प्राचीन भारत में भूगोल की अवधारणा

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 130 izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwxksy dh vo/kkj.kk 'kks/k Nk=k] Hkwxksy foHkkx mn; izrki Lok;Ùk'kklh dkyst] okjk.klh Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171029 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 Pp. 130-133 October. 2025 Submitted: 19 Sept. 2025 Revised: 29 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 14 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 lkjka'k izkphu Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy vR;ar le`)] cgqvk;keh vkSj lkaLd`frd :i esa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA ;g vo/kkj.kk dsoy Hkwfe] ty] ioZr] ufn;ksa vkSj ekSle rd lhfer u gksdj( ;g ekuo thou] /keZ] n'kZu] jktuhfrd laxBu] d`f"k O;oLFkk] i;kZoj.kh; larqyu vkSj vkfFkZd lajpuk ls Hkh tqM+k FkkA tSls vkt ds Hkwxksy LFkkfud fo'ys"k.k] ekufp=.k vkSj i;kZoj.kh; var% fØ;k ij tksj nsrs gS] oSls gh izkphu Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy Hkh yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa thou 'kSyh vkSj /kkfeZd fopkjksa ds vuq:i fodflr gqvk FkkA Hkwxksy dk Li"V mYYks[k osnksa] mifu"knksa] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] iqj.kksa tSu&ckS) xzaFkks vkSj dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa feyrk gSA Hkkjr dh izkphu HkkSxksfyd lhek dk ifjp; _Xosn esa lIrflU/kq {ks= esa feyrk gS] ftlesa fla/kq] ljLorh] foik'kk] 'krnzq vkSj vU; ufn;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey FkhA bu ufn;ksa dks /kkfeZd lkaLd`frd vkSj thou nkf;uh rRo ds :i esa ns[kk x;k u fd flQZ ty L=ksrksa ds :i esa] blh izdkj fofHkUUk nsokrkvksa dks Hkh fn[kkvksa dk uke fn;k x;k % iwoZ ¼bUnz½] if'pe ¼o:.k½] mRrj ¼dqcsj½] vkSj nf{k.k ¼;e½A ;g fn'kk&Kku u dsoy vk/;kfRed Fkk] cfYd [kxksy'kkL=] LFkkiR;'kkL= vkSj O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh ykHkdkjh FkkA iqjk.kksa esa lIrnhi dh vo/kkj.kk Hkwxksy dks czãkaMh; lajpuk ls tksM+rk gSA Hkkjr o"kZ dk tEcwnhi i`Foh dk dsUnz FkkA lqes: ioZr dks oSf'od /kqjh ,oa /kzqo fcanq ds :i esa ifjyf{kr fd;k x;k gSA lkr }hiksa ds chp vyx&vyx lkxjksa dks dYiuk dh x;h gS] tSls b{kqjl] yo.k] ?k`r] nf/k ;g dsoy izrhRdkRed ugha gS cfYd ml dky dks HkkSxksfyd dYiuk ds izlkj dks n'kkZrh gSA Hkkjr o"kZ dks ^deZ Hkwfe* dks laKk nh x;h gS] tgk¡ eks{k laHko gS] tcfd vU; Hkw&Hkkx dks ^HkksxHkwfe* ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA Hkwxksy dks lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj /kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k ls tksM+us dk dk;z jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr tSls egkdkO; djrs gSA jkek;k.k esa fefFkyk] v;ks/;k] naMdkjO;] fdf"dU/kk vkSj yadk tSls LFkkuks dk o.kZu ,d foLr`r LFkkykd`frd Kku dks n'kkZrk gSA egkHkkjr esa mRrj ls nf{k.k vkSj iwoZ ls if'pe rd fofHkUUk jkT;ks] uxjksa vkSj tkfr;ksa dk fooj.k feyrk gS] ftlls ,d v[k.M Hkkjro"kZ dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd ,drk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa Hkwxksy dks jkt O;oLFkk vkSj vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vk/kkj ekuk x;k