Air quality around ports. ETC HE Report 2024/12. Version 2

ETC HE Report 2024/12 Air quality around ports Authors: Luca Pozzoli (NILU), Alicia Gressent (INERIS), Joana Soares (NILU), Augustin Colette (INERIS), Silvia Monge (EEA), Alberto González Ortiz (EEA) ETC HE Report 2024/12 Cover design: EEA Cover image © Begüm Ertürk, My City /EEA Layout: EEA / ETC HE European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment Publication date, version2: 7 November 2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17416089 Legal notice Preparation of this report has been co-funded by the European Environment Agency as part of a grant with the European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (ETC HE) and expresses the views of the authors. The contents of this publication does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor the European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment is liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse of the information contained in this publication. How to cite this report: Pozzoli, L., Gressent, A., Soares, J., Colette, A., Monge, S. & González Ortiz, A. (2025). Air quality around ports (Eionet Report – ETC HE 2024/12, version 2). European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17416089). The report is available from https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/all-etc-reports and https://zenodo.org/communities/eeaetc/?page=1&size=20. Version: 2 ETC HE coordinator: Stiftelsen NILU, Kjeller, Norway (https://www.nilu.com/) ETC HE consortium partners: Federal Environment Agency/Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Aether Limited, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), 4sfera Innova S.L.U., klarFAKTe.U Copyright notice © European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment, 2025 Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (International)] More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (ETC HE) https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he ETC HE Report 2024/12 3 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Addendum to the ETC HE Report 2024/12, published 17 December 2024 .................................. 6 Corrigendum to the ETC HE Report 2024/12, published 17 December 2024 ............................... 8 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14 3 Air quality monitoring around European ports ................................................................... 15 4 Air quality in port areas compared to the nearby cities and regions .................................. 21 5 Differences between air pollution trends in port areas and nearby cities .......................... 28 6 Impact of shipping emissions on the air quality of the nearby cities .................................. 32 Antwerpen ........................................................................................................................... 32 NO2 episode, 3-7 March 2024 ...................................................................................... 32 PM10 episode, 4-8 March 2024 .................................................................................... 34 Barcelona ............................................................................................................................. 35 NO2 episode, 23-28 January 2024 ................................................................................ 35 PM10 episode, 15-20 March 2024 ................................................................................ 36 7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 37 List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 39 References ................................................................................................................................... 40 Annex 1 Maps and tables for each port ...................................................................................... 42 Annex 1.1 Algeciras.............................................................................................................. 43 Annex 1.2 Amsterdam ......................................................................................................... 47 Annex 1.3 Antwerpen .......................................................................................................... 51 Annex 1.4 Barcelona ............................................................................................................ 56 Annex 1.5 Bremen ............................................................................................................... 60 Annex 1.6 Bremerhaven ...................................................................................................... 64 Annex 1.7 Gdansk ................................................................................................................ 68 Annex 1.8 Genova ................................................................................................................ 72 Annex 1.9 Gioia Tauro ......................................................................................................... 76 Annex 1.10 Hamburg ........................................................................................................... 78 Annex 1.11 Le Havre ............................................................................................................ 82 Annex 1.12 Malta Freeport .................................................................................................. 86 Annex 1.13 Marseille ........................................................................................................... 89 Annex 1.14 Messina ............................................................................................................. 93 Annex 1.15 Napoli ................................................................................................................ 96 Annex 1.16 Palma de Mallorca .......................................................................................... 100 Annex 1.17 Piraeus ............................................................................................................ 