भारत छोड़ों आंदोलन में बिहार की महिलाओं भूमिका

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 111 Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa Hkwfedk . ( ) . . . ., [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171025 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 Pp. 111-115 October. 2025 Submitted: 18 Sept. 2025 Revised: 28 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 13 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 'kks/k Lkkjka’k % vaxzstks ÞHkkjr NksM+ksÞ vkanksyu egkRek xk¡/kh dk 'ka[kukn FkkA mUgksaus bls vius thou dk vafre la?k"kZ ekudj djks ;k ejks dk ukjk fn;kA Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu] ftls vxLr Økafr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] 1942 esa egkRek xk¡/kh d usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; turk }kjk fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ pyk;k x;kA ;g vkanksyu Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk ,d fu.kkZ;d vkSj xzgu pj.k Fkk] ftlus ns'k Hkj esa tu&tkx:drk] izfrjks/k vkSj jktuhfrd lfØrk dh ygj iSnk dhA bl la?k"kZ esa ;k rks ge fot; gksxs vFkok feV tk,axs muds bl ?kks"k.k dk dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh ls leFkZu fd;k iwjs ns'k esa vktknh dh tax 'kq: gks xbZ ;k vkanksyu fdruk lQy gqvk vkSj bl dh detksfj;ksa dk fo'y"k.k vyx ckr gS exj ;g lPk gS fd t:jr 1942 ds ckn vxLr 1947 rd dksbZ vkØe.k tu vkanksyu ugha gqvkA xk¡/kh th 1917 esa Hkkjr ykSVdj fcgkj ds paikj.k esa uhy etnwj ds leFkZu esa vaxzstksa dk fojks/k dk Lora=rk vkanksyu esa dwn iM+sA fcgkj Lora=rk laxzke ds ,sfrgkfld dsUnzksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA ;gk¡ ds 'kgjh dsUnz iVUkk] x;k vkSj Hkkxyiqj vkanksyu ds eq[; dsUnz cus] ogh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa vkSj iq:"kksa us feydj fczfV'k uhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;kA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us bl vkanksyu esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, lkgl usr`Ro vkSj R;kx dh felky izzLrqr dh efgykvksa ;ksxnku dsoy leFkZu djus rd lhfer ugha] cfYd efgykvksa ds lfØ; :Ik ls vkanksyu ds usr`Ro laxBu vkSj j.kuhfr esa Hkh “kkfey jghA1 efgykvksa us vkanksyu esa fofHkUUk :iksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu ftls vxLr Økafr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] 1942 esa egkRek xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; turk }kjk fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ pyk;k x;kA ;g vkanksyu Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk ,d fu.kkZ;d vkSj xgu pj.k Fkk] ftlus ns'kHkj esa tu&tkx:drk] izfrjks/k vkSj jktuhfrd lfØ;drk dh ygj iSlk dhA fczfV'k ljdkj ds f[kykQ vlg;ksx] lR;kxzg vkSj ukxfjd voKk bl vkanksyu dh eq[; j.kuhfr;k¡ FkhA2 ;g dsoy jktuhfrd la?k"kZ rd lhfer ugha Fkk] cfYd lkekftd lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa Hkh bldk O;kid izHkko fn[kkbZ fn;kA Lora=rk laxzke ds ,sfrgkfld dsanzksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA ;gk¡ ds 'kgjh dsanz tSls iVuk] x;k vkSj Hkkxyiqj vkanksyu ds eq[; dsanz cus] ogh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa vkSj iq:’kksa us feydj fczfV'k uhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;kA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us bl vkanksyu esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, lkgl] usr`Ro vkSj R;kx dh felky izLrqr dhA mudk ;ksxnku dsoy leFkZu djus rd lhfer jgha jgk] cfYd os lfØ; :Ik ls vkanksyu ds usr`Ro] laxBu