A review of Palaearctic species of the contaminata group of Scatophila (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species

ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE www.aemnp.euISSN 1804-6487 (online) – 0374-1036 (print) RESEARCH ARTICLE A review of Palaearctic species of the contaminata group of Scatophila (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species Tadeusz ZATWARNICKI1) & Zbyněk KEJVAL2) 1) Institute of Biology, Opole University, ul. Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2) Muzeum Chodska, Chodské náměstí 96, CZ-344 01 Domažlice, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The contaminata group of Scatophila Becker, 1896 from the Palaearctic Region is reviewed. A new species S. hirsovae sp. nov. from the Czech Republic (type locality: Kateřina, Soos Reserve), Slovakia, and Turkey is described. Redescription of the contaminata group, diagnoses and photographs of the two other known European species: S. contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844) and S. pumilio (Loew, 1860), and a key for their identifi cation are provided. Scatophila contaminata is recorded from Siberia for the fi rst time. Key words. Diptera, Ephydridae, cryptic species, morphological characters, taxonomy, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Palaearctic Region Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:03564920-D40B-4ED4-A32B-DD4FA91BA354 © 2025 The Authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Licence. Accepted: 30th June 2025 Published online: 11th August 2025 2025 65(1): 157–165 doi: 10.37520/aemnp.2025.012 Introduction Adult shore fl ies are small to moderate-sized fl ies, typical length 1.0–8.0 mm. About 2000 valid species usually occur in close association with moist substrates and may often be observed on seashores, and along lake shores, rivers, streams, ponds, marshy habitats and also on the water surface of pools. Many adults are polyphagous, feeding on yeast, various algae, and other microscopic organisms. There are few non-specialized predators, capturing and feeding on small insects (W et al. 2008). Most larvae are aquatic or semi-aquatic and occur in many diff erent microhabitats. The majority of shore fl ies feeds on various micro-organisms, e.g. algae, protozoa, and bacteria, and/or utilize detritus or are leaf miners on limnic emerging macrophytes. A large group of scavengers develops in decomposing organic matter, e.g. carcasses of small animals, carrion and faeces (M et al. 2021). The family is divided into four subfamilies: Hydrellinae, Gymnomyzinae, Ilytheinae and Ephydrinae (Z 2023b). The genus Scatophila Becker, 1896 belongs to the tribe Scatellini, which is one of fi ve tribes of Ephydrinae. Scatophila is a rather distinctive genus of shore fl ies showing a unique combination of the following three diagnostic characters: projected setose face, one orbital seta and short costal vein (extended to R2+3). It currently comprises 50 species of which most occur in the Holarctic Region (Z & M 2024): 19 are Palaearctic, 6 also occur in the Nearctic Region, another 4 are found in Japan and the Far East: S. caviceps (Stenhammar, 1844), S. facialis Miyagi, 1977, S. gorodkovi Krivosheina & Ozerov, 2016 and S. sexmaculata Miyagi, 1977. The latter species could be a synonym of S. caviceps. Z & I (2018) redescribed and illustrated three Palaearctic species and proposed to synonymize three names. Z & M (1994) reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus and they recognized nine species groups that are defi ned by characters of the male terminalia. Five of these groups are present in the Old World (the contaminata, despecta, mesogramma, noctula, and quadriguttata groups). The aim of the present paper is to describe a new species of the contaminata