104 Annex 1.18 Reggio Calabria ............................................................................................... 108 Annex 1.19 Rotterdam ....................................................................................................... 111 Annex 1.20 Santa Cruz de Tenerife.................................................................................... 115 Annex 1.21 Stockholm ....................................................................................................... 118 Annex 1.22 Trieste ............................................................................................................. 122 ETC HE Report 2024/12 4 Annex 1.23 Valencia .......................................................................................................... 126 ETC HE Report 2024/12 5 Acknowledgements The ETC task manager was Luca Pozzoli (NILU). The EEA task manager was Silvia Monge. Other contributors were Alicia Gressent (INERIS), Joana Soares (NILU), Augustin Colette (INERIS), Alberto Gonzalez Ortiz (EEA). ETC HE Report 2024/12 6 Addendum to the ETC HE Report 2024/12, published 17 December 2024 In 2025, the ETC HE Report 2024/12 version 1 (Pozzoli et al., 2024) was complemented with additional analysis to include the most recent available information. It was considered appropriate to analyse the same pollutants as in the ETC HE Report 2025/7 (Pozzoli et al., 2025), Air quality around airports, focusing on NO₂ and PM2.5 for the year 2023 as an additional contribution to the EEA briefing on air quality around ports and airports. This updated version of the report includes the links to a fiche for each port. The rest of the report remains unchanged. The fiches include additional analysis using latest available and validated data for year 2023, measurements of NO2 and PM2.5 (E1a validated data AQ eReporting). The maps in the fiches display the location of the sampling points (SPOs) around the ports. The tables include additional information on the annual mean concentrations of each SPO with available data (data coverage larger than 75%), distances of the SPOs from the port area, location of the SPO in one of the 8 wind sectors around the port (WS: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW), population living in the WS within 10 km from the port, and trends of annual mean concentrations (2005-2023) when available. This information has been complemented with the latest EEA air quality annual maps for 2023 at 1 km horizontal resolution (Horalek et al., 2025), covering the whole area around the port and showing the mean concentrations over the port area compared to the surrounding region, including the weighted area means for different land cover classes. List of additional fiches: • Algeciras (ES): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-algeciras-es.pdf • Amsterdam (NL): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-amsterdam-nl.pdf • Antwerpen (BE): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-antwerpen-be.pdf • Barcelona (ES): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-barcelona-es.pdf • Bremen (DE): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-bremen-de.pdf • Bremerhaven (DE): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-heproducts/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report2024-12-air-quality-around-ports-v2-port-of-bremerhaven-de.pdf • Gdansk (PL): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-gdansk-pl.pdf • Genova (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-genova-it.pdf • Gioia Tauro (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-gioia-tauro-it.pdf • Hamburg (DE): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-hamburg-de.pdf ETC HE Report 2024/12 7 • Le Havre (FR): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-le-havre-fr.pdf • Malta Freeport (MT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-heproducts/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report2024-12-air-quality-around-ports-v2-port-of-malta-freeport-mt.pdf • Marseille (FR): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-marseille-fr.pdf • Messina (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-messina-it.pdf • Napoli (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-napoli-it.pdf • Palma de Mallorca (ES): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-heproducts/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report2024-12-air-quality-around-ports-v2-port-of-palma-de-mallorca-es.pdf • Piraeus (EL): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-piraeus-el.pdf • Reggio Calabria (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-heproducts/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report2024-12-air-quality-around-ports-v2-port-of-reggio-calabria-it.pdf • Rotterdam (NL): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-rotterdam-nl.pdf • Santa Cruz de Tenerife (ES): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-heproducts/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report2024-12-air-quality-around-ports-v2-port-of-santa-cruz-de-tenerife-es.pdf • Stockholm (SE): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etche-reports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-airquality-around-ports-v2-port-of-stockholm-se.pdf • Trieste (IT): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-trieste-it.pdf • Valencia (ES): https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-hereports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-quality-around-ports/etc-he-report-2024-12-air-qualityaround-ports-v2-port-of-valencia-es.pdf ETC HE Report 2024/12 8 Corrigendum to the ETC HE Report 2024/12, published 17 December 2024 The name of the port in Malta, Marsaxlokk, has been corrected and replaced with Malta Freeport, which identifies the port analysed in this study. The name has been corrected throughout the text in the report, in Figures 1.3, 3.1, 4.2, and in Tables 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1 and 5.2. ETC HE Report 2024/12 9 Summary Air pollutant concentrations in Europe have decreased over recent decades due to reduced emissions in various sectors. However, attention is now shifting to shipping emissions and activities