gSA uxjksa dh jpuk] lhekvksa dh lqj{kk] lalk/kuks dk forj.k] [kfutksa dk iz;ksx] ouksa dk laj{k.k vkSj d`f"k Hkwfe dk oxhZdj.k Hkwxksy ds O;kogkfjd i{k dks mtkxj djrs gSaA pk.kD; us ^eMy fl)kUr* ds ek/;e ls Hkw&jktuhfrd lajpuk dk :ikadu fd;k] ftlesa iM+kslh jkT;ksa] eS=h jkT;ksa vkSj 'k=q jkT;ksa dk LFkkfud foJ~ys"k.k izLrqr gSA ckS) vkSj tSu ijaijkvksa esa Hkwxksy dks /kkfeZd ;k=k] lk/kuk vkSj rhFkkZVu ls tksM+k x;kA ckS) xzFkksa esa oS'kkyh] jktx`g] JkoLrh] dfiyoLrq tSls LFkyksa dk mYYks[k gSA tSu xzUFkksa esa tEcwn+hi] es: ioZr vkSj fl)f'kyk tSlh vo/kkj.kk,¡ vk/;kfRed Hkwxksy dk ifjp; djkrh gSA tSu fo'ofp=ksa esa iznf'kZr ekufp= izkphu Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy dh n`f"V vkSj dYiuk dks lkdkj :i iznku djrk gSA okLrq'kkL= esa fn'kkvksa dk mi;ksx] Hkwfe ds <ky] lw;Z dh fLFkfr] ty fudkl] vkSj lajpuk fu;kstu esa Hkwxksy dk lw{e iz;ksx gqvk gSA uxj fu;kstu] eafnu fuekZ.k] flapkbZ ra=] rkykcksa dks fLFkfr vkfn fo"k; izkphu Hkkjrh; okLrqfonksa dks HkkSxksfyd lw>cw> dk ifjpk;d gSA bl izdk izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwxksy ,d foKku ugha] cfYd /keZ] laLd`fr] jkt O;oLFkk] d`f"k] LFkkiR; vkSj n'kZu dk v/;;u FkkA ;g thou dk ,d vfHkUUk vax Fkk] ftlesa euq"; vkSJ izd`fr ds lkeatL; dks vo/kkj.kk varfuZfgr FkhA fof'k"V 'kCn %& izkphu Hkwxksy] lkaLd`frd],sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: , ,   , How to cite this article: , (2025). Journal of Research & Development, 17(10), 130-133. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 131 izLrkouk izkpuh Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy /keZ o Kku ij vk/kkfjr FkkA /kkfeZd vfHkys[kksa ds vfrfjDr ;kf=;ksa }kjk fd, x, o.kZu fo'o ds fofHkUUk izns'kksa dh tkudkjh dh L=ksr gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dks czãk.M foKku vkSj fo'o jpuk ds ckjs esa lgh tkudkjh FkhA vk;ZHkV~V] ojkfefgj] czg~exqIr] Hkk.djkpk;Z] mRiYYk] fot; uanh vkfn fo}kuksa us ekufp= dyk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kAHkwxksy 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZizFke ^lw;Z fl)kUr* esa fd;k x;k tc fd iqjk.kksa esa Hkwxksy ,oa T;ksfr"k pØ ds chp varj Li"V fd;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy'kkfL=;ksa us 9 xzgksa&lw;Z] pUnz] eaxy] cq)] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] 'kfu] jkgw vkSj dsrq dk o.kZu fd;k gSA cq) ds fy, gjk jaxk dk] 'kqØ ds fy, lQsn jax dk] eaxy dks yky] o`gLifr dks ihyk ,ao 'kfu dks dkyk jax dk crk;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; Hkw dsafnzd fl)kUr esa fo'okl j[krs gSA^i`Foh* 'kCn dk iz;ksx osn ,oa iqjk.kksa es adbZ ckj fd;k x;k gSA ,srjs; czkãkM esa i`Foh dks eaMykdkj crk;k x;k gSA blesa dgk x;k gS fd lw;Z u mn; gksrk gS vkSj u vLr gksrk gS] ;g fnu dh lekfIr ij nwljh vksj pyk tkrk gS] ftlls jkr gks tkrh gSA iqjk.kksa esa v{kka'kks ,oa ns'kkUrjks dks tkudkjh feyrh gSA v{kka'kks ds vk/kkj ij i`Foh dks vusd izns'kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA _Xosn esa ikap _rqvksa clar] xzh"e] o"kkZ] 'kjn vkSj gsear _rq dk mYYks[k feyrk gSA tcfd okYehfd jkek;.k esa 6 _rqvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS%& _rq ¼Season ½ ekg ¼Month½ clar ¼Spring ½ ekpZ&vizSy xzh"e ¼Summer ½ ebZ&twu o"kkZ ¼Rainy½ tqykbZ&vxLr 'kjn ¼Autumn½ flrEcj&vDVwcj gsear ¼Winter½ uoEcj&fnLecj f'kf'kj ¼Sever winter½ tuojh&Qjojh ikSjkf.kd ;qx esa Hkkjrh; fo}ku us fo'o dks lkr ¼7½ }hiks esa foHkkftr fd;k Fkk tks fuEu bl izdkj gSA }hi dk uke okLrfod uke tEcw }hi & Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ikYk{k }hi & Qkjl }hi 'kkYeyh }hi & orZeku lksHkkyh dq'k }hi & Hkwe/;lkxjh; ns'k ØkSap }hi & ;wjksi 'kd f}i & FkkbyS.M] eysf'k;k] b.Mksusf'k;k iq"dj }hi & iwohZ phu] iwohZ lkbcsfj;k] tkiku vk;Z Hkê us i`Foh dks ,d xksykdkj fi.M crk;k ,oa i`Foh dh ifjf/k yxHkx 24835 ehy crkbZ tks okLrfodrk ds dkQh fudV gSA mUgkasus pUnzxzg.k dk dkj.k pUnzek ij i`Foh dh Nk;k iM+uk crk;kA ojkgfefgj us ijp fl)kafrdk uked xzUFk dh jpuk fd;kA HkkLdjkpk;Z us fl)kUr f'kjksef.k uked dh jpuk dh] mudk ekuuk Fkk fd i`Foh xksy gSa ,oa vius xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k lHkh oLrqvksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr@[khaprh djrh gSaA bl izdkj U;wVu ls dbZ 'krkCnh iwoZ gh Hkkjrh;ksa i`Foh ds xq:Rokd"kZ.k dk fl)kUr] lw;Z dh fLFkjrk] i`Foh ds v{kh; ,oa d{kh; Hkze.k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk pqdh FkhA_Xosn esa bl ckr dk mYYks[k feyrk gS fd pUnzek i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj Hkze.k djrk gSA ekLdjkpk;Z ,oa vU; Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 132 Hkkjrh; fo}uksa us i`Foh dks 360 va'kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA iqu% izR;sd va'k dks 60 dyk Minute ,oa izR;sd dyk dks 60 fodyk Seconds esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA v/;;u dk mn~ns'; %& 'kks/k i= dks v/;;u dk mn~ns'; izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwxksy dks vo/kkj.kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djuk gSA eq[; vkys[k %& (Main Article) izkphu Hkkjrh; HkkSxksfyd vo/kkj.kkvksa dk O;ofLFkr fooj.k iqLrd :i esa miyC/k ugha gS] fQj Hkh fganw ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] n'kZu] egkdkO;ksa] ,oa bfrgkl ls HkkSxksfyd tkudkjh feyrh gSA dkykuqØfed :i ls] oSfnd] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] ckS) vkSj tSfu;ksa ds dk;Z vkSj iqjk.k izkphu Hkkjrh; HkkSxksfyd vo/kkj.kks ds eq[; L=ksr gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dks Hkkjr vkSj mlds vkl&ikl ds ns'kksa dh LFkykd`fr] izkd`frd Hkwxksy] ouLifr] tho&tUrq] izkd`frd lalk/ku] d`f"k vkSj vU; lkekftd&vkfFkZd frfof/k;ksa dk lVhd Kku FkkA ,srjs; czkã.k esa Hkkjr ds {ks=h; Hksxksy dk O;ofLFkr fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA 'kriFk czkã.k Hkwxksy dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dk O;ofLFkr fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA izkphu dkyhu Hkkjrh; Kku dks la{ksi esa fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdks ds vUrxZr IkzLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkSj e.Myh; Kku %& izkphu dky esa gh czãk.M foKku ds {ks= esa Hkkjr esa i;kZIr mUUkfr dj yh FkhA lw;Z] pUnz o i`Foh ds lEcU/kksa] _rq ifjorZuksa] fnol&jkf=] m"k% e/;kgu vijkUg vkfn ds izlax _Xosn] ;tqosZn o vFkoZosn esa] cgqr ls eU=ksa esa vkrs gSaA i`Foh