species-group that is close to the European species S. pumilio (Loew, 1860). It is the third new species found by the junior author in Czech Republic after two new Hydrellia (Z & K 2024). As the metallic microtomentose face is not shared by all species in the group (present in the nominative species S. contaminata), an updated defi nition of the group is provided. ZATWARNICKI & KEJVAL: Review of Palaearctic contaminata group of Scatophila (Ephydridae) with description of a new species 158 Systematics Genus Scatophila Becker, 1869 Scatophila Becker, 1896: 237. Type species: Ephydra caviceps Stenhammar, 1844, by original designation. Centromeromyia Frey, 1954: 40. Type species: Centromeromyia eremita Frey, 1954, by original designation (synonymized by Z 1991: 329). The contaminata species group Diagnosis. Face moderately produced anteriorly, not sexually dimorphic; 2–3 large setae on the facial margin and 2 distinct setae on the midface of which the ventral one is nearly as strong as the marginal (Figs 1–3, 5, 6, 13, 16, 17, 23–25); gena very narrow; anterior margin of epandrium almost straight (Figs 7, 10, 18); neohypandrium present, elongate, slightly defl ected before the top (Figs 9, 12, 20); postgonite arcuately defl ected, its proximal margin slightly convex, distal process of postgonite triangular, bifurcate on the top (Figs 9, 12, 20); phallus (= aedeagus) without ventral process, in dorsal view with broadly oval distal margin (Figs 8, 11, 19); anterior margin of the dorsal opening of phallus almost straight or broadly convex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Figs 9, 12, 20) refracted medially or arcuately defl ected, in dorsal view generally with broad proximal extension and sharp subapical lateral process (Figs 8, 11, 19). Species included. Scatophila contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844), S. exilis Cresson, 1935, S. ordinaria Sturtevant & Wheeler, 1954, and S. pumilio (Loew, 1860). Remark. The placement of S. pumilio in the contaminata group was informally proposed by Z & M (1994, illustration legend on page 364 and a remark on page 368) and is confi rmed herein. Key to European species of the contaminata group 1 Body black, unicolorous (Figs 3, 5); face of male with white microtomentum (Figs 2, 5, 6), face of female shiny (Fig. 1); mesonotum uniform, without pattern (Fig. 5); phallapodeme bar-like, gradually broadened posteriorly (Figs 8, 9). ................................................. .......................... S. contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844). – Body grey with pattern on mesonotum (Figs 13, 15, 17, 22, 24, 25); face not shiny, without whitish microtomentum (Figs 13, 16, 17); phallapodeme Y-shaped or helmet-like posteriorly (Figs 11, 12, 19, 20). ....... 2 2 Acrostichal setulae similar in size (Fig. 25); margin of wing at apex of vein R4+5 rounded (Fig. 21); knob of halter light brown; the male terminalia with epandrial anterior margin slightly rounded medially (Fig. 10), and phallapodeme Y-shaped, split posteriorly (Fig. 12). ...................................... S. pumilio (Loew, 1860) – Presutural acrostichal setulae larger than others (Fig. 15); wing slightly pointed at apex of vein R4+5 (Fig. 14); knob of halter white; the male terminalia with epandrial anterior margin even (Fig. 18), and phallapodeme helmet-like in dorsal view (Fig. 20). ............................ ......................... S. hirsovae sp. nov. Materials and methods The material studied is deposited in the following collections: CULSP Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic (Miroslav Barták); DEBU University of Guelph Insect Collection, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Canada (Steven A. Marshall); MCH Muzeum Chodska, Domažlice, Czech Republic; MZLU Zoological Institute, Museum of Zoology and Entomology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Rune Bygebjerg); NMPC National Museum of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic (Michal Tkoč); RBINS Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium (Patrick Grootaert, Wouter Dekoninck and Pol Limbourg); SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (Frank Menzel); SMOC Slezské zemské muzeum, Opava, Czech Republic (Jindřich Roháček); UUZM Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Hans Mejlon); ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutionsund Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany (Jenny Pohl and Sven Marotzke); ZMPA Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Warsaw, Poland (Dariusz Iwan, Przemysław Szymroszczyk). The descriptive terminology of external characters follows C & W (2017). Orientation of structures in the description of the male terminalia are the same as in nematocerous Diptera, i.e., the cerci indicate the dorsal side of the hypopygium and the hypandrium is regarded as ventral; the direction to the head of the fl y is defi ned as anterior (and its opposite as posterior). Standard methods of examination were used, including the study of the male postabdominal structures. The presentation of label data is strictly verbatim for type specimens but standardized for other material examined. Separate labels are indicated by double slash (//) and comments on label data are placed in square brackets. Abdomens of some specimens were detached and then the genitalia were dissected. After examination, all dissected parts were put into plastic vials containing glycerin and pinned below the respective specimens. Illustrations of the male terminalia were made using a drawing tube attached to the microscope Labophot2 and were rendered using the graphic software Micrografx Designer 7.0. Photographs of habitus were taken with a Canon EOS 7D (18 Mp) camera with a zoom objective 70–200/f4 and a Nikon 10x/0.3 Plan Fluor microscopic objective. The images were then combined, using licensed stacking software, Zerene Stacker. One head, one abdominal, and two venational ratios used in the descriptions are defi ned below: Gena to eye ratio is the genal height measured at the maximum eye height / eye height. Costal vein ratio is the straight-line distance between the apices of R2+3 and R4+5 / distance between the apices of R1 and R2+3. M vein ratio is the straight-line distance along vein M between crossveins dm-cu and r-m / distance apicad of dm-cu. Male tergite 5 to 4 ratio – length of the male tergite 5 / length of the male tergite 4 (measured at the median part of the abdomen in dorsal view). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, volume 65, number 1, 2025 159 Figs 1–6. Scatophila contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844). 1 – head, anterior view; 2 – head, lateral view; 3 – habitus, latero-oblique view; 4 – wing, dorsal view; 5 – head and thorax, dorsal view; 6 – head, latero-oblique view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. ZATWARNICKI & KEJVAL: Review of Palaearctic contaminata group of Scatophila (Ephydridae) with description of a new species 160 Type localities. Ephydra contaminata – not given, Sweden from the title of the paper; Scatophila halterata – Węgliniec (as ʽKohlfurtʼ), Lower Silesia, Poland. Type material examined. Ephydra contaminata: L: ♂, designated by Z & M (2024) in good condition, labelled: ʽE. contaminata St. ♂ a Stenh. [handwritten] // MZLU-DIPT 000 67432 [ʽ67432ʼ handwritten] // LECTOTYPE ♂ Ephydra contaminata StenScatophila contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844) (Figs 1–9) Ephydra contaminata Stenhammar, 1844: 185. Scatophila contaminata: B (1896): 240 (combination). Scatophila halterata Becker, 1896: 245. Scatophila halterata: Z (1987): 280 (synonymy). Figs 7–12. Male terminalia. 