vkSj j.kuhfr esa 'kkfey jghA efgykvksa us vkanksyu esa fofHkUUk :iksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dhA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa os ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa] pk; vkSj jsy LVs'kuksa dk ?ksjko djrh Fkha] lR;kxzg vKSj gM+rky esa Hkkx ysrh Fkh] vkSj vkanksyu dh lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku djrh FkhA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mUgksaus xkaokas es tu&tkx:drk QSykus] lR;kxzg vk;ksftr djus vkSj LFkkuh; usr`Ro dk ekxZn'kZu djus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA3 lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx djds efgykvksa us vkanksyu dh Hkkouk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pk;kA ukjs] yksdxhr] ukVd vkSj lHkkvksa ds ek/;e ls turk dks fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ laxfBr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj efgykvksa us u dsoy izR;{k la?k"kZ esa Hkkx fy;k] cfYd vkanksyu dh fopkjk/kkjk vkSj lans'k dks O;kid Lrj rd igq¡pkus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA efgykvksa dk lkgl vkSj R;x muds tsy la?k"kZ vkSj cfynku esa Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dbZ efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;k¡ fXkj¶rkj gqbZ] tsy esa dfBukb;k¡ lgu dh vkSj vkanksyu dh Hkkouk dks thfor j[kus esa vxz.kh jghA mudk ;g cfynku iq:"k Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa ds fy, Hkh izsj.kkL=zksr cukA bl “kks/k ys[k dk mÌs'; fcgkj dh efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls fo”ysf"kr djuk gSA buesa efgykvkas dh izeq[k Økafrdkfjf.k;ksa dh Hkwfedkvksa] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh Hkkxhnkjh] tsy la?k’kZ] lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ;ksxnku] usr`Ro vkSj j.kuhfr dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: . , ( ) . . . ., How to cite this article: , (2025). Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa Hkwfedk Journal of Research & Development, 17(10), 111-115. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 112 fcgkj dh efgykvksa us u dsoy vkanksyu dks etcwrh nh] cfYd Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa viuh vewY; Nki Hkh NksM+hA mudks ;ksxnku ;g Li"V djrk gS fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:"kksa ds la?k"kZ ds leku egRoiw.kZ Fkh vkSj muds lkgl usr`Ro vkSj R;kx dh felky vkt Hkh izsj.kknk;d gSA4 'kCn&dqath %& Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu] vxLr Økafr] fcgkj dh efgyk] egkRek xka/kh] larks"kh nsoh] jksfg.kh nsoh] Yk{eh nsoh] 'kkafr nsohA Hkwfedk fcgkj esa vkanksyu ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk %& Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu 1942 esa egkRek xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa pyk;k x;k] vkSj bldk izHkko iwjs Hkkjr esa eglwl fd;k x;kA fcgkj] Lora=rk laxzke ds egRoiw.kZ dsanzksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA ;gk¡ vkanksyu dh “kq:vkr “kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa gqbZA 'kgjh {ks=ksa tSls iVUkk] x;k] Hkkxyiqj vkSj eFkqjk esa vkanksyu us fo”ks"k :Ik ls efgyvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ns[khA bu 'kgjksa esa efgyk,¡ u dsoy lM+dks ij mrjdj fczfV'k dk;kZy;ksa dk ?ksjko djrh Fkh] cfYd gM+rkyksa /kjuksa vkSj fojks/k izn'kZuksa ds ek/;e ls iz'kklfud dk;ksZa dks ckf/kr djus esa Hkh lfØ; FksA mUgksaus fczfV”k ljdkj ds f[kykQ tu&tkx:drk vfHk;ku pyk;k yksxksa dks lR;kxzg vkSj ;qok ih<+h dks vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj Hkh pqukSrhiw.kZ FkhA ogk¡ ds lkekftd vkSj ikajifjd ca/kuksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh lkoZtfud lfØ;rk lhfer Fkh] fQj Hkh mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj vkanksyu dh lwpukvksa dk izlkj fd;kA xzkeh.k efgykvksa us lR;kxzg esa Hkkx fy;k] fojks/k izn'kZu vk;ksftr fd, vkSj LFkkuh; usrkvksa us lkFk feydj vkanksyu dks laxfBr fd;kA dbZ xk¡oksa esa efgykvksa us vius iq:"k lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk feydj izn'kZu fd;k] fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjks dks vkanksyu esa 'kkfey fd;k] vkSj LFkkuh; fczfV'k uhfr;ksa ds fojks/k esa lkgfld dne mBk,A fcgkj esa Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu us efgykvksa dks ikajifjd lkekftd vkSj ?kjsyw lhekvksa ls ckgj fudyus dk volj iznku fd;kA ;g vkanksyu efgykvksa ds jkuthfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd usr`Ro dh 'kq:vkr dk izrhd cukA efgykvksa us dsoy iq:"k usrkvksa dk leFkZu ugha fd;k] cfYd mUgksaus vkanksyu dh j.kuhfr] laxBu vkSj lans'k ds izpkj&izlkj esa Hkh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA muds usr`Ro vkSj lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh us ;g lkfcr fd;k fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh egRoiw.kZ vkSj izHkko'kkyh FkhA blds vykok] fcgkj dh efgykvksa us vkanksyu dks lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd ek/;eksa ds }kjk Hkh etcwr fd;kA mUgksaus xhr] ukjs] ukVd vkSj LFkkuh; lHkkvksa ds ek/;e ls turk dks vkanksyuksa esa 'kkfey fd;kA ;g lkekftd tkx:drk vkanksyu ds lans'k dks xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa igq¡pkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh FkhA bl izdkj fcgkj esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu dsoy jktuhfrd fojks/k rd lhfer ugha jgk] cfyd ;g efgykvksa dh lkekftd lfØ;rk] usr`Ro {kerk vkSj lkgl dk ,sfrgkfld mnkgj.k cu x;kA fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh bl lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh us u dsoy vkanksyu dh lQyrk esa ;ksxnku fn;k] cfYd Hkkjrh; lekt es efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr dks Hkh lqn`<+ fd;kA muds ;ksxnku us ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dks lkgl] R;kx vkSj usr`Ro iq:"kksa ds la?k"kZ ds lek ugh egRoiw.kZ vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkkA5 fcgkj dh izeq[k Økafrdkfjf.k;k¡ vkSj mudk ;ksxnku Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa us lkgl] usr`Ro vkSj R;kx dh vf}rh; felky izLrqr dhA mUgksaus u dsoy iq:"k us usr`Ro dk leFkZu fd;k] cfYd vkanksyu ds laxBu] j.kuhfr vkSj izpkj esa Hkh lfØ; Hkkx fy;kA 1Yk{eh nsoh %& Yk{eh nsoh fcgkj dh mu efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;ksa esa ls ,d Fkh] ftUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA os ;g fn[kkus okyh efgykvksa esa 'kkfey Fkh fd Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkkxhnkjh dsoy 'kgjksa rd lhfer ugha Fkh cfYd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgyk,¡ Hkh lfØ; vkSj fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA y{eh nsoh us xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj efgykvksa dks laxfBr fd;kA mUgksaus LFkkuh; efgykvksa dks lR;kxzg] fojks/k izn'kZu vkSj gM+rkyska esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA muds mÌs'; dsoy fojks/k izn'kZu djuk ugha Fkk] cfYd xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk usr`Ro {kerk vkSj lkekftd lfØ;rk fodflr djuk Hkh