in ports, which are becoming a more significant source of pollution. Future projections of emissions in Europe indicate that while road traffic emissions will decrease, shipping emissions and ports could become the main contributor to adverse health impacts in coastal cities by 2030. Monitoring air quality in ports and nearby cities is crucial to understanding the impact of shipping and port activities. This study focuses on air quality in 23 major European ports, examining how air quality is monitored, comparing pollutant concentrations in ports and nearby areas, identifying trends, and assessing the impact of international shipping on air quality for two case studies. To address these research questions, the study followed several steps using various datasets. Port areas were identified using the CORINE Land Cover 2018 dataset. Air quality sampling point observations (SPOs) were identified in ports and nearby areas using validated data from the European e-reporting database, focusing on NO2 and PM10 data from 2021. Two main factors were considered for the assessment of the SPOs around ports and nearby cities, the distance of the SPO from the port areas and the wind directions at port location. The measured NO2 and PM10 concentrations were used to identify the potential impact of port activities in the nearby cities and surrounding regions with latest validated data from 2021, and when available the long-term trends (2005-2021) in NO2 and PM10 concentrations. Air quality maps with resolution of 1 km x 1km for 2021 were also used to provide a better geographical representation of air quality around ports, and regional differences. Finally, two case studies examined the impact of shipping emissions during pollution episodes in Antwerpen and Barcelona using the Air Control Toolbox of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. These steps aimed to understand air quality in and around ports, the impact of port activities, and trends in those pollutant concentrations. Air quality SPOs in and around port areas are limited. Among 23 analysed ports, only 5 had at least one SPO for NO2 and PM10 inside the port areas. Most ports had at least one SPO within 1 km, but only few were downwind of the prevalent wind direction. Measurements at SPOs during downwind conditions from the ports showed increased NO2 concentrations, with notable increases in cities like Napoli (over 100%), Algeciras (86%), and Hamburg (77%). PM10 increases were smaller but still significant in some ports. The air quality maps for 2021 showed higher annual mean NO2 and PM10 concentrations in port areas compared to surrounding regions, with some port areas exceeding the new limit values (LV) set by the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive and to be attained by 2030. From 2005 to 2021, NO2 concentrations in port areas and nearby cities decreased by about 40%, similar to reductions in nearby cities. PM10 concentrations decreased by 40% in port areas and 45% within 20 km of ports. However, limited SPOs make it challenging to draw definitive conclusions for all ports. Only in the port of Antwerpen, the number and location of SPOs allowed to identify a different trend in NO2 concentrations in the port compared to the rest of the city. Lower concentration reductions (from - 25% to –33%) were found in the port, compared to largest NO2 concentrations reductions in the city (from –39% to –47%), probably showing the impact of larger emission reductions in the city, such as road traffic. High-resolution air quality modelling is needed for precise impact estimates. Two case studies using the Air Control Toolbox showed that international shipping significantly contributes to NO2 concentrations during pollution episodes in Antwerpen (38%) and Barcelona (over 55%). PM10 contributions from shipping were also significant but varied depending on other emission sources like agriculture and residential heating. ETC HE Report 2024/12 16 of Antwerpen (37 monitoring SPOs) (Figure 3.2). The ports Malta Freeport (MT), Messina (IT), and Reggio Calabria (IT) do not have any SPO for PM10 within 20 km. The largest number of SPOs for PM10 are found for the ports of Amsterdam (22) and Antwerpen (19) (Figure 3.2). Figure 3.1 Number of monitoring SPOs of NO2 (a) and PM10 (b) around 23 European ports and nearby cities with validated measurements for year 2021 ETC HE Report 2024/12 17 Figure 3.2 Air quality SPOs in the ports of Antwerpen (left) and Amsterdam (right) Table 3.1 and Figure 3.2 provide more details about the total number of SPOs identified for NO2 (within 10 km from the port) and for PM10 (within 20 km). For each port it is also indicated: • how many SPOs are classified as background (B), traffic (T) or industrial (I); • how many of the total number of SPOs are located inside the port area; • how many of the total number of SPOs are located within 1 km from the port area; • the mean distance of all SPOs from the port area in kilometres; • the number of the wind 8 sectors where at least one s SPO is located; • the sum of the wind frequencies (%) blowing from the ports towards each sector where at least one monitoring SPO is located. Most of the NO2 SPOs found inside port areas are classified as traffic (T) SPOs (1 in Amsterdam, 2 in Genova, and 1 in Piraeus). In the port of Antwerpen 3 industrial (I) SPOs were found, and 1 SPO classified as background (B) is located inside the port of Hamburg. The mean distances of SPOs from port areas are ranging between 0.6 km (Trieste) and 6.9 km (Piraeus). Only few of the identified SPOs are located downwind of the prevalent wind direction in the port areas. Only 5 ports (Algeciras, Antwerpen, Genova, Marseille, and Napoli) have at least one SPO for NO2 located in a wind direction sector which is downwind of the port more than 25% of the time (Figure 3.3). The ports of Amsterdam and Antwerpen have SPOs in 7 of the 8 wind sectors around the port. The total frequency of wind directions from the ports toward the seven sectors with SPOs is 79% in Amsterdam, 91% in Antwerpen. The total wind frequency is above 50% in 8 of the 23 ports analysed. ETC HE Report 2024/12 18 Table 3.1 Number of SPOs within 10 km