Urban Resilience Through Public Interior Adaptability

ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCES AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES: URBAN RESILIENCE Editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Copyright © 2025 by İKSAD publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TÜRKİYE TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2025© Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience ISBN: 978-625-378-337-2 Cover Design: Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Ankara / Türkiye Size = 16x24 cm PREFACE Dear Professors and Colleagues, We are pleased bring to life that Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience, which was published as an e-book by IKSAD Publishing House with the editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU and Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ. This book project, entitled “Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience,” aims to address sustainability-oriented approaches to urban resilience from theoretical, methodological, and practical perspectives. The volume seeks to establish a multi-layered platform of discussion, ranging from the scale of individual buildings to the entirety of the urban fabric. Within this framework, it welcomes contributions from scholars and researchers working in architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, environmental engineering, and related disciplines. With the valuable contributions of our chapter authors working in the professional disciplines of landscape architecture, architecture, city and regional planning, urban design and sustainability, we have completed Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience book study has been completed with 24 book chapters. We would like to thank you, our esteemed authors, for their contributions to the preparation of the book. We would also like to thank the editorial board and IKSAD Publishing House. We wish to continue this process we have started in the coming years. In addition, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL, the book coordinator of IKSAD Publishing House, for his guidance and support throughout the publication process. We hope that our book ‘Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience’ will be helpful to the readers. Best regards. 15.10.2025 EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ AUTHORS The authors were listed in alphabetical order Alper ÇABUK Ayça GÜLTEN Ayşe ÖZYETGİN ALTUN Ayşe Özge ŞİMŞEK SOYSAL Ayşegül TANRIVERDİ KAYA Demet EROL Deniz DEMİRARSLAN Ebru Vesile ÖCALIR Eda ŞENTÜRK Elif Kübra ÖZTÜRK Emine BAYDAN Esra KESKİN Feran AŞUR Feyza Sena ŞENOCAK Filiz KARAKUŞ Furkan AKDEMİR Gencay ÇUBUK Gülşah BİLGE ÖZTÜRK Halil DUYMUŞ Hamza ALTAŞ Hande AKARCA İnci OLGUN Kemal Mert ÇUBUKÇU Kumru ÇILGIN Mehmet Akif IRMAK Mehmet Emin DAŞ Mehtap ÖZENEN KAVLAK Merve ALICI AKA Mesut GÜZEL Muhammed Akif AÇIKGÖZ Muhammed Emir GÖRAL Murat YEŞİL Olcay Türkan YURDUGÜZEL Özge DÜZGÜN EREKİNCİ Pervin YEŞİL Rabia Nurefsan ACIKGOZ Sedef ŞENDOĞDU Seher Simay KUŞOĞLU Serim DİNÇ Sevilay YILDIZ Sinem SEYHAN Şevval ERGİNDOĞAN Şuheda ALTUNOK Temuçin Göktürk SEYHAN Tuba Nur OLĞUN Tuna BATUHAN Ufuk Teoman AKSOY Yusuf Eminoğlu REVIEWER LIST The authors were listed in alphabetical order Aslıhan TIRNAKÇI Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Atila GÜL Süleyman Demirel University Ayşe Kalaycı ÖNAÇ İzmir Katip Çelebi University Bige ŞİMŞEK İLHAN İstanbul Medipol University Burcu YILMAZEL Eskişehir Technical University Eda KOÇAK Siirt University Ekrem BAHADIR Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Elif KUTAY KARAÇOR İstanbul Technical University Hakan ARSLAN Ondokuz Mayıs University Hilal TURGUT Karadeniz Technical University Meliha AKLIBAŞINDA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Murat AKTEN Süleyman Demirel University Nihan Sümeyye GÜNDOĞDU Atlas University Okan Murat DEDE Amasya University Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Selcen Nur Erikci Çelik Beykoz University Sibel AKTEN Isparta Unıversıty Of Applıed Scıences Sinem ÖZDEDE Pamukkale University Şeyma ŞENGÜR Ordu University Turgut KALAY Kütahya Dumlupınar University Tendü Hilal GÖKTUĞ Aydın Adnan Menderes University 215 1. Introduction Cities have long faced complex crises such as disasters, epidemics, wars, and mass migrations, which threaten not only infrastructure but also social cohesion. These crises strain essential systems and erode social bonds, security, and quality of life—especially for vulnerable groups. To reduce such impacts, safe and supportive shelters are essential. In this context, public interior spaces like libraries and cultural centers gain new importance as adaptable environments that support social interaction