FkkA muds iz;klksa ls xzkeh.k efgykvksa us u dsoy vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k] cfYd vius ifjokj vkSj leqnk; esa Hkh Lora=rk laxzke dh Hkkouk QSykbZA Yk{eh nsoh us tu&tkx:drk vfHk;ku pykdj LFkkuh; turk dks fczfV'k uhfr;ksa vkSj vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ ltx fd;kA mUgksaus efgykvksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks vkanksyu ds mÌs”;ksa vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k vkSj mUgsa laxBukRed xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA bl rjg mUgksaus xzkeh.k fcgkj esa vkanksyu dh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd uhao etcwr dhA bl izeq[k efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;ksa larks"kh nsoh] jksfg.kh nsoh vkSj y{eh nsoh ds vykok dbZ vuke efgyk ;ks)kvksa us Hkh vius xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjkas esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus lR;kxzg esa Hkkx fy;k] pqIih dk fojks/k fd;k] fczfV'k uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ izfrjks/k fd;k vkSj LFkkuh; turk dks vkanksyu esa tksM+us dk dk;Z fd;kA ;s vuke ukf;dk,¡ Hkys gh bfrgkl esa de tkuh xbZ gks] ysfdu muds lkgl] R;kx vkSj usr`Ro us fcgkj esa Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu dks lQy cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA y{eh nsoh vkSj vU; efgykvksa ds bl ;ksxnku esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd efgyk,¡ Lora=rk laxzke esa fu.kkZ;d 'kfä gks ldrh gSA muds usr`Ro lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj cfynku us u dsoy vkanksyu dks etcwrh nh] cfYd fcgkj dh efgykvksaa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr dks Hkh l'kä fd;kA ;g lkfcr djrk gSA fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dks ;ksxnku iq:"kksa ds ;ksxnku ds lek ugh egRoiw.kZ vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkkA6 2jksfg.kh nsoh %& jksfg.kh nsoh fcgkj dh mu izeq[k efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;ksa esa ls ,d Fkh] ftUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku vius lkgl] /kS;Z vkSj usr`Ro {kerk ds fy, fo”ks"k igpku cukbZA os eq[; :Ik ls tsy la?k"kZ vkSj lkoZtfud fojks/k izn'kZuksa ds fy, tkuh Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 113 tkrh gSA jksfg.kh nsoh dk ;ksxnku bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Lora=rk laxzke ds dsoy leFkZu ;k izrhdkRed xfrfof/k;ksa rd lhfer ugha Fkh] cfYd os l”kä usr`Ro vkSj fu.kkZ;d l?k"kZ dk Hkh fgLlk FkhA vkanksyu ds nkSjku jksfg.kh nsoh us dbZ ckj fxj¶rkjh vkSj tsy ;krukvksa dks lkeuk fd;kA tsy esa jgrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus vius lkgl vkSj vkRefo”okl ls vU; dSfn;ksa dks izsfjr fd;kA mudk vuq”kklu tS;Z vkSj la?k"kZ'khyrk vU; efgyvksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, izsj.kkL=ks= cuhA tsy esa mUgksaus lR;kxzg vkSj vfgalkRed izfrjks/k dh Hkkouk cuk, j[kh] ftlls ;g Li"V gqvk fd efgyvksa dk ;ksxnku dsoy izn'kZr rd lhfer ugha Fkk] cfYd blesa cfynku] R;kx vkSj O;fäxr dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk Hkh “kkfey FkkA jksfg.kh nsoh us tsy ls ckgj vkus ds ckn Hkh vkanksyu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ mUgksaus LFkkuh; efgykvksa dks laxfBr fd;k] mUgsa jktuhfrd tkx:drk nh vkSj lR;kxzg gM+rkyksa rFkk fojks/k izn'kZuksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izsfjr fd;A mudk ;g usr`Ro u dsoy efgykvksa dks l'kä cukus okyk Fkk] cfYd mUgksaus xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vkanksyu