The Contribution of Public Transportation and Land Use Planning Integration to Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of Samsun Rail Transit Line

ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCES AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES: URBAN RESILIENCE Editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Copyright © 2025 by İKSAD publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TÜRKİYE TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2025© Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience ISBN: 978-625-378-337-2 Cover Design: Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Ankara / Türkiye Size = 16x24 cm PREFACE Dear Professors and Colleagues, We are pleased bring to life that Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience, which was published as an e-book by IKSAD Publishing House with the editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU and Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ. This book project, entitled “Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience,” aims to address sustainability-oriented approaches to urban resilience from theoretical, methodological, and practical perspectives. The volume seeks to establish a multi-layered platform of discussion, ranging from the scale of individual buildings to the entirety of the urban fabric. Within this framework, it welcomes contributions from scholars and researchers working in architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, environmental engineering, and related disciplines. With the valuable contributions of our chapter authors working in the professional disciplines of landscape architecture, architecture, city and regional planning, urban design and sustainability, we have completed Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience book study has been completed with 24 book chapters. We would like to thank you, our esteemed authors, for their contributions to the preparation of the book. We would also like to thank the editorial board and IKSAD Publishing House. We wish to continue this process we have started in the coming years. In addition, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL, the book coordinator of IKSAD Publishing House, for his guidance and support throughout the publication process. We hope that our book ‘Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience’ will be helpful to the readers. Best regards. 15.10.2025 EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ AUTHORS The authors were listed in alphabetical order Alper ÇABUK Ayça GÜLTEN Ayşe ÖZYETGİN ALTUN Ayşe Özge ŞİMŞEK SOYSAL Ayşegül TANRIVERDİ KAYA Demet EROL Deniz DEMİRARSLAN Ebru Vesile ÖCALIR Eda ŞENTÜRK Elif Kübra ÖZTÜRK Emine BAYDAN Esra KESKİN Feran AŞUR Feyza Sena ŞENOCAK Filiz KARAKUŞ Furkan AKDEMİR Gencay ÇUBUK Gülşah BİLGE ÖZTÜRK Halil DUYMUŞ Hamza ALTAŞ Hande AKARCA İnci OLGUN Kemal Mert ÇUBUKÇU Kumru ÇILGIN Mehmet Akif IRMAK Mehmet Emin DAŞ Mehtap ÖZENEN KAVLAK Merve ALICI AKA Mesut GÜZEL Muhammed Akif AÇIKGÖZ Muhammed Emir GÖRAL Murat YEŞİL Olcay Türkan YURDUGÜZEL Özge DÜZGÜN EREKİNCİ Pervin YEŞİL Rabia Nurefsan ACIKGOZ Sedef ŞENDOĞDU Seher Simay KUŞOĞLU Serim DİNÇ Sevilay YILDIZ Sinem SEYHAN Şevval ERGİNDOĞAN Şuheda ALTUNOK Temuçin Göktürk SEYHAN Tuba Nur OLĞUN Tuna BATUHAN Ufuk Teoman AKSOY Yusuf Eminoğlu REVIEWER LIST The authors were listed in alphabetical order Aslıhan TIRNAKÇI Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Atila GÜL Süleyman Demirel University Ayşe Kalaycı ÖNAÇ İzmir Katip Çelebi University Bige ŞİMŞEK İLHAN İstanbul Medipol University Burcu YILMAZEL Eskişehir Technical University Eda KOÇAK Siirt University Ekrem BAHADIR Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Elif KUTAY KARAÇOR İstanbul Technical University Hakan ARSLAN Ondokuz Mayıs University Hilal TURGUT Karadeniz Technical University Meliha AKLIBAŞINDA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Murat AKTEN Süleyman Demirel University Nihan Sümeyye GÜNDOĞDU Atlas University Okan Murat DEDE Amasya University Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Selcen Nur Erikci Çelik Beykoz University Sibel AKTEN Isparta Unıversıty Of Applıed Scıences Sinem ÖZDEDE Pamukkale University Şeyma ŞENGÜR Ordu University Turgut KALAY Kütahya Dumlupınar University Tendü Hilal GÖKTUĞ Aydın Adnan Menderes University 588 1. Introduction Today, cities, where many activities are concentrated, are at the center of the concept of sustainability, and the transportation systems connecting the activities within these cities serve as one of the most crucial driving forces for achieving sustainable urban development. However, demandresponsive approaches based on consumption-oriented habits in transportation represent one of the most significant problems in our cities. Key areas of sustainable transportation aimed at providing permanent solutions to sustainable urban development include reducing automobile usage and promoting walking, cycling, and public transportation. In contemporary urbanism, the planning of urban transportation systems and the integration of transportation and land use plans play an important role in achieving sustainable urban development. In rapidly growing cities with increasing populations, effective planning and implementation of public transportation systems enable both the rational use of land and increased efficiency in public transit operations. Among public transportation systems, tramways hold great importance due to their high passenger capacity, at-grade operation, and lower implementation costs compared to other urban rail systems. Additionally, tramway systems contribute to sustainable urban development by reducing automobile use. Selecting station locations in harmony with land use during tramway route planning is crucial for ensuring sustainability and accessibility. In this context, the present study aims to examine the tramway route providing access to Samsun City Hospital, together with the land use plan, and to reveal its impacts on sustainable urban development. While assessing the effects of the tramway line on urban transportation, the study 589 evaluates the integration of the tramway line with land use in social, spatial, and economic dimensions, and aims to develop recommendations for achieving sustainable urban development. 