and enhance urban resilience during crises. Urban resilience—defined as a city’s ability to withstand unexpected disasters or prolonged stressors—must be a fundamental consideration in the design and planning of these facilities. This study is structured as a qualitative investigation into the adaptability of public interior spaces within the framework of urban resilience. The research process consists of three main stages (Figure 1): 1. Development of the theoretical and conceptual framework: In the first stage, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on the concepts of urban resilience, functional transformation of public interiors, and socio-spatial flexibility. National and international academic sources addressing the spatial implications of crises such as disasters, pandemics, and migration were examined. 2. Analysis of applied case studies: In the second stage, case studies were analyzed to investigate how public interior spaces in various cities were adapted during crisis periods. These included examples of public buildings (e.g., libraries, cultural centers, municipal buildings) temporarily repurposed as shelters, health units, or 216 coordination centers. Additionally, examples of ready-to-deploy design prototypes were reviewed. 3. Inductive identification of design principles and strategies: Based on the findings from the case studies, key design principles and strategies for public interior spaces were identified through an inductive approach. These strategies were structured around core concepts such as flexibility, accessibility, multifunctionality, sustainability, and inclusivity. Thus, a bidirectional relationship was established between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Figure 1. Research Methodology. 2. Urban Resilience Concept Resilience, first introduced by Holling (1973) in the context of ecological systems, refers to a system’s ability to absorb disturbances and maintain internal functions despite changes in variables and conditions. It is considered an inherent property determining whether a system continues or collapses (Ribeiro & Gonçalves, 2019). 217 The goal of resilience is to reduce the impacts of disruptions by enabling systems to resist, adapt, and return to equilibrium (Ribeiro & Gonçalves, 2019). Urban resilience is the capacity of cities and their socio-ecological and socio-technical systems to sustain or quickly regain core functions during crises, adapt to changing conditions, and transform structures that hinder adaptability (Meerow, Newell, & Stults, 2016). It is based on four pillars: resisting, recovering, adapting, and transforming. Core components of urban resilience: 1Robust Infrastructure: Resilient cities require well-designed, regularly maintained infrastructure systems that can continue functioning during shocks. These include resilient transport networks, reliable energy grids, effective water and sanitation services, and strong communication infrastructures. 2Diversity and Inclusive Communities: Resilient urban societies foster diversity and promote inclusion by enhancing public participation and reducing social inequalities. Strong social networks and solidarity mechanisms are essential for collective action and mutual support during crises. 3Effective Governance and Institutional Capacity: Urban resilience is closely tied to proactive governance structures. Critical elements include risk-informed urban planning, robust policy frameworks, and horizontal and vertical coordination among public institutions. The inclusion of diverse stakeholders in decision-making processes is also vital for resilient governance. 218 4Adaptability and Flexibility: Resilient cities can adjust to changing conditions and respond flexibly. This involves embracing innovative technologies, applying sustainable urban planning principles, and periodically updating strategies to assess emerging risks. 5Comprehensive Risk Management: Urban resilience requires integrated strategies to address multiple risk factors such as natural disasters, climate change, and socio-economic vulnerabilities. Early warning systems, landuse planning, green infrastructure practices, and preparedness and response plans are essential tools. 6Resource Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability: Resilient cities prioritize the efficient use of natural resources to achieve environmental sustainability. Key efforts include promoting renewable energy, developing sustainable transportation systems, enhancing water and waste management, and expanding green spaces. 