dh j.kuhfr vkSj laxBu dks Hkh etcwr fd;kA7 lkekftd n`f"V ls jksfg.kh nsoh dk ;ksxnku vR;ar egRoiw.kZ FkkA muds lkgl vkSj la?k"kZ us ;g lans'k fn;k fd efgyk,¡ Hkh LOkora=rk laxzke esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSa vkSj muds usr`Ro ls vU; efgykvksa esa Hkh vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus dh izsj.kk vkSj vkRefo”okl mRiUUk gqvkA blds vykok jksfg.kh nsoh us efgykvksa ds chp lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd psruk QSykus dk dk;Z fd;k] ftlls fcgkj esa vkanksyu dk O;kid tuleFkZu izkIr gqvkA jksfg.kh nsoh dk ;g la?k"kZ vkSj R;kx ;g n”kkZrk gS fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku iq:"kksa ds ;ksxnku ds leku egRoiw.kZ vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkkA mudh fuMjrk] lkgl] usr`Ro vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dk izrhd gSaA 3larks"kh nsoh %& larks"kh nsoh fcgkj fd mu efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;ksa esa ls ,d Fkh] ftUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku iVUkk dks vius usr`Ro vkSj lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dk dsaUnz cuk;kA os vkanksyu dh vxz.kh Fkh vkSj vkSj muds lkgfld dneksa us fcgkj ds Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dks fo”ks"k egRo fn;kA larks"kh nsoh us dbZ fczfV'k dk;kZy;ksa vkSj ljdkjh Hkkouksa dk ?ksjko fd;k] tgk¡ mUgksaus “kkafriw.kZ ysfdu n`<+ izfrjks/k ds ek/;e ds ek/;e ls fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lans'k fn;k fd turk vc muds 'kklu dks Lohdkj ugha djsxhA mUgksusa efgykvksa dks lR;kxzg fojks/k izn'kZu vkSj gM+rkyksa esa lfØ; :Ik ls 'kkfey fd;kA mudk mÌs”; dsoy fojks/k djuk ugha Fkk] cfYd efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd psruk vkSj ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk QSykuk Hkh FkkA larks"kh nsoh us efgykvksa dks laxfBr djuk fl[kk;kA muds usr`Ro esa efgyk,¡ u dsoy vkanksyu esa “kkfey gqbZ] cfYd mUgksus LFkkuh; leqnk; esa Hkh vkanksyu dh Hkkouk dks QSyk;kA os ?kjksa] pk;&QksVksa vkSj iapk;rksaa esa efgykvksa dks tksM+rh mUgsa vkanksyu ds mÌs”; vkSj j.kuhfr ds ckjs esa lke>krh bl izdkj mUgksaus efgykvksa dk ikjaifjd lkekftd lhekvksa ds ckgj fudydj jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA mudh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dk izHkko dsoy efgykvksa rd lhfer ugha jgk LFkkuh; turk] fo”ks"k :Ik ls ;qok vkSj xzkeh.k efgyk,¡] muds usr`Ro ls izHkkfor gqbZ vkSj vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gqbZA mudh j.kuhfr vkSj lkgl esa fcgkj esa Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu dks etcwrh nh vkSj LFkkuh; fojks/k izn'kZuksa dks laxfBr :Ik fn;kA larks"kh nsoh dk ;ksxnku bl n`f"V ls ,sfrgkfld egRo j[krk gS fd mUgksaus efgykvksa dks Lora=rk laxzke dk lfØ; fgLlk cukus esa lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:"kksa ds la?k"kZ ds leku egRoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d gks ldrh gSa mudh fuMjrk usr`Ro vkSj laxBukRed dkS'ky vkt Hkh Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa izsj.kklzksr gSaA8 4- 'kkafr nsoh %& 'kkafr nsoh us iVuk vkSj vklikl ds xzkeh.k bykdksa esa efgykvksa dks Lora=rk vkanksyu esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj usr`Ro ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA mUgksaus xzkeh.k efgykvksa dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj mUgsa lR;kxzg] fojks/k izn'kZu vkSj tu&tkx:drk vfHk;ku esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, ekxZn”kZu fn;kA 'kkafr