nedeni, kolay kullanım avantajının y anı sıra geniş çapta teorik bilgiler gerektirme mesinden gelmektedir . Bu y öntem y üksek düze yde dene yime ihti y a ç du y ulmadan ortalama bir risk d eğerlendirme si y a pabilecek insanlar tar afından rahatlıkla u y gulanabilmektedir . Genel ola rak FMEA y öntemi nde odak nokta , sistemin parçalar ın a ve donanımın a nalizine odaklan maktadır. A y nı zamanda bu y öntem, sistemdeki olası hataları tahmin etmeye y ardımcı ol an kantitatif nesnelliğe sahiptir. Bütün bunlar ın y apılabilmesi için bileşen lerdeki hataların istatistik i dağ ılımının önceden bilinmesi g erekmektedir. Buna ek olarak, sistemdeki bi leşenlerin normal çalışma koşullarında a ynı zamanda da bir sapma oluşması du rumunda birbiri y le ol an ba ğımlılık ilişkilerini n bilinmesi gerekmektedir . Bu y öntemin tem el amacı , sistemin kolay u ygulanabilmesini sağlamak ve güve nli hale getir ebilmektir. Aşağıdaki adımları uygulama k bu a maç ları y e rine getirmede uygulanma sı gereken maddeleri sıralamıştır [12] : 1. Bileşen arızalarının sistem perf ormansı üzerindeki etkilerinin değ erlendirilmesi. 2. Bu radaki bileşenler in mevcut sistemin güve nli ği için ne kada r kritik bir öneme sahip olduğunun belirle nmesi. 3. Sistemin g üvenliğini veya güvenilirl iğini sağlamak için sistema tik ve y a idari değ işiklik ve ya geliştirme y apılması. Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi (F MEA)’ nin uygulanma sı altı adım şeklinde uygulanabilmektedir [14]: 1. Bileşenler in genel bir tan ımının y apılması. 2. Olası ha ta ve hata türlerinin tanımlanması. 3. Her bir hata türü için hata etkileri tanımının y apılması. 4. Hata etkilerinin sonuçların sıklığı ve önemi açısından sınıflandırılması ile birlikte güve nilirlik verilerinin belirtilmesi. 5. Hata türlerinin belirlenmesi için uygulanabilir metotların tan ımlanması ve değerlendirilmesi. 6. Ortaya çıkabilecek hata etkilerin in nasıl azaltılacağ ını n ve ortadan na sıl kaldırılacağının a çıklanması. FMEA yöntemi say esinde, sorumlulara süreç boyunca kendi düşünce ve d ene y imlerini y apılandır m akta, somut, güçlü ve belgelenmiş b ir şekilde üç ana başlı k halinde sor gulamaları sağla n maktadır; Öncelikle ne y anlış gidebilir? Yanlış gitmesine sebep ne olmuş olabili r? Ve bu y anl ışın nasıl bir etkisi olabilir [1 5 ]. FMEA' nın birden fazla analiz türü kullanılmaktadır . Bu türlerin ba zıları sıklıkla Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 36 kullanılırken bazıları sınırlı kalmaktadırlar. Günümüzde y a y gın ve teme lde kullanılan hata türler i ve etki ana lizleri a şa ğıda verilmektedir [1 6]: 1. Sistem Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi - (Sistem FMEA): Kür esel bo y utta sistem işlev sel liğe oda kl a nmaktadır. Özellikle de sistemdeki alt sistemlerle olan etkileşimlerini incelemektedir. Sist e m mühendisliği önderliğinde y ürütüle n bu çalışmalar uygulanır ken konsept ş eklinde bir tasarım la ortay a çıkmakta, alt sistemin y a da bileşenleri n "Tasarım Hatası Tür leri ve Etki ler i Analizi ” ne girdiler sa ğ lamaktadır. 2. Tasarım Hata Türü v e Etkileri Analizi - (Tasarım FMEA): Alt sistem bileşenlerinin y a nı sıra bu bileşenlerin tasarım işl evselliğine odaklanmaktadır. Tasarım mühendisliği önderliğind e y ürütülen ç alışmalar deta ylı olarak inc elenmektedir. Bu sa y e de “Proses Hata Türü ve Etkileri Ana li zi” türüne girdi sağlamaktadır lar . 3. Proses Hata Tür ü ve Etkiler i Analizi - (Proses FMEA): Alt sistem bileşe nlerinin ya nı sıra bu bileşenlerin üretim işlevselliğine odaklanmaktadır. Üretim mühendisliği liderliğinde y ürütülen çalışmalar il e birlikte belirlenmiş olan prosesi detay lı olarak incelemektedir. 4. Hiz met Hata Türü v e Etki leri Analizi - (Hizmet FMEA): Hizmet işlevselliği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. 5. Yaz ılım Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi - (Yazılım FMEA): B il gisayar ya zılım larının işlevselliği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. 6. Ekipma n Ha t a Türü ve Etkileri Analiz i - (Ekipman FMEA): Analiz sürecinde, kullanılan ekipmanlar üzerine odaklanmaktadır. 7. Çevre Hata Türü ve Etki leri Analizi - (Çevre FMEA): sistemdeki ü rün e , süre ce ve ekipmanların çevresel etkileri ne odaklanm aktadır. H ammadde üretimi dâhil olmak üzere ürünün son kullanım ömrünün sonuna kadar olan tüm döngü yü incelenmektedir. Sonuç olara k, FMEA süreci akış seması Ş ekil 2 ’de göster ilmektedir. A y rıc a sürecin akışı aşağıda 12 basamakta incelenmektedir [12]: 1. Sistemin çalışma amacının doğruluğunu tespit etmek için no rmal şartlar altında çalışması . 2. Sistemi incele rken sı nırlanmak y erine alt sistemlere ve y a bileşenlere a y ırmak gerekmekte dir. 3. Sistemdeki bileşenlerin ve birbirleriy l e olan ilişkilerinin tanımlanması amacıy la şematik ve akış şemalarının hazırlanması gerekmekte dir. 4. Sist emdeki her bi r b ileşen için tüm alt - bileşenlerin listelenmesi g erekm ektedi r. 5. Sistemi etkileyebilecek opera s yone l v e çevre sel fa ktörlerin be lirlenmesinin y anı sıra , her bir bileşenin performa nsının bu tür faktörlerden na sıl etkileneceğini belirlemek gerekmekte dir. 6. Her bir bileşenin ayrı a yrı hat a türleri belirlemek ve hata tü rlerini alt bileşenler, bileşenler in sistem ü zerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi sağlanmalıdır . 7. S istemdeki her bir hata türünün ayrı a y rı risk şiddetinin belirlenmesi sağlanma lıdır . 8. Olasılı kla ilgili he saplanma ya pabilmek için net bilgi ol arak kantitatif veriler bulunmasa bile kalitatif veriler kullanılabilmektedir. 9. Risk öncelik sa y ıs ı (RÖS) il e ilgili işlemlerin y apılması gerekmektedir. RÖS’ ü elde etmek için iht imal , şiddet ve fark edebilirlik değerlerine ihti ya ç duyulmaktadır. Bu değerler in ça rpımı risk önce lik say ısının değerini vermektedir. 10. E lde edilen risk ön celik sa y ısı sa yesinde çıkan değe rine göre düzeltici uyg ulamalar gerekip ge rekmedi ği kara r ının verilmesi gerekmekte dir. 11. Sistem performansı nı a rttır ma y a y ön elik ge liştirmeler y apılması gerekmektedir. B u ge liştirmeler iki ana başlıkta incelenebilmektedirler: d üzeltici u yg ulamal ar ve e ksikliği g iderici u ygulamalar . 12. Analiz rapo rlanma k istenildiğinde bir raporlama tablosu ile yapılabilmektedir. Gereği y e rine getirilmiş bir FMEA y öntemi , analistin doğru sonuca ulaşma sını kolaylaştırmaktadır. FMEA, t anımlanmış ve muhtemel hata türlerini v e bunların sonuçlarını görmesin in y anı sıra bu hata türleri için kabul edilebilir düzeltici önlemler i almasına ya rdımcı ol maktadır [17,20]. FMEA y ö nteminde t emel amaç, sistem ve y a süreç sonucunda oluşabilecek hata ve etkilerden kullanı cı vey a tük etici y i korum aktır. Gerekli düzeltici faaliye tlerin gerçe kleştirilmesi için, her bir hata türü tanımlanmalı ve önceliği ifad e e dilmelidir. Hata Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 37 türlerinin önceliği, hesaplanacak risk ön ce lik sa y ısı (RÖS) ile hesaplanabilmektedir [17,20]. Aşağıda O, S , D, RÖS, harfler i ne ka rşılık gelen sembollerin anlamları be lirtil miştir: O: Her bir ha t a türünün muhtemel değerini, S: Hatanın ne kadar önemli , değeri, şiddeti, ciddiye tini, D: Hatay a açık durumu tespit etme için zorluk derecesinin belirlenmesini, RÖS: olu ş abilecek risklerin öncelik sayısını, RÖS değerinin O, S ve D değerlerinin çarpımı yla elde edildiğini be lirtmekt edir. RÖS = O (olasılık) x S (ş iddet) x D (fark edilebilirlik) Şekil 2. FME A süreci [ 12,18] O, S ve D faktörlerinin her birine 1’den 10’a kadar değerler tanımlanarak h esap y apılmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Yapılan çarpma işleminden çıkan sonuç ne kad ar büyük çıkmış ise değerin bü y üklüğü oradaki hata türünün “risk öncelik sa y ısını” göster m ektedir. Bulunan s ayı bü y üdükçe riskin önceliğ i artmaktadır. Buradaki amaç kritik sayıları ortay a çıka rmak ve kr itik ola y l arın oluşmasını engellemeye çalışmaktır. Ana liz sonucunda ilk olarak RÖS katsay ısının en bü y ük de ğeri dikkate alınarak önlem alınma ya başlanmaktadır. Bunun sebebi, do ğabilecek zararların en bü y üğü , RÖS’nın en büy ük ni cel değerlerine karşılık gelmesidir . II. R İ SK ANALİZ İ UYGULAMASI Çalışmanın u y gulama kıs mı, denizcilik uzmanları tarafında n orta y a konulan, gemi kompresör sistemine ait kritik hata türlerinin ve her bir hata türünün neden ve sonuçlarını içermektedir. Bu doğrultuda tespit edilen hata türleri aşağıd aki Tablo 1 de g örülmektedir. Tab lo 1. Kom presör siste mi FMEA tablos u Kod Hata Türü Hata Sebebi Hata Sonucu FM01 Yağ basıncını n düşük olması Yağ emiş filtresinin tıkalı olması, karterde yetersiz yağ olması, yağ devresinde hava, yağ devresinde kaçak, yağ po mpası tahrik mekanizmasında sorun olması Ko m presör de yetersiz yağlama FM02 Karterin aşırı ısınması Soğutma sistemi nde arıza olması, kompresörün uzu n süre çalışması Yetersiz yağlama, ısınan parçalar FM03 Ayarlana bilir Start/stop basınç anahtarın ın arızası Basınç sensörün ün bozulması, sensör e giden elektrik bağlantısı pro ble m i, sensor giriş bağlantısında kirlilik olması, anahtar ayarının olması gereken değerden yüksek olması. Ko m presör ün otomatik olarak devre y e girmemesi. FM04 Ko m pres örün çok uzun çalışması Aşırı hava kaçaklarının ol ması, hava emiş filtresinin tıkalı olması, valflerin kirli aşınmış ve ya kırık olması, ka yış sıyırması, devir sayısının olması gerekenden düşü k olması, pist o n segmanlarının kaçırması, silindiri n aşınması, silindir kaveri ile piston arasındaki boşlu ğun fazla olması, bası nç kontrol cihazının çalışmaması veya yanlış ayarda olması, soğutma için kullanılan suyun miktarının yetersiz olması, Ko m presör parçalar ında aşınma, artan işletme maliyetleri Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 38 hava sıcaklığını n çok yüksek ol ması FM05 Ko m pres ör parçalar ı nın aşırı ısınması Yağlamanın yetersiz olması, ortam sıcaklığının çok yüksek ol ması, valflerin kirli olması, ka y ışları n çok sıkı ol ması, conta veya sızdır m azlık elemanlarının çok sıkı olması, çıkı ş basıncının çok yüksek olması, hava filtresinin tıkalı olması, valflerin aşınmı ş veya kırılmış olması, contaların kaçırması, yüksüzleştirici veya basınç kontrol cihazının arızalı olması, yüksüzleştirici ayarının yanlış olması, ko mpresör parçalar ının aşınmış olması, Ko m pr esö r parçalar ının hasar görmesi FM06 Aşırı yağ tüketmes i Pisto n ve y ağ segmanlarının aşınması, piston ve silindirin aşınması, karterde aşırı yağ olması, hatalı yağ kullanılması/seçil m esi Hava tüpünde yağ birikmesi FM07 Segman kırılması Hatalı piston ve segman m o ntajı, radyal aşınmanı n yüksek olması (kompresör içerisine giren aşındırıcı parçalar piston segman kanalının ve se gmanın aşınmasına neden olması) Ko m presör içerisindeki yağ har camında artış, verimsiz çalışma FM08 Birinci kademe emniyet valfi kaçağı İkinci kade m e (emme ya da basma) valfinin kirli veya hasarlı olması, yanlış yükleme, valf yuvasına contanın takılmaması/un utul ması, ikinci kademe hava valfi plakasının giriş ve İkinci kademey e yeterli havanı n sağlanama ması çıkışı arasına ter s m o ntaj yapılması FM09 İkinci kademe emniyet valfi kaçağı Basınç anahtarı nın yanlış ayarlı ve ya hasarlı olması, kompresör çıkış geri döndür m ez valfinin kapalı olması, ters ta kılan ikinci kademe val fi Hava tüplerine yeterli havanı n sağlanama ması FM10 Ko m pres ör çıkışında basıncın artmama sı Devrelerde sızın tı, hasarlı hav a valfi, piston ve segmanların aşınması, tıkalı emiş filtresi elemanı, yüksüzleşt ir me valfinin arızalı çalışması Ko m presör ün devamlı çalışması FM11 Birinci veya ikinci kademe valflerini n aşırı ısınması Birinci kade m e valflerin aşırı kirli veya hasarlı ol ması, ikinci kademe valflerinin aşırı kirli veya hasarlı ol ması Bas ınçlı hava sıcaklığının artması FM12 Çıkış hava sıcaklığı nın yüksek olması Çıkış valfinde ha ta veya sızıntı ol ması, arızalı valf yuvası sebebi yle g eri a kış olması, kade me valflerinde karbo n tortusu oluşması, arızalı soğut m a veya soğutma suyunun azalma sı Ko m presör ün veriminde azalma FM13 Kade me valflerin de aşırı karbon birikmesi Aşırı ısınma gözlemlenmesi, birinci kade me pistona çok fazla yağ gitmesi, val f yuvalarında aşırı nem oluşması, kompresöre toz ve kirin girmesi, uygun olmayan yağın kullanıl ması, kulla nılan yağın yapısının bo zulması Ko m presör ün veriminde azalma FM14 Emniyet şalterinin devre y e girmesi Yanlış kapasite de anahtar seçi mi/ arızalanması Ko m presör ün devre ye girmemesi/düzg ün çalışmaması FM15 Soğutma suyu pompası nın arızalan ması Donma veya paslanma oluşu mu, pompaya hava girmesi, po mpaya yabancı madd e girmesi, po mpa Yetersiz soğutma, kompr esör parçalar ının hasar görmesi Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 39 tahrik parçalarının arızalanması FM16 Soğutma suyu çıkış sıcaklığı nın normalin üstünde olması Silindir, kaver y a da ara soğutucunu n kirli olması, soğutma suyu miktarının yetersiz olması, ko m presör devrinin yükse k olması Yetersiz soğutma, kompr esör parçalar ının hasar görmesi FM17 Pistonun aşınması Silindir içerisine yabancı madd e girişi, yetersiz yağ basıncı, yetersiz yağlama Ko m presör ün veriminde azalma, kompresör parçalar ının hasar görmesi III. SONUÇLAR Gemi makine daireleri yakıt, y ağlama, ısıtma - soğutma - havalandırma, basınçlı hava gibi pek çok sistem ve a na makine, dizel jeneratörle r, kazanlar, sepera törler gibi çeşitli ekipmanların bir a rada bulunduğu karmaşık mü hendislik y apılarıdır [19]. Bu ekipmanla r iç erisinde kompresörl er, gemi bünye sind eki hem 30 bar basınçtaki ilk hareket sistemine hem de 7 barlık servis hava sı sistemine basınçlı ha va sağlamaktadır. Gemide bulunan egzoz valfi kontrol, uzaktan kumanda valf sistemi, gemi düdüğü gibi pek çok pnö matik sistem kompresörler vasıtasıyla çalıştırılmaktadır. Özellikle, kompresörler ge minin manevra sistemine b asın çlı hava sağlamaları açısından son dere ce önemli bir y e re sahiptir. Geminin manevra kabili y etini sağlay an bu ekipmanlar ilk har eket ve il eri geri g e mi manevra sisteminin de ana unsuru konumundadır. Diğer bir yandan bu kritik ekipman birç ok önemli risk barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile gemi kompresör sisteminin riskleri ortay a konulm uştur. Çalışmada, özellikle maki ne kay naklı riskleri belirlemede son derece kullanışlı bir y öntem olan Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi (FMEA) kullanılmıştır. Gemi makine mühendislerinden oluşan bir uz man grubu y a rımı yla, kompresöre ait 17 adet hata türü tespit edilmiş ve her bir hata türü FM01 den FM17 ye kodlanmıştır. Ayrıc a bu kodlara ait hata sebep v e sonuçları tespit edilerek, kompresörün mevc ut hatasının altında ya ta n sebepler ve hatanın gerçe kleşmesi durumunda oluşacak sonuç lar pay laşılmı ştır. Son derece kısıtlı çalışma bulunan gemi basınçlı hava sistemi alanında y ü rütü len bu risk anali z çalışmasının, denizcilik sektöründe meydana ge l ebilecek kompr esör ka y n aklı riskleri önceden tespit etme ve azaltma ya yönelik fayda lı olması beklenmektedir. İ lerle y e n çalışmalarda oluşturul an analizin say ıs allaştırılarak her bir hata kodu için risk öncelik say ılarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. TEŞEKKÜR D enizcilik sektöründe farklı ticari gemi türlerinde çalışmış olan uzmanlara bu çalışma ya ol an desteklerinden dolay ı teş ekkür ederiz. KAYNAKL AR [1] UNCTAD. 20 20. Revie w o f maritime transport 20 20. United Nations. [2] Ryu, Y. , Lee, Y., & Nam, J. (2016). Performance and emission c haracteristics of add itives -enhanced heavy fuel oil in lar ge t wo -stroke m arine die sel engine. Fuel , 182 , 850-856. [3] Ceylan B. O, Arslanogl u, Y. (202 2). Gemi Kaza ları Kök Nedenlerinin T espiti ve Ö nce liklendirilmesi içi n K ural Tab anlı Bulanık FME A Ya klaşı mı. In P roceed ings of the 4th Internatıonal Ne w Yo rk Academic Researc h Congress, Istanbul, T urkey (p p. 148 -155). [4] Ceylan, B. O., Akyu z, E., & Arslan, O. (2021 ). Systems- Theor etic Accident Model and Processes ( STAMP) appro ach to analyse so cio -technical sys tems o f ship allision in narro w waters. Ocean En gineering , 239 , 109804. [5] Atlascopco , 2022. Industrial P iston Compressors. UR L https://www.atla scopco .com/content/da m/atla s- copco /compressor-tech nique/industrial air/docu ments/leaflets/co m pre ssors/le - lt - lf -lb/LE- LT - LF -LB_ant werp_leaflet_EN_ 29 35084649 .pdf (accessed 30.0 5.22). [6] Scipioni, A., Saccarola, G., Centazzo, A., Arena, F., (2002), “FMEA Methodolo gy Desig n, I mplemen ta tion and Inte gration with H ACCP S ystem i n a Food Company” Food Control 13, 495 - 501. [7] Sachs, N., ( 199 3), “Failure Analysis o f Mec hanical Components” Ma intenance T echnology Magazi ne, Septe m ber. [8] Pentti, H., A tte, H., (2 002 ), Failu re Mode a nd Eff ect Analysis of So ftware-Base d Auto mation Syste ms, STUK -YTO-T R 190, ST UK, Helsinki, Finlandi ya [9] Stamatis, D. H., (1995) , “ Failure Mode and E ffect Analysis (FMEA)” Annual Quality Congress, Cincinnati OH, Vol. 4 9, May.1995 , 246 - 254. [10] MIL -STD-162 9A, (199 4), Procedures for Pe rforming a Failure Mod e, E ffects and Criticality Anal ysis, Navalship Engineerin g Center , Washington. [11] Meider t, M., Hansel, M. , ( 200 0), “Net Shape Cold Forging To Close Tolerances Under QS 900 0 Aspects” Journels o f Mater ial P roce ssing Technology 98, 1 50 -154. [12] P illay , A., Wang, J., (2003), “Modified Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Using Approximate Reasonin g” Reliability Engi neering and System Sa fety 79, 69 - 85. Ceylan vd., Gemi kompresör sisteminin Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ( FMEA) yöntemi yardımıyla risk analizi , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 40 [13] Zalewski, J., Wolfgang, E ., Sagl ietti, F., Gor ski, J., Kornecki, A., (2003), “Safety of Co m p uter Control Systems: Challen ges and Results in Soft ware Develop ment” Annual Revie ws in control 2 7, 23 - 37. [14] Kristianse n, S., (2 005), Mariti me Tr ansportation Safet y Management and Risk Analysis, Elsevier Butterworth - Heinemann, 20 05, B urlington. [15] Hossei ni, S.M., Sa faei, N., Asgharpo ur, M.J. , (2006), “Reprioritizatio n o f Failures in a S ys tem Fail ure Mod e and Effect Analysis b y De cision Making Tr ial and Evaluation Laborator y Technique” Reliability Engineering and S ystem Safet y 91, 8 72 -881. [16] T aşan, K., (2006), Bir R isk Değerle ndir m e Ve Güvenilirlik Metodu Olarak Hata Türü Ve Etkileri Analizi (F T EA) Yöntemi: Bir Otomotiv Yan Sanayi İşletmesinde Uygulanma sı,Yükse k Li sans T ezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İ zmir. [17] Chin, K.S., Wang, Y.M., Poon, G.K.K. , Yang, J.B ., (2009), “Fail ure Mod e and Effects Analysis Using a Group- Based Evidential Reasoning Approach” Computers & Operatio ns Rese arch 36 , 1768 -1779. [18] Bao , J., Johansson, J., & Zhang, J. (2017). An occupational disease assess ment of t he m ining i ndustr y’s occupational health and saf ety m anage ment s yste m based on FMEA and an impro ved AHP m odel. Sustain ability , 9 ( 1), 94 . [19] Ce y lan, B. O., Akyuz, E., & A r slanoğlu, Y. (20 22). Modified quantitative s ystems theor etic accid ent model and processes (ST AMP) analysis: A catastrophic s hip engine failure ca se. Ocea n Engineerin g , 253 , 111 187. [20] Bayar, N. (2010 ). İstanbul Boğazı'nda deniz tr afik güvenliğinin risk taban lı bulanık -AHP ve FME A y ö ntemleri ile i ncelen m esi. 3rdInterna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 41 Phytochemical s tudy and iro n chel ating activity of methanolic extract from scabiosa Hadjer Sekhri Zegga r * , noureddine Charef 2 1 Faculty of Nature and Life Science s,Un iversity Farhat Abbas,Setif-1 19000 Setif,Algeria. 