7Knowledge-Based Approaches and Innovation: Strengthening urban resilience depends on generating and disseminating knowledge and fostering innovation. Investments in research and development, collaboration with academic institutions and experts, data-driven planning, and evidence-based decision-making are all critical. In adopting the principles of urban resilience, cities not only enhance their capacity to withstand shocks and stresses but also improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. Moreover, they contribute to the creation of sustainable, inclusive, and livable urban environments for future generations. 219 3. The Concept of Public Interior Spaces Publicness is defined by its openness and accessibility to all. Whether enclosed or open, public spaces refer to environments designated for general use, with accessibility being the key criterion (Gürallar, 2009, p. 52–55). Public interior spaces are spatially bounded environments experienced as part of the public domain, including interiors of civic buildings and institutions (Poot et al, 2016, p. 54). These encompass areas for social interaction, mobility, leisure, commerce, and cultural engagement—both inside and outside buildings. According to Adıgüzel Özbek (2020, p. 100), urban interiors serve as umbrella spaces where people gather temporarily, shaped through collective action and transformation. These are mobile, evolving environments rather than predefined, static ones. Citing Giunta (2009, p. 52–61), Özbek further describes urban interiors as systems composed of bodies, objects, and space. Bodies (individuals and communities) form the social dimension, requiring spatial settings to support interaction. Objects gain meaning through use and context, creating a symbolic and functional symbiosis. Urban interiors, therefore, are flexible, open-ended systems that allow for adaptation and transformation. 4. The Relationship Between Public Interior Spaces and Urban Resilience Crises such as natural disasters, pandemics, and forced migration have redefined the roles of public interior spaces. Interior architecture now plays not only an aesthetic but also a strategic and societal role. Traditionally single-purpose buildings like libraries or cultural centers are increasingly 220 inadequate. Instead, multifunctionality and temporary reprogramming are essential for resilience. This shift necessitates flexible spatial design, where buildings support alternative emergency uses beyond their daily functions. To explore this, the study examined global cases that emerged under real crises— pandemics, earthquakes, refugee movements, and war—highlighting public buildings repurposed for socially driven functions. Cases prioritized architectural or interior design interventions and included conversions into hospitals, screening centers, shelters, storage, and coordination hubs. The study focused particularly on healthcare and shelter uses. In addition, award-winning design prototypes developed for emergency scenarios were reviewed, offering innovative, scalable references for future crisis-responsive spatial planning. 4.1. Examples of Public Spaces Repurposed as Hospitals During global health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, many public buildings were rapidly converted into temporary healthcare facilities to manage patient overflow and ease pressure on hospitals. This section explores key examples where civic structures were adapted as field hospitals, focusing on spatial strategies and design interventions employed. 4.1.1. Fangcang Shelter Hospitals – Wuhan, China Fangcang shelter hospitals were temporary medical facilities established during the COVID-19 pandemic by repurposing public venues such as stadiums and sports halls. Designed to house over 1,000 beds, they provided isolation and basic care for patients with mild to moderate symptoms. 221 Their key functions included isolation, triage, basic treatment, continuous monitoring, and rapid referral to full-service hospitals when needed. Beyond healthcare, they offered food, shelter, and opportunities for social interaction, reflecting a holistic approach to patient well-being (Shang et al. 2020, p. 976). Fangcang hospitals highlight how large-scale public interiors can be swiftly transformed into efficient, human-centered care environments in times of crisis. Figure 2. Functional Diagram of Fangcang Hospital-Hongshan Stadium (Fang et al., 2020) and Jiangxia Hospital (Jie et al., 2020, p.3). Similarly, Jiangxia Fangcang Hospital was designed with a modular layout addressing clinical and logistical needs. According to Jie et al. (2020, p.3), zones were allocated for patient intake, isolation, staff operations, sanitation, supplies, and psychological care—ensuring efficient workflow, minimizing contamination, and enabling scalable capacity. These cases illustrate how large public interiors can be swiftly repurposed into functional, human-centered emergency facilities through integrated spatial planning (Figure 2). To transform public buildings into Fangcang-style hospitals, specific architectural and infrastructural criteria must be met (Fang et al., 2022, p.3): 222 1-Road accessibility: Proximity to arterial roads ensures logistics and emergency access. 