nsoh dh lfØ;rk ds dkj.k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd psruk] lkekftd lfØ;rk vkSj usr`Ro {kerk fodflr gqbZ mUgksaus LFkkuh; fojks/k izn'kZu] cSBdksa vkSj lHkkvksa dk vk;kstu dj turk dks vanksyu ds egRo vkSj mÌs”;ksa ls voxr djk;kA muds iz;klksa us xzkeh.k bydksa esa fczfV'k uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ fojks/k dks laxfBr vkSj izHkko'kkyh cuk;kA blds vfrfjä] 'kkafr nsoh us efgykvksa dks lkgl vkSj R;kx le>k;k] ftlls mUgksaus ds dsoy vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k] cfYd LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa esa vU; efgykvksa dks Hkh lfØ; gksus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA mudk ;ksxnku ;g n'kZrk gS fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dsoy lgk;d ugha Fkh] cfYd fu.kkZ;d] usr`Rodkjh vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkhA fcgkj dh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku dsoy lkoZtfud izn'kZu vkSj fojks/k rd lhfer ugha FkkA mUgksaus lkekftd tkx:drk QSykus ] LFkkuh; vkSj O;kid laxBu cukus] vkSj usr`Ro dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djus ds ek/;e ls Lora=rk laxzke dks ubZ fn'kk nhA muds iz;klksa us xzkeh.k vkSj “kgjh nksuksa {ks=ksa esa yksxksa esa jktuhfd psruk c<+kbZ vkSj efgykvksa dks ikjaifjd lkekftd lhekvksa ls ckgj fudydj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA bu efgykvksa us vkanksyu ds nkSjku u dsoy lR;kxzg] gM+rky vkSj fojks/k izn'kZu esa Hkkx fy;k] cfYd f'k{kk] tu&tkx:drk] vkSj vkanksyu ds lans'k dk izpkj djus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mudk ;g ;ksxnku ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:"k usrkvksa ds leku gh fu.kkZ;d] izHkko'kkyh vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkhA bl izdkj fcgkj dh efgykvksa us vius lkgl] usr`Ro vkSj cfynku ds ek/;e ls Lora=rk laxzke dks etcwrh iznku dh mudk ;ksxnku bfrgkl esa efgykvksa dh l'kä Hkwfedk vkSj lekt esa muds vf/kdkjksa dh tkx:drk dk izrhd cu x;kA ;g Li"V djrk gS fd Lora=rk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxknkjh dsoy lgk;d ;k ikjaifjd Hkwfedk rd lhfer ugha Fkh] cfYd os leku Hkkxhnkjh] izsjd vkSj usr`RodrkZ FkhA9 Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 114 5vUuiw.kkZ nsoh & Hkkxyiqj {ks= esa ;ksxnku %& vUUkiw.kkZ nsoh Hkkxyiqj {ks= dh ,d izeq[k efgyk Økafrdkfj.kh Fkh] ftUgkasus Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa lR;kxzg] fojks/k izn'kZu vkSj efgykvksa ds laxBu ds ek/;e ls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus LFkkuh; efgykvksa dks fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ laxfBr fd;k vkSj mUgsa lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd psruk ls ySl fd;kA vUuiw.kZ nsoh us xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj efgykvksa dks vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k] mUgsa lR;kxzg vkSj fojks/k izn'kZu ds laxBukRed rjhds fl[kk, vkSj vkanksyu dh j.kuhfr esa lfØ; ;ksxnku fn;kA muds usr`Ro esa dbZ xk¡oksa esa lkadsfrd gM+rkysa jSyh dh tUk&tkx:drk vfHk;ku vk;ksftr fd, x,] ftlls LFkkuh; turk esa vkanksyu ds izfr leFkZu vkSj lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh c<+hA muds lkgl vkSj leiZ.k ds dkj.k dbZ ckj mUgsa fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA tsy esa jgrs gq, mUgksus vkanksyu dh Hkkouk cuk, j[kh vkSj vU; dSfn;ksa dks Hkh izsfjr fd;kA vUUkiw.kkZ nsoh dk ;ksxnku bl ckr dk izke.k gS fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dk usr`Ro] laxBu {kerk vkSj cfYknku