1.1. The Impact of Integrating Urban Transportation Planning and Land Use on Sustainable Urban Development With the increasing population and the expanding boundaries of our cities today, the integration of transportation planning and land use plays a significant role in addressing accessibility problems. Particularly in contemporary metropolitan cities, the excessive time spent in traffic, which could otherwise be used productively, constitutes a fundamental issue in transportation. Therefore, alongside structural and functional changes in urban spaces, long-term public transportation planning within the city becomes crucial. (Babalık-Sutcliffe , 2012). The integration of urban transportation planning and land use appears to be a continuous process, such as in zoning plans. In the urban transportation planning process, it is necessary to conduct accurate analyses and feasibility studies to identify existing problems and potentials, as well as to ensure integration with land use. (Hamamcıoğlu, 2012). Another important aspect of urban transportation planning is that, since investments guide urban development, large-scale investments made in the long term must be planned in a way that integrates with urban land use. Therefore, in order to reduce traffic congestion, environmental pollution, traffic accidents, and wasted time experienced in our cities, it is essential to adopt sustainable transportation planning policies and ensure the integration of transportation plans with land use decisions. (Banister, 2005). The integration of land use and transportation plans also makes 590 significant contributions to environmental sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint. (Newman & Kentworthy, 1999). Banister (2008) argues that the alignment of transportation and land use plans is indispensable for urban sustainability, and that failure to achieve this alignment may lead to negative outcomes such as urban sprawl. (Banister, 2008). Therefore, since land use determines transportation needs and transportation shapes land use, transportation plans and land use decisions must be in continuous interaction with each other. (Ewing & Cervero, 2010). Since every land use decision generates transportation demand, it is necessary to ensure integration between land use decisions and transportation planning decisions in urban planning. (Aysan, 1996; Joseph, 2000). The way urban land is utilized generates trips, and the need to make these trips creates transportation demands, leading to the expansion of transportation facilities. In this way, accessibility is provided, and land use is influenced by the resulting increase in land values. (Figure 1). 591 Figure 1. Land Use-Transportation Interaction (Original, 2025). The concept of sustainability was first introduced to the international public agenda in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development through the report titled Our Common Future (Brundtland Report). In this report, sustainable development was defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (Black, 2003). In the United Nations report on "Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility," it is stated that "fossil fuel-based fuels, primarily petroleum, are mainly used in transportation, that social data show many low-income individuals in various countries lack access to quality, safe, and healthy urban transportation opportunities, and that economic data indicate traffic problems in urban areas particularly increase fuel 592 consumption and time losses in active urban life. “(UN&Habitat, 2013 akt. (Ayataç, 2013). Therefore, in order to reduce fossil fuel consumption, promote social cohesion, and achieve sustainable urban development in our cities, the effective and efficient use of public transportation systems must be improved. To this end, the integration of transportation planning and land use is essential. (Ewing & Cervero, 2010). This approach proposes considering the principles of ecological balance, social equity, and economic continuity together in development processes. Over time, the concept of sustainability has also been addressed at the urban scale, leading to the emergence of the sustainable urban development paradigm. This paradigm emphasizes the harmonious development of cities' physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions; the efficient use of natural resources; accessibility to public spaces; social inclusiveness; and quality of life. The Agenda 21 document, published at the 1992 Rio Summit, strengthened the feasibility of implementing sustainable development at the local level. Within this framework, the adoption of approaches that prioritize environmental sensitivity, economic balance, and social justice in urban planning and management processes has been encouraged. (OECD, 1996). The concept of sustainable transportation refers to a transportation approach that is environmentally sensitive, socially accessible, economically efficient, and balanced in resource use. The OECD Vancouver Conference outlined the framework of this concept, emphasizing the importance of renewable energy, clean technologies, public transportation solutions, and multimodal transportation systems. 