2-Safe location: Away from water sources and densely populated areas to reduce risk. 3-Adequate space: Sufficient indoor and outdoor areas for wards, support, and circulation. 4-Infrastructure readiness: Reliable electricity, plumbing, mechanical ventilation; backup power, sufficient outlets, and appropriate lighting must be in place. 5-Flexible furnishings: Easily removable or adjustable interior elements. 6-Fire safety: Compliance with fire codes, with at least two emergency exits. 7-Controlled airflow: Clean-to-contaminated airflow; use of air purifiers; central AC discouraged. 8Separate sanitation: Distinct toilets for staff and patients, proper waste management. 9-Water systems: Centralized supply with sterilization; separate drinking stations for staff and patients. 10-Zoning and layout: Divided into contaminated, semi-contaminated, and clean zones with dual circulation routes; movable non-combustible partitions at least 1.8m high. Minimal intervention to the existing structure is key for rapid conversion, making full use of existing infrastructure (Marinelli, 2020, p. 49). Future architectural planning for large public buildings—such as stadiums or convention centers—should integrate adaptability, convertibility, and scalability, including provisions for ventilation and sanitation systems. 223 4.1.2. Conversion of the Javits Center into a Field Hospital – New York, USA During the first wave of COVID-19 in 2020, New York City’s 1.7 million m² Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was swiftly repurposed into a temporary care facility. Led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with FEMA and state support, the center initially housed 250 beds, expanding to nearly 2,900 for non-COVID patients (Crothall Helped Transform the Javits Center into a Temporary Hospital, n.d.). Large exhibition halls were converted into patient pods using temporary partitions, curtain doors, and open ceilings. The facility included a 48-bed ICU, radiology, lab, and clinical service areas. Although not individually ventilated, airflow was reversed to maintain negative pressure and limit airborne transmission. Ventilation was further enhanced by maximizing outdoor air exchange (Thompson et al., 2023, p. 268–276). While ultimately underutilized, the Javits Center highlighted how large public interiors can be rapidly transformed into scalable healthcare infrastructure, underlining the importance of adaptability and flexible architectural planning (Figure 3 and 4). Figure 3. Conversion of the Javits Center into a Temporary Hospital, New York City (Lopez, 2020). 224 Figure 4. Functional Scheme of the Javits Center Field Hospital, (New York City's Javits Center Transforming into Field Hospital, n.d.). 4.1.3. Conversion of the ExCeL Exhibition Centre into NHS Nightingale Hospital – London, UK During the COVID-19 pandemic, London’s ExCeL Exhibition Centre was rapidly converted into a 4,000-bed temporary hospital due to its expansive, open-plan layout. In just nine days, 87,328 m² of exhibition space was reconfigured into a medical facility with approximately 80 wards, each containing 42 beds (Figures 5 and 6). The contractor followed the principle that “the less that has to be built or procured, the faster the process can happen” (Coronavirus: How NHS Nightingale Was Built in Just Nine Days, 2020; Ravenscroft, 2020). 231 Figure 11. Mersin Yenişehir Sports Hall, Türkiye – Deployment of Paper Partition System for Earthquake Survivors (Bah, 2023). Shigeru Ban’s Paper Partition System (PPS) follows key design principles (Ban et al., 2014): Sustainability – Use of recyclable materials to minimize environmental impact. Simplicity – Easy assembly by anyone, regardless of skill level. Human dignity – Designed to support both physical and psychological needs. Temporary but dignified living – Provides privacy, order, and personal space in emergency settings. 4.2.4. Astrodome Stadium, Texas: Emergency Shelter Following Hurricane Katrina Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Houston Astrodome was repurposed as an emergency shelter for about 25,000 evacuees from New 232 Orleans, offering food, medical care, and temporary housing. However, issues such as poor sanitation, ventilation, and noise soon arose. To mitigate these, new water lines were installed, along with 400+ portable toilets and showers. Noise from background sounds and morale-boosting music created additional discomfort for many. Communication was facilitated through a public message board, mobile phone booths, and ATMs. Other public structures, including military barracks and shopping malls, were similarly adapted during the crisis (Houston’s Helping Hand, 2010; Urban Edge, 2015) (Figures 12, 13, and 14). Figure 12. Astrodome Stadium as a Shelter for Hurricane Katrina Evacuees (Astrodome Welcomes Thousands of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees, n.d.). 