from a port, in port or within 1km from a port. SPOs in the list are those with available data for NO2 in 2021 Port Country code SPO within 10 km (#) SPO type SPO in port (#, type) SPO within 1 km from port (#, type) Mean distance from port (km) wind sectors with at least 1 SPO (#) Total wind frequency covered by all SPOs Algeciras ES 15 1T, 1B, 13I 2I 3.1 5 54 % Amsterdam NL 17 6T, 9B, 2I 1T 1T, 2B, 2I 2.6 7 79 % Antwerpen BE 37 21T, 6B, 10I 3I 9T, 2B, 4I 1.4 7 91 % Barcelona ES 14 11T, 3B 1B 4.1 4 60 % Bremen DE 6 1T, 4B, 1I 1B 2.6 3 35 % Bremerhaven DE 2 1T, 1B 1B 1.6 2 21 % Gdansk PL 5 5B 1B 3 3 32 % Genova IT 9 5T, 4B 2T 1T, 2B 2.4 4 69 % Gioia Tauro IT - - - - - - - Hamburg DE 11 5T, 4B, 2I 1B 1B, 1I 2.2 5 71 % Le Havre FR 4 1T, 2B, 1I 1B 1.8 2 29 % Malta Freeport MT 2 1T, 1B 6.3 2 39 % Marseille FR 4 1T, 3B 3.6 3 48 % Messina IT 2 1T, 1B 1T 1 2 15 % Napoli IT 11 5T, 4B, 2I 1T 5.5 6 78 % Palma de Mallorca ES 4 1T,2B, 1I 1B 3.4 4 47 % Piraeus GR 8 4T, 2B, 2I 1T 6.9 3 40 % Reggio Calabria IT 2 1T, 1B 1.6 2 20 % ETC HE Report 2024/12 19 Port Country code SPO within 10 km (#) SPO type SPO in port (#, type) SPO within 1 km from port (#, type) Mean distance from port (km) wind sectors with at least 1 SPO (#) Total wind frequency covered by all SPOs Rotterdam NL 13 5T, 5B, 5I 1T, 3B, 1I 2.8 4 45 % Santa Cruz Tenerife ES 9 1T, 2B, 6I 1T, 1I 1.7 1 23 % Stockholm SE 12 10T, 2B 4.4 2 21 % Trieste IT 3 1T, 2B 2B 0.6 2 13 % Valencia ES 9 6T, 3B 1T 4.9 3 50 % Table 3.2 Number of SPOs within 20 km from a port, in port or within 1km from a port. SPOs in the list are those with available data for PM10 in 2021 Port Country code SPO within 20 km (#) SPO type SPO in port (#, type) SPO within 1 km from port (#, type) Mean distance from port (km) wind sectors with at least 1 SPO (#) Total wind frequency covered by all SPOs Algeciras ES 4 4I 1I 2.8 4 46 % Amsterdam NL 22 6T, 9B, 7I 1T, 1B 1T, 2I 6.9 7 79 % Antwerpen BE 19 2T, 7B,10I 2I 2B, 2I 2.4 8 100 % Barcelona ES 5 2T, 3B 10.6 4 58 % Bremen DE 6 1T, 4B, 1I 1B 2.6 3 35 % Bremerhaven DE 2 1T, 1B 1B 1.6 2 21 % Gdansk PL 7 7B 1B 6.9 3 32 % Genova IT 5 3T, 2B 1T 1T, 1B 1.3 2 17 % Gioia Tauro IT - - - - - - - Hamburg DE 10 3T, 5B, 2I 1B 1B, 1I 3.1 5 71 % ETC HE Report 2024/12 20 Port Country code SPO within 20 km (#) SPO type SPO in port (#, type) SPO within 1 km from port (#, type) Mean distance from port (km) wind sectors with at least 1 SPO (#) Total wind frequency covered by all SPOs Le Havre FR 6 1T, 3B, 2I 1B 5.1 5 57 % Malta Freeport MT Marseille FR 6 1T, 3B, 2I 7.5 4 63 % Messina IT Napoli IT 6 3T, 3I 1T 4.8 4 42 % Palma de Mallorca ES 4 1T,2B, 1I 1B 4.8 4 47 % Piraeus GR 9 2T, 6B, 1I 1T 10.6 3 40 % Reggio Calabria IT Rotterdam NL 17 6T, 8B, 3I 1T, 3B, 1I 5.9 5 67 % Santa Cruz Tenerife ES 14 3B, 11I 6.6 1 23 % Stockholm SE 13 12T, 1B 7.7 3 37 % Trieste IT 4 1T, 2B, 1I 1B, 1I 1.6 4 31 % Valencia ES 8 5T, 2B, 1I 1T 7 3 50 % ETC HE Report 2024/12 21 Also, for PM10, most of the SPOs found inside port areas are classified as traffic (T) (1 in Amsterdam, 2 in Genova, and 1 in Piraeus). In the port of Antwerpen 2 industrial (I) SPOs were found, and 2 SPOs classified as background (B) are located inside the ports of Amsterdam and Hamburg. The mean distances of SPOs from port areas are ranging between 1.3 km (Genova) and 10.6 km (Piraeus and Barcelona). Only a few of the identified SPOs are located downwind of the prevalent wind direction in the port areas. Only 3 ports (Algeciras, Antwerpen, and Marseille) have at least one SPO for PM10 located in a wind direction sector which is downwind of the port more than 25% of the time (Figure 3.3). The port of Antwerpen has SPOs in all the 8 wind sectors around the port (100% of the wind frequency). The port of Amsterdam has SPOs in 7 of the 8 wind sectors around the port (total frequency of 79% of wind directions from the ports toward the seven sectors with SPOs). The total wind frequency is above 50% in 8 of the 23 ports analysed. Figure 3.3 Air quality SPOs and wind direction frequencies for the ports of Algeciras, Antwerpen, Genova, Marseille and Napoli Algeciras Antwerpen Genova Marseille Napoli Note: A map with location of the air quality SPOs around ports and frequency of wind direction blowing from the ports towards 8 wind sectors is provided for all ports in the Annex 1. 4 Air quality in port areas compared to the nearby cities and regions An analysis was conducted using wind directions from meteorological data and measured concentrations of the identified SPOs around each port. The change in pollutant concentrations measured at SPOs around the ports was assessed only during downwind conditions and compared to the rest of the observations. For each port the timeseries of hourly NO2 and PM10 concentrations for 2021 were analysed. The distribution of the concentrations for all SPOs located in the same wind sector around the port were compared for each port. As shown in the example in Figure 4.1, in the port of ETC HE Report 2024/12 22 Antwerpen there are three SPOs in the NE wind sector relative to the port, all of them have valid data for NO2 concentrations, only one for PM10. In these SPOs, the distribution of measured concentrations when air was blowing from the port (green line) was compared to conditions when air is not blowing form the port (blue line), and for all wind directions (red line). The wind blowed 26% of the time during 2021 from the port of Antwerpen toward these the SPOs. When the air was coming from the port, the peak of the distribution of NO2 concentrations increased from 6.8 µg/m3 (not from port) to 12 µg/m3 (from port). The median of NO2 concentrations increased by 75% when air was coming from the port (21 µg/m3) compared to not from port conditions (12 µg/m3). For PM10 concentrations in the same sector there is only one SPO, a similar increase was not observed, only a 12% increase in the peak of the distributions, and no change in the median between the two distributions of PM10 concentrations. The different distributions of pollutant concentrations can indicate a possible impact of the port in a specific region (in this case NE from the port of Antwerpen), but it must be highlighted that it cannot be considered a precise estimate, as pollution from other sources in the region cannot be separated through this analysis. The same analysis is available in the Annex 1 for all ports and for all wind directions where measurements are available. Figure 4.1 Distribution of hourly NO2 (left) and PM10 (right) concentrations for SPOs (3 for NO2, 1 for PM10) located in the NE wind sector relative to the port of Antwerpen. Three distributions are shown, for “all” wind directions (WD), for WD “from port” and for WD “not from port”. The number of hourly concentration values (# records) for each distribution is indicated in the legend. ETC HE Report 2024/12 23 Table 4.1 Summary for all ports with main percentage changes in median NO2 and PM10 concentrations for measurements when air is blowing from the port Port NO2 PM10 Maps and figures Algeciras Data available in 5 wind sectors. Increase in 3 sectors from 40% (W) to 86% (NE). Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase in 2 sectors, 12% (E) and 19% (W). Annex 1.1 Amsterdam Data available in 7 wind sectors. Increase in 4 sectors from 13% (N) to 51% (W). Data available in 7 wind sectors. Increase in 3 sectors from 7% (E) to 20% (SE). Annex 1.2 Antwerpen Data available in 6 wind sectors. Increase in 5 sectors from 6% (SW) to 75% (NE). Data available in all 8 wind sectors. Increase in 4 sectors from 6% (E) to 26% (S). Annex 1.3 Barcelona Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase in 2 sectors from 5% (NE) to 29% (SW). Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase in 1 sector of 5% (W). Annex 1.4 Bremen Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase in 2 sectors, 21% (E) and 26% (SE). Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase in 2 sectors, 14% (E) and 25% (SE). Annex 1.5 Bremerhaven Data available in 2 wind sectors. No increase detected in both sectors (E and SE). Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase in 2 sectors, 13% (E) and 36% (SE). Annex 1.6 Gdansk Data available in 3 wind sectors. No increase detected in all sectors. Data available in 3 wind sectors. Very small increase detected in one sector, 3% (SW). Annex 1.7 Genova Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase detected in all sectors from 1% (NW) to 32% (W). Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in all sectors, 2% (NW) and 11% (E). Annex 1.8 Gioia Tauro No data available. No data available. Annex 1.9 Hamburg Data available in 5 wind sectors. Increase detected in 2 sectors, 26% (NE) and 77% (SW). Data available in 5 wind sectors. Increase detected in 2 sectors, 17% (NE) and 32% (SE). Annex 1.10 Le Havre Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 73% (NW). Data available in 5 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 15% (SE). Annex 1.11 Malta Freeport Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 31% (N). No data available. Annex 1.12 ETC HE Report 2024/12 24 Port NO2 PM10 Maps and figures Marseille Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 52% (NE). Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase detected in all 4 sectors, from 7% (W) to 25% (NE). Annex 1.13 Messina Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 46% (SW). No data available. Annex 1.14 Napoli Data available in 6 wind sectors. Increase detected in 4 sectors, from 5% (NW) to 115% (SW). Data available in 4 wind sectors. No increase detected in all 4 sectors. Annex 1.15 Palma de Mallorca Data available in 4 wind sectors. No increase detected in all 4 sectors. Data available in 4 wind sectors. Small increase detected in 2 sectors, 5% (NE and E). Annex 1.16 Piraeus Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 45% (NE). Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase detected in 2 sectors, 8% (E) and 13% (NE). Annex 1.17 Reggio Calabria Data available in 2 wind sectors. No increase detected in both sectors. No data available. Annex 1.18 Rotterdam Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase detected in 3 sectors, from 35% (N) to 46% (SE). Data available in 5 wind sectors. Increase detected in 3 sectors, from 9% (NE) to 26% (SE). Annex 1.19 Santa Cruz Tenerife Data available in 1 wind sector. Increase detected, 50% (SW). Data available in 1 wind sector (SW). Increase not detected. Annex 1.20 Stockholm Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 21% (SW). Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 25% (SW). Annex 1.21 Trieste Data available in 2 wind sectors. Increase detected in 1 sector, 41% (N). Data available in 4 wind sectors. Increase detected in all 4 sectors, from 8% (NW) to 74% (N). Annex 1.22 Valencia Data available in 3 wind sectors. Increase detected in all 3 sectors, from 13% (W) to 40% (N). Data available in 3 wind sectors. Very small increase detected in 1 sector, 4% (W). Annex 1.23 ETC HE Report 2024/12 25 The majority of the ports analysed do not have air quality SPOs inside port areas. Furthermore, most of the SPOs in the nearby cities are too sparse and often not located downwind of the ports. Thus, it was difficult to derive strong conclusions from the previous analysis based uniquely on measurements. The analysis of the EEA air quality maps( 8 ) (Horálek et al, 2023, ETC HE Report 2023/3) may represent better the differences between NO2 and PM10 concentrations in ports compared to the nearby cities and regional background levels. The maps are created as a data fusion between a model simulation, thus taking into account the impact of meteorology for a specific year, measurements reported by the Member States to the EEA and other ancillary data, such as land cover. The maps are used to downscale the model results, which have a rather coarse resolution, to a finer resolution of 1 km by 1km, and better geographical distribution of pollutants concentrations. Figure 4.1 shows the differences between annual mean concentrations of NO2 (a) and PM10 (b) over port areas compared to the surrounding regions. The «Port» concentrations are calculated as the mean concentrations of all the grid cells, in the 1 km x 1 km air quality map, which are intersecting or within 1 km from the port area polygons. The «Non port» concentrations are calculated as the