593 (OECD, 1996). Similarly, the Sustainable Transportation Center defines transportation as a system that meets basic needs while safeguarding the ecosystem and human health, offering diverse transportation options, supporting social equity, and sustaining economic vitality. (World, 1996). All these approaches demonstrate that transportation is not merely a technical infrastructure service but a strategic tool that guides urban development, shapes social structures, and reduces environmental impacts. Therefore, the integration between transportation planning and land use plays a critical role in achieving sustainable urban development. 1.2. General Characteristics of Tramway Systems With the Industrial Revolution, intense migration from rural to urban areas led to the rapid growth of our cities. As the urban population increased rapidly, demand for transportation also rose. The adoption of traditional transportation planning approaches, along with an emphasis on investments in private motorized transportation, such as cars, to meet this growing demand, revealed problems in transportation planning. Today, issues related to private vehicle dependence, including inefficient use of urban land, increased waiting times in traffic, higher rates of traffic accidents, and failure to achieve sustainable urban development, have highlighted the necessity to develop public transportation systems in transportation planning. The development of public transportation in our cities contributes to the efficient use of resources, sustainable urban development, and the rational use of urban land. Public transportation can carry significantly more people compared to private vehicles, which helps reduce urban traffic problems and accidents, shortens travel times, and contributes to the 594 efficient use of urban areas by decreasing the need for investments in transportation infrastructure. Since completely eliminating traffic congestion worldwide is not possible, the primary goal of transportation planning should be to develop safe transportation systems that save people's time. This can only be achieved through the development of rail-based public transportation systems. Rail transit systems have a significant advantage among public transportation modes because they transport more passengers with fewer vehicles to desired destinations, are fast, comfortable, and economical, enhance land use efficiency, and do not contribute to environmental pollution. (Çubuk vd. 2002, Gündüz vd. 2011, Gökdağ 1999, Keskin 2013, & Salicru vd. 2010). Among public transportation systems, tramway systems play a significant role as a foundation of sustainable transportation due to their high passenger capacity and at-grade operation, which results in lower implementation costs compared to other urban rail systems. However, increasing the efficiency of tramway systems and meeting user demand requires a well-designed and carefully planned process. To ensure the rentable use of tramway systems, numerous factors such as route selection, environmental compatibility, and accessibility must be taken into consideration. Although route planning, station location selection, and operational characteristics in tramway systems are distinct elements, these factors must be addressed in an integrated manner to ensure system efficiency. The planning of tramway routes, the determination of station locations, and system design are complementary processes that form parts of a whole. 595 Each stage of this process should consider user demand, environmental factors, economic conditions, and social needs. In route planning, factors such as traffic density, land use, and environmental interactions should be considered to determine the most appropriate lines. In selecting station locations, considerations should include passenger accessibility, pedestrian mobility, and integration with other public transportation systems. 1.3. Criteria to Be Considered in Optimal Tramway Route Planning The criteria that must be considered in tramway route planning include land ownership, transportation demand, natural thresholds, proximity to watershed protection zones, geological and slope conditions, population density and traffic congestion, intermodal transportation integration (such as road, maritime, and rail transport), and land use decisions (including industrial zones, university campuses, mass housing areas, hospitals, and city hospitals). The criteria to be taken into account in tramway route planning, along with the key factors related to each, are presented in Figure 2. 596 Figure 2. Optimal Route Selection in Tramway Systems (Original, 2025). • Land Use Studies conducted within the framework of the land use–usetransportation interaction aim to explain the factors that influence the spatial distribution of activities and to identify the interdependence and coevolution of two key factors: land and transportation. Since transportation involves the movement of individuals and the goods they require, the factors that influence the location choices of individuals and activities are of great importance for transportation studies. (Baycan, 1993). 