vkanksyu dks lQy cukus esa fu.kkZ;d FkkA 6efgyk Hkkxhnkjh ds Lo:Ik %& Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa us fofHkUUk Lo:ikas esa lfØ; vkSj fu.kkZ;d Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkbZA mudk ;ksxnku dsoy fojks/k izn'kZu rd lhfer ugha Fkk] cfYd mUgksaus vkanksyu dks laxfBr] izHkko'kkyh vkSj tu&vk/kkfjr cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuska {ks=ksa esa vanksyu ds QSykus] lekt esa tkx:drk iSnk djus vkSj jktuhfrd psruk dks etcwr djus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA muds iz;klksa us ;g lkfcr fd;k fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku iq:"kksa ds ;ksxnku ds lek ugh fu.kkZ;d vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkkkA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa efgyk,¡ ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa vkSj fczfV'k iz'kklfud dsUnzksa dk ?ksjko] lkadsfrd gM+rkysa vkSj tu& tkx:drk vfHk;ku vk;ksftr djrh FkhA iVUkk] x;k vkSj Hkkxyiqj tSls 'kgjksa eas mUgksaus vkanksyu dh lqpukvksa dk vknku&iznku fd;k vkSj turk dks lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA ogha xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgyk,¡ LFkkuh; vkanksyuksa] lR;kxzg vkSj fojks/k izn'kZu esa lfØ; FkhA mUgksaus xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj turk dks tk:d fd;k] vkanksyu ds lans'k dk izpkj fd;k vkSj iq:"k Økafrdkfj;ksa ds lkFk feydj vkanksyu dk laxBu fd;kA blds vfrfjä] fcgkj dh efgykvksa us lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx dj vkanksyu dh igq¡p vkSj izHkko dks c<+kok mUgksaus ukjs] xhr] ukVd] lkekftd lHkk,¡ vkSj cSBdksa ds ek/;e ls turk dks vkanksyu ds egRo vkSj mÌs';ksa ls voxr djk;kA bl izdkj mUgksaus dsoy fojks/k izn'kZu ugha fd;k] cfYd lekt esa jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd psruk iSnk dh efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa tsy la?k"kZ vkSj cfynku dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA dbZ efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;k¡ fxj¶rkjh vkSj tsy esa can gksus ds ckotwn vkanksyu dh Hkkouk cuk, j[krh FkhA mudk lkgl vkSj R;kx vU; Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa vkSj xzkeh.k turk ds fy, izsj.kklzksr cukA lkFk gh fcgkj dh efgykvksa us usr`Ro vkSj j.kuhfr esa Hkh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus LFkkuh; lewgksa dks laxfBr fd;k] fojks/k izn'kZu vkSj lR;kxzg dh ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ vkSj vkanksyu ds lans'k dks O;kid :Ik QSyk;kA mudk laxBukRed dkS'ky] lkgl vkSj j.kuhfrd n`f"V vkanksYku dks laxfBr] izHkko'kkyh vkSj tu&vk/kkfjr cukus esa fu.kkZ;d lkfcr gqbZ bl fcgkj dh efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk Lo:Ik cgqvk;keh] laxfBr vkSj izsj.kknk;d FkkA muds ;ksxnku us ;g Li"V fd;k fd Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dsoy lgk;d ;k lhfer ugha Fkh] cfYd os l'kä] usr`Rodkjh vkSj fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh FkhA10 fu"d"kZ efgykvksa us vkanksyu dh j.kuhfr rS;kj djus esa Hkh lfØ; ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus lkadsfrd gM+rkyksa] ekpZ] fojks/k izn'kZUk vkSj lHkkvksa ds vk;kstu dh ;kstuk cukbZ] ftlls vkanksyu dk izHkko O;kid gqvkA muds usr`Ro ds dkj.k vkanksyu dsoy 'kgjh dasnzksa rd lhfer ugha jgk] cfYd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh O;kid tu&tkx:drk vkSj leFkZu mRiUu gqvkA blds vykok] fcgkj dh efgykvksa us vU; efgykvksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks Hkh l'kä usr`Ro vkSj