2 L aboratory of Applied BioChemistry , Departement o f Bioc hemestry. * ( hadjersekh [email protected] ) Abstract – The use of the medicinal herbs for curing dise ase has been documented in histor y of all civilizations and they are the basic source of kno wledge of modern medicine. One im portant plant that is used in traditional medicine is scabiosa.The main objective of this work is ph y tochemical stud y and iron chelating assay of methan olic extract. Total pol y phenols and condensed t anins content were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 4% vanilline respectively. The results showed high amount of total pol y phenols and condens ed tanins in the methanolic extract with 137.07 ± 43.45 µg gallic acid e quivalent/mg of dr y extract; 22.42 ± 10.94µg catec hine equivalents/mg dry extract, re spectivel y . The extract possesses iron chelating eff ect with IC50=0.64 ±0.014mg/ml. These results shows that me thanolic extract from ae rial part of Scabiosa is rich of phenolic compounds and has potential antioxidant activity . Keywords – scabio sa, polyp henols, iron ch elating, antioxid ant 3rd Inter national C onference on Ap plied Eng ineering and Natura l Scienc es https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 42 Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenge s Agburu Ogah Adikpe * , Abdoulie Momodou Sunkary Tekan y i 2 and Abdulm alik Shehu Yaro 3 Departmen t of Electron ics and Telecommu nicatio ns Engineering, Ah madu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria * (agburua dikpe@gma il.com) Email o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – I n comparison to leg acy wireless s ystems, the fifth -generation (5 G) wireless s ystem has captured the attention of the wireless industr y fo r its potenti al to accommodate the e xponential growth of wireless traffic and device volum es. To achieve this design goal, however, it woul d be crucial to manage the rapid signaling grow th. A ke y arc hitectural enabler introduce d to address this concern and mee t the stringent deployment requirements for 5 G is th e new Radio R esource Control (R RC) state herein c alled RRC Inactive. The RRC Inactive state design aims at achieving lightwei ght transitions between RRC states and reducing access latency. This equips the 5 G wir eless s ystem to deal with si gnaling overhead, Control Plane (CP) late nc y and mobility m anagement optimization. I n the case o f high m obilit y User Equipments (UEs), the potential of this mechanism is not always useful. I n this pap er, an over view of the RRC I n active state with the ongoing studies on improving this state is discussed. Finally, in light of ongoing studies re vi ewed, we discuss our investigation to improve this mechanism. Keywords – RRC -Inactive , Locatio n Managemen t, 5G, RNA, RNAU, P aging , DRX. I. I NT R ODUCTI ON The fourth generation (4 G) and especiall y the fifth ge neration (5G) wir eless networks has allowance for complex Quality of Service (QoS) diversit y to satisfy the performance requirements of hi gh - reliability and e fficiency, low-latency and power transmission to mee t the exponential grow th of wireless traffic and device volumes [1] -[3]. Nonetheless, these advances come with an exponential increase in signaling growth and a crucial contributor to this signaling growth is Mobilit y Management (MM) [1]. I n wireless networks, MM is one o f the critical functions. It aims to track each User Equipm ent (UE) and t o allow data packet deli very or the exchange of information with the network [4] . Conventionally , MM is classifie d into han dover management, which provides session continuit y f or a UE while movin g to an adjacent cell and cha nging Access Points (APs), and location ma nagement, which quickl y tracks and lo cates a UE in the event that inform ation is to be delive red to the UE [5] , [ 6]. The latter be en the focus of this paper. Since the int roduction of both procedures across existing generations o f cellular wireless netwo rks, the primary func tion of t racking and locating UEs have generally sta yed the same, howeve r, th e nomenclature and fundamental structure of both procedures have evolved to mee t the demands of each ge n eration. For e x ampl e, in second-ge n eration (2G) Global S y stem fo r Mobile Communications (GSM) network, the procedure of a UE updatin g its location whe n in a foreign Ba se Station (B S) is referre d to as Location Update (LU) [7] , though the term is g enerally adopted for this procedure i n literature. For third-generation (3G ) Universal Mobile Telecommunication S ystem (UMTS), it is called Routing Ar ea Upd ate (RAU) [8]. I n 4G Long Term Evolution (L TE), it is termed Tr acking Area Update (TAU) [8], and in 5G New Radio (NR), it is referre d to as RAN-b ased Notification Area Update (RNAU) [9]. Pag ing on the other hand is a system access functionalit y that the network triggers t o locate a UE when there is data-packet available for the UE [2], [10]. This term has been ubiquitous across existing genera ti ons of wireless networks. Adikpe et al., Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenges, ICAE NS 20 22, Konya, Turkey 43 In LTE system, TAU and pa ging procedure s constitute about 28.70% and 4.90%, respectivel y of the total processing load on the MME [11]. In this system, the radio cov erage in the network is partitioned into groups of cells or group of evolve d Node Bs ( eNBs), which are bound together to form a series of Tracking Ar eas (TAs). These TAs a re ground into Tracking A rea Lists (TALs) with each TAL havin g a TA Identifier (TA I). All eNBs in the same TAL broad cast the same TAI, which i s assigne d to a UE when registering with the network. If the r eceived TA I differs from the registered TAI, then the UE triggers a TAU (meaning th e UE has entered a foreign T A). If the TAL consist of a lar ge number of T As, the si gnaling load from the TAU would be relativel y low, but the paging signalin g load increases. Since it would be requi red to page more c ells. On the othe r hand, the opposite ho ld s true if the TA consists of a smalle r number of c ells [12], [13]. This inverting signaling load between TAU and paging results in a trade-off optimization problem. In 5G, the sig n aling load fr om both procedures is expected to be higher than in L TE and a major contributor to this is the adoption of higher freque ncies to meet design requirements. In line with thi s adoption, smaller cells would be used. The implication of this is that moving UEs would perform more RNAUs than the TAUs in LTE, which c ould result in pa ging lat enc y and a rapid increase in the power consumed by UEs. This paper focuses on the new RRC state, which is de signed as one of the architectural enabler s of 5G in mitig ating this challenge. The subsequent sections of this paper are organized as follows: section 2 presents a background on existing state handling models and introduces the new RRC state. Section 3 discusses the lightweight signaling procedure of the RRC Inactive state. Section 4 discusses DRX cyc les as well as its application i n the inactive state. Sectio n 5 discusses the mobilit y o f UEs in the new state with specifics to ho w it influ ences RNAU and paging. Base d on the influence of mobi lit y on bot h procedures in the inactiv e state, section 6 reviews rece nt studies to im prove the mobility of UEs i n RRC I nactive. Section 7 concludes the discussion in this paper. II. O VE RVIEW OF THE S TATE H ANDLING M ODELS To optimize power consumption of UEs and realize g ood communication performance from th e UEs to the network in legacy wireless s y st ems , the use of RRC state mod els have been crucial t o maintain a fully active state when data packets ar e available for a UE or a low-activity-power state when not transmitt ing or receiving data [14] , [ 15]. These two states are called RRC Connected and RRC I dle, respectivel y [15]. One of the critical chall eng e when designing handling states is how to minimize paging and at the same time minimiz e the latency of the first packe t reac hing the UE when r eturning f rom RRC I dle. In addition, this design consideration has to consider the powe r consumed by the UE in this proce ss. To achieve th ese desi gn goals, the UE needs to save battery in inactive or low -activit y periods b y tu rnin g off its receiver when not receiving or transmitting data packets [ 10], [15] and at the same time; the UE needs to be reachable by the n etwork through pag ing. To this end, one of the solutions that equi ps the UE to achieve these design goals is called Discontinuous R eception (DRX) [14] . The benefi t of DRX is discussed late r in section 4. However, to satisfy the low late ncy, lo w-power transmissi on and high r eliability p erformance re quire d with the adoption of higher fre quencies and the growin g field of massive Machine T ype Communication (mMTC), a new RAN controlled RRC state model called herein RR C I n active [9] is introduced. The design considerations of the RRC I n active state relies on a li ghtweight connection for UE inactivit y in order to me et the strin gent requirements of 5G use cases [14]. A. 5G RRC Inactive State The new RRC state addresses 5G desi gn considerations such as minimizing signaling overhea d, improvin g power efficienc y and access latency of UE. A UE that moves to this state (e.g. through inactivity timer or through network signaling) of inactivit y i s kept connected from the 5G Core Network (5GC ) perspective [ 4] , [16]. In other words, the UE Access Stratum (A S) context is stored in both the UE a nd the serving RAN. Th is notably enhances the RAN -based locati on management and RAN-based paging for UEs in this state as compared to LTE [ 4] . Some other notable features of this new state are as follows: ─It uses a li ghtweight signaling procedure to suspend and resume UE RRC connected state. Adikpe et al., Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenges, ICAE NS 20 22, Konya, Turkey 44 ─Widel y configurable DRX to support a wid e diversity of 5G stringent requirements in terms of UE power consumption and access latency . ─The RAN handles the UE mobilit y and reac h abilit y func tions making it possible for inactive UEs to move around an area without notifying the ne two rk. Additional feature s o f the RRC inactive state are documented in [4], [9], [15]. III. L IGHTWEIGHT S IGNALING P R OCEDURES OF RRC I NACTIVE S TATE A li ghtweight signaling procedure in this context refers to the fa ct that a UE in an inactive period is seen by the Core Network (CN) as connected a n d maintains part of the RR C context in order to sp eed up the connection resume as efficientl y as possi ble [15]. The new state uses two notable procedures t o enable lightweight transition between it self and the RRC Connected state. These procedures are called RRC suspend and RRC resume [14], [15]. As shown in Fig 1, these procedures are used to suspend an d resume connections from the inactive - to -connected state. Fig. 1 RRC State Mo del for 5 G Radio Acce ss Network [15] Transition to thi s new R RC state b y a UE occurs when either the UE or the Next Gen eration Node B (gNB) detec ts low activity with no data traffic in the User Plane (UP). In this state, both the UE and the RAN stores the context information vital to speedily resume the connection [14]. When the RAN commands the UE to thi s state, the suspend message sent through the anchor g N B contains Resume Identifica tion and up- to -date RNA L ist makin g it possible for UEs in this state to mov e about the assigne d area without triggering a R NAU. I n addition, the messag e inc ludes secure parameters to transition back to the connected state, such as the security information for UE I dentification (ID), Periodic Registration Up date (PDU) timer, and UE specific DRX [9]. When an inactive UE n eeds to transmit data, it uses the resume procedure to optimize the transition from inactive- to -connected state. The mess age used to restore the UE radio protocol configuration is integrity p rotected and encrypted using R esume ID, UE I D and other security information stored in the UE and the RAN [ 9], [14]. In comparison to le gac y wireless networks, this signaling procedure significa ntl y reduces the access latenc y fo r reaching UEs, which lead to more responsive end -user service. I n addition, UE batte r y power c onsumpti on is significantly re du ced [4]. In a n event wh ere the UE and th e RAN ends up in an unsynchronized state due to say a failed cell reselection or a powered off UE so that the RAN rece iv es no RNAU from the UE within th e maximum re porting time. Then a connection failure has occ ur red. In this state, the UE a utomatically f alls back to RR C I dle, whi ch is needed for s y ste m maintenance as a fallback procedure and fau lt recovery in ca s e of link failure [15] . IV. D ISCONTINUOUS R ECEPTION To improve the en erg y e f ficiency of UEs as much as possible, it is desirable for a UE to turn off its rece iv er in periods of inactivit y . The Discontinuous Reception (DRX) feature enables a UE to turn off its receiver when there is no downlink traffic [ 14], [17]. As shown in Fig . 2, there are two dur ations in a DRX c ycle. The first called On Duration is th e duration were a UE monitors a P hy si cal Downlink Common Control Channel (PDCC H) whether the re is paging messages, while the second called DRX Opportunity is the duration were a UE turns o ff its rece iv er. Alon gside energy efficienc y , the DRX cy c le length influences access latency as well a s the signaling cost of location update a nd pa ging [9]. Fig. 2 DRX Cycle [9] In LTE, both RRC I dle a nd RRC connected st ate supports DRX. Although its functionalit ies differ to Adikpe et al., Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenges, ICAE NS 20 22, Konya, Turkey 45 an extent. I n the I dle state, the DRX cycle saves UE energy by en abling it to t urn off its receiver circuits in periods of low activit y . During its DRX Opportunity, the UE enters a sleep period to conserve energy a lon g with a short On Duration to monitor the PDCCH for paging [18]. The DRX cy c le o f this state is the s ame thing as paging c y c l e, as the UE expects to rec eive paging message s. In a connected state, the UE moni tors the PDCCH for likely traffic. If a UE is n ot config u red with a DRX, it would constantly ke ep its receiver open, leading to rapid energy consumption [ 19]. The long and short DRX cycles supported in LTE results in a tr ade-off b etween energy ef ficienc y and access latenc y . This is called the U E Sleeping Problem. For if, lon ger lengths of DRX c y cl es are adopted to conserve energ y th en the a ccess latenc y suffers. Since all traffic in this state must be buffered at the anchor eNB till the UE monitors the PDCCH for traffic [20] . This increase pagin g cost as w ell as access latenc y. On the other hand, if the length of the DRX cycles were configured to be shorter, so that the UE can wake up frequentl y to monitor th e PDCCH for traffic, then the UE energ y would be rapidly consumed. In 5G, while the UEs a re in the RRC I dle or RRC Inactive state, the DRX va lues are n egotiated between the UE and th e serving AMF (unlike in LTE). The UE ma y p rovide a DRX value to th e serving AMF, which returned bac k for use b y the UE. Else, the NG -RAN broadcasts the DRX valu es to be adopted b y all registered UEs. This helps with config u rin g the UE to support diff erent traff ic patterns and battery requirements to improve their performa n ce in terms of ac c ess latency and energy efficie nc y, re sp ectivel y [ 4]. V. RRC I N AC TI V E M OB ILITY A UE in RRC Inactive state can move about its assigne d RNA without notify ing the NG -RAN. In this state, the last serv ing gNB stores th e U E context, as well as maintains the UE-associated NG link with the serving Access Mobilit y Function (AMF) and the User Pla ne Function (UPF). I n li ne with the 3GPP technica l specification, the AMF makes available to the NG-RAN the RRC Inactive Assistance I nformation (RIAI), which includes the registration area, DRX and I d entity Index value assigne d to the UE, as we ll as a periodic r egistration update timer [4]. A. Paging moving UEs The hi gher the fr equ ency the smaller the area of a cell. Therefore, with the adoption of higher freque ncies in 5G, frequent path switching is to be expected of moving UEs. To re duce the unnecessar y signaling ove rhead o f U E context transfer due t o node selection, the UE contex t is stored in the la st serving gNB [15]. If data pac kets or UE -associated signaling is available for a UE in RRC I n active stat e, the last serving gNB pages all th e cells in the config u red RNA c ell list. The R I A I tak en into account to page a UE b y the NG RAN are the D RX and the identity index value of the UE [4]. B. RNAU A UE, that is, fr om the 5GC perspec ti ve in RRC Inactive state is connected, however, once the U E moves outside of its configured RNA cell list an RNAU procedure is tri ggered. The anchor gNB rece ivi ng the RNAU retrieves the UE context from the last serving gNB, and with this, the anchor g NB can send the UE an y of the following states: RRC Connected, RRC Ina ctive or RRC I dle. The periodic registration update timer is the R IAI considered b y the NG-RAN in the case of RNA U timer, as this influences the decision of the NG -RAN to eith er send the UE to the RRC Inac ti ve state [4], [9]. As stated in section 5.1, the shrinking of the cell area in 5G is because of the adoption of hi gher freque ncies, however, th is reduction in the case of high speed UEs causes an increa s e in RNAU and pag ing si gnaling messages. This spike in signaling overhea d in turn affec ts paging latenc y, as well as the powe r consumed b y UEs. Although the 3GP P technical specification introduce s the RRC inactive state, which contributes in reducing paging lat ency , the procedure is not alwa ys ben eficial, especiall y when considering high speed UEs [4], [ 16]. I n ord er to improve the performance indicators and meet design goals, ongoing studies have proposed several solutions on optimizing the mobilit y of UEs in the RRC I n active state. The s ection following discusses these solutions. VI. S TUDIES ON M OBILITY I MPROVEMENT IN RRC I NACTIVE The solutions reviewed in this section focuses on studies that are ca rried out on the R RC I n active state in 5G to minimize the signa ling overhead of RNA U and pag ing, access latency as well as UE power consumption. The following reviews discussed are in the context of the mobilit y state of the UE. Adikpe et al., Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenges, ICAE NS 20 22, Konya, Turkey 46 Authors in [2] proposed a UE assist ed information-based Dynamic RNA (UE-RNA) config uration scheme to optimize the mobility of UEs in RRC Ina ctive state and minimize the signaling overhead of RNAU and p aging procedures in 5G. According to the author’s discussion, the mobility of UEs are ca te gorized into two, namely: rate-priority t ype and speed -priorit y type. Th e desi gned s cheme consists of two step s namely decision making step and dynamic adjustment step. In the first step, the sta te information of UEs are periodicall y collected within a time interv al, while in the latter step, the set of possible RNA list assigne d to UEs to generate a ne w RNA is dependent o n the categor y of UEs determined b y the decision making step. Based o n this category, UEs were assigned small RNA lists to minimize pag ing signaling overhead in ra te-priorit y type UEs, while la rge RNA lists were assigned to speed-priority t ype UEs to minimize RNAU signaling overhead. This stud y shows a significant reduction in RNAU and paging signaling overhead for either mobilit y t y pe of U Es in RRC Inactive state. In this p aper, the UE could recommend an appropriate UE-RNA to its anchor gNB to minimize unnecessary signaling, but the decision between using the rec ommended UEs assisted information and that of the n etwork t o assign an R NA list could prove burdensome for high sp eed UEs, whi ch c an lead to paging latency . Similar to the solut ion in [ 2], the solution in [ 10] introduces a h y brid p aging and location tracking scheme that c onsiders t he mobilit y stat e of UEs when configuring the UE with a pag ing initiator. The paging initiator been RAN initiated or CN initiated paging. In additi on, the a uthors introduced a hierarchical location tr acking and pa ging sche me to minimize the signaling overhead for uses cases that require lower granularity (e. g., cell level). To improve the performa nce for these cases, the authors introduced three la y e rs to discuss the applicabilit y of the d eployment scenario. Within these la y ers, some Access Points (APs) had a direct RAN/CN connection to the CN, while other s a ccessed the CN through APs that had a direct RAN/CN connection to the CN. This config uration hid from the anchor gNB the cell level change of moving UEs thereby proffering a lighter signaling procedure . Simulation results of the proposed solutions showed s ignificant reduction in th e loc ation tracking and pa ging signaling overhead as well as access latenc y. However, the authors assumed the movi ng UEs trajectory to follow straight line, which is not applicable in deployment scena rios. An eff icient beam sweepin g pag ing scheme composed of full p aging and fast pa ging approac hes, to minimiz e the pa ging beam sweep s and the numb er o f ti me s lots based on user -assiste d feedback was proposed b y [21] . The pa ging mechanism deve loped for full paging broadcasts pag ing mess age on each of the beams was considered for a cell. The mobili ty of the UEs which was c lassified as either g en eral or d ela y-sensitive rece ived the paging broadcast through the Ph ysical Downlink Common Control Channe l (PDCCH). Also, it checked if th e UE ID was in corporated in the paging message shared through the Ph y sical downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). On the other hand, the fast paging rela ye d paging messages mainly to delay-sensitive UEs b y r educing pagin g beams sweeps, which utilized time slots that contained paging messages for UEs. Th e propose d schemes attained a reduc tion in si gnaling overhead. Although the proposed scheme reduced th e signaling resources expended b y 5 G UEs in a n RRC_I nactive state, the longer DRX c ycle whi ch was achieved to minim ize the UE power consumption was attai ned at the cost of U E accessibility by the net work, which could lead to pag ing latenc y. The work of [22] pro posed a User assisted Dynamic RAN Notifi cation Area (UD - RNA) config uration schem e based on dela y sensitivit y for 5G UEs in an RRC_Inactive state. The proposed scheme consisted of two steps, namel y : offline RNA optimization and online decision making. In the former, the available RN As for UEs were assi gned to generate the new RNA list in the offline optimization step, w hile in the latter; the optimal RNA list genera ted fr om the offline step wa s assigne d to UEs according to their a ctivities. The latency re quirements considered in both steps were divided int o dela y- sensit ive and delay-tolerant requirements. The delay-sensiti ve UEs had a higher priority of latenc y due to their real-time applications. In addition, parallel pa ging was adopted for delay-sensitive UEs, while sequential pag ing was adopt ed fo r dela y-tolerant UEs. In ge neral, a multi-objective optimization techniqu e was used to optimiz e the distribution of RNAs t o find a fair trad e-off between pagin g and the RNA U overhea d. For v alidation, the proposed UE-RNA Adikpe et al., Radio Resource Control Inactive State in 5G: Survey and Challenges, ICAE NS 20 22, Konya, Turkey 47 scheme was compared against the Cell list R NA config uration scheme (C-RNA), the RAN area ID list RNA config uration scheme (R-RNA), the parallel pa ging scheme, and the sequential paging scheme. Results obtained were primaril y influenced by the mobility of the UE and the paging rate. Although the scheme achieved its set objective of potentially minimizing the paging and RNAU overhea d, the DRX mec hanism was not considered as this largely in fluences access latency. The work of [23] proposed a group-based Mobilit y Man agement [ MM] mechanism to reduce the paging and location update signaling overheads due to device mobil ity . One of the primar y highlig hts of the proposed sche me was it s consideration for deviat ed devices. The proposed scheme had a d eviation detection mechanism. This enabled a device whose information w as not updated with its group due to its movement to another TA outside of it s group to become a Group Leader (GL ) of other deviated device s. This mitigated unnecessary location updates from deviated de vi ces as only the GL made location updates for the group at the end of the locatio n update timer. I n thi s met hod, two mobilit y models were considered, which were the random walk model and the smart logistic model. F or validation, the proposed model was compared against another model, using Signaling Reduction Ratio (SS R) and Page Miss R atio (PMR) as performance me t rics. The proposed efficient group -based MM mechanism was shown t o outperform the existing scheme compared with. Although the association between devic es was recorded and used to map the trajectorie s of the devices, the storage cost in relation to maintaining a dictionar y for the mobilit y of every M2M device was not considered. VII. C ONCLUSION The signaling overhead of location management procedures, RNAU and pag ing, in 5G is expected to be significantl y hi gher than that of LTE. In minimizing this signaling ov erhead, thi s paper focused on the new RRC state, which is one of the architec tu ral en ablers int roduced for the successf ul deployment of 5G. This new state called RRC Inactive is a vital cont ributor in minimizing acces s latency, increasing energy efficienc y and minimizing the signaling overhead o f RNAU a nd pag ing pro cedures. W e ex plored the charac teristic s of the RR C Inactive state, as well as the flexibility of the DRX c yc les in this state in comparison L T E. In addition, the effect of moving UEs in relation to pag ing and RNAU while in RRC I n active was discussed. I n this state, UEs moving around their assigne d RNA lists are perceived as connected b y the 5GC and while thi s minimizes the RNAU and pag ing signaling ov erhead of UEs within the list, it is not alway s useful, esp eciall y in scenarios of hi gh speed UEs. B ased on thi s, we reviewed studies o n mobilit y improvement in RRC I na ctive state for 5G use case s. Most of the current RRC I nactive solutions fo r 5G UEs do not conside r its deployment in mmwav e network. Therefore, our investig ation is carried out in light of this. 