597 Since planning is broadly defined as the ability to make projections for the future, it must also be able to explain past and present conditions. Therefore, integration between land use and transportation planning is essential, enabling accurate forecasting and informed decision-making for future development. While tramway systems guide urban development, they also play a significant role in meeting existing transportation demand. Therefore, considering that tramway systems are irreversible investments, and that rational use of urban land and efficient operation of these systems are essential, it is critically important to plan tramway routes in an integrated manner with land use decisions. Such integration is vital for achieving sustainable urban transportation and enhancing the quality of life within cities (Newman & Kentworthy, 1999). • Natural Thresholds In determining optimal tramway routes, not only data such as transportation demand and population density, but also environmental factors like natural thresholds play a significant role. In particular, slope characteristics along the route can directly affect the efficiency and energy consumption of tramway systems. In areas with steep gradients, tramway vehicles may require more energy to ascend, which becomes a significant factor that increases operational costs. (Erkut & Pala, 2016). Moreover, in areas with significant slopes, road construction costs may also increase, making it essential to consider such natural obstacles in route design. Developing appropriate infrastructure and engineering solutions in sloped areas contributes not only to the feasibility of implementing the tramway system but also to its efficient operation. (Simon & Fernandez, 2014). 604 Municipality service buildings, and developing residential areas highlight the urban functions that the line will serve. These components demonstrate that the tramway is connected not only to healthcare services but also forms an extensive interaction network encompassing social life, employment, and housing development. The planning of the tramway line along the eastern corridor, where new residential development areas are located, is directly linked to the goals of sustainable urban growth and balanced land use. Moreover, public spaces and recreational facilities along the route contribute to enhanced social integration and improved pedestrian accessibility. 605 Figure 4. Study Area and Environmental Context (Original, 2025). 3.1. Spatial Analysis Within the scope of the study, the first spatial analysis conducted involved public transportation demand analysis and traffic volume assessment of the region. The research and examinations carried out in this context provide critical data for understanding the current transportation infrastructure and capacity, as well as projecting future demand. As presented in Figure 5, the Samsun Transportation Master Report was reviewed, revealing that the İlkadım and Ankara Boulevard sections along 606 the planned tramway route experience high traffic volumes, ranging between 4,500 and 6,000 vehicles per hour. Considering the existing traffic density on this 50-meter-wide main urban corridor, alongside the demand for both public transit and private vehicles, the selection of the tramway alignment along this route is justified and supports the correctness of the route choice. Figure 5. Public Transport Demand and Traffic Volume Analysis in Samsun Province (Samsun Metropolitan Municipality, 2020). (Original, 2025). The planned City Hospital tram line consists of a total of 9 stops and has an approximate length of 4,350 meters (4.35 km). The line starts from Canik East Park, with its final stop at the City Hospital. In the 1/1000 scale Canik Implementation Zoning Plan, the area where the 2nd stop is located is designated as a park area. However, it currently functions as an industrial 607 zone. Additionally, there are residential and developing residential areas, mixed commercial-residential zones, commercial areas, mass housing zones, public spaces, official institutions (municipality), and park areas along the route. The mixed-use land pattern is an important factor affecting travel demand. While the industrial area generates worker population mobility, residential areas have a fixed population, and public and commercial areas accommodate a more dynamic population. Figure 6 shows the integrated zoning decisions and the tram line route. The first 500 meters of the line pass through a mixed-use area. It is located along a 50-meter-wide boulevard where pedestrian and vehicle traffic, as well as population density, are quite high. After the boulevard, the route connects to secondary inner-city collector roads where the settled population is denser but traffic volume decreases; from there, the line continues via the local road network to reach the City Hospital. 608 Figure 6. Canik District of Samsun Province 1/1000 Scale Zoning Plan and City Hospital Tramway Line (Original, 2025). A comparative analysis of travel times to the city hospital by walking, private vehicle, and tramway was conducted within the scope of this study. The effectiveness of transportation systems is measured by comparing the travel times of different modes and evaluating their suitability to users' needs. Accordingly, a significant difference in travel times among walking, private vehicle, and tramway modes has been observed. Travel time is one of the most influential factors affecting demand for transportation modes. While a 1-hour and 45-minute walk may be accessible and sustainable, it is not time-efficient (Figure 7). 