7–9 – Scatophila contaminata (Stenhammar, 1844): 7 – epandrium and cerci, dorsal view; 8, 9 – internal male terminalia (8 – dorsal view, 9 – lateral view). 10–12 – S. pumilio (Loew, 1860): 10 – epandrium and cerci, dorsal view; 11, 12 – internal male terminalia (11 – dorsal view, 12 – lateral view). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, volume 65, number 1, 2025 161 hammar designated by Zatwarnicki & Mathisʼ (MZLU). Scatophila halterata: H: ♂ (without head, terminalia in a plastic vial) labelled: ʽKohlfurt 10/6. 37425 // Holotypus [red] // halterata // Mus. Zool. Berlin [yellow]ʼ (ZMHB). Other material examined. BELGIUM: Blankenberge, 10.viii.1924, M. Bequaert leg., 1 ♂; Genk (Termiën), 14.x.1949, A. Collart leg., 1 ♂; Knokke, 1.ix.1954, M. Bequaert leg., 1 ♀; Postel, 28.iii.1922, G. Severin leg., 1 ♀ (RBINS). CZECH REPUBLIC: B: Bilina, Lom 1, 50°34′57″N 13°41′50″E, alt. 260 m, near small pond, ET, 3.iv.–2.v.1999, M. Barták leg., 1 ♀; Březno, S of Chomutov, 17.vii.–19. viii.1999, M. Barták leg., 1 ♀; Chomutov, Libouš II jih, 17.vii.–19. vi.1999, M. Barták leg., 1 ♀; Duchcov, 2 km E, deciduous wood, 1.vii.1993, M. Barták leg., 2 ♂♂ (CULSP); Kateřina, Soos NNR, 50°08′55″N 12°24′31″E, alt. 440 m, salt marshes, 9.–11.vi.2022, Z. Kejval lgt., 1 ♂ (MCH); same data, except: 50°09′03″N 12°24′09″E, 24.vi.2023, 1 ♂ (MCH). POLAND: Malczyce [ʽOderwald 14/5 30851ʼ], T. Becker leg., 1 ♀ (ZMHB); Słupsk, 29.viii.1932, O. Karl leg., 1 ♀ (ZMPA). RUSSIA: Novosibirsk, Cherny Mts, aspirated among sedge roots, 28.vi.1991, S. A. Marshall leg., 2 ♂♂ (DEBU). SWEDEN: S: Lanskrona, Lindeshamn, 27.viii.1990, P. Prütz leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀; same locality, 23.iv.2009, P. Prütz leg., 1 ♂; Lomma, 16.iii.1972, H. Andersson leg., 1 ♂; T. Hellestad Trollskogen, 6.v.1971, H. Andersson leg., 1 ♂ (MZLU). U: Hjälsta, Hjälstaviken, 1.iv.1960, L. Hedström leg., 1 ♀; Uppsala, Nedre Föret, 16.iv.1958, L. Hedrström leg., 1 ♂ (UUZM). Diagnosis. Body shiny, blackish (Figs 3, 5); face of male with white microtomentum (Figs 2, 5, 6), face of female shiny (Fig. 1); mesonotum uniform, without pattern; acrostichal setulae similar in size; wing with conspicuous spots (Fig. 4); margin of wing at apex of vein R4+5 rounded; knob of halter brown or blackish; male genitalia (Figs 7–9) with epandrial anterior margin projected medially (Fig. 7) and phallapodeme bar-like, slightly broadened posteriorly (Figs 8, 9). Distribution. Holarctic: Alaska (Z & M 2024); Belgium (Z 2023), Czech Republic (B 1996, Z et al. 2001), Finland (Z & K 2014), Germany (H- -S & Z 1999), Hungary (Z & P 2001), Poland (B 1896; K 1937; Z 1987, 1991), Russia: European Territory (N 1970), Siberia (new record), Sweden (D 1959, Z, 1987). Scatophila hirsovae sp. nov. (Figs 13–20) Type locality. Czech Republic, Bohemia, Kateřina, Soos National Nature Reserve, saline swamp near Císařský spring, 50°8′53.8″N 12°24′10.8″E, altitude 440 m. Type material. H: ♂ (dissected), labelled: ʽCZ-Bocc 5840, 5.7.2021, KATEŘINA, Soos Reserve, saline swamp near Císařský spring, pan traps, 440 m, Z. Kejval leg. 50°8′53.8″N 12°24′10.8″E [printed] // HOLOTYPE [red label, printed] // Scatophila hirsovae sp.nov. T. Zatwarnicki & Z. Kejval det. 2025 [printed]ʼ (NMPC). P: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same labels as holotype (NMPC); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, ʽCZ-Bocc 5840, 21.6.2023, KATEŘINA, Soos Reserve, salt marsh (partly trans.) swept, 440 m, Z. Kejval leg. 50°09′04″N 12°24′05″E [printed]ʼ (NMPC); 2 ♂♂, ʽCZ-Bocc 5548, 12.8.2023 DOBROMĚŘICE, Dobroměřický ryb. (pond bottom) 195 m, Z. Kejval leg. 50°23′24″N 13°47′33″E [printed]ʼ (NMPC); 1 ♂ (dissected): ʽCS: Borský Jur, edge of pine wood, 48.36N/17.03E, 190 m Barták, 22. vii. 1989ʼ (CULSP); 1 ♀, ʽCZ: Chomutov, Libouš II jih nr brook, MT, 285m, 50°24′24″N, 13°23′21″E Barták, 5.vi.