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Chen, “User assisted dynamic RAN noti fication area configuration s che me based on delay sensitivity for 5G inactive UEs.” IE EE Transaction s on Vehicu lar Technology , vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 2671 -2683, 2020. [23] Z. Htike , A. Haniz, T . Matsumu ra, and F. Koj ima, “An Efficient Group-Based Mobilit y Manage m e nt Mechanism for Cell ular M2M Net works,” In 202 1 IEEE 18th An nual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCN C), pp . 1 - 7. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 49 Five-Phase Sy nchrono us Machine Design Using Nu merical MA XWELL Softw are BENKAIHOUL S AID 1* , MAZOUZ L AKHDAR 1 , NAAS T OUFIK T AYEB 2 , B EHLOUL R ABIA 1 , HALASSA E LMAMOUNE 1 1 Applied auto mation and diag nostic industrial lab orator y (LAADI), Faculty of Science an d Technology, Zia ne Achour University of Dj elfa. Algeria 2 Gas T urbine Joint Research T eam, Facult y o f Science and te chnologies, Ziane Acho ur University of Djelfa . Algeria. * ( said. benkaihou l@univ-djel fa.dz ) Email of th e correspon ding author Abstract – The study of the elec tromagnetic case is important in elec tric machine, espe ciall y in the field of design, we will learn how to make a model of three phase s ynchronous machine and five phase s ync hro nous machine. The geometry model is desi gned in th e R MXprt file, and the electromag netic simulation in MAXWELL simulator. I n solving e lectromagnetic equations, the Finite Element Method (FEM) was relied upon, which allows partitioning the solution spa ce and solving it dire ctly . The temperature path, magnetic field density, flux line and induced voltage of the two machines were tracked in MAXWEL L software to show how the machine works. The speed and torque curve for different time s during machine operation are also shown. Th e distribution of e lectromagnetic fi elds b etween the stator and the rotor shows us the wor k of a five-phase s ync hrono us machine and the differ ence between it and a thr ee -phase s ync hronous machine. From the results ex tracted from the design, it is c lear that the five - phase synchronous machine des ign is more robust in work. Keywords – Five-P hase Syn chronou s Machine , Ansys Maxwell; the magn etic field , Finite Elemen t Method I. I NTRODUC TION Electric motors are used to convert electrical energy into mec hanical e nergy, one of these moto rs is the s y nchronous machine [ 1], ing Zhao et a l [2][11] Work was c arried out on a five -phas e machine to investigate elec tromagnetism, Ye mna Bensa l em et Mohamed N aceur Abdelkrim [3] stud y Induction Motor based o n Finite Elem ent Anal y sis, Ashish Nigam and Subha n Siddiqui [4] investigated Modeling and Simulation of Five Phas e Synchrono us Motor. In this study we will d esign and perform an electromag netic simulation on a synchronous machine using ANSYS. The three-phase sync hronous machine w as designed in RMXprt, an d the electromagnetic simulation in MAXWELL , and based on the results, the five -phase s y nchronous machine was designed,Solving electromagnetic equations requires using finite element method, we trace the flux path and electromagnetism i n machine parts. II. G OVE RN I NG EQUA TIONS Determining ma gnetic fields is of great importance in the field of desig ning electric motors, where pa rtial differential equations are converted into algebraic equations that provide determining the distribution of fields [3]. This method is the finite element method. Finite element technolog y anal y z es ir regular structures and complex shapes in a s y nchrono us SAID et al., Five-Phase Synchronous Machine Design Using Nume rical MAXWELL Software , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 50 motor where the solution network can be modified and applied precisel y . The most important equations related to the magnetic field in Maxwell [5 - 6] (1) Where B is the mag netic flux , H is the mag netic field, J is the applied current, μ perme ability of the magnetic materia l. III. M ODELING DESIGN To crea te the three or five phase sy nchronous machine, we use Ans ys R MXprt, which allows us to prepare the engineering o f electrical machines, as it shows the principle of operation a nd performance with the e xtraction of si mulation result, to design a highl y efficient mod el the followin g elements should be considere d for stator and rotor windings and poles of st ator [ 7] I n this work, a s y n chronous machine wa s designed and the chara cteristics of the motor were studied. Some para meter and character istic values are g iven for both rotor and stator. Tab le 1 Specifications of the stator Tab le 2 Specifications of the Roto r The number of slots in the stator is 18 to determine the three wi ndings that represent the phases. Eac h phase has 6 slots. From the desi gn in RMXprt Figure 1 w e c an get the design automatica ll y in Maxwell Fig 2 Fig .1. synchro nous machi ne in RMXprt Fig.2.synchronous machine in Maxwell IV. R ESULTS AND DISCUSS I O N A. Three phase sync hronous machine The fig 4 shows the temperature distribution in the machine, the fig 3 shows the distribution of the magnetic flux density in the diff erent parts of the machine. SAID et al., Five-Phase Synchronous Machine Design Using Nume rical MAXWELL Software , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 51 Fig.3. magnetic flu x density Fig.4. T em perature Fluctuation in torque value between 4 and -10 in fig 5, The speed remains constant for the duration of the operation of the engine 1500 rpm in fig 6. Fig.5. torque curve Fig.6. Speed curve B. Five phase synchronous machine In this part, we will design a five -phase sync hronous machine in Ansys Max well, taking into ac count the appropriate dimensions of the rotor and stator parts as well as changing the electromag netic fi elds during operation to match the design. Tab le 3. Specifications of the stator Tab le 4. Specifications of the Rotor 40 slots are required in the stator to make the five-phase machine each phase has 8 slot s, Five phases of the same wave and be tween phase and phase 2π/5 degree . [8][9]: 𝑣 𝑎 ( 𝑡 ) = 220 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡ (2⁡. 𝜋 . 𝑓 . 𝑡 ) 𝑣 𝑏 ( 𝑡 ) = 220 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡ (2⁡. 𝜋 . 𝑓 . 𝑡 − 2𝜋 /5 ) 𝑣 𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) = 220 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡ (2⁡. 𝜋 . 𝑓 . 𝑡 − 4𝜋 / 5) 𝑣 𝑑 ( 𝑡 ) = 220 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡ (2⁡. 𝜋 . 𝑓 . 𝑡 + 4𝜋 /5) 𝑣 𝑒 ( 𝑡 ) = 220 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡ (2⁡. 𝜋 . 𝑓 . 𝑡 + 2𝜋 / 5) The work of the m achine depends on a p recise arra ngement of the stator slot s according to the signal of the five phases [ 10]. 0.00 1.00 2 .00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6 .00 7.00 8.00 Tim e [m s ] -12 0.00 -10 0.00 -80 .00 -60 .00 -40 .00 -20 .00 0.00 20. 00 40. 00 Movin g1.Torque [NewtonMeter] Maxwell2D D esign2 To rque C ur ve I nf o M oving1.T orque Setu p1 : T rans ie nt 0.00 1.00 2 .00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6 .00 7.00 8.00 Tim e [m s ] 1499. 00 1499. 25 1499. 50 1499. 75 1500. 00 1500. 25 1500. 50 1500. 75 1501. 00 Moving 1.Speed [rpm] Maxwell2D De sign2 XY Plot 6 C ur ve I nf o M ov in g1.S peed Setu p1 : T r ansient SAID et al., Five-Phase Synchronous Machine Design Using Nume rical MAXWELL Software , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 52 TABLE 5 five winding of ABCDE Slots Phase Slots Phase Slots Phase Slots Phase 1 A + 6 A+ 11 A - 16 A - 2 C - 7 C - 12 C + 17 C + 3 E + 8 E + 13 E - 18 E - 4 B - 9 B - 14 B + 19 B + 5 D + 10 D + 15 D - 20 D - Fig .7. Five phase s ynchronou s machine Fig 8 shows the temperatures in the s y nchrono us machine, as it appears th at the temperature is hi gh between the slot of the stator and the r otor. Fig.8. temperat ure Fig 9 shows the flux l ine dist ribution in the machine parts and the largest values at the level of the stator teeth and the rotor. This flow is due to the work of each pha se. Fig.9.flux line Fig 10 shows the transfer of the magnetic flux density from the phases of the stator to the rotor, and from here we conclude th at the work of the rotor part depends on the magnetic flux densit y produced between the phases. SAID et al., Five-Phase Synchronous Machine Design Using Nume rical MAXWELL Software , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 53 Fig.10. m agnetic fl ux density The work of the machine depends on the induced voltage in the stationar y phases. Fig 11 shows five phases of the s y nchronous machine, A, B, C, D an d E with an angle of 2π/5 degrees between them. Fig.11. induced volta ge An increase in the torque value at the start of th e machine, and th en the v alue returns to 0, and this is one of the advant ages o f the five-phase m achine i n Fig 12. But the speed is c onstant in Fig 13. Fig.12. torque cu rve Fig.13. Speed curve V. CONCLUSION The Ansys program is characterized b y the precision of the d esign of the various p arts of t he eng ine, including the visualization of the magnetic fields of the electric machine. The five-phase s y nchronous machine is designed in Ans y s Max well, with determination of the stator and rotating part values of the machine. The sim ulation results are extracted, which ar e torque, speed, flux, and induced volt ag e, The magnetic flux and temperature are also obse rved i n the sync hronous machine. Th e method used to calculate the results is FEM which is almost Perfec t . R EFE RENCES [1] Karakuş, H., & Korkmaz, I. P erm a nent Ma gnet Synchronous Moto r Designed with Ansys , 2021 . [2] Zhao, J., Liu, W., Li, B., Liu, X., Gao, C., & Gu, Z. (2015). Investigation of e lec tr om ag netic, ther mal and mechanical character istics of a five -phase d ual-rotor permanent-ma gnet synchrono us motor. Energies, 8( 9), 9688 -9718. 0.00 0.20 0 .40 0.60 0 .80 1.00 Tim e [s ] 1499. 00 1499. 25 1499. 50 1499. 75 1500. 00 1500. 25 1500. 50 1500. 75 1501. 00 Movin g1.Spee d [rpm] Maxwell2D D esign1 XY Plot 10 C ur ve I nf o M ov i ng1.S peed Setu p1 : T rans ie nt SAID et al., Five-Phase Synchronous Machine Design Using Nume rical MAXWELL Software , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turkey 54 [3] Bensalem, Y., & Abdelkri m, M. N. Modeling and simulation of induction motor based on finite element analysis. Internatio nal Jo urnal of Po w er Electronic s and Drive Systems, 7(4 ), 2016. [4] Nigam, A., & Siddiqui, S.Mo deling an d simulatio n of five phase per m ane nt magnet s ynchronous motor ,2010. [5] Lee, C., Lee, J., & Jang, I. G. Shape opti mization -ba sed design investigation of the switched reluctance motors regarding the target torque and current limitation. Str uctural an d Multidiscipli nary Optimization, 1 - 12 ,2021 . [6] Gecer, B., & Serteller, N. F. O. Understandin g s witched reluctance motor analysis us in g ANSYS/Max well. In 2020 IEEE 29 th International Symposium on Industrial Electro nics (ISIE) (pp. 446-449 ). IEEE. [7] Kovács, I., & Sarvajcz, K. M odelling and simulation of a series w ou nd direct current motor using ANSYS. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 18 4, p. 02015). EDP Sciences,2 018 . [8] Ti k honova, O. V., & Plastun, A. T . Electro m agnetic torque calculation of induction m otor with ring w indings by dint of “ANSYS Maxwell”. In 2 017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Resear chers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EI ConRus) (p p. 1600-16 05). IEEE. [9] Ameen, N. A., A bdulabbas, A. K., & Nekad, H. J. Modeling and Simulation of Fiv e -Pha se Synchrono us Reluctance Motor Fed by Five -Phase Inverter ,2021 . [10] U m oh, G., Obe, C., Ogbuka, C., Ekpo, G., & Obe , E. Direct-phase variable m od elling and analysis of five - phase s ynchronous reluctanc e motor for direc t - on -line starting. Prze gląd Elektrotechniczn y, 97 ,2 021. [11] Li, Y., Zhao, J ., Chen, Z., & Li u, X. (2014). Investigation of a five-phase d ual-rotor perm a ne nt magnet synchronous motor us ed for electric vehicles. Ener gies, 7(6), 3955- 3984. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20- 23 , 2022 , K onya, T urkey 55 Akar Görüntüle rde n Ma kine Öğren m esi ne Dayalı Ki m lik Tespiti Abdullah Kenan Öztürk 1* , Erdem Erkan 2 1 B ilgisayar Müh endisliği / Mühend islik, Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi , Bartın Ün iversitesi , Türkiye 2 B ilgisayar Müh endisliği / Mühend islik, Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi , Bartın Üniversite si , Türkiye * (abdullah kenan.ozturk@ogren ci.bartin.ed u.tr) Özet – Günlük hay atın birçok alanında kameralar ve bi y ometrik cihazlar kimlik tespit amaç lı kullanılmaktadır. Görüntü tabanlı kimlik tespit sistemlerindeki başarı kimi zaman kamera çözünürlüğü , uzak görüntü ve risi gibi teknolojik y etersizlikler, kim i zaman da ışık, açı, gölge gibi çevresel faktörlerden ötürü istenilen seviy elere ulaşamamaktadır. Öte y andan bire y sel olarak bir canlının yürüy üşü, koşması, duruşu düşünüldüğ ünde bu vücut meka nizmalarından elde edilebilecek öznitelik vektörle ri y apılacak başarılı bir sınıflandırmanın kişi tespitine önemli katkılar sun acağı aşikârdır . Kimlik tespitinde insanın y ürü y üş özelliklerinden faydalanılması ile ışık, gölg e, açı vey a kameranın kalitesi gibi faktörlerin e tkisi e n aza indirilip alternatif bir kim lik tespit yaklaşımı sunulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ö nerilen çalışma da , akar görüntülerdeki insanlara ait eklem noktalarının tespitini n y apılması, tespit edilen eklem de ğişimlerinden elde edilecek öznitelik vektörlerinin etkin sınıflandırma teknikleri ile kullanılarak akar görüntüdeki kişilere ait kimlik tespitlerinin y apı lması amaçlanma ktadır. Önerdiğimiz çalışmanın g elecekte, ulusal güvenlikten kişisel güvenliğe birç ok alanda etkili çözümler sunacağı düşünülmektedir . Anah tar Kelimeler – Görün tü İşleme, Makine Öğrenmesi, E n Yakın Komşu Algoritması, Destek Vektör Ma kinesi, Ya pay Zeka I. Gİ R İ Ş Akar görüntülerdeki canlı hareketlerinin tespiti üzerinde uzun y ıl lar çalışıl an , ancak henüz ta m anlamıyla olgunlaşmamış bir bilgisayarlı görü problemidir. Video görüntüler d eki canlı hareke tlerinin bilgisayarlar tarafından y o rumlanabilmesi y aşlı ve hastaların insanların uzaktan bakımı /tedavisi, güvenlik amaçlı ortam gözetleme , spor amaçlı y apılan egzersiz hareke tlerinin analizi ve genel anlamda ins an makine etkileşimi gibi birçok alanda çöz üm üretme potansiye line sahiptir. Amac ı canlı eklemler inin tespiti ve bu eklemlerden ortay a çıkan hareketleri n tanınması olan hare ket analizi son y ıl larda bilgisayarlı görüntü tanıma alanında üzerinde yoğun çalışılan bir alan dır [ 1]-[3 ]. Açıklay ıcı temel bir örnek o larak; bir canlının çeşitli hareketlerini içeren bir videonun ana hedefi, içindeki farklı hareketleri en u y gun e y l em kategorisine g öre sınıflandırmaktır [4] - [5 ] . Yaygın ve daha karma şık bir örnek olarak ise, video akışı boy unc a çeşitli eylemler gerçe kleşti ren insanların etkinli klerinin tanınması, bu hareketlerin başlangıç ve bitişi nin algılanması y l a sağlanır [ 6 ]. Ç eşitli hareke t analizleri ve bu hareke tleri tanıma çalışmaları, başından be ri popüler bir çalışma alanı olmuştur. Fakat bu alanda y a pılan çalışma lar g erçek dün y a u ygulama ları ve performa ns açısından he nüz tam olarak olgunlaşmamıştır [ 7]-[ 9 ]. Genel canlıların kendilerine özgü bir y ürü yüş modeline sahip oldukları bilinmek tedir. Özellikle insanlarda bu kişi y e öz g ü y ürü yüş modelinin parmak iz ine benzer şekilde tanımlayıcı öz ellikler barındırdığ ını düşünmekte y iz . Bu doğrultuda , sunulan bu çalışma da, insan y ürü yüşünde n eld e ettiğimiz a y ırıcı hareket özellikler i ile bu kişilerin kimlikleri tespit edilmey e çalışılmıştı r . F arklı sınıflandırma modelleriy l e elde edilen sonuç lar karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur. II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM Yapılan çalışmada pr o gramlama dili olarak Py thon3, g örüntü işl eme kütüphanesi olarak OpenCV, eklem noktala rının tespiti ve takibi için Blaze Ghum 3D modeli kullanılmıştı r. Elde edilen Öz türk vd., Aka r Görüntülerden Makine Öğrenmesine Dayalı Kimlik Tespiti , ICAENS 2 022, Konya, Turkey 56 özellik ve ktörlerinden kimlik tespiti tahmini için i se kullanılan makine öğre nmesi modelleri ise; destek vektör makine si, K- En y akın komşu algoritması, karar ağaçları, rastgele orman algoritmasıdır . Sistemin genel ya pısı Şekil 2 ile verilmiştir. Şekil 1. Siste min genel yapısı. A. Eklem Bölgelerinin Tespiti ve Takibi İki bo y utlu ortamda iki katılımcı ta rafından alınmış olan ve OpenCv k ütüphane si tarafından okunan 50 adet 5’er sani y elik y ürüme videos u örnekleri üzerinden M ediaPipe kütüphanesi ile ör neklerin 360x 640 piksel ölçe klenmiş vide o boyutu içerisinde y ata y , d ikey ve derinlik özellikleri alınmış ve kırmı zı noktalar içe risinde işaretleniştir. Toplamda 7 adet öz ellik sağ omuz, sağ dirsek, s ağ bilek, bel, sağ dizkapağı ve sağ a ya k p arma ğ ı referans alınarak s eçilmiştir. S eçilen bu 7 öz ellik noktası akar video görüntüsü üzerinde ta kip edilmiştir. Şekil 2 . Eklem bölgeleri nin tesp iti ve takibi B. Özellik Vektörlerinin Oluşturulması Katılımcılardan elde edil miş ve ka y dedilmiş olan sağ omuz, sa ğ dirsek, sağ bilek, bel, sağ dizkapağı ve sağ ayak parmakla rı noktala rının x ve y koordinatları topl andıktan sonra makine öğrenmesi modellerine gönderilmeden önce öz ellik çıkarılması için x ve y koordinatlarının her bir sani ye lik görüntüde x ve y eksenlerindeki değişi mlerinin hesaplanması gerekmektedir. Bunun için iki nok ta arasındaki Öklit uzaklığı kullanılmıştır . x 1 ilgili noktanın x -eksenindeki ilk konumu ve x 2 ilgili noktanın x -eksenindeki ik inci konumu olmak üzere nokta ları arasındaki öklit uzaklığı Denklem 1’e göre hesaplanmıştır. Bö ylece her bir noktanın biri m zamandaki değişimi tespit edilmi ştir. Toplamda elde edilmiş 5 sani ye lik video kaydı için 150 ad et sağ omuz, sa ğ dirsek, sağ bilek, bel, sağ d izkapağı ve sa ğ a yak pa rmaklarına ait x ve y noktal arı arasındaki fark lar ve b u farkla rın ortalaması alınarak , 5 sani y elik bir video görüntüsünden seçilen 7 referans nokta için 7 farklı özellik eld e edilmiştir. Elde edilen özellik vektörleri her bir katılımcı için 50x7 b oyutundadır. Bu özellik vektörleri katılı mcı - 1, katılımcı - 2 ve katılı mcı -3 olarak etiketlenerek makine öğre nmesi modellerinde eğitilmek üzere hazır hale ge tirilmiştir. | 𝐴𝐵 | = √ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) 2 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 ) 2 2 (1) C. Sınıflandır ma Destek V ektör Maki nesi (DVM), Vapnik Chervonenkis teorisini baz alan , sa ğlam matematiksel temellere sahip, etiketli verile ri kullanan denetimli bir m akine ö ğre nm e metodudu r. D VM her ne k adar ya pay sinir a ğlı al goritmalar ına benzese de gene l olarak b u algoritmalardan daha i yi performa ns sunar. D VM akademik ve güncel makine öğrenmesi uy gulamalarında yay gın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu y a ygın kullanımı diğer y ö ntemlere kı y asla hesaplama basitliği, ölçeklenebilirlik ve a y kı rı değerlere ka rşı dire nç li olmasından ka y naklanm aktadır . D VM ’ler eğitim verisinin az olduğu du rumlarda da oldukça i yi performa ns göster ebilmektedirler. Ayrıca, kullanılan veri miktarında bir üst sını r yoktur; çok büyük v eri kümeleri için de geçerlidir [ 10 ]. D VM başta örüntü sını flandırma olmak üzere oldukça ge niş bir kull anım alanı na sahip popüler bir sınıflandırırıcıdır . 