609 Figure 7. Walking Distance between Doğu Park and City Hospital (Original, 2025). The 17-minute travel time by private vehicle offers a highly attractive transportation option for passengers in terms of speed and comfort. The flexibility provided by personal cars, direct access to destinations, and the absence of waiting times create significant advantages for users. However, alongside these benefits, private vehicle use presents serious disadvantages in terms of sustainability. Firstly, the operating and maintenance costs of private vehicles are significantly higher compared to public transportation, imposing an additional economic burden on individuals and society. Moreover, heavy private vehicle use causes traffic congestion, increasing travel times and reducing urban transportation efficiency. Additionally, 610 carbon emissions from private vehicles contribute to air pollution and climate change, conflicting with environmental sustainability goals (Figure 8). Figure 8. Private Vehicle Distance between Doğu Park and City Hospital (Original, 2025). As shown in Figure 9, the 33-minute travel time, considered as an option between walking and private car use, demonstrates that the tram is an important alternative among transportation modes. The fixed-route advantage of rail systems plays a critical role in public transportation planning by providing more predictable and consistent travel times. Additionally, the tram offers an environmentally and socially sustainable transportation solution with its low carbon emissions and wide 611 accessibility features. Consequently, the differences in travel times between walking, private car, and tram modes highlight the need for expanding public transportation systems and strengthening infrastructure. Figure 9. Distance of the Tramway Line between Doğu Park and City Hospital (Original, 2025). The tram presents itself as an optimal solution in terms of time efficiency, accessibility, and social inclusivity. However, beyond being selected as the most optimal mode of transport, the integration of the tram route with land use planning, as well as the criteria for station location selection and their contribution to sustainable urbanization, come to the forefront. Therefore, the tram route must be designed and interpreted in harmony with physical, environmental, and social contexts. Particularly when considering land use 612 decisions, density analyses, and user needs together, it becomes crucial not only for the tram to be an optimal choice but also to be integrated with land use and for station locations to be carefully selected. Within the scope of this study, station location selections were analyzed in an integrated manner with land use. This approach ensures that the tram system is incorporated into the urban fabric holistically, addressing not only the physical layout but also the social, economic, and environmental impacts comprehensively. The suitability of the proposed tram line within the scope of the Samsun City Hospital tramway project was analyzed based on criteria established in the literature. As shown in Figure 10, the initial stop of the line, which connects from Doğu Park, is located on Atatürk Boulevard. The second stop is situated 410 meters further along the route. Although this area is designated as a park in the zoning plan, its current use is industrial. The third stop, located 100 meters beyond, is positioned opposite the Samsun Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 613 Figure 10. Tramway Line Stop Distances – (Stops 1, 2, and 3) (Original, 2025). An examination of land use, density, and distances between stops reveals that the area between the three stops stands out as one of the locations within the Canik district with the highest volume of vehicular traffic, pedestrian flow, and both static and dynamic population. On average, the ideal walking distance to a tram station is considered to be between 300 and 500 meters. While the access distance between the first and second stops meets standards, the 100-meter gap between the second and third stops necessitates frequent tram stops. This situation extends the total travel time and reduces time efficiency for users. Such effects are particularly notable in fixed-route systems like rail transit. Moreover, the land use decisions in the area, traffic and population density, presence of mixed-use zones, and high urban mobility collectively make 620 4. Conclusion and Suggestions This study aims to evaluate the planning process of the Samsun City Hospital tram line project by integrating various analyses conducted throughout the process. The primary objective of the research is to address transportation systems not only from a technical standpoint but also within a holistic sustainability framework that encompasses social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Within this context, the findings reveal the practical applicability of sustainable transportation policies based on empirical data, while simultaneously highlighting the critical interrelationship between urban development and transportation planning. One of the most significant findings of the study is that the integration of the tram line route with urban land use planning substantially enhances the efficiency and sustainability of the public transportation system. The route's passage through areas associated with diverse urban functions, such as residential, commercial, educational, and healthcare not only improves accessibility but also ensures spatial coherence among these functions. This demonstrates the successful application