-17.vii. 1999ʼ (CULSP); 2 ♀♀, ʽCZ: Duchcov2 km E deciduous wood, 18 [number in the circle, handwritten] 50.36N/13.43E, 220 m., Bartak, 9.v.1993ʼ (CULSP); 1 ♂, ʽSlovakia mer., Kamenín nr. Štúrovo, salty meadow, J. Roháček leg. // sweeping over boggy meadow, 31. V. 1982 [printed, only date handwritten]ʼ (SMOC). Other material examined. CZECH REPUBLIC: B: SE of Most, 50°28′01″N 13°40′16″E, alt. 250 m, mine dump, pond banks/sandy, 11.viii.2023, Z. Kejval leg., 1 ♂ without terminalia (MCH). TURKEY: A: Çine, 8 km S, 37°32′34″N 28°03′46″E, alt. 68 m, river bank, swept, 29.iv.–1.v.2016, M. Barták & Š. Kubík leg., 1 ♂ (CULSP). Description. Small shore fl ies, male body length 1.02–1.37 mm; wing length 0.80–1.20; female body length 1.17–1.38, wing length 1.05–1.07. Head. Frons almost 1.5× wider than long, parafrons grey with black lateral margins, mesofrons brownish-grey (Figs 15–17); the length of the inner vertical seta 1.5× of outer vertical seta, ocellar and fronto-orbital seta subequal in length of outer vertical seta (Figs 15–17); antenna black; face projected slightly, in 1/4 of eye width; face medially and ventrally brownish, antennal fovea and gena greyish; 3 strong submarginal setae and 2 midfacial setae, ventral one longer (Figs 13, 16, 17); palpus black; gena very short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.086–0.140. Thorax (Figs 23–25): Mesonotum (Figs 24, 25) mostly dark brown with seven small grey areas: one medial stripe between acrostichal setae, better expressed towards scutellum, and three on each side (Figs 24, 25): oval spot between acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, rounded spot between dorsocentral seta and presutural supra-alar seta, followed by a narrow, oval spot extending to posterior intra-alar seta; scutellum dark brown, with apex grey; central and ventral part of anepisternum, also ventral section of katepisternum dark brown, the rest of pleura grey (Fig. 23); presutural acrostichal setulae larger than others. Wing (Fig. 21) generally brown, infuscate with whitened spots; cell r2+3 with three, basal radial cell and discal cell with one small, cell r4+5 with three (basal small), m cell and cell cuA1 with two spots; costal vein ratio 0.28–0.41; M vein ratio 0.57–0.73; stem of halter whitish grey, knob of halter white. Legs uniformly black (Fig. 23). Abdomen. Tergites dark brown, unicolorous, subshiny, with slight bluish-green refl ection; male fi fth to fourth tergite ratio 1.2. Male terminalia (Figs 18–20): epandrium in dorsal view (Fig. 18) 1.24 times as long as wide, posterior margin widely rounded, anterior margin broadly truncate (nearly straight) with rounded lateral margins; cercal opening comparatively large, height of cercal opening equal to 0.64 epandrial length; cerci in dorsal view (Fig. 18) moderate in size, hemispherical; postgonite in dorsal view irregularly deltoid with moderately broadened apically anterior process and small posteroventral projection (Fig. 20) and slightly arcuate; in lateral view irregularly trapezoid in arcuate form, anterior process apically bifurcate, bearing setulae, ventral process narrow, elongate (Fig. 19); neohypandrium in lateral view elongated, narrow, shallowly sinuous (Fig. 19); phallapodeme in dorsal view helmet-like with addition of T-shaped posterior crossbar (spatulate in antero-dorsal view), medial process linear, distinctly longer than expanded section (Fig. 20), in lateral view elongate, C-shaped with dorsal section narrowly elliptic, ventral process bar-like (Fig. 19); phallus (= aedeagus) in dorsal view elongated, 1.63 times as long as wide, ovoid with broadened