233 Figure 13. Mobile Shower Units and Wash Stations at the Astrodome Stadium (Houston’s Helping Hand: Remembering Katrina, 2010). Figure 14. Mobile Phone Booths and ATMs Installed at the Astrodome Shelter (Welcomes Thousands of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees, n.d.; Houston’s Helping Hand: Remembering Katrina, 2010). 4.2.5. 2020 Elazığ Earthquake: Adaptive Use of Schools and Sports Halls as Emergency Shelters Following the 6.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Elazığ, Türkiye, on January 24, 2020, approximately 40,000 people whose homes were either destroyed, severely damaged, or who were too afraid to return to their residences, were accommodated in dormitories, guesthouses, and aparthotels (Figure 15 and 16). According to the Ministry of Interior, more than 15,000 people took shelter in school buildings and sports halls, while over 234 5,000 tents were set up to house those rendered homeless by the disaster (Williams, 2020). This multi-tiered shelter strategy highlights the importance of a diversified approach to post-disaster accommodation, utilizing both existing public interiors and temporary structures to meet urgent housing needs. Figure 15. Post-Earthquake Shelter in Dormitories, Guesthouses, and Youth Centers in Elazığ (Şen, 2023). Figure 16. Earthquake Survivors Sheltering in a Sports Hall in Elazığ (Depremden Etkilenen Vatandaşlar Spor Salonuna Sığındı, 2020). According to the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MoNE), since the first day of the Elazığ earthquake, 54,661 survivors were accommodated in schools and MoNE-owned facilities throughout the city. Additionally, 767 people were housed in four dormitories and one training 235 hotel in Elazığ (Elazığ Merkezli Depremde Zarar Gören Ailelerimizin Çocuklarına Eğitim Bursu Desteği, n.d.). However, it has been observed that these spaces were not specifically designed or adapted for postdisaster needs; rather, existing facilities were repurposed using available infrastructure, without any special spatial or ergonomic interventions tailored to the conditions and well-being of the displaced individuals. 4.2.6. Use of Adana Fair and Exhibition Center as a Shelter Following the February 6 Earthquake After the February 6, 2023 earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, the Adana Fair and Exhibition Center was repurposed as a temporary shelter for displaced residents. Basic needs such as food and water were provided, but the facility lacked adequate hygiene infrastructure—most notably, access to showers. The absence of spatial organization and privacy led survivors to create makeshift personal areas using cardboard boxes and chairs (Figure 17). This case highlights the importance of integrating both essential services and dignified spatial solutions in emergency shelter design. Figure 17. Transformation of Adana Fair and Exhibition Center into a Shelter (Fuar Alanı, Yaşam Alanına Dönüştürüldü; 7 Bin Kişi Geceyi Geçiriyor, 2023). 236 5. Design Examples During disasters and emergencies, governments often adapt public buildings to meet urgent needs. The examples above illustrate real-life interventions carried out under extreme conditions, often quickly and used for long durations. Acknowledging the value of such adaptable spaces, designers have proposed various shelter solutions—some conceptual, others developed as prototypes. Studying these initiatives is essential to understanding spatial responses to crises and shaping future emergency design strategies. 5.1. Shelter Squared In 2017, architects Jeremy Carman and Jayson Champlain designed modular emergency shelters for use in public interiors after disasters. Made from affordable, recyclable, and waterproof materials, each 4.5 m² unit includes a sleeping area, lockable storage, and seating, with fabric partitions providing privacy. Easily stackable and assembled in under 15 minutes with Velcro fasteners, the units can be self-installed and configured side-by-side to create a sense of community. Designed for gymnasiums and similar spaces, the shelters offer a practical, humancentered solution for dignified, temporary housing (Figure 18). 237 Figure 18. Emergency Shelter Units Designed by Architects Jeremy Carman and Jayson Champlain (Shelter Squared, n.d.). 