of the land use and transportation integration principle in the case of Samsun. In particular, the inclusion of commercial and healthcare zones as primary focal points along the line emerges as a key factor in supporting public transport demand. In this regard, the study highlights the critical role of public transportation systems in the spatial organization of sustainable urban development. The route planning based on land use analyses and settlement densities has contributed to the promotion of social equity. Ensuring that public transportation is accessible to different social groups within the city 621 represents a significant advancement in terms of the right to mobility. This highlights that sustainable transportation serves not only environmental objectives but also the dimension of social sustainability. Slope, as a critical parameter in rail system projects, has been analyzed in detail with respect to the Samsun tram line. Measurements conducted through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) indicate that the majority of the line has slope values ranging between 5% and 10%, while in some sections, this ratio increases up to 36% to 45%. High slope values directly affect energy efficiency and operating costs and are also closely related to environmental sustainability goals. Therefore, evaluating alternative routes with lower gradients and developing engineering solutions during the tram line planning process is essential. In the scope of travel demand analysis, it has been determined that routing the line through areas with high concentrations of industry, commerce, and public services is a well-founded choice to meet high passenger demand. Additionally, the spacing between stops is a crucial variable for the efficiency and user comfort of the public transportation system. Frequent stop placement prolongs travel time, whereas sparse stop spacing can lead to accessibility issues. Therefore, in the case of Samsun, stops were selected based on population density and social attraction centers, adopting a planning approach consistent with the principle of walkability. However, the imbalance between crowding and comfort at certain stop intervals necessitates dynamic stop optimizations in the future to enhance the operational effectiveness of the public transportation system. The integration of the tram line with existing transportation systems in Samsun is limited. The complex structure of bus routes and the prevalence 622 of paratransit modes such as shared taxis complicate the development of a multimodal transportation network. However, the integrated planning of different modes, including tram, bus, bicycle, and pedestrian pathways, is a fundamental principle of sustainable transportation. Enhancing integration will reduce passenger transfer times, balance traffic loads, and contribute to the reduction of the carbon footprint. The tram line's planning has considered access to transportation services for disadvantaged groups. Specifically, the placement of stops near residential areas of the elderly, people with disabilities, and low-income groups supports social equity and inclusivity. This approach enhances equal opportunities within the city and reduces the risk of social exclusion. By connecting disadvantaged neighborhoods with the city's central business districts, the line facilitates the access of economic opportunities to diverse social segments. Thus, the tram line functions not only as a transportation infrastructure but also as an urban development tool that promotes social integration. Thanks to the low carbon emissions characteristic of rail systems, the Samsun tram line can be regarded as a model contributing to environmental sustainability goals. The energy efficiency of the tram, its role in reducing carbon emissions, and its positive effects on air quality position this system within a transportation policy that prioritizes ecological balance. In line with these evaluations, the Samsun City Hospital Tram Line Project presents an urban development model integrated with sustainable transportation principles. The project addresses multidimensional objectives such as transportation and land use integration, social equity, 623 environmental sensitivity, and economic efficiency, thereby standing out as a concrete implementation of sustainable urban development. This study demonstrates the critical importance of an integrated transportation approach in planning the Samsun City Hospital tram line. The combined evaluation of parameters such as land use, stop location, slope analysis, and the integration of transportation modes optimizes the sustainability and social impacts of transportation systems. The findings indicate that the tram line should be viewed not only as a transportation tool but also as a social transformation project aimed at enhancing urban quality of life. Tram lines not only provide a transportation solution but also support objectives such as social equity, economic accessibility, and environmental sustainability. The Samsun case demonstrates that focusing on combating social exclusion in transportation planning significantly enhances urban quality of life. In such projects, multidisciplinary approaches should be adopted, and urban transportation systems must be designed with consideration of social contexts. This study conducted various analyses on the planning process of the Samsun City Hospital tram line, and the findings provided significant data for the efficient design of the line. The results of the research can be summarized as follows, considering