𝑥 𝑖 ∈ 𝑅 s ınıflandırılması ist enen uzayın özelliklerini, 𝑦 𝑖 ∈ {−1, +1} de o özelliğe ait Öz türk vd., Aka r Görüntülerden Makine Öğrenmesine Dayalı Kimlik Tespiti , ICAENS 2 022, Konya, Turkey 57 sınıf etiketini ve 𝑑 bo yutu temsil etmek üzere Denklem 2 sınıflandırılacak uz ayı ifade etmekted ir [1 1 ]. ( 𝑥 1 , 𝑦 1 ) , ( 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 ) , … , (𝑥 𝑚 , 𝑦 𝑚 ) (2) İki sınıfla bi r sını flandırma probleminde bu sınıfların w ∗ x + b = 0 şeklinde bir hiper düzlem birbirlerinden a y rıldığını düşünür se , probleme en u y gun w v e b değerleriyle her iki sınıf arasındaki uzaklı ğı maksimum y apan hiper düzlemin bulunması problemine dönüşür . Aşa ğıda verilen Denklem 3 il e en uygun w ve b d eğerleri n e sahip fonksi y onun z denemesi ile ha ngi sınıfı temsil ettiğini bulunmaktadır . f(z) = sgn ((w, z) + b) (3) K- En Yakın Komşu Al goritması matematiksel ifadeler de veriler arasındaki mesafe ölçümler ine day alı olara k , bir problem için verileri y akınlık kavramına göre sınıflandır ma y apan b ir sınıflandırma algoritma sı dır. Bu sınıflandırmanın mantığı, benz erliğe da y al ı olarak a ynı sınıftan ve ya farklı sınıflardan örnekler arasınd aki mesafenin ölçülmesine da y anmakt adır. Çoğunluk o ylama sına day alı sınıf etiketlerinin rastgele dağılımı, onlara temel K- en y akın komşu nun y eni veriler için sını f etiketlerinin belirlenmesinde baskın bir rol üstl enir . Ayrıca bu y öntem ile Euclid, Manhattan, Minkowski, Cheby schev ve Dilca mesafeleri olmak üzere farklı uzaklık metri kleri kullanılmaktadır [1 2]. Genel olarak K- en y akın komşu algoritma sına göre, sınıflandırmada elde edilen öz elliklerden, sınıfının tespit edilmesi istenen y eni örn eğin önceki örneklerden K tanesin in yakınlığı değerlendirilmekte dir . Karar ağaçları, akış ş emalarına benzer. Bu ağaç y a pısında bulunan tüm düğümler bir öz niteliği temsil eder. Her dal bi r testin sonucunu temsil ederke n, her y aprak ise ilg il i sınıf etiketini temsil etmektedir . Karar ağaçları, herhangi bir sınıflandırma ve regres yon problemi için kullanılabilen dene timli bir öğrenme tekniğidir. Karar a ğacı, aslında veri setinin çalışmasında da ha detay lı ve basit g örünm esi için verilerin bir ağaç şeklinde tasarlanması anlamına gelir. Bu v eri seti ni bir a ğa ç olarak tasarlamanın y anı sıra, karar ağaçları aslında bir sınıflandırma örneğ idir. Karar ağaçları, belirli veri kümelerini sınıflandırmak için kullanılır [1 3 ]. Rastgele orman ise , birden fazla karar ağacını birleştirerek daha doğru bir tahmin ü retme yi amaçlar . Bu sınıflandırıcının en büyük bir avantajı, hem sınıflandırma hem de reg resyon problemleri için kull anılabilmesidir . Aşağıda verilen d ört adı m lı bir akışa göre çalışmaktadır; İlk olar ak oluşturulmak istenen karar ağacı ad edi (n) belirlenir. Oluşturulan karar ağaçlarındaki her düğümde rastgele m adet değişken seçilir v e Gini indeksi ile en iyi dal tespit edilir [14 ]. Ö nce ki aşamada belirlenen en i y i dal iki farklı alt dala ay rılır ve b u işl em Gini indeks değeri sıfır oluncaya devam e de r. En s on aşamada ise n t ane k arar ağacının y aptı ğı tahminler arasından en fazla o yu alan tahmin seçilir. Lojistik regresyon analizi, norm allik ve ortak kovaryans gibi belirli regres y on an alizi varsay ımları karşılanamadığında, diskrimi nant analizine ve çapra z tablolara bir alternatiftir. Sıfır ve bir gibi i ki düzeyli ve ya daha fazla düz ey li kesikli değ işkenler olan bağımlı de ğişkenler için uy gun olmasının y anı sıra matematiksel esnekliği ve y o rum kola y lı ğı b u y a klaşıma olan ilg i y i artırmaktadır. L ojistik regre s y on analizi, sınıflandırma ve atamaya y a rdımcı olan bir eğri uydurma y öntemidi r. Normal dağ ılım ve süreklilik varsayımları i çin bir ön koşul zorunluluğu y oktur. Açıkla y ı cı değişkenlerin bağ ımlı değ işken üzerinde ki etkileri olasılı k olarak elde edilir ve risk fak törlerinin olasılık olarak tanımlanmasını sağlar [ 15 ]. P olasılık değeri 𝑋 𝑘 k. Bağımsız değişken ve 𝛽 𝑘 k. Model para metresi olmak üzere Denklem 4 ile verilen şekilde formüle edilir. 𝑃 = 𝑒 𝛽 0 + 𝛽 1 𝑋 1 + 𝛽 2 𝑋 2 + ⋯ + 𝛽 𝑘 𝑋 𝑘 (4) III. BULGULAR Şekil 2’de gösterildiği gibi katılımcıların eklem bölgelerinin takibi ile D enklem 1 d e verilen Ökl it uzaklığı hesaplanarak h er bir katılımcı için 150 adet özellikten oluşan özellik vektörleri oluşturulmuştur . Bu özellik ve ktörleri geleneksel makine öğre nme algoritma ları yl a sınıflandırmaya tabi tutulmuş v e Tablo 1’de verilen y üks ek sınıflandır ma doğrulukları elde e dilmiştir . IV. SONUÇL AR İ ki bo yutlu uza yda insan vücuduna ait 7 referans noktasının y ine bu iki boyutlu uzay daki değ işimlerinden elde edi len öz ellikler sırası y la K - Öz türk vd., Aka r Görüntülerden Makine Öğrenmesine Dayalı Kimlik Tespiti , ICAENS 2 022, Konya, Turkey 58 En Yakın Komşu, DVM, Karar Ağaçları, Rastgele Orman Sınıflandırıcı, L ojistik Regres y on algoritma ları il e sınıflandırılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlarla katılımcıların kimlikleri tespit edilmey e çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler makine ö ğrenmesi modellerine gönde rilmeden önce %70’i eğitim ve %30’u test veri seti olarak bölünmüştür. Toplamda üç katılımcıdan elde edilen ekle m bölgelerinden ç ıkarılmış olan y üz elli özellik ile çeşitli makine öğrenmesi model lerinin kimlik tespitinin y üzdelik olarak başarı oranları Ş ekil 3 ve Tablo 1 ile ayrıntılı olarak sunulmuştur . Şekil 3 . Makine Ö ğrenmesi M odeller inin Başarı Oranları Tab losu Tab lo 1. Modeller in Başarı Oranları Model Başarı Oranı (%) Karar Ağaçları 91 Rastgele Or man Algoritması 95 DVM 97 Lojistik Regre syon Alg orit ma sı 97 K- En Yakın Komşu A lgorit m ası 91 Bu çalışma il e görüntü işleme be makine öğrenmesi teknikleri kullanılara k özellikle g üvenlik alanında kullanılması muhtemel, iki bo y utlu akar görüntü lerdeki insan hareketlerinden kimlik tespiti y apabilen, y üksek başarıma sahip örnek bi r uygulama geliştirilmiş tir. Çalışmanın 3 bo yutlu uzaya taşınması y la, özellikle y üz tanımanın zorlaştığı uzak görüntülerde n kimlik tespitinde kullanılabileceği öng örülmektedir. TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışma TÜBİ TA K 2209- A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı tarafından desteklemiştir. KAYNAKL AR [1] Z. Cao, T . Simon, S. E. W ei, and Y. Sheik h, “ Realtime multi-person 2d pose estimation using part affin it y fields ,”, In Proceedings of the I EEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition , 2017, pp. 7291- 7299. [2] D. M. Dina m a, Q. A’yun, A. D. S yahroni, I . A . Sulistijono, and A. Risnu m awan, ” Human detection and tracking on surveilla nce video footage using convolutional neural networks ,”, In 2019 International Electronics Sy m posi um (IES) IEEE , 201 9, pp. 534 -538. [3] G. Ch andan, A. Jain, and H. Jain, “ Real ti m e object detection and tracking us ing Deep Learning and OpenCV ,”, In 2018 In ternational Conference on inventive research in co m p uting app lications ( ICIRCA) IEEE , 2018, pp . 1305- 1308 . [4] M. Nour, M. Gardoni, J. Re naud, an d S. Gauthier, “ Real- time detection and m otivatio n of eating activity i n elder ly peop le w it h de m entia usi ng Po se Estimation with TensorFlo w and Op enCV ,”, Advances i n Social Sciences Research Journal , 8(3) , 2021, pp. 28 - 34. [5] R. R. Jad hav, and S. L. Lahud kar , “ Imple m enti ng a Real Time Human Detectio n and Monitoring Social Distancing for Covid -19 Using VJ algorit hm and OpenCV ,”, Inter national J ournal, vol. 10(2 ), 202 1. [6] J. K. Aggarwal, and M. S. Ry oo, “ Hu man activity analysis: A revie w,”, A cm C omputing Sur veys ( Csur), vol. 43 (3), pp . 1- 43 , 2011. [7] M. A. R. Ahad, “ Motion h istory images for action recognition and u nderstanding ”, 2012 . [8] M. A. R. Ah ad, “ Computer v ision and ac tion recognition: A g uide for imag e processi ng and co mputer vision community for action understandin g ,”, Sprin ger Scienc e & Business Media , 20 11, Vol. 5. [9] D. W einland, R. Ronfard, and E. B oyer, “ A s urvey of vision-based m ethod s for actio n representation, segmentation and recognit ion ,”, Computer vision and image understandi ng, vol. 115(2), pp. 224 - 241 , 2011 . [10] B. S. Kuzu , and S. G. Y AKUT, “ Destek Ve ktör Makineleri Yardi miyla İ malat Sanayisi nde Mali Başarisizlik Tah m inlerinin Teknoloji Yoğunluğuna Göre İncelenmesi,”, Osmani y e Ko rkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Der gisi, vol. 4(2) , pp. 36 - 54 , 2020. [11] I. Kurnaz, a nd E. Erkan, “ Classificatio n o f Electroco rticography signals red uced by Wavelet Tr ansf or m ,”, In 2 016 24th Signal P rocessing a nd Communication A pplicatio n Conference (SIU ) IEEE , pp. 361 - 364 , 2016. [12] G. Ü. L . Em re, and M. Kal yoncu, “Ağır Vasıta Ha va Ko m presörü Piston Segmanı Aşınma sı Durumlarında K - En Yakın Ko mşu Algor itmasının Sını flandır m a Performansının İ ncelenmesi ,”, Avrupa B ilim ve Teknoloj i Dergisi, pp. 78 - 90 , 2020. [13] M. Hacıo ğlu, “Web tabanlı b ir dinamik kara r ağacı uygulaması,”, Master's thesi s, T rakya Ünive rsitesi Fe n Bilimleri Enstitüs ü, 2021 . [14] A. B ilen , and A. B. Ö zer , “ Siber Saldırılar için Rastgele Orman Algoritması Kulla nılarak Özniteli k Seçimi ,”, Fırat Üniversite si Fen Bili mleri Der gisi, vol. 34( 1), pp. 31 - 37 , 2022. [15] N. Girginer, and B. Cankuş, “ Tramvay yolcu memnuniyetinin lojistik re gres y on analiziyle ö lçülmesi: Estram örneği, ”, Yö netim v e Ekonomi Der gisi, vol. 15(1 ), pp. 181- 193 , 2008. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 59 S ynthesis, C orros ion I nhibiting E fficacy of a F errocene A mmoniu m S alt : E xperimental an d T heore tical I nv estigation RAHIM Oumelkheir 1 * , Z IOUANI Abdelkadar 1 , MECHERI Razika 1 and ATIA Salem 1 1 Pollutio n & Wa ste Treatmen t Laborato ry, Depa rtment of Chemistry, F aculty o f mathematics and Matter sciences, , Ka sdi Merbah Un iversity, 30.0 00 Ouargla, Algeria. * ( rahioumelkheir@gma il.com ) Email of th e correspon ding author Abstract – A quaternar y ammonium salt; (ferrocenylmethyl) trimeth y l am monium iodide (FMTMAI) was synthesized with high purity and yield and c harac terized by UV -vis, I R, and 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopic methods. The optimization mol ecular geometric parameters were p erformed b y mol ecular mechanic simulations. I ts inhibitive ac tion on the carbon stee l corrosion in a 1 M HCl solut ion was studied by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance sp ectroscopy (E IS). The r esults indicated that the synthesized compound is an efficient mixed -ty pe inhibitor and its inhibi tion efficienc y in creased with increasing the inhibitor concentration. The adsorpti on of the inhibitor on the carbon steel surface obe y s La ngmuir isot herm and the thermod y namic parameters were obt ained. The surfaces of carbon ste el after exposing to test solutions were examined b y UV -vis, I R comparison techniques. Keywords : C arbon steel XC 70, E lectrochemical methods, C orrosion inhibition, N-(ferrocenylmeth yl) N -t rimethylammonium iodide, and M olecular mech anic simulat ions 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 60 Implementation o f System Phar macolo gy and M olecular Doc king Approaches to Ex plore Act ive Co mpounds and Mech anis m of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis Sa na Ta bassum 1 , Hafiz Rameez Khalid 1 , Waqar ul Haq 2 , Sidra Aslam 1 , Abdulrahman Alshammari 3 , Metab Alharbi 3 , Muhamma d Shahid Riaz Rajoka 4 , Mohsi n Khurshid 5 and Usma n Ali Ashfaq 1 * 1 Departmen t of Bio informatics and B iotechnology, Go vernment College Un iversity, Fais alaba d 38000, Pakistan ; tabasumu [email protected] m (S.T.); hafizrameezkh alid97 @gmail.com (H.R.K.); s idra aslam2 3@gcu f.edu.pk (S.A. ) 2 Centre of Ag ricultural Bio chemistry an d Biotech nology (CAB B), University of Agricu lture, Faisalab ad 38000, Pakista n; pakistan waqar.h aq1@outloo k.com 3 Departmen t of Pha rmacology and Toxicology, Co llege of Pharmacy, King Saud Un iversity, P.O. Bo x 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saud i Arabia; abdalshamma [email protected] (A.A.); mesa [email protected] u.sa (M.A.) 4 Laborato ry of An imal Food Functio n, Gradua te School of Agricultural S cience, Tohoku University, Sen dai 9 80 -8572 , Japan; shahidra joka@yah oo.com 5 Departmen t of Microbio logy, Governmen t College University, F aisalabad 3 8000, Pakistan; mo hsinkhurshid@gcu f.edu. pk * Correspon dence : [email protected] u.pk Abstract – Worldwide, Tuberculosis (TB) is caused b y M y cobac terium tuberculosis bacteria. O cimum sanctum, commonly known as hol y basil (Tulsi), is an herbace ous p erennia l that belong s to th e family La miaceae and is considered one of the most important sources of medicine and drugs for the treatment of various disea s es. The presented stud y aims to dis cover the potential phenomenon of O cimum sanctum in the medicament of tuberculosis using a network pharmacology approach. Active ingre dients of Ocimum sanctum were fetched thr ough two different datab ases and from literature review and then targets of these compounds were harvested by SwissTargetPredi ction. Potential targets of TB were downloaded from GeneCards and DisGN et databases. After screenin g of mutual targets, enrichment analysis throu gh DAVID was performed. P rotein – protein interaction was perf ormed using the String database and visualized b y Cy toscape. The n the targ et- co mpoundpathwa y network was construc ted with Cy toscape. I n the end, molecular do cking was p erformed to g et the potential active in gredients against tuberculosis. Ei ght active ingre dients with 776 potential therapeutic targets were obtained fr om O. sanctum, 6 32 inters ected tar ge ts from two databases were found in TB, 72 common potential tar gets w ere found from T B and O. s anctum. The topological analy sis ex poses those ten targe ts th at formed the core PPI network. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis reveals that active compounds have the greater binding ability with the potential target to suppress TB. Keywords – Ocimum sa nctum; tu berculosis; network ph arma cology ; molec ular docking I. I NT RODUCTI ON Herbal plant species remain essential for humanit y since the y provide different and modern medicines for the health sector [1] . He rbal in gredients, which have therapeutic pote ntial, have inc reasingl y become a hub for novel medicinal remedie s [2]. Because o f ex tensive multi -targe t therapeutic actions, the vast varieties of ph ytochemicals have attracted the attention of researchers. T he therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants are: th e y are economically cheap, safe, effective, and readil y available [3]. Medicinal plants have now emerged as a viable option since they are high in a variet y of secondary metabolites such as t annins, phenolics, alkaloids, and fla vonoids, which improve growth, innate immune response, and disease resistance in humans. Ocimum sanctu m (hol y b asil) belongs t o the L amiaceae famil y , is considered one of the major sources of medicines, drugs with secondar y metabolites, and e ssential oils rec ommended for differe nt diseases [4,5]. Ocimum sanctum also shows anti-microbial, anti-spasmodic, an ti - Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 61 asthmatic, anti-rheumatic, and hepatic-protective activities [6,7]. Bec ause of their unrivalled potenti al in treating man y problems, all parts of the plant are beneficial in therapeutics [8]. Wi th an estimated 1.7 billion persons infe cted, M y cobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is th e most common disease in humans. The casual f actor of TB is M ycobacter ium tuberculosis, which mainl y affects the lun gs. Tuberculosis is trans mitted between huma ns through aerosol inhalation, usuall y b etween people who live in close quarters. Unlike other my cobacterial species, M y cob acterium tuberculosi s has no reservoir in the environment, mea nin g it is mainly transmitted b etween humans [ 9]. People living with H I V are more li kely to obtain active tuberculosis [10]. Tuberculosis is a disease o f poverty oc curring in developing countries and is the leading cause of mortali ty and morbidit y in these countries [ 11]. The World Health Organization (WHO) claims that 87% of new T B cases were reported in 2019 in 30 countries, eight of which ac counted for two -thirds of the T B cases, and most of which are Asian countries like Pakistan, I ndia, and Bangladesh. I ncreased mul tidrug-resistant TB is an equally im portant p ublic health issue [12]. The curre nt therapies against TB are the use of antibiotics like rifampici n [13] , isoniaz id [ 14], and pyrazinamide [13 – 15] . H owever, the problem is the emerge nce of drug resistance of mycobacteria against these moder n drugs. In contrast, herbal medicines used by either extraction or anti-pathogen decoction will not allow the pathogen to develop resistance [16]. He nce, herbal trea tment is an efficie nt and cheap therap y used as an ant i - tuberculosis dru g. The importance o f medicin al plants has been incr easing for a fe w y ears; herbal plants are the primary source of bioactive molecules and potential drugs that play a vital role in controlling various t ypes of p athogens [17 ]. Network ph armacology is the new in -silico drug discovery approach developed by Hopkins in 2007 [18]. This drug discovery a pproach combines data science and clinical therapeutic s [19]. Network pharmacology is the m ethod used to stud y the synergistic action [20] and underly ing mechanisms of traditional herbal medic ines [21] . Network pharmacology h as grown in popularity in re cent y e ars and is now a wid ely used str ategy in dru g discovery. To identify th e processes that affect the simultaneous treatment methods of conventional medicines, network pharmacolog y has a holistic in- silico strategy for desig ning a “prote in - compound/disease- gene” network [22] . T he active components of O. sanctu m were investi gated usin g a ne twork pharmac olog y-based method in this study. This research sheds fresh li ght on the molecular mec hanisms of O. sanctum against tuberculosis and potentially acceleratin g the drug discovery process. In li ght of the results of th is investigation, it is bel ieved that the networ k pharmacology technique adopted here could be a new beginning for discovering the active molecule that could be examined in the laboratory and give a foundation for stud y i ng the pharmacological mechanism of O. sanctum . The procedural-specific schematic diagram is shown in Fig ure 1. II. M AT ERIALS AND M E THOD A. Screening of Chemical C onstituents of O. sanctum All the information a bout chemical constituents of Ocimum sanctum was collected from published literature [6], KNApSAcK Core S y stem database (http://www.knapsackfamil y . com/ ), and traditional Chinese medicine s y ste m pharmac olog y (TCMSP) (https://old.tcmsp-e.co m/ ). The plant name as Ocimum sanctum was used to searc h the active components in the KNApSAcK database [23] , while a literature search was done throug h Google scholar, PubMed and the C NKI da tabase. Th e physiochemical properties and 3D structure of the whole identified compounds were searched in t he PubChem ( http://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ) database via the na me and C I D/S ID number. The canonica l S MILES of all the active compounds were colle cted from PubChem databa se. Then these canonical SM ILES w ere used to find the pharmacokinetics properties of the entire active chemical constitute. The ADMET parameters of each ingredient were analy z ed using the admetSAR tool and TCMSP database, e.g., drug-likeness (D L) and oral bioavaila bilit y (OB) [ 2 4]. OB is the oral bioavailability of pharmacological in gredients, a nd DL indicates simil arity between a dru g and a component, whic h ca n indicate potential drug. Subsequently, the active compounds that met the Drug L ik eness (D L ≥ 0.18) and Oral Bioavailabi lit y (OB ≥ 30) [25] criteria were chosen as nov el compounds and employ ed for further screening. B. Potential Target Scre ening of Tuberculosis Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 62 Putative targ ets of selected active ingre dients were found throu gh S wissTargetPre diction ( http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/ ) through giving the canonical SM ILES strings from PubChem ( http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ) . For this study, species were chosen as Homo sapiens, and the predicted target results were collected. SwissTargetPrediction is the most widel y used software to predict the most likel y protein targets of bioactive che micals. Using the ke y word of “tuberculosi s”, the potential targets were selected from G eneCards ( http://www.ge necards.org/ ) and DisGeNET ( http://www.disgene t.org/ ) .The tar ge ts of th e two databases were combined. [26]. Furthermore, all r edundant genes w ere re moved from the stud y . The standard name of the target was obtained using UniProtKB, with the org anism chosen as “ Homo sapiens ”. A Venn diag ram was constructed by achieving the mutual tar ge ts of disorder and drug. Those common targets of disease and compounds were c onsi dered potential targets for further ana l y sis. C. Gene Func ti on Annotation The fun ctional enrichment databa se DAVID ( http://david.ncifcrf.gov/ ) gives the comprehensive annotation of genes, GO analy sis provides the gene function classification, and it comprises biological process ( BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF), with p athway analy sis provided b y KEGG database. The 72 common targets were pasted into DAVID for GO annotation a nd pathway enrichment analy sis and the species selec ted as “Homo sapiens”. The enriched pathway s with a probability score of less than 0.05 were selected. For the visualization of these GO annotation and KEGG pathwa y s, bubble maps were drawn usin g the ggplot 2 package of R - language. D. Network Pharmacology Analysis Compound-Target Network construction To create the compound-target n etwork, th e active components of O cimum sanctum and the tuberculosis therapeutic target were entered into Cytoscape (version 3.8.2) ( http://cy tos cape.org/ ) . C y toscap e is a free software for viewin g and merging complicated networks wit h any sort of da ta types. The network nodes s y mboliz e the chemical constituents and targe ts, while edges show their interaction. The “network analy zer” was used to evaluate the essential properties of the networ k [ 27]. The network was filtered based on “degree”, network node attributes in which the degree represents the number of connected nodes with a particular network node. Prediction of Hub Genes and PPI Network The c orrelation between the therapeutic targets of TB was evaluated using the STR I NG database (version 11.0, ( https://string-db.org/ ) . The organism was named “Homo s apiens,” and the combined score was set to 0.4 or above (Figure 2). Cy tos cape was used to visualize the PPI network. The C y toHubba plug in was used to find the hub g enes and nodes with a higher degree [28] and re ferred to for further investigation. The hig h est de gree indicates that the targeted genes are highly linked. Compound – Pathway Network Construction The top 20 pathwa y s were evaluated using DAVID based on KEGG pathway ana l y sis to design the target – compound – pathwa y network with Cytoscape [29]. Target – Compound – Pathway Network Construction The top 20 pathwa y s were evaluated using DAVID based on KEGG pathway anal ysis to design the target – compound – pathwa y network with Cytoscape [29]. E. Molecular Docking Molecular docking facilitates the identification of int era ctions of lig ands to their correlating prot eins. For the validation of the results of this stud y , molecular docking was used. The SDF file formats of the 3D structure of ac tive ingredients were downloaded from the PubChem database and optimized these structures, the PDB for mat file of hub g enes was downloaded from Protein Data Bank (RCSB) PDB, ( http://www.rcsb.org/ ) . The finest protein crystal structure (smaller resolution value, complete structure, and human protein) was selected for docking. F or th e r emoval o f ligands, water molecules and for c orrecting protein structure, Chi mera (v ersion 1.15, Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 63 Manufac turer is RBVI, Resourc e for Biocomputing , Visualiz ation, and Informatics, Universit y of California, 600 16th Street, M/S 2240, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2517) was used. The ligand and protein molecules were charge d, hydrogenated, and normalized using AutoDockTool, and PDBQT file format was crea ted. Molecular docking was performed between the refined in gredients and p rotein using AutoDock Vina. To calculate the binding energ y , the La marckian genetic algorithm wa s selected, a nd chimera software was used for the visualiz ation of the docked results. By measuring the stron g affinity between chemicals and their related targets, this stag e aimed to investigate the binding energy b etween th em; the higher the affinit y , the lower the binding energy A. Figures and Tables Figure 1. Sche matic diagram of network phar m acolog y to explore mech anism o f O. sa nctum to treat Tuber culosis Figure 2. PP I Network of 72 intersected ke y targets ( O. sanctum and Tuber culosis). Figure 3. Venn diagra m sho wing common targets. Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 64 Figure 4. Co mpound-tar get network between acti ve compounds and co mmon targets of disease Figure 5. PP I network analysis of 72 targets. Accord ing to topolo gical analysis, ten blue tar gets are key nodes (central blue nodes are hub genes with higher degree and yellow nodes repr esent other Figure 6. (A) P athways predispo sed by O. sanctum. Blue nodes show the h ub genes, red nodes sho w the pathways, a nd pink nodes sho w the Compou nds; (B) Cluster sho wing 10 key targets (H ub genes) . Figure 7. B ubble map of GO and KE GG pathway anal ysis (A) Biological pr ocess of GO anal ysis; (B) cellular components of GO a nalysis; (C) Mo lecular function of GO analysis. Figure 8. KEGG pathway analysis Figure 9. Target-compound -pathway networ k between activ e compounds, tar gets genes and enrich ment pathways, node size and colo ur show the i nteraction of node . Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 65 Figure 10. T he docking complex of five tar gets with their best bindin g components sho ws the bind ing site resid ues with the protein. (A) AKT1; (B) CASP3; (C) MAPK1; (D) MAPK14; (E ) TNF. Tab le 1. OB and DL values of active ingredients of O. sanctum. Chemicals OB DL Chemical Structures Cam pesterol 37.58 0.71 Cirsim aritin 30.35 0.3 Triterpeno id gly coside 34.11 0.63 Luteolin 36.16 0.25 ß - sitost ero l 36.91 0.75 ß - carotene 37.18 0.58 Stigm asterol 43.83 0.76 Luteolin-7- O - glucuronide 36.16 0.25 Tab le 2. Degree of 8 active co m po unds analyzed in Cytoscape. Compounds Class Catego ries Degree Cam pesterol Sterol 17 Cirsim aritin Flavones 21 Triterpeno id gly coside Terpenoid 22 Luteolin Flavones 21 ß - sitost ero l Sterol 20 ß - carotene Carotenoid 15 Stigm asterol Sterol 19 Luteolin-7- O - glucuronide Flavones 29 Tab le 3. Docking results show the binding e nergies of potential targets with co m pounds. T he green colour shows the high, yellow co lour sho w that moderate while red co lour show low bindi ng energy. Co m pound Binding Energy (kcal/mol) AKT1 M APK 1 M APK14 CASP3 TNF β -carotene − 5.73 − 7.35 − 2.35 − 10.2 3 − 8.36 β -sitosterol − 3.85 − 5.21 − 6.37 − 7.65 − 9.31 Campestrol − 9.80 − 5.66 − 8.24 − 2.57 − 6.57 Leutolin − 4.36 − 6.34 − 7.36 − 5.56 − 7.78 Luteolin-7 - O - glucuronide − 6.31 − 6.88 − 5.67 − 3.69 − 10.3 1 Tr iterpenoid Glycoside − 10.5 − 9.36 − 9.85 − 4.33 − 7.32 Cirismartin − 3.00 − 5.31 − 7.34 − 4.37 − 5.24 Stigmasterol − 7.64 − 9.19 − 4.37 − 10.2 7 − 9.37 III. R ESULTS Active Ingre dients Screening of O. sanctum After the duplica tes ha ve been found, filtered, and removed, about 48 active compounds of Ocimu m sanctum we r e c ollected from a litera ture survey an d two differe nt databases. After performing A DMET analy sis on thes e 48 compounds, 8 active ingredients were selected (Table 1) as effective components using DL and OB (DL≥ 0.18 & OB ≥ 30). These unique compounds w ere evaluated through PubChem to determine their chemic al structure. Analysis of Network Pharmacology Identifying Potential Targets The 352 t argets were re trieved from 8 chemical ingre dients of Oc imum sanctum throug h the SwissTargetPrediction database (supplementar y data Table 1). The potential targets of tub erc ulosi s were found in the GeneCard and DisGeNet databases, which y ielded 2407 and 1257 results, respec tivel y . After removing the dupli cates and merg ing the disease r elated targets 632 disease Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 66 targets were screened out. (supplementar y data Table 2). Potential mapping of these 352 targets of active ingredients with 6 32 targets of TB results in 72 common targe ts (Figure 3), which were considered potential targets of Ocimum san ctum against tuberculosis. Compound-Target Network A network between potential targets and active compounds was constructed using Cytoscape to analy se the intera ction betwe en the active compounds and potential targets. A compound- target network w as created with 72 potential tar g et ge nes and e ight active ingredients of O. sanctu m. Analy sing the network with a “network analyser ” shows that the compound-target network comprises 165 edges and 80 nodes (Figure 4). In the network, red-colour nodes at the centre repre sent the constituent s of O. sanctum, while the rest of the purple-colour nodes show the potentia l targets of TB. Furthermore, the 165 edg es depict the interaction of chemicals and tar ge ts. The degree of eight active compoun ds was analysed in a compound-target network (T able 2). I n the table the falvonides and t erpenoids have the comparativel y highest degree while carotenoids and sterols wer e comparative l y lower. All eight targets were select ed for further molecular docking analysis. Target- Compound network analy sis shows that one active ingre dient can affect ma ny ta rgets, while the sa me target ma y inte ract with more than on e active compound. This reflects the multi -target and multi - components effects of the O. sanctum in the medication for TB. Analysis of PPI Network Protein – protein interactions (PPI) are extremel y important because of the ir versatilit y , adaptability , and selec tivit y . Protein – protein intera ction analysis revea ls the correlation between the targets. A fter visualizing the PPI network in C y tos cape, 72 nod es with 587 ed ge s were fou nd (Fi gure 5 ). C y toHubb a plugin w as uti lized to find the Hub genes. I n th e Cy toHubba, there are twelve topologica l methods of analy sis. From these 12 methods, the deg ree method was used to predict Hub g enes. The high est degree shows more connectivity o f the targets with oth er ones, indi cating that it could be a key target. The blue nodes in the n etwork show the top 10 hub genes with high degree values, comprising AKT1 (49), TNF (47), EGFR (44 ), STAT3 (43), PTGS2 (40), MAPK1 (37), CASP 3 (3 7), MMP 9 (35), IL2 (34), MAPK14 (28) (Figure 6). KEGG Pathway and Go Analysis To illustrate the molec ular mechanism of O.sanctum in the medication for TB, GO annotations and KEGG pathway anal ysis were operated on 72 anti -tuberculosis targets. G O analy sis recognized 202 biol ogica l proc esses (BP), including response to the drug , response to h y poxia, signal transduction, and man y more; 28 cellul ar components (CC), which include extracellular region, c y tosol, plasma membrane, and organelle membrane; and 53 molecular functions (MF) including serine-t y pe endopeptidase activit y , protein kinase activit y, heme-binding, histon e kinase activity. KEGG anal y sis predicted 84 pathways regarding the anti -tubercular targets. Applying the c ut-off value p < 0.05 top 20 G O annotations (BP, CC, an d MF) (Figure 7) and 2 0 KEGG pathwa y s (F igure 8) were selected. GO annotations and KEGG p athway were shown in th e figure b y drawing a bub ble map with R -lan guage, and also the KEGG pathwa ys were sh own in t he target-compound-pathway network. Target – Pathway – Compound Network Anal ysis The mechanism of O. sanctum in TB was studi ed usin g network anal y sis . For thi s, th e top 20 enriche d pa thway s were selected b y DAVID anal y sis, an d the tar ge t – pathwa y – compound network was created with C y toscap e. There were 102 nodes and 311 edges in the network, with eight active compo nents, 72 potential tar ge ts, and 20 relevant pathways (Fi gure 9). The node colour and siz e were set according to their degree values. The targets of O. sanctum active components show coordination with diverse paths and are connected to each other, and pla y a major role in the trea tment of TB, which wide l y embodies traditional C hinese medi cine’s multi -target, multi- component, and multi-pathway physiognomies. Molecular Docking The prospective targets of components with the ability to reduce the inci dence of TB were screened using molecular docking. The si gnific ant binding affinity betw een components and binding pockets of target proteins was successfully predicted using docking anal y sis. For the mol ecular do cking, five target genes AKT1, MAPK1, MAPK14, CASP3, and TNF were se lected by comparing the hub genes with the results provided by KEGG anal y sis in th e pathway of tuberculosis. All the eight a ctive components from O. sanctum were docked with the five potential targets of tuberculosis. The lower Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 67 (more neg ative) the binding energ y , the stronger th e anticipated aff init y for binding of the lig and against the target in molecular docking . The r ange of the binding score between all the compounds and targets was from −2.35 to −10.55 kcal/mole (Table 3). The do cking results show that triterp enoid glycoside and stigmasterol have hi gher binding energy with ke y tube rculosis targets. This outcome evaluated the accurac y of the current stud y. Exploring the connection between these five targets is cruc ial to compre hend the a nti-TB ac tivit y of active components full y. In this a nal y sis, almost all the active ingredients show the hi gh binding affinities with the core targets, which declared that active ingredients of O. sanctum have the bett er binding ability with the tuberculosis core tar gets. Docking results of five targe ts with chemical constituents are displayed (F igure 10). IV. DI SCUSS ION In recent years, natural product research has earne d more interest. [30,31] . The use of network pharmacology techniques promotes a better understanding of the extensive connec tions and association between d rugs, their targets, and their possible mechanisms of action [32 – 34]. The dr ug development complexities fr om natural resources lead to methodolo gica l d ifficulties [35] . The newl y developed drug is meager due to the lack of A DME properties, and the high-budget nature of development more difficulties to dru g discov ery methods [36]. Therefore, pharmaceutical experts pay much attention to ADME -based sc reening in medication deve lopment [ 37]. TB is a hig hl y chronic, infectious, and contag ious disease. Isonia zid and rifampicin are wide l y utilized a s first- line anti-TB drug s, particularly pulmonary T B. However, their efficac y has been found to be reduce d due to hepatotoxicit y , CNS toxicit y , or multi-organ tox icity [38]. Only a few m edicines, such as be daquiline, delamanid, a nd pretomanid, have been licensed to treat multi -drug resistant-TB in the last 46 yea rs. As a re sult, the quest for new drugs has be come more ta rgeted. An elev ated source of ph y toconstit uents with health benefits could be a suitable TB therapeutic candidate in this scenario. Ocimum sanctum is an h erb suitable for all reasons, which is reported to have anti-oxidant, a nti- bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, immunological effect, anti-asthmatic, hepato- protective, and anti-s tress activities [39,40]. Ocimum sanctum is a mainl y ri ch source of phytochemicals; more than 60 chemical compoun ds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, eugenol, sit osterol, etc. ar e re ported in Ocimum san ctum . This work serves a s a benchmark for the initi al screening of O. sanctum’s bioa ctive chemicals and a novel therape utic notion for further research into O. sanctum ’s mechanisms for TB treatment. According to GO annotation results, an ti- tuberculosis targets o f O. sanctum were m ainl y involved in serine-t ype activity, response to oxidative activity , end opeptidase activit y , and protein serine/threonine kinase activit y (STP K) [41]. Nine STPKs comprise an ex tracy toplasm ic sensor domain a nd an intra cellular kinase domain, indicating external signal tr ansducers. T he regulatory dom ains of th e other two S TPKs detect the change in the cell and are found in the c y toplas m [42]. I n respons e to hypoxia, h y poxia increased the antige n -specific up-regulation of granulysin mRNA and protein in human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes [43] . The anti-microbial effector mechanism is activated by h y pox ia [44,45] . Negative regulation o f the apoptotic process [46,47] and serine pathwa y [ 48] is a significant activity that the ke y t arge ts of O. sanctum would suppress. KEGG pathway ex ploration revealed that multiple gene targets of the Ocimum sanctum s erved an imperative role in numerous tuberculosis -related pathways. Amongst these, tuberculosis which is the main targeted p athway in this stud y , genes like MAPK1, AKT1, TNF, VDR, CASP3, and five other target gene s of Ocimum sanctum which are involved in this pathway . Accor ding to KEGG pathway research, targets were found to be enriched in tuberculosis- related pathwa y s’ TN F signaling pathway. Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF) is a n important element in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [49,50] by enhancing T cell responses and promoting macropha ge pha golysosomal fusion (which improves CD4+ T cell immunity b y improving anti gen presentation) and apoptosis [51,52] (which can lead to CD8+ T cell cros s- priming) [53]. In H IF-1 si gna lin g pathway, activation of h y pox ia-inducible factor 1( Hif-1) enhanced the autophag y in Tuberculosis infe cted cells and production of IL-6 and TNF - α [ 54] that control the m y cobacterium tuberculosis infection. At the same time, T ce ll receptor signaling pa thwa y [55], up-reg ulates the T cell receptor which results to enhance the immuni ty which controls further Tabassum et al., Implementation of System Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Ex plore Active Compounds and Mechanism of Ocimum Sanctum against Tuberculosis , ICAENS 2022 , Konya, Turke y 68 infection. B y th e KEGG pathway anal y sis, it is revea led that many targeted genes participated in numerous metabolic pathways. The disease mechanism can be prevented by tar ge ting the ge nes that disrupt metabolic pa thway s. B y network analy sis, five key targets TNF, AKT1, MAPK14, MAPK1, and CASP3 were screened out to check their binding affinity with eight active ingredients o f O. sanctum as a nti-tuberculosis activity. Stigmasterol and Trite rpenoid Gl y coside we re successfully docked wit h the five potential t argets with high binding affinity compared with other ingre dients. Triterpe noid Gly coside could bind with MAPK1 and MAPK14 to suppress tuberculosis activity. Stigmasterol sh ows a hig h a ffinit y with MAPK1 and TNF to inhibit tuberculosis. Sterols, terpenoids, and flavones were reported to play a crucial role in the anti-tuberculosis process. Further network anal y sis discloses that O. sanctum produc es therapeutic effects on tuberculosis, suppre ssing the key targets of tuberculosi s. The current study elaborates the active m olecules, their prospecti ve targets, and a ssociated pathwa y s to treat TB in light of network pharmacology, thus giving a conceptual framew ork for further ex perimental investigation. V. CONCLUSION This study la y s a new scientific va lidit y for establishing the effectiveness of multi component, multi-target c ompound regimens and identify ing additional TB treatment targets. Network pharmacology combined with a molec ular docking approac h was used to deter mine the molecular mechanism of O. sanctum for the treatment of TB. Network anal y sis shows that O. sanctum comprises multi-targeting a ge nts th at sim ultaneousl y oper ate on multiple tuber culosis pathway s. Furthermore, data su ggested th at the AKT1, MAPK14, TN F, MAPK1, and CASP3 ge nes are prospective an d effective therapeutic targets for preventing and reducing TB, potentially resulting in positive efficacy in TB. Nevertheless, there are some limitations to the present study, as more phytochemical and pharmacolo gica l r esearch is needed to confirm our observations. A CKNOWLEDGMENT Authors are thankful to the researchers supportin g project number (RS P2022R462), King Sa ud University, Riya dh, Saudi Arabia R EFE R ENCES 1. Alves, R.R.N.; Rosa, I .M.L. Bio diversity, traditional medicine and public health : Where do th ey m eet? J. Ethnob iol. Ethnomed icine 2007 , 3 , 14. 2. Muzammil, A.; W aqas, M.; U m ar, A.; S ufyan, M. ; Rehman, A.; Haid er, A.; Akra m, H.; Kha n, S.A. F.; Afzal, M.; Wajid, M. ; et al. A nti-aging natural co m pounds and their role in the re gulation o f metabolic path ways lead ing to longevity. Mini Rev . Med. Chem. 2 021 , 21 , 263 0 – 2656. 3. 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Novel genetic p olymorphisms identified in t he clinical isolates of Myco bacterium tubercu losis PE_PGRS33 gene modulate cytokines expr ession a nd promotes survival in macro phages. J. Infect. Public Health 2 022 , 15 , 245 – 254. 53. Ols en, A.; Chen, Y.; Ji, Q.; Zhu, G.; De Silv a, A.D.; Vilchèze, C.; W eisbrod, T.; Li, W.; Xu , J.; L arsen, M.; et al. Tar geting Mycob acterium tuberculosis T um or Necrosis Factor Alpha -Downr egulating Genes for the Develop m ent of Antituberculo us Vaccines. mBio 2016 , 7 . 54. L i, Q. ; Xie, Y.; Cui, Z.; Huan g, H.; Yang, C.; Yua n, B .; Shen, P.; Shi, C. A ct ivatio n of hypoxia -inducible factor 1 (Hif-1) enha nced bactericid al effects of m acrop hages to Mycobacterium t uberculosi s. Tubercu losis 2021 , 126 , 102044. 55. R ichardso n, E.; Shukla, S.; S weet, D.R.; Wea rsch, P.; Tsichlis, P .N.; B oom, W.H.; Harding, C .V. T oll -Like Receptor 2 -Dependent E xtracellular Signal- Regulated Kinase Signaling in Mycob acterium tuberculosi s - Infected Macrop hages Drives Anti -Inflammator y Responses and In hibits T h1 Po larization o f Responding T Cells. Infect. Immu n. 2015 , 83 , 2242 – 2254 . 