jktuhfrd lfØ;rk ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA muds lkgl vkSj laxBukRed dkS'ky us ;g izekf.kr fd;k fd Lora=rk laxzke dsoy iq:"kksa FkkA efgykvksa us usr`Ro vkSj j.kuhfr us vkanksyu dks laxfBr] izHkko'kkyh vkSj tu&vk/kkfjr cukus esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bl izdkj fcgkj dh efgykvksa dk usr`Ro vkSj j.kuhfr Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd psruk] lkgl] laxBukRed {kerk vkSj lekt ifjorZu dh fn'kk dk izrhd cu x;kA muds dk;Z ;g n'kkZrs gS fd vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dsoy lgk;d ;k lhfer Hkwfedk rd ugha Fkh] cfYd os l'kä fu.kZ;drkZ vkSj izsjd usr`RodrkZ Fkh] ftUgksaus iwjs vkanksyu dks etcwrh] fn'kk vkSj mÌs”; iznku fd;kA Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vkSj izsj.kknk;d jgk gSA mUgksaus lkgl] usr`Ro] R;kx vkSj cfynku ds ek/;e ls Lora=rk laxzke dks etcwrh iznku dh muds ;ksxnku us vkanksyu dks dsoy dsaUnzksa rd lhfer jgha jgus fn;k] cfYd xzkeh.k {ks=kas esa Hkh O;kid tu&tkx:drk vkSj lfØ; leFkZu LFkkfir fd;kA fcgkj dh efgykvksa us 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vkanksyu ds lans'k dk izpkj lR;kxzg vkSj fojks/k izn'kZu esa Hkkxhnkjh] lkaLd`frd ek/;eksa }kjk tu&tkx:drk QSykuk] vkSj tsy la?k"kZ ,oa cfynku tSls {ks=ksa esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA muds lkgl vkSj la?k"kZ us ;g lkfcr fd;k fd Lora=rk laxzke dsoy iq:"kksa dk ugha] cfYd efgykvksa dk Hkh leku vkSj fu.kkZ;d la?k"kZ FkkA bfrgkl esa bu ohjkaxukvksa dh Hkwfedk dsoy dsoy Lora=rk laxzke rd lhfer ugha jgrh mudk ;ksxnku vkt Hkh efgykvksa ds l”kfädj.k] lekurk vkSj lekt esa jktuhfrd lfØ;rk ds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr gS vkSj ;g Li"V djrh gSA fd lekt esa ifjorZu vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku fu.kkZ;d vkSj vewY; gksrk gSA bl izdkj] fcgkj dh efgykvksa dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku u dsoy ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS] cfYd ;g lekt Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 115 esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr jktuhfrd psruk vkSj usr`Ro {kerk ds ewY; dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gSA mudh izsjd dgkfu;k¡ vkt Hkh efgykvksa dks l'kä lkglh vkSj lfØ; ukxfjd cuus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA lanHkZ lwph 1tSu] lquhrk] %& Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh efgyk,¡] ubZ fnYYkh jk/kk izdk'ku] 2005 i`. 47 2- 'kekZ] va'kqy] %& Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] eqacbZ izKk ifCyds'kUl] 2002 i`. 48 3- >k] jes'k] %& efgyk Økafrdkfjf.k;k¡ vkSj Lora=rk laxzke] fnYYkh] jk"Vªh; izdk'ku] 2008 i`. 95 4oekZ] lqjs'k] %& Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd i{k] ubZ fnYYkh] ,sfrgkfld “kks/k dsanz] 2001 i`. 125 5dqekj] vt;] Lora=rk vkanksyu esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku] iVUkk] Kkunhi ifCyds'kUl] 2006 i`. 28 6uanu] v:.k] %& Lora=rk laxzke esa efgykvksa dh jkuhfrd lfØ;rk] eqacbZ] laokn ifCyds'kUl] 2003 i`. 48 7- >k] js[kk %& Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke vkSj efgyk usr`Ro fnYYkh] izKk 'kks/k dsanz] 2009 i`. 87 8nsoh] vuqjk/kk %& efgyk Økafr vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk] ubZ fnYYkh] Hkkjr 'kks/k laLFkku] 2015 i`. 59 9flag] jkeizlkn] %& Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa fcgkj] iVUk] 1989 i`. 88 10- ?kks"k] vatyh] %& Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa efgyk usrkvksa dh Hkwfedk] fnYyh] 1982] i`. 99