mean concentrations over all other grid cells around the port over a region within 0.5 degrees latitude and longitude (approximatively a region of 100 km by 100 km). Figure 4.2 Annual mean NO2 (a) and PM10 (b) concentrations in port areas and surrounding regions (“Non port”). The dashed red line represents the LV for NO2 and PM10 annual mean concentrations set by the revised AAQD (EC 2024/2881) NO2 concentrations in “Port” areas were larger than the “Non port” regional levels for all the ports analysed (data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife were not available as extra territories are not included in the ( 8 ) EEA geospatial data catalogue European air quality data (interpolated data)- Series. ETC HE Report 2024/12 32 6 Impact of shipping emissions on the air quality of the nearby cities Based on available observations, it is challenging to disentangle the impacts on air quality of the activities in the ports and international shipping from other sources in the nearby cities. The analysis presented in this report, shows that there are often insufficient SPOs for NO2 and PM10 and that their locations are not optimal for the purposes of monitoring the impact of port activities on air quality inside the ports and the nearby cities. As meteorology plays an important role on air quality, the SPOs must be located downwind (based on the prevailing wind direction) of the port in order to monitor the impacts in the surrounding region. High resolution air quality modelling studies are a useful approach to disentangling the impact of port activities and international shipping from other emission sectors and their relative contribution to the air quality in nearby cities. The online ACT model (Colette et al., 2022), a surrogate model of the CHIMERE Chemistry-Transport Model (Menut et al., 2024), was used to analyse the impact of international shipping during pollution episodes in Antwerpen and Barcelona. Note that the CHIMERE, from which the air quality simulations used for both the design of the numerical experiment and the every-day training of ACT, is not fitted to deal with local hotspot situations that can develop near a port and the associated activities and industrial sites. The model resolution is about 0.25° and is not sufficient to fully catch NO2 concentrations at traffic and industrial sites, as it is not able to resolve the level detail needed (emissions, meteorology and chemistry) for these local scale occurrences. However, the model gives a good estimate of background concentrations levels. In addition, ACT allows us to estimate the impact of emission reductions related to shipping but not to emissions linked to other activities such as traffic and industrial activities in port. Several pollution episodes in Antwerpen and Barcelona have been studied using the ACT estimates to better understand the origin of the high NO2 and PM10 concentrations and to assess the role of shipping emissions. Antwerpen NO2 episode, 3-7 March 2024 At the beginning of March 2024, a high pollution event in Antwerpen was simulated with NO2 daily max concentrations of about 39 µg/m3 (Figure 6.1). High NO2 concentrations persisted in and around Antwerpen for several days. During this episode, ACT estimated that international shipping was the main source sector contributing to the NO2 concentrations (38%), more than residential (11%) and road traffic (19%) emissions. ACT allows to test and directly estimate the impact on air quality of emission reduction scenarios. Therefore, to demonstrate and visualize the spatial impact of shipping-related emissions on this pollution episode, emissions from this sector have been reduced by 100% for instance on March 3, 2024, the day with the highest NO2 concentration nearby Antwerpen (75 µg/m3, Figure 6.2). Reducing shipping emissions by 100% implies a significant decrease (up to 11 µg/m3) in NO2 concentration in Antwerpen and in surroundings regions. This result is consistent with the sector allocation showing the shipping sector as the main contributor to NO2 levels during this episode. ETC HE Report 2024/12 33 Figure 6.1 NO2 pollution episode in Antwerpen, 3-7 March 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-03&pollutant=NO2&city=Antwerp Figure 6.2 Impact of shipping emissions on NO2 concentrations during a pollution episode in Antwerpen, 3 March 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-03&tab=nav-act-tab ETC HE Report 2024/12 34 PM10 episode, 4-8 March 2024 In the same days, high daily PM10 concentrations levels were simulated in the Antwerpen area (60 µg/m3). The potential impact on PM10 concentrations from international shipping was 6%, which is less than the agricultural sector (43%), the residential (11%) and road traffic (10%) emissions but still significant (Figure 6.3). Figure 6.3 PM10 pollution episode in Antwerpen, 3-7 March 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-04&pollutant=PM10&city=Antwerp Reducing shipping related emissions by 100% on March 4, 2024, the day for which the highest PM10 concentration is estimated (48 µg/m3) implies important decrease of the PM10 levels (up to 15 µg/m3) from the North Sea to far inland, especially around Antwerpen (Figure 6.4). Figure 6.4 Impact of shipping emissions on PM10 concentrations during a pollution episode in Antwerpen, 4 March 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-04&tab=nav-act-tab ETC HE Report 2024/12 35 Barcelona NO2 episode, 23-28 January 2024 Even larger contributions were found for another pollution episode at the end of January 2024 in Barcelona, with NO2 daily concentrations reaching 73 µg/m3 (Figure 6.5). During this episode international shipping contributed, on average, to more than 55% of the NO2 concentrations, ahead of road traffic (12%) and residential (5%) emissions. Figure 6.5 NO2 pollution episode in Barcelona, 23-28 January 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-01-26&pollutant=NO2&city=Barcelona The highest daily NO2 concentration estimated by the model nearby Barcelona was 103 µg/m3 on January 26, 2024. Reducing the shipping related emissions by 100% on this day implies a decrease of NO2 levels (up to 5 µg/m3) in most neighbouring