transportation efficiency, environmental impacts, social inclusivity, and urban integration of the tram line: Land Use: Based on the evaluation of the conducted analyses, it has been determined that the tram route is planned in harmony with urban land use decisions. The presence of dense commercial and residential areas along 624 the route increases public transportation demand while facilitating the integration of the rail system into the urban fabric. The integration of land use and transportation systems is considered a key factor in promoting public transit usage. Natural Thresholds: The slope analysis along the route revealed that the majority of the line complies with slope limits between 6% and 8%. However, certain sections exhibit high slope values (approximately 36% to 45%), which increase energy consumption and operational costs of the tram system. This factor is evaluated as a potential constraint affecting the technical feasibility of the route. Travel Demand and Trip Durations: The tram line offers shorter travel times compared to alternative modes, especially for accessing the city hospital. In areas with long walking distances, the tram system emerges as a time-efficient and environmentally sustainable option. With a travel time of 33 minutes, the tram produces lower carbon emissions compared to private vehicles, aligning with sustainable transportation goals. Station Location and Accessibility: The evaluation of station location analyses indicates that pedestrian access, as well as integration with private vehicles and other transportation modes, has been ensured. The distance between stops has been maintained within an ideal walking range; however, longer distances between certain stops may negatively affect user comfort and demand for the tram. Intermodal Transportation and Accessibility: The successful operation and efficiency of the tram line depend on its integration with other transportation modes. It has been identified that the Samsun City Hospital tram line lacks sufficient integration with existing public transport 625 systems, and enhancing this integration is necessary for efficient operation. The complex structure of bus routes and the widespread use of paratransit modes such as shared taxis limit the tram line's potential effectiveness. Moreover, establishing transfer stations with other transportation modes at key stops will facilitate passenger access to public transit. Social Impacts: From the perspective of social inclusivity, station location planning has taken into account the needs of people with disabilities, the elderly, and low-income groups, thereby supporting social equity. Such planning efforts reduce the adverse effects of transportation systems on social exclusion. In this context, the tram line is evaluated based on the analysis findings, with the overall assessment presented in Table 1. According to the conclusions drawn from the table, the stations are classified into six categories ranging from very low to very high service quality (Figure 16). The station with very high service quality is identified between the initial stop and the first stop, while the station with very low service quality is found between the seventh stop and the city hospital. Table 1. Evaluation of Samsun City Hospital Tram Line and Stations Station Name Distance Between Stations Natural Constraints (Slope, Geology) Land Use Density Demand and Need Land Ownership Social and Economic Impacts Evaluation Doğu Park –Station 1 410 m There is a slope between 0% and 5% and no geological problems have been identified. The surrounding area includes residential, mixed-use residential and commercial, developing residential, commercial, industrial, and public land uses. Traffic and population density are high. There is a high demand for private vehicle use, while public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties are parcels subject to zoning regulations, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 50-meter main distributor road. Local residents have easy access, significant worker mobility, convenient transfers to the existing tram line, mixed-use development, and high pedestrian circulation. The stop distance is walkable, so the need for public transportation may be minimal. 626 Station 1Station 2 100 m The slope ranges between 0% and 5%, and no geological issues have been detected. The surrounding area includes residential, mixed-use residential and commercial, developing residential, multi-family housing, commercial, and public land uses. Traffic and population density are high. There is a high demand for private vehicle use, while public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties are parcels subjected to zoning regulations, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 50-meter main distributor road. There is a high presence of commercial and public land uses, significant economic impact, and heavy pedestrian circulation. The stop distance is very short, which may cause congestion, and the need for public transportation may be minimal. Station 2Station 3 532 m The slope ranges between 0% and 5%, and the area falls within the precautionary zone 5.1 in terms of geological conditions. The surrounding area includes commercialresidential, developing residential, multi-family housing, commercial, public land uses, and official institutions such as Canik Municipality. Traffic and population density are high, with heavy pedestrian circulation. There is a high demand for private vehicle use, while public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties are parcels subject to zoning regulations, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 50-meter main distributor road. There is significant public space activity, indicating a demand for public transportation in the area. The station distance is walkable, and there is a demand for public transportation. Station 3Station 4 513 m The slope ranges between 05%, and geologically it corresponds to precautionary zone 5.1. The area surrounding the region includes land uses such as commercialresidential, developing residential, mass housing, commercial zones, public spaces, and official institutions. Traffic and population density are moderate. There is a high demand for private vehicles, and public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties are parcels that have undergone zoning implementa tion, and the tramway path is effectively used as an urban local road. The road width is narrow. Mixed-use is high, and the service area primarily consists of urban residents. The station distance is walkable, and there is a demand for public transportation. Station 4Station 5 820 m The slope ranges between 0-5% and corresponds to geological precaution area 5.1. The area around includes mixed-use residential and commercial zones, as well as developing and established residential areas.. Traffic and population density are moderate. Demand for private vehicles is high, and public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties have undergone zoning regulations, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 35-meter collector road. Residential area usage is high, with a balanced day and night population, primarily serving residents in the area. The distance between stops is beyond walking distance, indicating a demand for public transportation. This is the stop with the longest distance between stations. Station 5Station 6 683 m The slope ranges between 0.5% and 5-10%, and geologically, it falls within the precautionary zone 5.1. The area is characterized by mixed-use functions, including commercialresidential, developing residential, and established residential zones. Traffic and population density are low to moderate. Demand for private vehicles is normal, while public transportation routes are insufficient. All properties are parcels subject to zoning implementa tion, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 35-meter Residential land use is predominant, with a balanced day and night population, primarily serving the residents of the area. The station distance is walkable, and there is a demand for public transportation. 627 collector road. Station 6Station 7 500 m The slope ranges between 10% and 20%, and it falls within the geologically protected area 5.1. The area surrounding the station includes mixed-use functions such as commercialresidential, developing residential, and established residential zones. It also intersects with the TCDD railway line. Traffic and population density are low. Demand for private vehicles is normal, but public transportation routes are lacking. All properties are parcels that have undergone zoning implementa tion, and the tramway route is effectively used as a 35-meter collector road.. Residential land use is predominant, with a balanced daynight population, primarily serving residents staying in the area. The station distance is walkable, and there is a demand for public transportation. Station 7City Hospital 792 m The slope ranges between 36% and 45%, and the area falls within the geologically protected zone 5.1. The area is surrounded by developing and residential housing land uses. Traffic and population density are low. The demand for private vehicles is within normal levels, while there is a deficiency in public transportation routes. Most of the properties are parcels that have not undergone land-use (zoning) implementa tion, and there is no existing access road in practice. Expropriati on costs may be added to the overall constructio n cost. Pedestrian circulation is currently minimal; however, the presence of the city hospital indicates potential for increased social and economic activity. The bus stop is located beyond a walkable distance; the terrain slope is steep, resulting in high expropriation and construction costs. The need for public transportation is high, yet access remains limited and constrained. 628 Figure 16. Station Ratings (Original, 2025). In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the spatial, technical, and socio-economic analyses conducted in planning the Samsun City Hospital tram line can be utilized to enhance the efficiency of the transportation system both technically and socially. This multidimensional planning process, covering route selection, station placement, slope analysis, and passenger demand assessments, largely aligns with the fundamental principles of sustainable transportation. Such an integrated approach not only enhances the efficiency of the transportation system but also strengthens urban spatial organization by harmonizing land use and transportation. Increasing access to public transit while simultaneously addressing social inclusivity, reducing 629 environmental impacts, and improving economic efficiency offers significant benefits for sustainable urban development. Therefore, the Samsun case presents a successful model that enhances the feasibility of sustainable transportation policies and integrates these policies with urban planning. This model can serve as an example for improving urban quality of life and preserving long-term environmental, economic, and social balances.