Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective of Ornamental Fish Farming

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17633686 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . This allows re -distribution and re -use of a licensed work on the condition that the author is appropriately credited and the original work is properly cited. Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17633686 CHAPTER 2 Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective of Ornamental Fish Farming Chaitali Banerjee Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar College for Women, 39 Sankar Ghosh Lane, Kolkata 700006 West Bengal, India Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Received: 14 September 2025; Accepted: 30 October 2025; Available online: 17 November 2025 Abstract: Aquariculture broadly encompasses aquaculture and its related practices of breeding, rearing and harvesting aquatic organisms. This has emerged as a pivotal sector in India, intertwining economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability. Geographically India is bestowed with vast coastline, extensive riverine systems, reservoirs, ponds, tanks and inland water resources that greatly potentiates the booming of the aquariculture not just as a food production industry but a multidimensional pillar of sustainability. Economically, it fuels livelihoods and exports; socially, it ensures nutrition and inclusive growth and environmentally, it Chaitali Banerjee Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 12 holds potential for biodiversity conservation and eco -restoration. The appropriate policies, technological innovations and community participation are already entwining in turn heading India to a leading position in showcasing aquariculture as a model of sustainable development. This article chiefly highlights the culture of the ornamental fishes which are often referred to as the “Living Jewels”. These are the graceful creatures that boosts mood, economy and promote low-cost and effective enhancement to the livelihood of significant percentage of population globally. They are well-documented instances of the traditional axiom “ small tanks can bring big fortunes”. Ornamental fish farming, in particular is referred to as “aqua-ornamental culture,” is the breeding, rearing and trade of attractive and colourful fish species kept in aquariums and garden ponds. These fishes are prized for their aesthetic appeal, colour, form and unique behaviour rather than for consumption. Some of the popular freshwater ornamental fish species in India are Goldfish (Carassius auratus), Guppy ( Poecilia reticulata), Molly ( Poecilia sphenops), Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), Angel fish ( Pterophyllum scalare), Koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio koi ). The marine ornamental fish farming in India are economically valued; though are technologically demanding. Some of these are Clownfish ( Amphiprion spp.), Damsel fish, Butterfly fish, Seahorses. Ornamental fish farming is a vital component of aquariculture - combining economic potential, social value and ecological importance. India is the second-largest fish producer in the world and ornamental fish farming is emerging as a niche yet growing focussing on the areas of productivity, quality, sustainability, technology infusion and income generation for fisherfolk. The PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) , a part of the Blue Revolution is designed to modernize India’s fisheries sector. Within it, ornamental fish farming is being promoted as a sustainable, high-value and employment-generating activity. Keywords: Aquariculture, Ornamental Fish, Sustainability, Economic, Social, Ecological History : Aquariculture refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms - including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants and ornamental species - carried out under controlled or semicontrolled environmental conditions (Umamaheswari, 2003). The history of aquariculture dates back to the eras of Before Christ. The earliest documented aquaculture practices originated in China. The earliest known dissertation on fish farming, “Yang Yu Ching ” authored by the Chinese statesman Fan Li has been reported to be dated back to 475 BC. This conclusively mentioned the farming of common carp as the principal species in the ancient times. It continues to be the commonest of the various carps to be farmed globally. The process of selective breeding enabled the assortment of strains with easier cultivating measures. As a result, it laid the foundation of scientific aquaculture (Edwards, 2025). Similarly, ancient Egyptians practiced fish rearing, particularly tilapia, Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective ... Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 13 in ponds along the Nile. Ancient Egyptian wall paintings, particularly from tombs at Thebes, provided evidence of tilapia farming practices. In ancient Rome, wealthy citizens constructed fish ponds (piscinae) to raise species such as mullet, oysters and other valuable fish. Oyster farming, in particular was highly developed, employing sophisticated techniques to regulate salinity and tidal flow (Keith, 2017). The medieval period witnessed further diversified traditions. In Europe, Christian monasteries in Central and Eastern regions cultivated carp ponds to provide food during fasting periods when meat was prohibited. Carp culture flourished in Poland, Hungary, Germany and the Czech lands becoming a staple of rural economies (Novak et al., 2025). In India, traditional systems integrated fish farming with rice paddies, especially using carp, laying the foundation for integrated aquaculture practices that continue till date (Sathoria & Roy, 2022). In Japan, aquaculture took a cultural turn with the selective breeding of koi carp in the 18th century, giving rise to ornamental aquaculture (Tan, 2018) . Important landmarks that brought further alleviations are those in Southeast Asia. The farmers developed integrated systems combining fish, rice, ducks and livestock that served as the earliest instances of sustainable & polyculture-based aquaculture (Devendra, 1997). By the 16th of century, Europe witnessed prime efforts to expand hatchery methods, though scientific breakthroughs came later. In 1758, Stephen Ludwig Jacobi of Germany pioneered the technique of artificial fertilization of trout eggs, that emerged as the milestone in controlled fish breeding (Orland, 2017). As an industry, the practice flourished in the 20th Century with milestone achievements like advances in breeding, nutrition, and disease management. Development of pond culture, cage culture and raceway systems led to further expansion of species diversity with shrimp, tilapia, catfish, and salmon becoming dominant farmed species. China emerged as the global leader in aquaculture, pioneering large-scale carp, tilapia and shrimp farming. Europe & North America focused heavily on salmon aquaculture, particularly in Norway, Scotland, Canada, and Chile. Africa and Latin America adopted tilapia and catfish farming as accessible protein sources (Subasinghe et al., 2009). The 21 st Century gradually evolved with technological advancement - Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for water -efficient indoor farming, Biofloc technology for sustainable shrimp and fish culture, Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), which combines fish, shellfish, and seaweed for balanced ecosystems . The rapid growth of ornamental fish farming eventually evolved in supplying global aquarium trade with species like guppies, goldfish, koi and marine ornamentals (Tucciarone, 2024). Thus, aquariculture that began as a small-scale subsistence practice in ancient China and Egypt, expanded through Roman and medieval European systems, Chaitali Banerjee Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 14 advanced scientifically in the 18 th - 19th centuries, and became a global industry in the 20 th - 21st centuries. Today it plays a crucial role in food security, trade and livelihoods worldwide. Aquariculture – Initial Establishment The ancient practices as evidenced from the earlier section elaborated on the deep historical roots. The various culture of China, Egypt, Rome, India have documented the evolution of aquariculture gradually and established the cultivation of fish, prawns and ornamental species for food, trade or recreation. Establishing a modern aquariculture farm requires systematic planning, scientific management and sustainable practices to ensure profitability and environmental safety , careful planning, infrastructure, species selection, water quality management and market linkage. With scientific practices and sustainable management, aquariculture provides opportunities for food security, rural employment and profitable entrepreneurship. Thus, modern aquariculture techniques relies on ancient practice s that in turn have deep historical roots and a modern systematic process involving site selection, pond construction, seed stocking and management (Turlybek, 2025). Ornamental Fish Farming Ornamental fish farming involves breeding and rearing fish species primarily for decorative purposes in aquariums and garden ponds. It's a growing sector in India, offering opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurs and hobbyists alike. The first practice of ornamental fish farming is traced back to China around 2000 years ago . T he Chinese selectively bred carps (particularly Carassius auratus) for colo ur variations. This early practice led to the creation of the goldfish, which is considered the world’s first domesticated ornamental fish (Balon, 1995). Some of the key milestones achieved over the years are worth mentioning as over the eras they brought significant improvement in the farming practices of ornamental fish. a. The Chinese fisherman in around 200 AD noticed some colour related mutations in the wild grey carps occurring naturally in the ponds. As a result, these colourful variants were preferred to be grown separately, initially for religious purposes and later for aesthetic appreciation. b. The Japanese in 16th - 17th century further refined the Chinese way of breeding techniques, hence leading to varieties like Koi carp (Nishikigoi), renowned for their striking patterns. c. The 17 th century marked the introduction of Goldfish as an exotic pet in Portugal and gradually across Europe. Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective ... Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 15 d. In India, Ornamental Fish Farming emerged as a part of aquaculture initially. The trading for pet generated revenues, hence the farming of colourful species like goldfish, guppies, mollies and koi started getting cultured in controlled ponds and tanks (Sinha, 2016). India is fast emerging as a significant hub for ornamental fish culture, driven by its remarkable biodiversity, favourable climatic conditions, and proactive government support. The country harbours more than 400 indigenous species of ornamental fish, particularly concentrated in biodiversity-rich regions such as the North Eastern states, the Western Ghats, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Its tropical and subtropical climate enables year -round breeding and rearing of diverse species, providing a natural advantage to farmers and entrepreneurs. Complementing these resources, initiatives under the Blue Revolution and PMMSY have introduced financial incentives, training and infrastructure development to promote ornamental fisheries. Together, these factors position India as a promising player in both domestic and international ornamental fish markets (Patel et al., 2023). The Indian Perspective of Ornamental Fish Farming The practice began in India mainly during the 1960s - 70s, when goldfish, guppies and mollies were introduced as pets. By the 1980s, small -scale farms started in West Bengal and Kerala, gradually spreading to other states. Today, India is both a domestic producer (serving local aquarium markets) and an exporter, though it is still behind the countries like Singapore and Thailand. The Major Farming States are West Bengal which is the largest producer as well as hub for indigenous fish and exotic varieties. Kerala is known for the cultivation of guppies, mollies, swordtails, barbs and koi carp. Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh have established the backyard and commercial farms. Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya are growing culture of indigenous species like Danio, barbs, loaches (Raja et al., 2015). A. The popular ornamental fish species cultured in India are broadly grouped into exotic (introduced) and indigenous (native) categories: Exotic species: These are imported & widely cultured species that dominates the aquarium trade in India due to their hardy nature, fast breeding and high demand. These are further grouped as – • Livebearers o Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) o Molly (Poecilia sphenops) o Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) o Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) Chaitali Banerjee Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 16 • Goldfish Varieties (Carassius auratus) o Comet, Fantail, Oranda, Black Moor, Ranchu, Lionhead, Ryukin, etc. • Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) – Nishikigoi varieties • Tetras o Neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) o Black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) o Glowlight tetra (Hemigrammus erythrozonus) • Barbs o Tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona) o Rosy barb (Pethia conchonius) • Gouramis o Dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius) o Pearl gourami (Trichopodus leerii) • Cichlids o Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) o Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) Indigenous species: These are native to India and regions of Northeast, Western Ghats and coastal regions primarily dominate with their presence. • Carps & Barbs o Rosy barb (Pethia conchonius) o Puntius spp. (spotted, ticto, filament, etc.) o Denison barb (Sahyadria denisonii) – highly valued • Danios & Rasboras o Zebra danio (Danio rerio) o Giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) o Rasbora (Rasbora daniconius) • Loaches & Catfish o Glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis) o Botia loach (Botia lohachata) o Mystus spp. (catfishes with ornamental value) Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective ... Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 17 • Other Indigenous Ornamentals o Indian glass fish (Parambassis ranga) o Spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) – kept in some aquaria o Freshwater puffer (Tetraodon cutcutia) Marine Ornamental Fish: These species are cultured in the Coastal India. Especially the regions of Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar and Kerala lead their presence. • Clownfish ( Amphiprion ocellaris, A. clarkii) • Damselfish (Dascyllus spp.) • Butterflyfish (Chaetodon spp.) • Seahorses (Hippocampus spp. - under regulation) (Athithan & Nadu, 2021) B. Blue Revolution and Ornamental Fish Farming in India The Blue Revolution refers to the rapid increase in fish production in India through modernization of fisheries and aquaculture. It was launched in the 1970s, with stronger emphasis under Blue Revolution 2.0 (2015 onwards) and PMMSY, 2020. The objective was to enhance fish