5.2. Dome-Based Emergency Shelter Structures In 2019, the architecture firm Perkins & Will designed a modular shelter unit aimed at providing privacy and dignity for displaced individuals in both indoor and outdoor environments. Each unit occupies approximately 4 square meters and includes: A twin bed with under-bed storage, a lockable wardrobe, a power outlet and integrated lighting, an optional fabric canopy for enhanced privacy. The design is adaptable to multiple layout configurations and can be integrated into existing community structures. Engineered for portability, the unit is collapsible, easy to store, and reusable, making it a dignified and practical housing solution for individuals affected by disasters or displacement. The unit’s human-centered approach addresses not only physical shelter needs but also psychosocial well-being by offering personal space in communal settings (Figure 19). 238 Figure 19. Dome (Tafur, n.d.). 5.3. 3D Puzzle Emergency Shelter In the 3D Puzzle Emergency Shelter system, the structure is constructed from plywood components that have been laser-cut into 40 unique interlocking forms. These parts are assembled entirely through a slot-fit method, requiring no fasteners, adhesives, or specialized tools. The outer surface can be covered with a protective plastic membrane as needed, enhancing weather resistance. This shelter provides a variety of spatial zones within crowded post-disaster environments, including private retreats for individuals, semi-private spaces for small groups, and dedicated play areas for children. The modular nature of the design enables quick deployment and adaptability to different spatial layouts and user 239 needs. It is particularly valuable in communal emergency shelters where maintaining a sense of personal space and dignity is essential (Figure 20). Figure 20. 3D Puzzle Emergency Shelter (3D Puzzle Emergency Shelter, 2013). 5.4. Tentative / Designnobis Tentative, designed by Hakan Gürsu, is a compact, post-disaster shelter prototype using a snap-fit system for fast, easy assembly and maintenance. Made from lightweight modular panels, it folds into a 30 cm flat-pack form for efficient transport—allowing 24 units per semi-trailer. Each unit, suitable for a small family, offers privacy through its compact shape and can be clustered to form small communities. The design features a weather-resistant aluminum or composite frame, thermal insulation with perlite, and a multifunctional roof for rainwater collection, ventilation, and daylight. Elevated flooring improves insulation, using recycled materials. Tentative has won Red Dot and Green Dot awards and has been prototyped for various climates, offering a dignified, mobile shelter solution (Figure 21). 240 Figure 21. Tentative (Tentative, 2015; Moreira, 2021). 5.5. Origami ZIP, Origami-Inspired Flat Pack Emergency Shelter Origami ZIP Shelter is a foldable, flat-pack emergency shelter designed for rapid disaster response. Named for its zipper-like mechanism, it unfolds easily using origami-inspired geometry and Velcro or zip closures—no tools required. Made from lightweight, waterproof textiles or plastic/fabric composites, it is durable yet flexible. Though not for longterm use, it’s ideal for immediate relief, offering private pods, interior partitions, or shaded outdoor areas. Curtains or second dividers can enhance privacy. Foldable to backpack size, the shelter supports fast transport and easy deployment (Figure 22). Figure 22. Origami ZIP (Origami-Inspired Flat Pack Emergency Shelter, n.d.). 247 References 3D Puzzle Emergency Shelter. (2013, 5 October). Inhabitat. Access Address (07.07.2025): https://inhabitat.com/bvn-architecturecreates-a-3d-puzzle-emergency-shelter-for-a-melbourneexhibition/. Adıgüzel Özbek, D. (2020). Kavramsal okumadan mekânsal çözümlemeye kentsel iç mekân. Mimarist, (3), 100-106. Bah, S. (2023). 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Access Address (03.07.2025): https://www.dailysabah.com/world/americas/trump-touts-alligatoralcatraz-as-model-for-us-immigration-crackdown. Williams, S. E. (2020). Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan hits back at criticism of earthquake readiness as death toll reaches 35. The Telegraph. Access Address (06.07.2025): https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/26/turkeys-receptayyip-erdogan-hits-back-criticismearthquake/?ICID=continue_without_subscribing_reg_first. 252 Prof. Dr. Deniz DEMİRARSLAN E-mail: [email protected] Educational Status License: Mimar Sinan University Degree: Mimar Sinan University Doctorate: Mimar Sinan University Professional experiences: Academician, Kocaeli University Res. Assist. Merve ALICI AKA E-mail: [email protected] Educational Status License: Kocaeli University Degree: Kocaeli University Doctorate: Kocaeli University Professional experiences: Res. Asst., Kocaeli University