3rdInterna tional Co nference o n Applie d Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.c om/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 71 Techno-Econo mic Assess ment of a 10 0 MW Solar To wer Pow er Plant in the Algerian Climate: A Case S tudy of M' S ila Khaled Bouchareb 1,2, * , Khellaf Be lkhiri 1,2 , Na bila Ihaddade ne 1, 3 and Khaoula I khlef 4 1 Departmen t of Mecha nical Engin eering, Un iversity of M’Sila, P.O.B 166 - M’Sila, M’Sila, 28000, Algeria 2 Laborato ry of Materials an d Mechanics o f Structure L.M.M. S, University o f M’S ila , M’Sila 28000 , Algeria 3 Laborato ry of Ren ewable Energy and Su stainable Dev elopment (LRESD), University of Mento uri Brothers Constan tine, Constantine 25000, Algeria 4 Ecole Nation ale Po lytechnique d’Alger (ENP), LGMD Laboratory, B.P. 182, El -Harrach, Algiers, Algeria * khaled .bouchareb@univ -msila.d z Abstract – I n order to co ver the growing demand for electrical energ y in r ecent y ears, the exploitation of concentrated solar energy techniques is one of the solutions adopted b y m ost countries in the worl d. This study presents an evaluation of the techno-economic performa nce of a 100 MWe solar power tower plant with thermal storage system, proposed in the city of M ' Sila, located in northern of Algeria. The S AM (System Advisor Model) software was used to calculate the monthly and annual electricity production, levelized cost of electricity (L COE), the total investment cost of the project and the annual water consumption of the plant. The results of this study indi cate th at the annual production of the solar power plant was estimated to be a pproximatel y 344.1 05 GWh, the levelized cost of e lectricit y ( LCOE) was 12.93¢$/kWh, and the total projec t investment cost was estimated at about 727.58 million US $, more over, the annual amount of water c onsumed b y the pl ant was about 63.444 m 3 . The obtained results b y t his stud y show that the application of concentra ted solar energ y technologies in Algeria, in pa rticular the technique of solar towers, can contribute si gnificantly to inc reasin g the energ y security of the countr y and the independence of the production of electrical energy from traditional resources. Keywords – Sola r power tower , System A dvisor Model, Tech no- economic assessment, Leve lized cost of e lectricity, M'S ila 3rd Interna tional Co nference on Appl ied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 72 Soil-pile interacti on effects on seis mic fragility of single concrete pier LEMSARA F oudhil *1 , BOUZID Taye b 1 and YAH IAO UI Djarir 1 1 Departmen t of civil en gineering /Faculty o f technology , University of Ba tna2, Algeria * (f.lemsara@univ -ba tna2.dz) Email o f the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – The soi l-structure interaction is a ma jor challenge encounter to civil enginee r due to have a complexit y potential in terms of seismic f ragility evaluation. This paper pr esents the estimation of seismic fragility of single pier with considering of sei smic g round motion types (near and far earth quake). Moreover, sand type, pile diameter, pier heig ht, mass varia tion considering for e stimation the effect of this parameters on seismic fragility of concrete pier. To this end, incremental d y namic anal y sis are performed by using a bea m on non-linear winkler foundation model, the d y namic analy s is and fragility a ss essment of single pier structure illust rate that low mass cent ered produce a l ess vulnerabilit y of con crete pier in the two cases of sand t y pe under near and far ground motion type s. Additionally , we present the analysis model condition in which give a comprehensive compar is on of near far ground mo tion effec ts. Keywords – soil-p ile-structu re intera ction , incremen tal dynamic an alysis , winkler foun dation model , ground mo tions types, seismic fragility , non -linea r. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 73 Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşı m: Deri Dokuma Kiliml er Meruyert KAYGUSUZ 1* , Güle r ÖNCÜ 1 1 Isparta Uyg ulama lı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Tekn ik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu , Tekstil, Giyim, Ayakkab ı ve Deri Bölümü, Isparta/Türkiye * meruyert_k@hotma il.com Özet – Sürdürülebilirlik parametreleri arasında ye niden kullanım, elden çıkarılmış ve y a atıl durumdaki nesneleri farklı şekillerde değerlendirere k y eni bir kullanım amacı oluşturulması yer almaktadır. Kullanılmış olan deri ür ünlerin veya üretim a şamasında düzeltilemeyecek ha talar oluşan derilerin, tekrar üretime sokulara k el dokuması deri kilimlerin d okunulmasında kullanılması sürdür ülebilir bir yaklaşım olarak değerlendirilebilir. A y rıca, deri kil imlerin, hem kültürel ve sos y al unsurlara cevap veren, hem de tekrar kullanım, a z say ıda kaliteli ürün ve uzun süre kullanılabilen deri malz emesinden y apılan ü rün ol arak, y a vaş moda kavramının da karşılığ ı olduğunu düşünülmektedir. İ şlevsel ve uzun ömürlü dekoratif de ri kilimler hem kolay temizlenmesi hem de estetik zeng inli ği aç ısından katma değeri y üksek ürünl erdir. Deri atıklarını hammaddeye d önüştüren deri kilim tasarımlarının ekonomik y a rarının y anı sıra çe vre kirl iliğini önleme ve sürdürülebilir lik açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu ned enle, y urt dışı nda deri dokuma alanında dernek ve toplulukların olduğu gibi ülkemizde Halk Eğitim Merkezlerinde deri dokuma eğitiminin verilmesi hem istihdam sorunu çözümü hem de aile e konomisine katkı sağlayacağı şüphesizdir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Sü rdürülebilirlik, Çevre -dostu, Dokuma, Deri, Kilim 1 . Gİ R İ Ş Sürdürülebilirlik parametr elerinden biri olarak y e niden kullanım, elden çıkarılmış ve y a atıl durumdaki nesneleri farklı şekillerde değerlendirere k y eni bir kullanım a macı için oluşturmaktır. Nesnenin özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak farklı kullanım biçimlerini tasarlamak, elde mevcut bulunan malzemeleri değerlendirmenin ve nesneleri y enid en kullanmanın alternati f bir y oludur. Yeniden kullanım, birçok kültür ve medeniyetin ne snelerin ve malzemelerin y a şamını devam ettirmek için kullandığı bir ey lemdir. Onarım, geri dönüşüm ve ile ri dönüşüm, y e niden kullanım kapsa mı içinde değerlendirile bilecek faali ye tlerdendir [1]. Son y ıl larda atık azaltmada, konfe ksi yon atıkların kullanılmasından geri dönüştürülmüş ye ni ne sil ipliklere kadar bir dizi ç alışmalar y apılmaktadır. Bu tür fikirler, moda endüstr isindeki atıkları azaltmaya y a rdımcı olmaktadır [2]. Bu bağlamda, daha uzun kullanım ömrüne sahip ve tipik "sarf malzemelerinden" daha fazla değe r verilen sürdürülebilir ve du y us al ürünler ür etebilmek tekst il ürünlerinin daha sürdürülebilir yollarını sa ğlaya n ve kullanılan veya atılan malz emelere odaklanan örnekler ara ştırılmaktadır [3]. Geri dönüşüm , diğer bir de y işle çöp olarak atıla cak olan malzemelerin toplanıp işlenerek yeni ürünlere dönüştürülmesi sürecidir. Moda söz konusu olduğunda, depolanan kull anılmamış kumaşlar, deri ve diğer malzemeler, bu metodoloji ile y eni ürünler elde edilere k geri kazanılabilen atıklardır [ 4]. Katı deri atık y ön etmenin ilk adımı da insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerinde minimum etki ile uyg un bir atık bertaraf ı y a da ye niden kullanımdır [5]. De ri artıkları, yaratıcı tas arımlarla far klı ürünlerde süslemeler şeklinde veya temel ögeleri yapmak için kullanılabilir [6]. Y avaş moda akımı hız lı moda y a karşı kullanılan y e ni ve hareketli bir kavramdır. Yavaş moda hareke tinin temel anlay ışı, uz un süreli kullanılabilecek, kalitesi y üks ek, moda sı geçmeyece k ürünler üretmektir. Bu üretimi y erel kay naklarla, yerel moda tarzları yla ve do ğal malzemelerle üretmek hedeflenmektedir [7] . Hız lı modanın tersine y avaş moda; küçük ölçe kli üre timi, Kaygusuz ve Öncü, Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşım: Deri Dokuma Kilimler , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 74 üretimde y erel malzeme ve pazarların kullanımını, ge l eneksel üretim tekniklerini, daha y avaş üretim süreleri olan tasarım konseptlerini, kaliteyi, day anıklı ürünleri, gerçek ekolojik malzeme ve sosyal mali y etleri y ansıtan fi y atlar ile hem üreti m hem de tüketimde sürdürülebilirliğe od aklanmay ı amaçlama ktadı r [8]. Tü m bu sürdürebilirlik kavramlarındaki ara y ışla ra cevap veren deri kilimler tasarımsal olarak da ilgi çekici özellikte ürünlerdi r. Deri kilimlerin, kültürel ve sos y al unsurlara c evap vere n, tekrar kullanım, az say ıda kaliteli ürün ve uz un süre kullanılabilen de ri malzemesinden bir ürün olarak, y avaş mo da kavramının tam ol arak karşılığı oldu ğunu düşünülmektedir. Çünkü, kullanılmış olan deri ürünlerin ve y a üretim aşamasında düzeltileme y ecek hatalar oluş an de rilerin, t ekrar üretime sokulara k el dokuması deri kil imlerin dokunul masında kullanılması sürdürülebilir bir y aklaşım ola rak değerlendirile bilir. 2. MATERYAL VE METOD 2.1. Deri Dokuma Kilimler Dokumacılık MÖ 5000 y ıl öncesine da yanan geçmişi ile her zaman varlığını korumuştur. Bu süreçte etkilendiği a kımlar nedeniy l e moda kavramıy la iç içe geç erek gelişmiştir. Sanayi devrimi ile üretim hızı ve teknolojik ilerleme kay d eden dokuma, iplik dışında bilinenin aksine pek çok alternatif malzeme ile dokuna bilmektedir. Bilinen en eski dokuma türlerinden kilim, çözgü i pliklerinin arasından bir üst bir alttan geçen enine atkı ipliklerinden oluşan bir dokuma türüdür [9] . Kilim terimi ile y ere yay ı lan havsız y a ygıların tümü ifade edilmektedir [ 10], [ 11]. Dokuma kilimler Anadolu’nun dört bir y anında bulunan g eleneksel kültür ögeleridir. B azıları çözgü y üzlü, bazıları atkı y üzlü, bazıları bez dokulu, bazıları a tkı ve çözg ünün dışında çeşitli renkte bezeme iplikl eri ile desenli dokumalardır [11]. Kullanılabilirlik açısınd an kıvrılabilir, dikilebil ir, day anıklı y apısı y anında esneklik gibi pek çok özelliği ba rındırı yor ol ması deriyi, dokunabilirlik özelliği ile farklı alanlarda dokuma tasarımına sevk etmiştir [12] . Esnek bir malzeme olan deri a lternatif dokum a malzemesi olarak pek çok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Bu kullanım alanlarından bi ri d e deri dokuma kilimlerdir. Kilim dokunması için deriler şeritler halinde kesilir, istendiğinde bo y anabilir ve y eniden ama ca u ygun olarak elle dokunur. Çok ince kesilerek a y a rlanmış deri şeritler, iplik gibi a ynı şekilde görev görebilir. Deri dokuma kilim örnekleri Şekil 1’de göster ilmektedir. D eri k ilim veya y er y a ygılarında çözgü ipliği olarak pamuk, pol y ester, y ün ve veya karışımları kullanılm aktad ır. Şekil 1. Deri kil i m örnekleri [ 13] Kilim dokumalar ha vsız dokumalar olup, desenlendirme ya pmak için farklı renklerde bükümlü a tkı iplikleri kullanılmaktadır. Havs ız y üz e y li dokuma teknikleri ile oluşturulan kilimlerde, desen oluşturulurken bazen motifin kendi ipi il e kontürleme b azen de farklı renkte kili m ipi ile kontürleme yapılmaktadır [14] . Kilim dokumaların halı ya göre daha ha fif ve kola y taşınabilir olması y er y a ygısı dışında yastık, kapılık, örtü, perde, he y be, çanta, duvar süsü gibi alanlarda da kullanılmasına neden olmuştur. Kumaş dokuma tekniğinin de u y gulanabildiği kil imlerde bir atkı boyunca tek renk kullanılabildiği gibi iki v e y a daha fazla renk a y nı atkı sırası nda kullanılabilir (Şekil 2). Kilim, dokuma boy unca çözgü ipliklerinin arasından enine atkı ipliklerinin geçtiği ve çözgüler in atkılar t arafından tamamen örtüldüğü bir dokuma türüdür. Kili m tekniği il e farklı renkte ipliklerin kullanıldığ ı deri kilim dokumalar hem desenlendirmenin yapıldığı hem de farklı r enklerin kullanıldığı çarpıcı dokumalardır. G enellikle zıt renklerin kullanıldığı veya tonlamaların y apıldığı Kaygusuz ve Öncü, Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşım: Deri Dokuma Kilimler , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 75 deri kilim dokumalar malzeme ve renk itibariyle doğa llı ğı ya nsıtmaktadır. Şekil 2. Farklı renk lerde der iler ile desenlendi r ilmiş kili mler [15]. Doğal malzemelerin etkili birlikteliği ürünü görsel, tasarımsal ve sa ğlık açısından tercih nedeni y apmaktadır. Doğal malzemeleri kullanırken sıcak bir etki yaratmak ve y ünün ısı tutma öz elliğ inden faydalanma k amacı yla deri ve yünün kullanıldığı deri dokumalar ise hammadde olarak protein esaslı doğa l malz emelere örne k oluşturmaktadır. Muhteşem ikili olan siy ah ve beya z renklerin in kombinasyon şıklığı dokuma kilim lerin çözgüsünde ve atkısında be y az y ün il e si y ah deri ( Ş ekil 3 a ), çözgüsünde beya z y ün, atkısında siyah deri şeklinde y ansıtılmıştır (Ş ekil 3b ). Şekil 3. Çözg üsü yün atkısı de ri o lan kilimler [16] Kilim dokuma üzerinde desen oluşturmak amacı yla hav il e d esenlendirme de yapılabilmekte dir. Havlı dokumalar ise tamamında vey a bir kısmında hav oluşturan düğümlerin kullanıldığ ı dokumalardır. Gelenekse l olduğu kadar çağdaş bir g örünüme sahiptirler. Zeminde kilimde olduğu gibi çözg ü ve atkıdan oluşan dokum ay a ek olarak dü ğümler eklenerek havlar ol uşturulmuştur. Çözgü ipliklerine deri şeritler ile düğüm atılarak dokunmuş kilimlerin vey a ha vlı dokumaların ay rı bir havası olup, üzerine basıldığında sade ce deri y umuşaklığ ı de ğil a ynı zamanda masaj etkisi y aratmaktadır ( Şekil 4 ). Şekil 4. Havlı d eri kilim [1 7] Gelenekse l yöntemlerle üretilmiş derinin uzun bir geçmişi mevcut olup, sanatsal çekiciliği her zaman ön plandadır. El üretimi deri, ürüne g üçlü bir tarz v e cazibe katmaktadır . Uluslararası lüks deri markaları, özellikle benzersiz statü ve zaraf eti vurgula y an el işçiliği deri el sanatları ürünleri ve kı y afetlerinden vazgeçememe ktedirler [18] . Deri kilimler, d a yanıklılık, şık ve zarif görünüm , ç evre dostu, b akım ve kullanım kolay lı ğı , u zun süre sonra bile orijinal tasarımı nı koru y abilme gibi başlıca avantajlar a sahiptir. A tkıda kalın de ri şeritlerin kullanıldığ ı el dokuması kilim örnekleri Şekil 5’de y er almaktadır. Şekil 5. Atkı ve çözgüde kalı n der i şeritler kullanılan kili mler [19] Deri kilim ler in dokunma sında farklı incelik veya kalınlıklarda deri şeritler kullanılmaktadır (Şekil 6). Kaygusuz ve Öncü, Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşım: Deri Dokuma Kilimler , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 76 Şekil 6. Doku mada kullanılan deri şeritler [20] Deri kesimi için u y gulanan teknolojiler arasında dilme bıçakları, kalıp pres teknikleri v e manu el kesim bulunmaktadır (Şekil 7, 8). Şekil 7. Deri ke sim teknikleri: m akasla kesi m, mastar bıçağı ve düz bıçak [21 ] Şekil 8. Manuel d eri kesme al etleri [22 ] Faka t günümde teknolojinin gelişmesi ile orta ya çıkan l azer teknolojisi geleneksel y öntemlere göre avantaj sağ lamaktadır. Lazer kesim y üksek üretim hızı, karmaşık geometrileri kesme imkânı, özel parça ların daha kola y kesilmesi, deri malzemeyi ekonomik olar ak e n iy i şekilde kullanma ve da ha az deri atıklar nedeni y le ter cih edil mektedir (Şekil 9 ) . Ek olar ak, lazer kesim ile karmaşık g eometriler, birey sel tasarımlar ve küçük bo y utlu ü rünler üretilebilir [23]. Şekil 9. Lazerli deri ke sim m akinalar ı [24] 2.2. El Dokuma Deri Makineleri El dokuma y aygılar, insanların gereksinimi giderme amaçlı y apıldığından, genellikle y apan kişi tarafında n du y gularının y ansıtılması nedeniy le farklı motiflerin kullanı ldığı estetik ve sanatsa l değerleri olan dokumalardır [25]. Kullanılan hammadde, dokuma y apısında temel ö zellikleri y ansıtmaktadır. Temel d okuma tekniğ i, birbirlerine paralel olan çözgü ip liklerinin ara sından atkı ipliklerinin, çözgü ipliklerine dik y önde ve bir ör gü ve bağlantı oluşturacak biçimde b ağlanmasını sağlay an bir dizi işleme da ya nı r [ 26]. Dokum a oluşturmayı sağlayan dokuma işlemi tezgâh ve ya dokuma makinası olarak adlandırılan makina i le y apılır. Bu tezgâh el tezgâhı veya dokuma makinası olabilir. Yayg ın kullanımı olmasa da el dokum a tezgahlar ında atkı da deri şeritlerin kull anıldığı dokuma tezg âhları mevcuttur. Bu makinalar gücü deliklerinin ge niş olduğu ve daha seyrek taraklarla dokuma y apıl an tezgahlardır. Bu kilimlerin ve ya y er y aygılarının dokunabilmesi için deri şeritler uz un metrajlı olm adığından genellikle atkı y önünde d eri şeritler kulla nılır. El dokuma tezg ahlarında düz veya hav oluşt urarak dokunurlar. Bu tezgahlarda baze n çözgü ipliği olarak da deri şerit ve y a çoğunlukla iplik ve deri şerit karışımı çözgüler kullanılabilmektedir. Atkı ipliği ise genellikle tamamen deri olm akt a ve y a deri şerit ve ipl ik karışımları kullanılarak dokunmaktadır (Şekil 10) . Şekil 10. Deri e l dokuma m aki neleri [27] 2.3. Otomatik Deri Dokuma Makinele ri Dokuma yüzey i oluşturmak amacıyla ilk çağlardan beri kullanılan yatay ve d ikey el tezg âhlarının y e rini Kaygusuz ve Öncü, Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşım: Deri Dokuma Kilimler , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 77 günümüzde çok y üksek hızlarda üretim, otomatik ağ ızlı k açma ve atkı atma, kenar oluşturma, farklı renk seçimi ve desen u y gulamaları gibi birçok fonksiyonu y erine getirebilen modern dokum a makineleri almıştır [26]. Dokuma makineleri; çöz gü ipliklerinin planlanmış belirli bir örg ü ye u ygun olarak yuka rı ve aşağı hareke ti neticesinde açılan ağızlık adı verile n boşluktan atkı ipliklerinin geçirilmesiy le teksti l y üz e y i oluşturan makinelerdir. En ilkel ile en modern dokuma makinesinin temel ç alışma prensipleri a y nıdır. Dok uma makinesinde; makine iskeleti, çözgü leve ndi, çözgü köprüsü ve çözgü salma sistemi, lamel, çerçeveler v e ağızlık açma sistemi, tefe ve tarak, atkı atma sistemi, kum aş çekme ve sarma sistemi, cımbar, kumaş levend i, kenar y a pıcı sistemler , çözgü kontrol sistemleri gibi ana elemanlar mevcuttur. Tüm bu sistemlerin varlığı dokuma kumaş yapısını oluşturmak için ge reklidir. Dokuma makinası üzerinde bulunan bu sistemler her makine için özel olarak tasarl anabilir. G elişmiş teknoloji y e sahip dokuma makineleri hidrolik, pnömatik ve elektronik sistemlerin kullanıldığı donanımlı makinelerdir. Hangi teknoloji de olursa olsun dokuma y üz e y in y apısını oluşturabilmek için öncelikle çözgünün çözülmesi gereklidir. Çözgü leve ntlerinin hazırlanmasında büyük cağlıkların k ullanılması ile çözgü haz ırlanır. Ça ğlığa diz ilen bobinlerden gelen çözgü iplikleri/şeritleri tel sa y ısına göre leven tlere sarılır. Hazırlanan çözgü dokuma makinasına alınır. Sonra belirli desen özelliğine göre lamel, çerçeve ve taraktan ge çirilerek tahar işleminden sonra dokunmaya hazır hale ge tirilir. Çerçevelerin hareke ti sonu cu ç erçevelerle birlik te hareket eden çözgü ipli klerinin oluşturduğ u boşluk (ağızlık) a tkı atımı için gere klidir. Atılan atkı ile y apılan b ağlantı dokuma yapısını oluşturur. Aynı şekilde temel elemanları üzerinde bulunduran deri dokuma makineleri, çözgü ve atkıda de ri şeritlerin dokumada kullanılabildiğ i sentetik malzemeleri ve deriy i dokumak için kullanılan otomatik dokuma makineleridir. Çöz gü ve atkıda özellikle uzun metra jlı suni deri şeritlerin kullanıldığı deri dokuma makinelerinde, deri çözgüler direkt olarak çağ lıktan çekilir. Çöz gü tel say ısı az olduğundan ve genellikle dar ende dokunduğunda n normal dokuma makina larındaki gibi çözgü çöz me işle mine gerek y oktur. Diğer üzerinde bulundurduğ u p arça ve y öntemler dokuma makinasından farksızdır. İplik yerine kesintisiz deri şeritlerin kullanıldığı bu mak ineler deri dokumal ar için tasarlanmıştır (Şekil 11) . Şekil 11. Oto matik deri do kuma makineleri [28 ] 3. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER Deri endüstrisi oldu ğu sürece, atık üretimi de kaçınılmazdır. Bununla birlikte, atık deri bertarafı/kullanımı sırasında, çevre v e toplum sağlığına da öz en g ös terilmelidir. Bu ned enle, y üksek katma değerli ürünler elde etmek için hammadde olarak y eniden kull anılmasını sağlamak çok bü y ük önem taşımak tadır. Yeniden kull anımın avantajı, fazla müdahale ye g erek kalmadan, kola y ca malzemey i işl evlendirebili y or olmak v e öz el el becerilerine gerek kalmamasıdır. Endüstriyel müdahaleye gerek kalmadan hız lıca uygulanabilir. Bu anlamda deri atıkların tasarımsal ve işlevsel ürünlere dönüştürülebilmesi de ri sektöründe önemli bir sorunu n çözülmesine katkı sağ la yacaktır . Deri atıklarını hammaddeye dönüştüren deri kilim tasarımları, sürdürülebilirlik açısından da çalışmamızın ana hedefini oluşt urmuştur. İşlevsel ve uz un ömürlü dekoratif deri kilim ler hem kola y temizlenmesi hem de estetik z enginliğ i açısından katma değeri y üksek bir üründür. Dokumanın ge l eneksel y öntemle el ile y apılması ve atık deri kullanımı el dokuması deri kilimleri tercih edilen ürün haline getirmede etkili olacaktır. Şu anda mevcut olandan daha ekonomik bir üretim kilim sektöründe değişim olarak adlandırıla bilir. Atık deri şeritlerin kesile rek ya da kesilmeden atık parça l ardan dokunabilme si; katı atık derinin k a y nak olarak hizmet edebilec ek ve katma değe rli ürüne dönüştürülebilecek h ale gelmesi ve ekonomik y ararının ya nı sıra çev re kirliliğini önleme ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından oldukça önemlidir. Yu rt Kaygusuz ve Öncü, Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşım: Deri Dokuma Kilimler , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 78 dışında deri dokuma alanında dernek ve toplulukların olduğu g ibi ülkemiz de Halk Eğ itim Merkezlerinde deri dok uma eğitimi nin verilmesi hem istihdam sorunu çözümü hem de aile ekonomisine katkı sa ğlayacağı şüphesizdir. Ha tt a deri sektörünü hareketlendirmek adına ülkemizde de imal edilebilecek deri şeritleme/kesme ve deri dokuma makinelerinin deri işletme ve ya fabrikalarına kazandırılarak deri dokuma alanını n ge liştirilmesi hem ülke ekonomisine hem sektöre katkı sağ la yacağı kanaatindey iz. Kaynaklar [1] https://www.surd urulebilir modalisani.co m/yenidenkullan im Erişim tarihi 20 .06.202 2. [2] K. Fletcher and L. Grose, Fashion & Sustainability Desig n for Change, L aurence King Pub lishing Ltd., London, UK, p. 48 , 2012. [3] H. Clark, Slow + Fashion an Oxymoron o r a Promise for the Future? Fas hion Theory, 1 2(4), 427 -446, 200 8. [4] B. Cim atti, G. Campana and L . Carluccio, E co Design and Sustainable Manufacturi ng in Fashion: a CaseStud y i n t he Luxury Person al Accessor ies Industr y. Proced ia Manufacturing 8, 3 93 – 400, 2017. [5] T eklay A , Gebeyehu G, Getache w T , Ya y neshet T, Sastry TP (2018). Qu antificatio n of Solid Waste Leather Generation Rate from the Ethiopian L eat her Sector - A Contributing Persp ective to Was te Management Approach. Innov Ener Re s 7: 20 8. [6] H. Dhingra and A. Mut husamy, Sur face Design Tec hniques and Embellishme nts f or Sustainable Leather Products. IULTCS XXXIV Congress, Chennai, India, 2017. [7] S. Yü cel ve B. T iber, Hazır Giyim E ndüstrisinde Sürdürülebilir Mo da, T ekstil ve Mühendis, 25 (112 ), 370 - 380, 2018. [8] K . Fletcher, Fash io n and Sustainabilit y. In M.L. Schultz (Eds.), Sustainable Fashio n (34 -41 ). Denmark: Design Skolen Koldin g, 20 10. [9] F.N. Başar an ve S. T ağı, Şanlı urfa kilim dokumaları. Hasan Çi ftçi, Nurla n Ak hmetov (Ed .), 4 . Uluslararası Gap Sosyal Bilimler Kon gresi, Şan lıurfa, 2019, s. 158 -171. [10] B. Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, cilt III, Kültü r Bakanlığı Ya yınları, Ankara, 1 973 . s. 161 - 173. [11] A. Soysal dı, T ürk Kilimlerinde Dokuma Teknikleri ve Boyama Özellikleri, Erd em İ nsan ve T op lum Bilimleri dergisi, 10( 30), 611, 1999 . [12] G. Öncü ve M. Ka ygusuz, Der inin Farklı Dok usal Tasar ım larda Kullanımı, Mühendislik Alanında Uluslararası Araştırmalar, Eğitim Yayı n evi, Konya. (basımda). [13] https://www. homescapesonlin e.com/black - rec ycled- leather-hand woven-herrin gbone-rug.html. [14] S. Kılıç Karatay, Niğde Müzesi 'ne Kayıtlı Kilim Dokuma Örnekleri. Pearso n Journal of Social Sciences - Humanities, 15, 113 -135 , 2021. [15] https:// www.instagram.co m/p/CaQ AOh4NmIM/ /p/CZ4y4U8NT MS/ /Ca2 yGgMt7p 8 / /p/CbiW kF2PhbK/ [16] https://www.insta gram.com/p/ CSUHXT4 nNp7/ /p/BpcFlLHgMKN/ [17] https://www.insta gram.com/p/ CY -Nsd9lGbt/ [18] M. W ang and Q. Wei, J ournal of Ph ysics: Conference Series, Re search on the Wa y of Modern Ha nd made Leather Creation with the Aid of Computer I m age De si gn Software a nd T raditional Artistic Symbols 1 648, 0 22187, 2020. [19] https:// www.instagram.co m/p/CXZp9UNsaaq / /p/CaYS - 4CuRJh/ [20] https://www. hayalperestboncu k.com.tr/kahve -deri-serit [21] C. Grone man, Leather T ooling and Car ving, Do ver Publications, Ne w York, US A, ISBN: 0- 486 - 23061 -9, 1974. [22] https://tr.pinterest.co m/pin/82 331 499636126798/ pin /823314996 361267 98/ [23] Stepanov, A., Mannine n M., Pär nänen I., Hirvimäki M., Salminen A . (2015). L aser cu tting of leat her: tool f or industry or designers? P hysics Pr ocedia, 78, 157 – 162. [24] https://www.ac makine.co m/derikesimmakineleri/ [25] S. Yaman, Hand -Woven Thrace Fabric Mats fro m Past to Present, Design Prob lems and its Solutions, Arış VIII, 2012. [26] G. Başer, Do kum a T ekniği ve Sanatı Cilt 1 T emel Dokuma T ekniği ve Ku maş Yapıları, P unto Yayıncılık, İzmir/Türkiye, 200 4, 239 s. [27] https://www.insta gram.com/p/ CNZ8uJJn y1v/ /p/CNp wUMBhLX7/ [28] https://www.imeca web.it/testi _uk/prod_uk/tes/uk_tes_ 18 3.html 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 79 Deneysel Elde Edilen Gra fen Oksi t Sentezleri nin SE M ve TEM Analizleri Ömer LAÇİN * 1 Kimya Mühen disliği / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ata türk Üniv ersitesi, Türkiye ORCID ID 0000 -00 02-5276 -3056 * ( olacin@atau ni.edu. tr ) Özet – Bu ça lışmada, Hummers y önteminde kullanılan sodyum nitrat konsantras y onu değiştirilerek elde edilen sentezlerin başarılı bir şekilde grafen oksit e dönüşüp dönüş medi ği , taramalı v e geçirimli elektron mikroskopu analizler i ile incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlar ından sentezlenen numunelerin; dalgalı, katlanmış peçe şekilli , ince ipeksi görünüm lü ve esnek tab akalı bir nano yüzey morfolojisinin hakim olduğu v e tabakalar arası boşlukl arın g rafite göre daha geniş olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Anah tar Kelimeler- Grafit, Gr afen oksit, Hummers Yön temi, Nanoma lzeme, S EM, TEM I. Gİ R İ Ş Bir karbon allotropu olan grafit, altıgen şekilli düzleminde güç lü kovalent bağ ları y la bağlanmış karbon atomları ve düzlemler arasında ise Van Der Walls bağ larıyla bağ lanarak üç bo y utlu ç ok tabakal ı bir kristal yapı ser giler. Van Der Walls bağlarının zayıf olması, tabakaların birbirlerinden kolayca ay rılmasına neden olur. Bunun ya nı sıra grafitin düşük maliyeti, kolay eld e edilebilirliğ i, grafen oksit (GO) ve grafene kola ylıkla dönüşebilmesi nedeniyle son yıllarda çok bü yük ilg i görmektedir [1 -2]. Sentez şartlarına göre GO’nu n; sp 2 hibritleşmesi y a pan karbon atomlarının sp 3 hibritleşmesi y apan karbon atomlarına oranının kontrol edilebili r olması, ayarlanabilir elektronik ve opti k özellikleri, hidrofil ikliği ve suda çok i y i disperse olabilm esi nedeniy le enerji depolamadan bi y om edikale, kaplama teknolojisinden savunma sana yiine kadar çok ge niş bir u y gulama alanı bulmaktadır. Bu y üz den sentezlenen her grafe n oksi t li teratüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır . A yrıca, sentez aşamalarında hem reaktanların hem de y a n ürünlerin tehlikeli maddeler içe rmesinden dola yı da grafitten grafen oksit el desi üzerine oldukça fazla çalışma y apılmaktadır [3 -9]. Grafen oksitin özellikl eri; morfolojisine, doğasına ve reaksiyon şartlarına bağ lı olduğundan farklı şartlarda sentezlenen g rafen oksiti n öz ell ikl eri de farklı olmaktadır. Dola y ısı y la s entezlenen her grafe n oksit literatüre önemli bir kat kı sağlamaktadır [ 9]. Bu çalışmada, Hummers y öntemindeki NaNO 3 konsantrasyonunun d eğiştirilmesi ile elde edilen sentezlerin, GO’ya dönüşümünün SEM ve TEM analizleri ile incelenme si amaçlanmıştır. II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM A. Kullanılan Materyal ve Kimyasallar Ultrasonik bany o 150w (çalışkan lab.), ısıtıcılı manye tik k arıştırıcı (ıka y ellowline msh b asic), pH metre (mettler toledo), santifürüj cihazı, etüv, termometr e, 250 ml ’lik cam re aktör ve ç eker ocak materyalleri kulla nılmıştır. 325 meş grafit (merck), NaNO 3 (merck), %98’lik H 2 SO 4 (merck), KMnO 4 (merck), ultra dei yonize su, %30’luk H 2 O 2 (merck) ve %37’ lik HCI (fluka) kimyasa lları kullanılmı ştır. B. Deney sel Sist em Reaksiy onda karıştırma hızı, homojen bir süspansiyonun elde edildiği 500 rpm olarak Laçin Ömer , SEM and TEM Analysis of Experi me ntall y Obtained G raphene Oxide S y nthesis , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 80 belirlenmiştir. Reaksiy onun ge rçekleşece ğ i 250 mL’lik cam re aktöre , 1 gr grafit tozu, 0-0,50 g NaNO 3 ve 23 ml H 2 SO 4 ilave edilerek 30 dk karıştırılmıştır. Elde e dilen örneklere u ygulama sırasına göre; GO -Na0 ve GO - Na0.50 kodla rı verilmiştir. Bu ka rışımlara, buz ban yosunda 5 00 rpm 0 o C’de 3 g r KMnO 4 ilave edilerek oksidas yon gerçe kleştirilmi ştir . Bu esnada patlama riski ni minimize etmek için, sıcaklığın 5 o C’ y i ge çmemesine ve KMnO 4 ilavesinin ya kl aşık 1 saat süre içerisinde kontrollü y apılmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Reaksiy on sonunda elde e dilen ko y u yeşil renkli g rafit oksitten grafe n oksi te dönüşümünü başlatmak için, karışım 3 5 o C sıcaklıkta (reaksiyon boyunca sıc aklık 50 o C ’y i geçmemeli) 2 saat boyunca mekanik olarak karıştırılmıştı r. Süre sonunda aç ık kahvereng i y e dönen karışımın sıcaklığı 98 o C’ye y ükseltil miş ve 46 mL ultra s af su, kontrollü bir biçimde ilave edildikten sonra k arıştırmay a 15 dk dev am edildikten sonra renk koyu kahverengi y e dönü şmüştür. Devamında, 140 mL ultra saf su ve 8 mL H 2 O 2 ilavesi y le KMn O 4 fazlası, manga n sülfat tuzuna dönüştürülere k gider ilmiştir (bu kısımda renk sarı y a dönüşmüştür). Elde edilen son karışım 1 gün bo y unca od a sıcaklığında bekletildikten sonra süzülm üştür. Katı numune bünyesindeki metal iy onlarının giderilmesi için %10’luk HCl ile daha sonra ortamdaki reaksiyona girmeyen asit fazlasının giderilmesi için saf su ile pH 7 o lana kadar birkaç kez y ıkanmıştır. Karışım 60 o C’deki etüvde 4 saat kurutulduktan sonra sa f su ilave edilerek elde edilen grafen oksi t süspansiyonu 2 saat bo y unca sonikas yona (güç: 150 W ve freka ns: 33 KHz) tabi tutulmuş ve 5 dk boyunca 3000 dev.dk -1 hız da santrifüj edilerek çözeltisinden ayrılmıştır. Son olarak, katı numune 60 o C’de etüvde 1 gün b oyunca kurutularak grafen oksit sentezleri elde edilmiştir. C. Taramalı ve G e ç i r i m l i elektron mik roskopu Taramalı elektron mikroskopu (SEM), 500- 100.000 aralığ ında bü y ütme uygulanarak numuneyi hızlıca tarar ve y üksek kaliteli görüntülerini elde eder. Çalışmada S EM görüntüleri için Z e i s s S i gm a 3 0 0 m o d el c i ha z k u l l an ı l m ı ş t ı r . Ge ç i r i m l i e l ek t r o n m i k ro s k o b u ( T E M ) i s e , i n o r ga n i k v e o r ga n i k n u m u n el e r i n m i k r o v e n a n o ö l ç e k l e r d e k r i st al ya p ı s ı n ı n b el i r l er [1 0]. Ça lışmada TEM görüntüleri h i t a c h i h i gh t e c h h t 7 7 0 0 m o d e l c i ha z kullanılmıştır . III. BULGULAR Grafit ve sentezlenen örneklerde S EM-TEM mikrografları sırasıy la, Şekil 1-2 ’de verilmiştir. Şekil 1 . SEM Mikrog rafları , a ) grafit b) GO -Na 0 ve c) GO -Na0.50 d c 200 nm 1000 nm 2000 nm 200 nm 300 nm 1000 nm 200 nm 1000 nm 2000 nm b a 200 nm 1000 nm 2000 nm Laçin Ömer , SEM and TEM Analysis of Experi me ntall y Obtained G raphene Oxide S y nthesis , ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey 81 Şekil 2 . TEM Mikrog rafları, a) g rafit, b) GO -Na0 ve c) GO-Na0.50 IV. TARTI ŞMA V E SONUÇ Şekil 1 ’d e SEM mikrografla rı incelenildiğinde, sentezlenen örneklerde, dalgalı, katlanmış bölgeli, ince ve esnek tabakalı bir nano y üze y morfolojisinin hakim olduğu ve taba kalar arası boşlukların grafite göre daha ge niş olduğu g özlemlenmiştir. Oksijen içeren fonksi y onel gruplar, grafit b azal düzleminde karbon atomları ile kovalent olarak bağlanıp sp 2 konjuge sistemini bozduklarından , dalgalı tabakalar ın birbirine yapışmış şekilde görünme sini sağladığ ı düşünülmektedir [1 1] . Şekil 2’de T EM mi krografları incelenil diğinde, sentezlenen örneklerde, ultra ince bir ipeksi görünüm sergilediği kenarları ise ka ydırılmış ve katlanmış peçe şeklinde bir mor folojiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiş tir. A y rıca, örnekl er de kara nlık ve y arı sa yda m alanlar orta ya ç ıkmıştır. Elektron ışını altında oluşan bu karanlık alanlar, yapının esnek ama tek tabakalı y arı sa y dam alanlar ise az tabaka lı y apı y ı göster mekt edir. Bu yüzden ikide n fazla tabakalı y apılar ın dağ ılmad an bir arada bulunabilme imkanı olmaktadır [3] . TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışma, Atatürk Üniversitesi BAPSİS Birimi tarafında n Temel Araştırma Projesi olara k desteklenmiştir. KAYNAKL AR [1] A. Moosa, and M. A bed, ( 202 1) “Graphene preparation and grapfite ex foliation.” Turkish journal of Chemistry , 45(3 ),493- 519. [2] G. Dresselh aus, and S. Ri ichiro (1 998) “Physical properties of carbon nanotubes”, World scienti fic. [3] P. P. Brisebois, and M. Siaj , (2020) “Harvesting graphene oxide – years 18 59 to 2019: a review of its str ucture, synthesis, pr operties and exfoliation.” Jo urnal of Materials Chemist ry C , 8 (5), 15 17-1547. [4 ] B. P aulchamy , G. Art hi, and B. D. Lignesh, (2015). “A simple approac h to stepwise s ynthesis of graphe ne oxide nanomaterial.” J Nanomed Nan otechnol , 6 (1), 1. [5 ] İ . Tiyek, U. Dön mez, B. Yıldırı m , M. H. Al m a, M. S. Ersoy, and Ş. Karataş, (2016 ). “Kimyasal yönte m ile indirgenmiş grafe n oksit sentezi ve karakterizasyonu.” Sakarya Universit y Journal o f Science, 20(2), 349 - 357. [6] X. Huang , X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhan g, (2012). “Graphene - based co m posites.” Chemical So ciety Reviews” , 41 (2), 6 66- 686. [7] L. Sun, and B . Fugetsu (2013) . "Mass production of graphene oxide from expanded graphite." Materials Letters 10 9: 207- 210. [8] J. ,Chen , B. Yao, C., Li and G. Shi, (2013). “An improved Hummers m ethod for eco-friendl y synt hesis of graphene oxide.” Carbo n , 64 , 225-229. [9 ] S. Sha m aila, A .K. L. Sajjad, and A. Iqb al, (2016). “Modifications in deve lop m ent of graphe ne oxide synthetic routes.” Chemic al Engin eering Journal , 294 , 458 - 477. [10 ] Dim iev, A.M.; Polso n, T.A., Co ntest in g the two‐ component structural model of grap hene o xide and reexa m ining t he che mistry of grap hene oxide in basi c media. Carbon 2015 , 93 , 544 – 554. [11 ] Wang, X. , Hu, Y., Min, J ., Li, S., Deng, X., Yuan, S., & Zuo, X. (20 18). Adsorption characteristic s of phenolic compounds on grap hene oxide and r educed graphene oxide: a batch exper iment co mbined theor y calculation. Applied Scien ces , 8 (10), 1950 . a 200nm 500nm 1000nm b 200nm 500nm 1000nm c 200nm 500nm 1000nm d 200nm 500nm 1000nm 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering and Natura l Sciences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya, Turkey 82 A Review of Un manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) : Its Impact and Challe nges Muhammad Ahmad Baballe *1 , Mukhtar Ibrahim Bello 2 , Adamu Umar Alkali 3 , Zainab Abdulkadir 4 , Abubakar Sadiq Muhammad 5 , Abdulmuhamin Muhammad 6 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 School of Techno logy, Kano State Polytech nic , Kano, Nigeria. 1* https://o rcid.org/00 00-000 1-9441 -7023 * mbaba lle@kanopoly. edu.ng Abstract – I n the prese nt day , unmanned aerial vehicles (U AV) are wide l y used in eve ry field, almost from commercial purposes to military us age. The usa ge of UAVs has decreased the burden on humans, where manpower a nd risks during critical conditions (war fields) are reduced also. Consequently, the de mand for the development of unmanne d aerial vehicles is high. Understanding the theoretical design information of the UAV is difficult because of the lac k of accessibil it y of its inform ation sheets. Keywords – Unma nned Aerial Vehicles (UAV); S ecurity Syst em; Target Tracking; Law Enforcemen t . I. I NT RODUCTI ON Recently , UAVs, particularly quadcopters, ha ve elicited the attention of people all over the world, including researchers, students, and technology enthusiasts or hobb y is ts. Responding to this extraordinary popularit y , researchers have c reated a plethora o f novel control algorithms, ranging fro m the model-based controller to the model -free controller, to e ffectively and efficiently control th e quadcopter s y stem. Nat ure has been the d esign driver for th e majorit y of man -made dev elopments; one such is aircraft. Looking at the birds fl y ing in the sky, the desire for flight in man was raised. From the day s of the first flig ht of Kitt y Hawk b y the Wright Brothers in 1906 [28] up to the present day, the de sign and development of the aviation industry have improved enormousl y . Nodawa y ’s unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an attractive idea in the aerona utical field, whic h is used in almost all the fields. The ultra-light UAVs are meant to perform complex makeovers in the combat field as th e y g ive better performance co mpared to th e others. Due t o this fact, th e usage of UAVs is getting more and more important in both the commercial fields and combat, with the capability to do tasks at a fe asible cost. Designing a high-performance UAV is a difficult proc ess because it requires meeting a ll design constraints or customer requirements while maintaining the lowest possi ble take-off mass. Also, the maximum take-off mass of UAV categor y aircraft should not be m ore than 5, which invok es the use of advanced light-weight engineeri ng materials that make the design pro cess more challenging and interesting. The maneuvering capabilities of the current designe d UAV are to achieve +5 g to -4g turns . Hence, the current plane will be a trend-setter design with such high maneuvering capa biliti es [29]. II. LI TERATURE REV IEW A lar ge number of users have used thi s design to study th e components and characteristics of drones and to develop and use them in different fields. The most well-known of this research is: S everal deep learning architectures were used in this stud y to identify the quadcopter UAV s y stem. Overall, t he CNN-LSTM model has been found to outpe rform all other architectures, with average tested MSE and MAE values of 0.0002 and 0.0030, re spectivel y [1], [2]. A paper propo sed a UAV-based smart healthcare sch eme for COVI D-19 monitoring, cleansing, social distancing, info rmation stud y, an d statistics g roup in the control area. The frame collects data via wearable sensors, drive sensors deployed in battered areas, or thermal appearance processing [3], [4]. I n th e other pape r, the observer linear parameter-var y in g (L PV) was installed on a Parrot Rolling Spider mini drone, and a series of Baballe et al., A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Its Impact and Challenges , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 83 flying tests we re performed to evaluate the Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) proficiencies in real-time using the on board processin g power. Flight tests validated the simulation results and demonstrated that the sli ding st y le observer could provide reliable fault reb uilding for quadrotor min i - drone or ganizations [5]. The improved ada ptiv e sliding approach algorithm was d eveloped in the other paper usin g a version law b ased on t he Ly apuno v stre n gth approach, which allowed the controller's nonlinear adaptive performance to compensate for disturbances and pa rameter perturbations. Matlab simulations are used to validate the utilit y of the su gge sted regulator strategy in comparison to the old approach [ 6]. The sensors, such as ultrasonic and barometric pressure sensors, as well as their information, played a vital part in calculating th e alt itude of the Parrot Mambo micro drone in the other stud y . used S imulink software and block sets like the Simulink support package for Parrot micro drones to keep the drone at a constant h eight. Ap art from the hardware a nd software descriptions, the drone's equipment, capabilities, and performance have also bee n discussed [7]. I n other w ork, the Vortex Ring State (VRS) a nd Windmill -Brake State (WB S) have been examined in the context of quadcopters. Followin g that, wind tunnel tests we re used to develop a quadcopter model that is independent of the flopp y load and blade disk sizes. A basic model was then developed for trajector y de-signs. Thereafter, th e GPOPS- II program was used as an arithmetical solver to construct optimum 2D and 3D descent trajectorie s due to the c halleng in g optimum issue aimed at minimal time path design. Finall y, flight tests were conducted to demonstrate that the VRS is curre nt in quadcopters. It was also claimed that by increasing th e plane speed of th e blade flopp y , the flight fluxes could be reduced. As an ideal f alling trajectory, a he lix -type trajec tor y is used [8] . In other research, low-cost instruments, such as a 10 - DOF Mems (Mic ro-electro-mechanical s y st ems), an IMU (Inertial Mea sur ement Unit), and a LIDAR (light detection and ra nging), were fitted on a minor unmanned rotorcraft in other research an d sync h ronized at a 10 -Hz measurement rate to estimate the location of the platform and its space from a hitch or a l anding field. Kalman filtering w as used to correct the IMU data for s ystematic e rrors (bias) and dimension noise, as well as to obtain predicted locations from the accelerometer data. The technique was c reated on an onboard microproce sso r (Arduino Mega 2560), and it enables low -cost hardware applications of many sensors for usage in ae rospace requests [9]. The other study lo oks at a proportional and deriv ative (PD) controller that uses a quadrotor UAV t o regulate the adjustment of the quadrotor UAV while in flight. To be stable and have high performance, the PD controller's g ain parameters, the proportional ga in Kp and the deriv ative gain Kd, are used. Unmanned a erial vehicl es (UAVs) are b ecoming more popular, and they come in a wide variety of sizes and designs. The quadcopter settles the time of roll, pitch, and yaw s y ste ms after incorporating PD controllers into the s y ste ms. After the research, t he simulation results and a comparison of X, Y, and Yaw control approaches are shown. The opti mum estimate technique, which was built on an onboard microproce sso r (Arduino Me ga 2560), enables low- cost high operations of man y s ensors for usa ge in a variety of requests. [ 10] [11]. I n other studies, th e controller has been tweaked to handle the tracking trajectory problem. The primar y idea b ehind this control sy stem is to allow the robot to trac e the target tr ajectory with the least amou nt of err or possible. The robustness and effectiveness of th e developed method, as we ll as the responsiveness of the suggested sliding mode controller, are demonstrated using MA TLAB simulation results [12 – 14]. I n [ 15] – [18] , the outcomes of autonomous swarming flights in the o pen air are discussed. The designe d mini -drone is small in size, with a wheelbase of 130 mm and a mass of 76 g, and it comes equipped with all of the sensors requir ed for autonomous flying. The suggested controll er compensates for nonlinearity in d y namics, allowing for accurate velocit y control. Additionall y , th e results of the swarming flight tests re v ealed that the produced mini -drones and the suggested controller perform flawlessl y under re al-world flying circumstances. Another auth or found the results impressive: using the au dio signal's Mel -frequenc y cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and various support vector machine (SVM) classifiers, it was possible to achieve a mi nimum classific ation accuracy of 98% in the detection of th e specific p a y load class carried by the drone with a n a cquisi tion ti me of only 0.25 s; the performance improve d when longer acquisition times were used [19]. The author used the followi ng key references: [ 20] – [ 23]. L ikewise, some studi es crea t ed an embedded s ystem for a quadrotor UAV Baballe et al., A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Its Impact and Challenges , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 84 flight controller. The controller was built with readily available low -cost components, an op en hardware design, and open software, allowin g users to test and implement new control algorithms, which dist inguishes it fr om the most prevalent alternatives on the ma rket. A sensin g s ystem was crea t ed for taking and recording the quadrotor’s odometer. An architecture for sending angular velocity instructions to the motors throu gh the PWM was designed, and ever y thin g was processed on a Raspberr y Pi 3 [24 -26]. Man y r esearch studi es focus on improving the desig n of the c ontrol s ystem in drones because these aircraft reach dangerous places that humans cannot re ach. Du ring their flight, they are exposed to different and dangerous weather conditions. I n addition, the drone system underac tu ated is challenging to control. In this paper, we will improve the control s y stem for determining the position and altitude of the aircraft (PD) b y makin g the aircraft maintain its stabilit y even after exposure to bad weather conditions such as falling dust or sno w o n it. I n this research pap er, we use a mini drone called the Parrot mini drone - Mabo. The Mambo is controlled by a comput er running the P y Parrot interface through a Wi -Fi or Bluetooth connection. A built - in Simulink model is utilized to s imulate the de sired flight route for this study. This pro gra m enables simulated runs with various parameters to identif y the Parrot mini drone's intended respo nse. This is done b y controlling the Simulink model's numerou s su bsystems [27]. III. T HE ADVANTAGES OF UN MANNED A ERIAL VEHICLES 1. MAINTAI N ING A SAFE ENVIRONMENT : UAVs a re utilized in numerou s occurrences due to their advancement in safet y . With their remote-control abilities, drones monitor locations, communicate p ossible hazards, and notif y threatening conditions. such as oil and gas refineries, pipelines, and flare stacks. Not onl y thi s, drone technology is emplo y ed in the militar y durin g high-risk periods as well. Their feature s allow them to obtain real-time data t o create and preserve a safe environment. 