areas (Figure 6.6). ETC HE Report 2024/12 36 Figure 6.6 Impact of shipping emissions on NO2 concentrations during a pollution episode in Barcelona, 26 January 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-01-26&tab=nav-act-tab PM10 episode, 15-20 March 2024 During another episode in Barcelona in March 2024, concentration levels up to daily 57 µg/m3 of PM10 have been observed. The potential impact on PM10 concentrations of international shipping emissions was significant (23%) even though residential (21%) and agriculture (22%) emissions were prevailing (Figure 6.7). Figure 6.7 PM10 pollution episode in Barcelona, 15-20 March 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-16&pollutant=PM10&city=Barcelona ETC HE Report 2024/12 37 Reducing the shipping emissions by 100% on March 16, 2024, when the highest PM10 daily concentration levels were calculated (up to 64 µg/m3) allows to decrease by up to 15 µg/m3 the PM10 concentrations in the vicinity of Barcelona (Figure 6.8). Figure 6.8 Impact of shipping emissions on PM10 concentrations during a pollution episode in Antwerpen, March 16, 2024 Source:https://policy.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/daily_source_attribution/sector_apportionment.php?date=20 24-03-16&tab=nav-act-tab 7 Conclusions Concentrations of NO2 and PM10 in Europe have declined over the last decades due to reduced emissions in many sectors, such as road traffic. The relative contribution of shipping to air pollution in Europe is increasing. Monitoring air quality in ports and the nearby cities will become more important in the next decades to understand the role of emissions from international shipping, but also from all port activities (road traffic, non-road machinery, bulk unloading and industrial installations). In this report 4 questions were addressed, and the following conclusions were derived: 1. How is the air quality monitored inside or in the vicinity of ports? The availability of SPOs in and around port areas is limited. Given the increasing share of shipping and other port-related emissions, there is a need for increased knowledge of air quality in these areas. Among the 23 ports analysed, only 5 ports had at least one air quality SPO for NO2 and PM10 located inside the port area. Almost all analysed ports had at least one SPO in the vicinity (within 1 km distance) of the port area. On the other hand, only a few of the identified SPOs are located downwind of the prevalent wind direction of the port areas. 2. How are the ambient air concentrations of NO2 and PM10 in and around ports compared to the nearby cities and regions? As meteorology plays an important role in air quality, the SPOs must be located downwind (based on the prevailing wind direction) of the port to monitor the impacts on air quality in the surrounding region. An analysis was completed using meteorological data to assess the change in pollutant concentrations during downwind conditions (i.e. wind coming from the port) and compared to all other observations. A significant increase in NO2 median concentrations was found at several SPOs around ports in different cities, for example in Napoli (above 100% increase), Algeciras (86%), Hamburg (77%), Antwerpen (75%), Le Havre (73%), Marseille (52%), Amsterdam (51%), Santa Cruz de Tenerife (50%), Rotterdam (46%), Messina (46%), Piraeus (45%). The same analysis showed smaller increases in median PM10 concentrations at some of the SPOs around ports (74% in Trieste, 36% in Bremerhaven, 32% in Hamburg, 31% in Trieste, 26% in Rotterdam, and 26% in Antwerpen). On the other hand, these differences were not consistent for all wind sectors around the port and may be influenced also by other pollution sources in the cities. ETC HE Report 2024/12 38 Due to the low numbers of SPOs in ports and surrounding areas, it is difficult to assess the differences between air pollutant concentrations in ports and the nearby cities and regions, based only on monitoring data. Therefore, EEA air quality maps for 2021 were used to estimate the distribution and differences of air pollutants in ports and the surrounding regions. Annual mean NO2 concentrations in port areas in 2021 were higher than the mean concentrations in the surrounding regions, ranging between 1.5 µg/m3 (Malta Freeport) to more than 10 µg/m3 (Algeciras, Barcelona, Genova, Marseille, Napoli, Piraeus, and Trieste). In Antwerpen, Marseille and Napoli the annual mean NO2 concentrations in ports were above the LV of 20 µg/m3 for the protection of human health to be attained by 1 January 2030 of the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive. Also, annual mean PM10 concentrations in 2021 were higher in port areas compared to the surrounding regions. The difference was below 5 µg/m3 for almost all the ports analysed, except for Napoli and Piraeus. In nine ports (Algeciras, Barcelona, Gdansk, Gioia Tauro, Malta Freeport, Messina, Napoli, Piraeus and Reggio Calabria) the annual mean PM10 concentrations were above the new LV of 20 µg/m3 for the protection of human health to be attained by 1 January 2030. 3. What are the trends in pollutant concentrations in ports and nearby cities? Long-term trends (2005-2021) of NO2 and PM10 air pollutants were analysed at the identified SPOs in European port areas and nearby cities. The findings show that on average NO2 concentrations in port areas and within 1 km decreased by about 40%, similar to the 39% reduction in nearby cities. PM10 concentrations decreased by 40% in port areas and 45% within 20 km of ports. However, due to the limited number of SPOs identified in this report, it is challenging to draw definitive conclusions about trends in all ports. In the port of Antwerpen, a gradient in NO2 concentration trends is visible, with lower concentration reductions in the north-west (from -25% to –33%), where the port of Antwerpen is located, and largest NO2 concentrations reductions in the city (from –39% to –47%), probably showing the impact of larger emission reductions from other source sectors, such as road traffic. 