anterior margin, dorsal opening pentagonal ZATWARNICKI & KEJVAL: Review of Palaearctic contaminata group of Scatophila (Ephydridae) with description of a new species 162 Figs 13–17. Scatophila hirsovae sp. nov. 13 – head, thorax and abdomen, lateral view; 14 – wing, dorsal view; 15 – head and thorax, dorsal view; 16 – head, anterior view; 17 – habitus, latero-oblique view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, volume 65, number 1, 2025 163 Distribution. Palaearctic: Czech Republic (Bohemia), Slovakia, Turkey (Anatolia). Scatophila pumilio (Loew, 1860) (Figs 10–12, 21–25) Scatella pumilio Loew, 1860: 44. Scatophila pumilio: B (1896): 244 (combination). Type locality. Lower Silesia (as ʽSchlesienʼ), Poland. Type material examined. H: ♀ in moderate condition (Fig. 22), labelled: ʽSchlesien Scholtz // Coll. H. Loew // 14496 // Scatella pumilio m. [handwritten] // Holotypus [red]ʼ (ZMHB). Other material examined. BELGIUM: Knokke (Zwijn), 5.iii.1950, M. Bequaert leg., 1 ♂ (RBINS). GERMANY: Berlin-Jungferheide, 22.iii.1908, L. Oldenberg leg., 1 ♂ (SDEI). Diagnosis. Body grey with pattern on mesonotum (Figs 24, 25); face not shiny, without whittish microtomentum; acrostichal setulae similar in size; wing with conspicuous spots (Figs 21, 22); margin of wing at apex of vein R4+5 rounded (Fig. 21); knob of halter light brown; male terminalia (Figs 10–12) with epandrial anterior margin slightly projected medially (Fig. 10), phallapodeme Y-shaped, split posteriorly (Fig. 12). Distribution. Palaearctic: Belgium (B 1931, Z-  2023), Czech Republic (K-H 2006, Z & K 2022), Germany (B 1988, H-S & Z 1999), Hungary (P & A 1996), Poland (L 1860, the type locality), Portugal (S et al. 2024). Old records with broad V-shaped anterior margin (Fig. 20); in lateral view irregularly ampulliform with posterodorsal large circular indentation producing medial triangular projection, posterior margin moderately rounded, ventral margin straight, apically shallowly rounded (Fig. 21), ventral phallic process lacking. Diff erential diagnosis. Scatophila hirsovae sp. nov. is undoubtedly close to S. pumilio, as suggested by overall similarity of external and genital characters. It can be distinguished from this species by the wing slightly pointed at apex of vein R4+5, knob of halter white and characters of the male terminalia, especially by the helmet-like phallapodeme in dorsal view (see the key above). The new species is similar to the Nearctic S. exilis, which can be separated by yellowish trochanters, apices of femora and two basal tarsomeres (versus black legs); anterior section of epandrium (in front of cercal opening) rectangular, 3× wider than long in the midlength (versus anterior section of epandrium trapezoidal, 2× wider than long in the midlength), epandrial anterior margin bears 30 suband marginal setae (versus epandrial anterior margin bears 16 suband marginal setae); postgonites separated medially (versus postgonites connected medially). Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Hana KubátováHiršová (Kobylnice, Czech Republic) in recognition of her contribution to the knowledge of Ephydridae, especially to faunistics of Central European species. The species epithet, hirsovae, is derived from her maiden name. Figs 18–20. Scatophila hirsovae sp. nov., male terminalia. 18 – epandrium and cerci, dorsal view; 19–20 – internal male terminalia (19 – dorsal view, 20 – lateral view). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. ZATWARNICKI & KEJVAL: Review of Palaearctic contaminata group of Scatophila (Ephydridae) with description of a new species 164 by B (1887), K (1910, 1935), S (1970) are possibly misidentifi cation of other Scatophila species. Remarks. Labels of the holotype and short redescription of Scatophila pumilio were provided by P (1975). The species was erroneously synonymized with S. noctula (Meigen, 1830) by Z (1987), then resurrected from synonymy by Z & M (1994). Acknowledgements We are indebted to the curators of entomological collections for their help and assistance during the stay of the senior author at the respective institutions. For reviewing a draft of this paper, we thank Wayne N. Mathis (Washington, D.C., USA) and Anthony G. Irwin (Norwich, UK) for their suggestions and corrections. Figs 21–25. Scatophila pumilio (Loew, 1860). 21 – wing, dorsal view; 22 – holotype, antero-oblique view; 23 – head and thorax, lateral view; 24 – head and thorax, latero-oblique view; 25 – head and thorax, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, volume 65, number 1, 2025 165 References BARTÁK M. 1996: Diptera communities of "Osecká" dump near Duchcov and its environment. Dipterologica Bohemoslovaca 7 [1995]: 5–16. BÄHRMANN R. 1988: Über den Einfl uss von Luftverunreinigungen auf Ökosysteme XIV. Öko-faunistische Untersuchungen an Zweifl üglern (Diptera Brachycera) industrienaher Agropyronund PuccinelliaRasen bei Jena/Thüringen. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik 115: 49–68. BASTIN F. 1931: Liste des Ephydridae et Canaceidae de Belgique. Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 23 (5): 177–182. BECKER T. 1896: Dipterologische Studien IV. Ephydridae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 41: 91–276. BEUTHIN H. 1887: Erster Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Dipteren der Umgegend von Hamburg. Verhandlungen des Vereins für Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg 6: 44–86. CUMMING J. M. & WOOD D. M. 2017: Adult morphology and terminology. Pp. 89–133. In: KIRK-SPRIGGS A. H. & SINCLAIR B. J. (eds): Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. SANBI Graphics and Editing, Pretoria, 425 pp. DAHL R. G. 1959: Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae (Diptera Brachycera). Opuscula Entomologica, Supplement 15: 1–224. FREY R. 1954: Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha (with contribution by J. Becquaert, Cambridge, USA). Results of the Norwegian Scientifi c Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 4 (26): 1–55. HOLLMANN-SCHIRRMACHER V. & ZATWARNICKI T. 1999: Ephydridae. Pp. 149–152. In: SCHUMANN H., BÄHRMANN R. & STARK A. (eds): Entomofauna Germanica 2. Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands. Studia Dipterologica. Supplement 2: 1–354. KARL O. 1937: Die Fliegenfauna Pommerns. Diptera Brachycera. (Fortsetzung und Schluss.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 98: 125–159. KRÖBER O. 1910: Fauna Hamburgensis. Verzeichnis der in der Umgegend von Hamburg gefundenen Dipteren. Verhandlungen des Vereins für Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg 14: 3–113. KRÖBER O. 1935: Dipterenfauna von Schleswig-Holstein und den benachbarten westlichen Nordseegebieten. II. Teil: Diptera Brachycera: Pyrgotidae bis Milichiidae. Verhandlungen des Vereins für Naturwissenschaftliche Heimatforschung zu Hamburg 24: 45–156. KUBÁTOVÁ-HIRŠOVÁ H. 2006: Notes to the checklist of Ephydridae (Diptera) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Entomofauna Carpathica 18 (3–4): 43–46. LOEW H. 1860: Die Europaeischen Ephydrinidae und die bisher in Schlesien beobachteten Arten derselben. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Teil 7. Mittler und Sohn, Berlin, 46 pp. MATHIS W. N., ZATWARNICKI T. & IRWIN A. G. 2021: 100 Ephydridae (Ephydroidea) (shore fl ies). Pp. 2193–2230. In: KIRK-SPRIGGS A. H. & SINCLAIR B. J. (eds): Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 3. Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha, excluding Calyptratae. Suricata 8. SANBI Graphics and Editing, Pretoria, pp. xv + 1365–2379. NARTSHUK E. P. 1970: 94. Fam. Ephydridae-Beregovushki. Pp. 363–388. In: STACKELBERG A. A. & NARTSHUK E. P. (eds): Keys to the Insects of the European USSR, 5 (Flies, Fleas), Part 2. Nauka, Leningrad, 943 pp. (in Russian). PAPP L. 1975: Four new species of Ephydridae (Diptera) from Hungary. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 67: 213–217. PAPP L. & ADÁM L. 1996: High insect diversity in a poor habit (dry sheep-runs in Hungary). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 57: 171–196. SAAGER H. 1970: Die Dipterensammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Lübeck. 3 Teil und 1. Nachtrag. Berichte des Vereins "Natur und Heimat" und des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Lübeck 11: 88–103. STENHAMMAR C. 1844: Försök till gruppering och revision af de svenska Ephydrinae. Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Series 3 1843: 75–272. STUKE J.-H., ANDRADE R. & GONÇALVES A. 2024: Records of shorefl ies (Diptera: Ephydridae) from mainland Portugal, with an updated checklist. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 73 [2023]: 11–31. WAGNER R., BARTÁK M., BORKENT A., COURTNEY G., GODDEERIS B., HAENNI J.-P., KNUTSON L., PONT A., ROTHERAY G. E., ROZKOŠNÝ R., SINCLAIR B., WOODLEY N., ZATWARNICKI T. & ZWICK P. 2008: Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae). Hydrobiologia 595: 489–519. ZATWARNICKI T. 1987: New synonyms and records of Palearctic Scatophila (Diptera, Ephydridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 57(2): 277–298. ZATWARNICKI T. 1991: Changes in nomenclature and synonymies of some genera and species of Ephydridae (Diptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 39 (4–5): 295–333. ZATWARNICKI T. 2023a: A review of Belgian Ephydridae (Diptera). Bulletin de la Société royale Belge d’Entomologie/Bulletin van de Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Entomologie 159 (1): 54–105. ZATWARNICKI T. 2023b: Major lineages of shore fl ies (Diptera: Ephydridae) and resultant subfamilial classifi cation. Annales Zoologici 73 (4): 659–682. ZATWARNICKI T. & IRWIN A. G. 2018: Taxonomic notes on the genera Scatella and Scatophila (Diptera: Ephydridae) with a remark on Trixoscelis chilensis (Trixoscelididae). Zootaxa 4377: 91–109. ZATWARNICKI T. & KAHANPÄÄ J. 2014: Checklist of the family Ephydridae of Finland (Insecta, Diptera). Pp. 339–346. In: KAHANPÄÄ J. & SALMELA J. (eds): Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 1–408. ZATWARNICKI T. & KEJVAL Z. 2022: Nové pozoruhodné nálezy břežnic (Diptera: Ephydridae) v České republice. [New remarkable records of shore fl ies (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Czech Republic]. Západočeské Entomologické Listy 13: 68–75. Online: https:// www.entolisty.cz. ZATWARNICKI T. & KEJVAL Z. 2024: Two new species of Hydrellia (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Central Europe, with redescriptions of H. aurifer and H. frontalis. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (2): 345–353. ZATWARNICKI T., KUBÁTOVÁ-HIRŠOVÁ H. & BARTÁK M. 2001: Ephydridae. Pp. 439–447. In: BARTÁK M. & VAŇHARA J. (eds): Diptera in an Industrially Aff ected Region (North-Western Bohemia, Bilina and Duchcov Envirnons), II. Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Biologia 105: 1–514. ZATWARNICKI T. & MATHIS W. N. 1994: Phylogeny and classifi cation of the genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 29 (4) [1993]: 351–370. ZATWARNICKI T. & MATHIS W. N. 2024: Revision of the Nearctic species of the shore-fl y genus Scatophila Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa 5487 (1): 1–100. ZATWARNICKI T. & PAPP L. 2001: Ephydridae. Pp. 352–363. In: PAPP L. (ed.): Checklist of the Diptera of Hungary. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 550 pp.