vkUrfj{k ds o.kZu rFkk e`xf'kjk] d`fUrdk] fp=k] jsorh vkfn lÙkkbZl u{k=ksa ds osnksa o czãk.M ds fo"k; esa bu xzUFkksa es ai<+s tk ldrs gSA fo"kqo fnol dk mYYks[k osnksa esa vusd LFkkuksa ij gSA lkSj o"kZ] lkSj ekl vkfn dh x.kukvksa] vkSj lw;Z u{k=ksa dh x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij oSfnd T;ksfr"k dk izfriknu fd;k x;kA bZlk dh ikapoh lnh ls lkroh lnh rd Hkkjrh; fon+kuksa us [kxksyh; Hkwxksy esa cgqr mUUkfr dh] blh dky esa vk;ZHkV~V ojkgfefgj] cgEiq=] vkfn fo[;kr xf.krK FksA buds }kjk izfrikfnr fl)kUrksa esa ^lw;Z fl)kUr* izeq[k gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa esa i`Foh dh mRifRRk ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA _Xosn ds eU=ksa ls vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd vk;ksZ us i`Foh ds fiNys :i dh dYiuk dh Fkh] ftls vkt Hkh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA jkek;.k&egkHkkjr esa Hkwdai rFkk Tokykeq[kh ds izlax feyrs gSaA ^^tc 'kfDr'kkyh xt Fkd dj fgyrk gS] rc Hkwpky vkrk gSA** iqjk.kksa esa egk}hiksa o ioZrksa dh mRifRRk fo"k;d dYiuk,¡ dh gS& ^i`Foh egklkxj esa ,d c`gr ukSdk ds :i esa rSjrh gSA czãk us i`Foh dk leryu fd;k o mls lkr }hiksa esa foHkDr fd;kA blls i`Foh ds rSjus dh orZeku ladYiuk fd;kA blls i`Foh ds rSjus dh orZeku ladYiuk ¼fl;ky ds cus egk}hi lhek ij rSjrs gS½ ds led{k fopkj/kkjk dk vuqeku gksrk gSA i`Foh dh vk;q dh dYiuk Hkh izkphu xzUFkksa esa dh xbZ gSA ^euqLe`fr* esa mYYks[k gS fd i`Foh vc rd 1]96]91]03]000 o"kZ iw.kZ dj pqdh gSA ledkyhu fo}ku Hkh i`Foh dh vk;q djhc nks vjc ekurs gSA jkek;.k esa lw;Zxzg.k ,oa pUnzxzg.k dh Hkh ppkZ gSA blds dkj.k jkgq&dsrq crk, x, gSA lkSj e.My ds vU; xzgksa&eaxy] cq/k] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] 'kfu vkfn dh ppkZ Hkh dh x;h gSA ok;qe.Myh; Kku %& _Xosn ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd ml le; ds vk;ksZ dks ok;qe.My ds lEcU/k esa vPNk Kku FkkA mUgksaus o"kZ dks N% _rqvksa esa foHkDr fd;k FkkA eU=ksa esa 48 ¼48½ ls 63 ¼63½ izdkj dh iouksa dh ppkZ gSA okYehdh jkek;.k esa cknyksa dk o.kZu gSA blesa rhu izdkj ds ckny o lkr izdkj ds iou dk mYYks[k gSA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa] fofHkUUk {ks=ksa esa o"kkZ ds forj.k dks le>k;k x;k gSA tks vkt ds forj.k ds vuqdwy gSA d`f"k rFkk o"kkZ dk lca/k LFkkfir djrs gq, dkSfVY; us fy[kk gS& dqN ,sls ckny gksrs gS tks Øe'k% lkr fnuksa o mlls vf/kd fnuksa rd o"kkZ djrs gS] tks [ksrks dks tksrus ;ksX; cukrs gSA dkSfVY; us o"kkZ ekid ;U= Hkh rS;kj fd;k FkkA tye.Myh; Kku %& oSfnd eU=ksa esa egklkxjksa dk o.kZu gSA lkeosn rFkk vFkoZosn esa egklkxjks dh la[;k pkj ¼4½ crkbZ xbZ gS] ijUrq vU; osnksa esa budks la[;k lkr ¼7½ crkbZ xbZ gSA lkeosn esa egklkxjksa esa ty ds mBus dk o.kZu feyrk gS] ftlls Tokj&HkkVk dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA jkek;.k esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij Tokj&HkkVk dk mYYks[k gS] bldk dkj.k pUnzek dks crk;k x;k gSA LFkye.Myh; Kku ¼lkekU; HkkSxksfyd o.kZu½ % izkphu dky ds LFkye.Myh; Kku dks bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS %& (d) HkkSfrd Hkwxksy& HkkSfrd Hkwxksy fo"k;d Kku esa ioZrksa] ufn;ksa o ouLifr dk o.kZu feyrk