production, increase farmers’ income, generate employment and upsurge the exports (Lakra & Gopalakrishnan , 2021). Figure 1: The depiction of value chain/supply chain in the ornamental fish trade. The different stake-holders are involved suggesting the possible achievement of the conceived objective (Monticini, 2010). Chaitali Banerjee Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 18 The PMMSY is the developmental scheme that aimed at “Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible fisheries development” through direct support for people viz., livelihoods, units, subsidies. The FIDF (Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund), launched in 2018-19, aimed to provide financial assistance (loan -based) or Infrastructure Financing Fund for fisheries infrastructure creation. It targets States, UTs, cooperatives and private entrepreneurs. Hence, FIDF gives indirect Ornamental Fish Coverage like public projects e.g., public aquariums and retail units in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The public aquarium and ornamental fish retail unit of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India is worth Rs. 5.00 crore project approved under FIDF as of April 2025. This initiative, supported by the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) aim ed to promote ornamental fisheries and contribute to employment and entrepreneurship in the region (Pandey, 2025). Figure 2: The public aquarium and ornamental fish retail unit of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu The Blue Revolution in India marked a turning point in fisheries development, transforming it into a major contributor to livelihood, nutrition and exports. It has positioned ornamental fish farming as a profitable, eco -friendly and export -oriented sector, further strengthening under PMMSY through subsidies, infrastructure, training and market linkages. This sector blends livelihood generation, biodiversity conservation and international trade. The scheme focused on enhancing production and productivity of inland and marine fisheries, while ensuring the participation of economically weaker groups such as SCs, STs, women and cooperatives. It encouraged entrepreneurship, private investment and institutional finance to Aquariculture for Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Perspective ... Interdisciplinary Research in Life Sciences: A Path Towards Sustainability (Vol. 3) - Jayvardhan V. Balkhande & Jalander Vaghmare (Eds.) ISBN: 978-93-95369-86-2 (paperback) 978-93-95369-58-9 (electronic) | © 2025 Advent Publishing. 19 expand fisheries as a viable enterprise. The Department of Fisheries (DoF) and the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) played key roles in implementation. NFDB provided technical guidance to 27 States and 7 UTs , scrutinized projects on techno -financial grounds, and facilitated funding for states, ICAR institutes and KVKs. The mission also contributed to food and nutritional security by augmenting fish production in a sustainable manner (GOI, PIB, 2025 https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=155173&ModuleId=3). Key interventions included the adoption of a cluster-based approach for water resource development, post-harvest and marketing infrastructure and need-based livelihood support . Modern technologies such as cage culture and RAS were introduced as models of intensive fish production. Importantly, the Blue Revolution gave special emphasis to ornamental fisheries, supporting breeding, culture and trade, thereby boosting both domestic markets and exports. Thus, the Blue Revolution has not only increased fish production but also strengthened rural livelihoods, promoted innovation and established India as a growing hub for ornamental fish farming (Chouhan & Choudhary, 2025). Recent government initiatives (2024 -2025) under the PMMSY highlight the growing emphasis on ornamental fisheries as a driver of aquariculture-led economic growth. Between 2020 and 2025, the sector received over $18.8 million (₹157.64 crore) in financial support, facilitating the establishment of backyard units, medium-scale rearing farms, and integrated facilities. In 2024 - 25, Madurai district in Tamil Nadu was officially designated as an Ornamental Fisheries Cluster to strengthen entrepreneurship, infrastructure and market access (Vincent & Saravanan, 2020). Other key developments include approval for an indigenous fish aquarium in Assam and the assignment of ICAR - CIFA to prepare a comprehensive roadmap for ornamental fisheries growth and value - chain enhancement (Sahoo et al., 2023). Additionally, breeding and rearing projects have been sanctioned in states such as Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (Pandey, 2025) . A noteworthy technological advancement was the launch of the Rangeen Machhli mobile app in November 2024, designed to deliver knowledge resources to hobbyists, aquarium traders and ornamental fish farmers (Chakra, 2024). C. Status of Ornamental Fish Trade in India India has rich ornamental fish biodiversity and strong domestic demand, but its global trade share remains small (<1%). 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