2. COST SAVING TECHNOLOG Y: As drones' applicabilit y becomes more ex tensive, th eir prices also drive towards being more pocket - friendly. People now ac quire drones not just fo r their industrial practices but also to fulfill their tech- savvy gad ge t passion. UAVs are no longer limited to the military , l aw enforcement, or the elite. S ince UAVs take over several workforces, v ehicles, and operational activities in commercial uses, ma n y costs are pr eserved. For ex ample, a drone is e asier to buy, maintain, and f uel than an airplane fo r inspections. I n addition, you don’t n eed to hire a ladder, aerial lift, or other hea v y e quipment. 3. With their high-resolution cameras furnished with top-notch sensors, UA Vs c an tak e excellent aerial photo graphs and aerial videos an d accumulate large volum es of accurate data. The d ata obtained is transformed into detailed 3D maps and 3D models for a complete analysis. 3D Mapping is especially useful for rev ealing cracks, damage, or other potentiall y hazard ous elements in disaster area s. Drones, when p aired with high -resolution image s or 4K video abilities, are we ll -known for live streaming significant events such as entertainment, personal, political, and global affairs. 4. UAVs hav e appropriate GPS (the Global Positioning Sy st em) in th eir software, which is wh y they can be programmed and guided pr ecisely to specific locations. For ex ample, in Precision Agriculture, a drone aircraft is employed to perform many f arming obligations like pesticide sprayin g, identification of weeds, monitoring of crop health, crop damage, crop ass essment, field soil analysis, irrigation moni toring etc. This feature of p recision through the GPS conserves time and expenses for farmers. 5. Easy Controllable o r Deplo yable: Th e regular advancement in drone- control te chnolog y allows operators to quickl y deplo y and operate drones even with a relativel y minim al technical background. With an extensive range of low -cost drones available for s everal purpos es, drones are open to a broad spectrum of operators. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a mo re comprehensive range o f movement, fl y l ower in all directions, and can navi gate effortlessly when compared to crewed aircraft. 6. SECUR I TY: Another ad vantage that wei ghs out the pros and cons of a drone is the security centered around them. W ith relevant permissions and licenses, dron e o perators can utili ze an Unmanned Air craft S y stem (UAS) to provide safet y and surveillance to private organizations, potential venues, and other individuals . Drones can al so accumulate reliable information from natural catastrophe s to support s afet y and recover y efforts. Baballe et al., A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Its Impact and Challenges , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 85 7. DANGER AND HEALTH RISKS ARE REDUCED-With the support of a dron e, numerou s dangers like e levation, wind, weather, and ra diation that were earlier suffered b y crew members hav e been replaced with more viable and safer alternatives. Drones facilitate straightforward and secure inspections of towering and complicated constructions like oil and gas refineries, flare stacks, and pipelines. 8. IN -DEPTH AND DETAIL DATA INSTALLATI ON-Man y drone models are launched onto the market with obstacle avoid ance capacities. They can operate quite close to construction, and this e ncourage s them to seize precise data. They ca pture high -resolution im ages or 4K videos that e xplicitly reveal cracks, damage, displaced wires, and additional defe cts that we cannot detect with our naked eye. UAVs allow obtaining complete data without endangering inspection crew members of the company . 9. FLEXI BILITY FOR QUI CK INSPECTIONS: Since drones come with varied specifica tions, several can provide high or low altitude inspections. The versatility of these character istics empowers clients to customize the tools with ease for their projects. These b enefits are followed b y the constru ction industr y , p articularly by building developers for rooftop inspections. Drones can carr y out mul tiple roles, such as capturing high-qualit y photos, videos, thermal image s, et c. This data is then transmitted and processed immediatel y , as opposed to the time- consuming c onventional method. 10. UAVs make obtaining efficient data fr om hard- to -reach locations a ca kewalk for industr y professionals. It is the most suit able alternative to overcome the limitations of traditional methods regarding worker's safety, especiall y in hazardous situations like radiation monitoring and inspecting high-voltage lines. Dron es also allow a more cost - effective a pproach to inspections of these loca tions. [30] . IV. DISADVANTAGES O F UNM ANNED AER IAL VEHICLES 1. PR I VACY: While drones' benefits are endless, drone technology has several downsides to it. UAVs can quickl y fall prey to manipulation and trespass, infringing on a group or individual's privacy. Thou gh man y desire to utilize drones for retaining safet y , it could violate numerous individual liberties in the name of public security . 2. The use of Unmanned Aircraft S y stems (UAS) has be come wides pread. However, the law is still developing, considering it is a novel technolo gy in the industr y . Speci fic practices installed for tin y drones also appl y to commercial and recreational applications but are still vague in several dimensions. Rules for the reg ulation o f drone movement and property protection from aerial trespassing are sti ll in the making ; thus, UAV technology functions in a judicial gray zone. Th ere are numerous frictions between governmental regulations a nd an y state or cit y laws to manage airspace property rights, because o f which drone operators may violate rul es they didn 't know about. 3. SAFETY: S afety is a fundamental ele ment to prioritize when operating drone technolo gy . UAVs outfitted with high-qua lity sensors r ecognize possible collisions and safel y engineer their wa y around them, making the m a significant tra it. These drone capacities must resemble those of manned aircraft navigators. It is commendable to hi re professional drone service providers who can operate an aerial drone without crashing it. Drones operated in h eavily-populated regions have an amplified risk of ground impact or dam age, mainl y due to system ma lfunction or hacking. 4. There have previously been many drones that have fired weapons at commoners, generating a significa nt number of casualties, injuries, a nd damage due to malfunctions or software blunder s. Drone mi shaps strike other mili tary personn el's safety as well. Drones are sti ll in the proce ss of improvement to limi t accidents or hazards that c an affect the health and safety of human lives. 5. Drones are vuln erable to wild animal attacks and can be h azardous to the environment. I t is possible that when a drone operator is fl y in g in a domain with a considerable number of wild animals, they crash against a tr ee or possibl y conflict with a vulnerable animal. Large fl y in g birds li ke eagles are regularly attacking and eve n ca pturing drones operating in their spa ce to obtain crucial data. 6. Many offenders emplo y drones as a strateg y to target their victim s and to maintain track of them. The blatant prope ll er noi ses are no longer a con cern and are unnotic eable, en abling criminals to invade someone's privacy. Many drones furnished wi th thermal and ni ght sensors identify li fe signs and efficie ntl y target those curre ntl y of int erest to the Baballe et al., A Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Its Impact and Challenges , ICAENS 2022 , Konya , Turkey 86 spy. Since UAVs can seiz e accurate data, the y can register regular habits and reco gnize suspicious activities without permission. 7. EASY TO HACK: One substantial downside to drone technolog y 's grow th is its vulnerability. Hackers can quickly attack a drone's central control s y stem and become the d rone's original controller. The primary control s y stem includes significa nt kno wledge that is crucial for hackers to evade without the initial operator' s awareness. Hackers can acquire private information, corrupt or dama ge the files, and leak data to unauthorized third parties. 8. WEATHER DEPENDENT: Drone s ar e more vulnerable to weather conditions when compared to traditional aircraft. For ex ample, if th e climatic conditions are unfavorable, the UAV wi ll not maneuver appropriat ely or gather reliable dat a or imagery . However, there are drones availa ble that are more stable and can withstand gusts of wind successfully. 9. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL S: As discussed earlier, if o ne necessitates securing accurate, high-qualit y data, they n eed to possess the requisite skillset. This spe cification would indicate that an average farmer would r equire comprehensive trainin g or a third -part y dro ne service provider to capture, process, and anal y z e farming data. W ith expanding operators in the industry, dron e costs and their accompan y ing resource expenses will gradually b e reduced. 10. One of the cons of ex panding drone technology in precision agriculture is its data transmission spee d, which some suppose could be a week. If th e time necessitated for data deliver y results in a farmer's unproductivit y and d amage to fertilizers, crops, or pe sti cides, the opera tion of th e drone would be a waste in the end. Thus, if dat a transfer speed is slow, suffering and damage c an occur in that period, with all effort s going to waste [30] . V. CONCLUSION In this paper I have reviewed man y papers related to unmanned aerial v ehicles (UA V) drones. I have also discussed the advantages and disadvanta ges of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in deta il . R EFE R ENCES [1] B. P. Am iruddin , E. Isk andar, A. Fatoni, and A. Santoso, “Deep Learning based System Identification of Quadcopter Un manned A erial Vehicle,” 2 020 3 rd International Confere nce on Inf or mation and Communications Technology (ICOI ACT), 20 21, pp. 165 -169. [2] P. 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[30] ht tp s:// www.equinoxsdro nes.com/blog/10 -major-pro s- cons- of -unmanned -aerial-vehi cle-uav-dro nes 3rd Interna tional Con ference on Ap plied Engineer ing and Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 88 Electro-elastic proble m w ith adhes ion and friction b etw een t w o bodies La ldja Benziane * , Nemira Le bri 2 1 Applied Mathema tics Laboratory, Dep artment o f Mathematics, Setif 1- University, 1 9000, Algeria. 2 Applied Mathema tics Laboratory, Dep artment o f Mathematics, Setif 1 - University, 1 9000, Algeria. * (la.benziane@ya hoo. fr) Abstract – We stud y a m athematical problem describing the qu asistatic frictional adhesive contact between two piezoelectric bodies. The adhe sion process is modelled b y a surface variable. A nonlinear electro -elastic constituve law is used to model the piezoelect ric materia l. The contact is modelled with a normal compliance condition and the associated with a re gular ized C oulomb's law of dr y fri ction in witch the adhesion of contact surfaces is taken in to ac count. We drive a variational formulation for the model, in the form of a coupled system for the displacements, the ele ctric potential and the adhesion. Under a smallness assumption on the coefficient of fr iction, we prov e the existence of a uniq ue weak solut ion of the model, the proof is based on arguments of time -dependent quasi-variational inequalities, differential equation and Banach's fixed point theorem. Keywords – Piezoelect ric, ele ctro-visco elastic, friction co ntact with a dhesion , fixed point, variatio nal inequa lity, differential equa tions 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 89 Use of a new ecologica l inhibitor for corrosio n of pipelines ste els in an acid environ m ent Slimane Kherief 1 *, Mounir Djellab 1 , Ha mza Bentrah 1 , Abdelouaha d Chala 1 , Bouzid Bouamra 1 , Hicham Taoui 1 , Amir e ddine Kabouia 1 , 1 Laborato ry of Physics o f Thin Films an d Applicatio ns, University of Biskra , Biskra, Algeria. * (Slimane.kh erief@univ- biskra.d z) Email of the co rresponding a uthor Abstract – The inhibition effec t of bark resin of Schinus molle (B RSM) on the corr osion o f AP I 5L X70 pipeline steel in h ydrochloric acid 5% has been studied b y potentiod y namic polarization and electroc hemical impedance spec troscop y (EIS) measurements; also, surface morpholog y has been ana ly z ed by SEM-EDX. The results show that BRSM is a good inhi bitor in hydrochloric acid solution. The max imum perce nta ge inhibit ion efficienc y is equal to 82% at 3 g/L. The adsorption of B RSM on API 5 L X70 pipeline steel surface obe y s Lan gmuir adsorption isotherm, and invol ves ph y sical adsorption. Polarization curves revea l that BRSM acts as a mix ed-t y p e inhibitor. Keywords – pip eline steel, bar k resin of Schinu s molle, hydr ochloric acid 5%, corrosion inhibito r. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 90 Develop m ent of an Effic ient Hetero geneous Co pper -Ca talyzed Azide - Alkyne Clickable Cycloa ddition Reactions Noura Af l ak 1, * , Hicha m Ben El A y ouchia 1 , Lahoucine Bahsis 1 , Hafid Anane 1 a nd Salah-Eddine Stiriba 3 1 Laborato ire de Chimie An alytique et Molécu laire, LCAM, Facu lté Polydiscip linaire de Safi, Université Cad i Ayyad, Safi, Morocco 2 Instituto d e Ciencia Molecu lar/ICMol, Universida d de Valencia, C/ Catedrá tico José Beltrá n 2, 46980 Valen cia, Spain * noura [email protected] Abstract – The 1,2,3-triazoles repre sent an important class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds and they find widespread app lications in pharmaceutical, biological chemistry, and dru g deliver y r esearch.[1- 3] The copper(I) catalyzed [3+2] c y cloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between a terminal alkyne and organic azide, commonly known as the “ click reaction”, provides e asy access to the regioselec tive s y nthesis of 1,4 - disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles.[4] However, the major limi tation of the CuAAC protocol is their performanc e under homogenous fashion, thus leading to separation problems of catalyst/product(s), together with the requirement of addin g reducing a gents and stabili zing ligands to the copper(I ) c atal y st. Therefo re, the development of stable, c heaper, and sustainabl e heterogeneous copp er c atal y sts with improved catal y tic activity in absence of an y oxidizing/reducing age nts is highly d esirable.[5] In this contribution, w e now report a new catalytic s ystem based on the immobilization of copper(I ) a cetate on sil ica gel (Cu( I) -SiO 2 ) via electrostatic int eractions. The catal y tic activit y of the im mobilized catalyst Cu( I) -SiO 2 was ex amined in the click s y nthesis of 1,2,3 -triazoles in water/ethanol at room temperature. The catal y st showed high catalytic activity and re gioselectivity for the H uisgen [3+2] cy c lo addition reaction between terminal alkynes and azides, g iving rise to a varie t y of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole s in e xcellent y i elds (79-95%). Further mo re, the catalyst was recovered by simple filtration and re used for up to five times [6] . References [1] Bozorov K., Z hao J., Aisa H. A., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 27 (2019) 3511-3531. [2] Guerne lli S., Cariola A., Ba schieri A., Amorat i R., Meo P. L., Mater. Adv. 1 (2020) 2501-2508. [3] Dheer D ., Singh V., Shankar R., Bioorg. Chem. 71 (2017) 30-54. [4] Meldal M., Tornøe C. W., Chem. Rev. 108 (2008) 2952-3015. [5] Aflak N., B en El A y ouchia H., Bahsis L., El Mouchtari E., Julve M., Rafqah S., Anane H., St iriba S. -E., Fron. Chem. 7 (2019) 81. [6] Aflak N., B en El A y ouchia H., Bahsis L., Anane H., Laa mari R., Pascu al-Alvarez A., Armentano D., Stiriba S.-E., Polyhedron 170 (2019) 630-638. Keywords – Click ch emistry, A zides, Alkynes, Co pper (I), Silica , Triazole, Recycling, Water. 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Turkey 91 Ağır Hizmet Taşı tları için Ele ktromekanik Dis k Fren Sistemi Modelle m esi, Si mülasy onu ve Deneysel Doğ rulaması İbrahim Can Güle r y üz 1 ,2 * , Özgün Başer 3 1 Makine Müh endisliği A nabilim Dalı / Fen Bilimleri Enstitü sü, İ zmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniver sitesi, Türkiye 2 Ürün Tasarım ve Geliştirme Bö lümü / Arge Merkezi , Ege Fren Sanayii ve Ticaret A.Ş. , Türkiye 3 Mekatronik Mü hend isliği Bölümü / Mühen dislik ve Mimarlık Fa kültesi , İ zmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversite si , Tü rkiye * (can.guleryu [email protected] m.tr) Özet – Bu çalışmada , model tabanlı elektromekanik disk fren denetleyici si geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılacak, deneysel olarak doğrulanmış bir sistem dinamiği modelinin e lde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Öncelikli olarak, elektromekanik disk fren sistemi değişkenle rinin (sıkıştırma kuvveti, tahrik dişlisi açısı ve motor akımı) ölçülebilmesi için bir ölçüm sistemi g eliştirilmişti r. Daha sonra , a ğır hiz met taşıtları için ge liştirilen t ek pistonlu elektromekanik disk fr en prototipi ü zerinde farklı gerilim kademele ri (1V – 5V) için tekrarlı açık devre sıkıştırma kuvveti, motor akımı ve motor açısal poz isy onu ölçümleri alınmıştı r. Elektromekanik disk fren sis teminin elektriksel ve mekanik alt s istemlerin e ilişkin matematiksel ifadeler; statik sürtünme , viskoz sürtünme, Coulomb sürtünme si v e sürtünme yük bağımlılığı katsa y ısını içeren do ğrusal olmaya n sürtü nme modeli göz önünde bulundurularak, Matlab/Simulink ortamında sistem dinamiği modeli oluşturulmuştur. Sistem parametre leri tek pistonlu elektromeka nik disk fren prototipi üzerinden alınan deneysel ölçüm sonuçlarına göre hesaplanmıştır. Deneysel olarak elde edilen s istem parametreler i s anal orta mdaki sistem dina miği modeline tanımlanarak, farkl ı gerilim kademeleri için (1V – 5V) simülas y on çalışmaları gerçe kleştirilmi ştir . Simülasy on ve dene ysel ölçüm sonuçları karşılaştırılarak , tek p is tonlu elektro mekanik disk fr en sistem dinamiği modelinin ge çerlili ği değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm gerilim kademeleri için simülas y on ve den eysel sıkıştı rma kuvveti, motor akımı ve tahrik dişlisi açısı sonuçlarının oldukça u yum lu olduğu görülmüştür. B u sonuçl ar, t asarlanan te k pistonlu elektromekanik disk fren prototipi üzerinde model tabanlı denetleyici g eliştirme ç alışmalarının y apılabilirliğine dair ümit vermektedir. Anah tar Kelimeler – Elektromeka nik disk fren , Sistem dinamiği mod eli, Deneysel do ğrulama, Simü lasyon , Ağ ır hizmet taşıtı 3rd Interna tional Co nference on A pplied Eng ineering a nd Natural Sc iences https://www.i caens.com/ July 20-23, 2022, Konya , Tu rkey 92 Temporal Characteristics of Air Po llutants (PM 10 , SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , O 3 , and CO) and heal th risk assessmen t: Preli m inary case study in A ksaray, Turkey Sibel Albayrak 1 , and Ebru Koça k 1,* 1 Departmen t of En vironmental En gineering , Aksa ray University, Turkey * (ebrukocak @aksaray.ed u.tr) E mail of th e correspond ing author Abstract – Most cities in Turkey are subjected to se vere air pollution owing to urbanization and increa sing economic development. L ong-term atmospheri c pollution data are req uired to a nal y ze ph ysical and chemical processes thoroug hl y. Air pollution's effects on human health and ecosystems ar e a major source of concern in the field o f environmental protection. As of ficiall y repo rted, Aksara y’s urbanization rate increased b y a rate of 11% from 2016 to 2021, which was driven b y large -scale demographic migrati on and social and economic dev elopment. Urbaniz ation not only advances social growth, human civilization, and technical innov ation, bu t it also increases population densit y , energ y and resource consumption, and contributes to environmental concerns. In this study, data on PM 10 , SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , O 3 , and CO concentrations in ambient air qualit y automatic moni toring stations and routine meteorological were collected between J anuary 2019 and December 2021 to determine the spatia l and temporal variation in these pollutants and health risk assessment in Aksara y . The winter se ason mean concentrations of PM 10 exceeded the standard of Turkish Air Qualit y Assessm ent and Management Regulation (HKKY) stan dards. The concentrations of PM 10 , SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , and CO increase d from 2019 to 2021, wherea s O3 level decreased b y 24%, from 54.2±27.7 µg m -3 in 2019 to 38.5± 10.9 µ g m -3 in 2021. The concentrations of PM 10 , SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , and CO we re hi gher in the winter season and lowe r in the summ er season; however, the O3 conce ntration peaked in summ er season. The risk assessment approach of the United States Environmental P rotection Agency (EPA) will be utilized in this rese arch, which concentrated on the health risk evaluation via inhalation pathway for thr ee classes of individuals (adult males, adult females, and children), avoiding the effects of population d ensity. The dan ger of exposure to air po ll utants (PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2 ) in Aksaray is the foc us of the assessment stud y . Keywords – Air pollu tant, temp oral variatio n, health risk a ssessment [Document text truncated for crawler view.]