gS%& ioZr %& iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj lalkj dh leLr ioZr Ja`[kyk,a ikehj ¼es#½ ds pkjksa vksj vofLFkr gSA ioZrksa dks ikap izdkjksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS& e/;ioZr ¼es#½] fo"kdEHk ioZrA tks es# ds prqfnZd foLr`r gS½] o"kZ ioZr ¼fofHkUu ns'kksa dh dqy ioZr eq[; ioZr J[kyk,½ rFkk e;kZnk ioZr ¼lhek ij fLFkr ioZr½A Hkkjr esa ioZrksa dk iqjk.kksa esa foLr`r o.kZu gSA buesa egsUnz ¼iwohZ ?kkV½ ey; ¼if'peh ?kkV½] fj{k ¼e/; foa/;½ dk mRRkjh Hkkx vkfn izeq[k ufn;k¡&osnksa esa ufn;ksa ds foLr`r o.kZu gSA osnks o mifu"knksa esa vQxkfUlrku] iatkc o xaxk&;equk Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 133 {ks= dh ufn;ksa dk o.kZu gSA iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj es# ¼ikuhj½ ds fn'kkvksa esa ufn;kW izokfgr gksrh gSA nf{k.k dh vkSj xaxk] if'pe dh vksj p{kq] iwoZ dh vksj lhrk o mRRkj dh vksj Hkznlksu unh cgrh gSA ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k esa Hkkjrh; ufn;ksa dk foLr`r o.kZu gSA xaxk dh mRifRRk dk foLr`r o.kZu ds lkFk&lkFk ;equk] xksnkojh] flU/kq] dkosjh] d`".kk o rkezi.khZ dk fo'ks"k o.kZu gSA ouLifr %& ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k esa fofHkUUk izdkj dh oUkLifr dk o.kZu feyrk gSA rRdkyhu Qlyksa dk Hkh o.kZuo f'ko iqjk.k esa nqX/k o`{k ¼jcM+½ dk izlax gSA ¼[k½ ekuo Hkwxksy fo"k;d Kku %& _Xosn esa i`Foh ij ikap izdkj ds yksxksa dk o.kZu gSA buesa vlqj rFkk nkl Hkh lfEefyr gSA oktlusf; lafgrk esa pkj o.kksZa dk mYYks[k gSA czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; ,oa 'kqnzA jkek;.k esa vusd Hkkjrh; vkfne tkfr;ksa dk o.kZu gSA buesa jk{kl] okuj] fu"kkn] fdUuj] xU/koZ] ukx] vlqj] nso] vkfn tkfr;ka eq[; gSA fons'kh tkfr;ksa esa 'kd ,oa ;ouksa dks xkSj o.kZ dh tkfr;k dgk x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa Hkh vusd tkfr;k] dgk x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa Hkh vusd tkfr;k] muds :i jax] fookg ikfjokfjd lEcU/kks vkfn ds o.kZu gSA euq ds /keZ'kkL= esa vkB izdkj ds fookg crk, x, gS% czã] nSo] vk"kZ] iztkiR;] vlqj] xUnoZ] iS'kkp o jk{kl] buesa ls N% dks lkekftd leFkZu izkIr FkkA dkSfVY; us Hkh fookg i)fr o L=h iqufoZokg dh ppkZ dh gSA ¼x½lkaLd`frd Hkwxksy fo"k;d Kku %& izkphu le; ls gh d`f"k Hkkjrh;ksa dk eq[; O;olk; jgk gSA vFkoZosn esa o.kZu gS fd d`f"k esa mUUkr fof/k;ksa Qlyksa dk mRiknu] _Xosn esa [ksr tksrus dk mYYks[k feyk gSA irktfy ds egkHkk.; esa Qlys cksus dh fof/k;ksa] d`f"k {ks=ksa] chtksa o vukt Hk.Mkj.k dk o.kZu gSA ikf.kuh iarktfy o euq us Hkwfe dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;k gSA ck<+ ls izHkkfor Hkwfe }kjk vuqi;ksxh Hkwfe Ålj] i'kqpkj.k ds fy, iz;qDr Hkwfe ukspj o tksrus ;ksX; Hkwfe dk o.kZu gSA iarktfy us Qlyksa ds izknsf'kd forj.k dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA dq,a o rkykc flapkbZ ds izeq[k lk/ku FksA izkphu Hkkjr esa fofHkUu m|ksx /kU/ks Hkh i;kZIr Hkkjr esa fofHkUUk m|ksx /kU/ks Hkh i;kZIr fodflr voLFkk esa FksA crZu] oL= fuekZ.k] flDds] vkHkw"k.k vkfn lEcU/kh m|ksxksa dk o.kZu osnksa esa gSA Hkou fuekZ.k dk"V f'kYi] e`frdk f'kYi] ykSg f'kYi Hkh bl le; viuh mUUkfr dh pje lhek ij FksA fnYYkh esa dqrqcehukj ds lehi LFkkfir taxjfgr ykSg LrEHk] tks fd xqIr dky esa fufeZr crk;k tkrk gS] Hkkjrh; ykSg&f'kfYi;ksa dh n{krk dk izek.k gSA ifjogu ekxZ Hkh izkphu Hkkjr esa vPNh O;OLFkk FkhA czãk.M iqjk.k esa nl izdkj dh lM+dksa dk o.kZu gSA fn'kk ekxZ] xzke ekxZ] lhek ekxZ] jkt iFk 'kk[kkj[;k jFkksijF;k] mijF;k] ta?kkiFk] e`gkUriFk rFkk /k`fr ekxZA fons'kh O;kikj Hkh izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk jgh gSA fo".kq iqjk.k esa dEckst ds ?kksM+ksa rFkk eRL; iqjk.k esa usiky O;kikfjd ekxksZ dk mYYks[k gSA vkf/kokl lEcU/kh Kku Hkh izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls izkIr gksrk gSA eksgutksnM+ksa o gM+IIkk dh [kqnkbZ ls izkphu Hkkjrh; uxj fu;kstu o Hkou fuekZ.k dyk dk ifjp; feyrk gSA ekuoh; cfLr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ^ek;kere* esa fd;k x;k gSA ¼?k½ jktuhfrd o izknksf'kd Hkwxksy fo"k;d Kku oSfnd lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; tuin izns'kksa ds o.kZu gSA buesa dk'kh] dks'ky] ex/k] ikapky] fonHkZ] lkSjk"Vª o vkU/k izns'k FksA milagkj %& mi;qDr foospuk ds ckn ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwxksy dh vo/kkj.kk dsoy HkkSxksfyd lajpukvksa rd lhfer ugh Fkh] cfYd ;g lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.kkksa ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+h FkhA osnksa iqjk.kksa] egkdkO;ksa ¼jkek;.k o egkHkkjr½ rFkk fofHkUUk Le`fr xazFkksa esa of.kZr LFkku] iorZ] ufn;k¡] leqnz vkSj tyok;q u dsoy HkkSxksfyd psruk dks n'kfu gS] cfYd rRdkyhu lekt dh thou 'kSyh] vkLFkk] O;kikj o jkt O;OkLFkk dk Hkh izfrfcac izLrqr djrs gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy dh fof'k"Vrk ;g Fkh fd blesa ^^ns'k** vkSj ^^tuin** tSls 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx LFkkfud bdkb;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k] tc fd ^^fnfXot;**] ^^n'kfn'kk,¡ vkSj lIr}hi** tSlh vo/kkj.kk,¡ Hkwxksy dks ,d vk/;kfRed vkSj lkaLd`frd vk;ke nsrh gSA Hkwxksy dks dsoy HkkSfrd lhekvksa ls ugha cfYd ekuo vkSj izd`fr ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa ds :i esa ns[kk x;k FkkA _Xosn ls ysdj dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= rd vkSjA ojkgfefgj dh o`gRlafgrk rd] Hkwxksy dh vo/kkj.kk fuajrj fodflr gqbZA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwxksy ,d lezx Kku iz.kkyh dk fgLlk Fkk] tks dsoy i`Foh dh jpu dk v/;;u ugha djrk Fkk] cfYd thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa& /keZ] laLd`fr] jktuhfr] d`f"k] tyok;q vkSj ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa& dks tksM+rk FkkA ;g n`f"Vdks.k vk/kqfud Hkwxksy dh ekuo&dsfnzr /kkjkvksa dk Hkh iwoZ ladsrd gSA lUnHkZ lwph 1. Adhikari, S.(2006) (4thed.) : Fundamentals of Geographical Thoughat, Allahabad, Chaitanya Publication House. 2. Ali S.M., Geography of Puranes. 3. Dixshi, R.D. (1997) Geographical Thought: A contextual History of ideas, New Delhi: PrenticeHall of India. 4. Husain, M. (1988) (Revised ed.) : Evolutation of Geographical Thought, vaipur, Rawat Publication. 5. Rana, L. (2013) Evolution of Modern Geographical Thinking and Disciplinary Trends in India, AGS (The Association for Geographical studies) Study Material Series, Paper-VIII.