4. What is the potential impact of port activities and international shipping on air quality? Only high-resolution air quality modelling studies specific for each port could provide an estimate of the impact of port activities and international shipping on air quality in the nearby city. In this study the online Air Control Toolbox (ACT) was used, which is one of the air quality policy tools developed for the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS). The ACT was used to analyse the impact of international shipping during pollution episodes in Antwerpen and Barcelona. In Antwerpen, international shipping was the main source sector contributing to the NO2 concentrations (38%) during a pollution episode in March 2024. In the same days, the contribution to PM10 concentrations from international shipping was 6%, which is less than the agricultural sector (43%) the residential (11%) and road traffic (9%) emissions but still significant. Even larger contributions were found in another pollution episode at the end of January 2024 in Barcelona. During this episode international shipping contributed, on average, more than 55% to the NO2 concentrations. On the other hand, PM10 concentrations were high on March 15-20, 2024, the potential impact on PM10 concentrations of international shipping emissions was significant (23%) even though residential (21%) and agriculture (22%) emissions were prevailing in this episode. These case studies show that international shipping emissions may be the main contributors to NO2 in port cities. This is more nuanced for PM10 whose formation is associated with complex chemical processes, and which can be heavily impacted by emissions from the agricultural and residential sectors depending on the city location and other factors (e.g. residential heating). ETC HE Report 2024/12 39 List of abbreviations Abbreviation Name Reference AAQD Ambient Air Quality Directives https://environment.ec.europa.eu/t opics/air/air-quality_en ACT Air Control Toolbox https://policy.atmosphere.copernicu s.eu/act.php AGR Agricultural areas CAMS Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/ CLC CORINE Land Cover https://land.copernicus.eu/paneuropean/corineland-cover CLMS Copernicus Land Monitoring Service https://land.copernicus.eu/en CORINE Co-ORdinated INformation on the Environment https://land.copernicus.eu/paneuropean/corineland-cover DG ENV The Directorate-General for Environment https://commission.europa.eu/abou t/departments-and-executiveagencies/environment_en EC European Commission https://commission.europa.eu/index _en ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts https://www.ecmwf.int/ EEA European Environment Agency www.eea.europa.eu EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency https://emsa.europa.eu/ ETC HE European Topic Centre on Human health and environment https://www.eionet.europ a.eu/etcs/etc-he EU27 European Union 27 member states HDR High density residential areas IND Industry LDR High density residential areas LRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution https://unece.org/environmentalpolicy-1/air LV Limit value NAT Natural areas NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NOx Nitrogen oxides OTH Other areas PM2.5 Particulate Matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less PM10 Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 micrometres or less SPO Sampling point observation TRAF Traffic UGR Urban green ETC HE Report 2024/12 40 References Berrisford, P., et al., 2011, The ERA-Interim archive, version 2.0. ERA report series. 1. Technical Report. ECMWF, pp23. Colette, A., et al., 2022, Air Control Toolbox (ACT_v1.0): a flexible surrogate model to explore mitigation scenarios in air quality forecasts, Geosci. Model Dev. 15, 1441-1465 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-151441-2022 2022. Concawe, 2023, The impact of shipping emissions to urban air quality in Europe – Detailed port-city analysis, Report no. 2/23 (https://www.concawe.eu/wp-content/uploads/Rpt_23-2.pdf) accessed 13/12/2024. EEA Report 08/2024, 2024, European Union emission inventory report 1990 ‑ 2022 — Under the UNECE Convention on Long ‑ range Transboundary Air Pollution (Air Convention), ISBN 978‑92‑9480‑663‑5, ISSN 1977‑8449, doi:10.2800/2893 (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-unionemissions-inventory-report-1990-2022) accessed 13/12/2024. 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PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, NOx and BaP spatial estimates and their uncertainties (Eionet Report – ETC HE 2025/5). European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17427294). ETC HE Report 2024/12 41 Menut, L., et al., 2024, The CHIMERE chemistry-transport model v2023r1, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5431–5457. Pozzoli, L., et al., 2024, Air quality around ports (Eionet Report – ETC HE 2024/12 version 1). European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14710615) Pozzoli, L., et al., 2025, Air quality around airports (Eionet Report – ETC HE 2025/7). European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17432053) ETC HE Report 2024/12 48 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 49 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 50 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 51 Annex 1.3 Antwerpen Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Antwerpen BE BETM802 industrial suburban NO2 51.26 4.42 TRUE 0.00 13.8 2 -47.0 Antwerpen BE BETR897 industrial suburban NO2 51.25 4.34 TRUE 0.00 4.9 3 -25.3 Antwerpen BE BETR892 industrial rural NO2 51.26 4.28 TRUE 0.00 13.0 5 -26.6 Antwerpen BE BETR893 industrial suburban NO2 51.28 4.39 FALSE 0.03 13.8 2 -33.2 Antwerpen BE BENAT38 traffic urban NO2 51.23 4.41 FALSE 0.11 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT43 traffic urban NO2 51.23 4.42 FALSE 0.17 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT46 traffic urban NO2 51.23 4.44 FALSE 0.30 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR803 background urban NO2 51.23 4.43 FALSE 0.30 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BELAL01 industrial suburban NO2 51.24 4.39 FALSE 0.50 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BELAT83 background urban NO2 51.34 4.30 FALSE 0.56 13.7 8 Antwerpen BE BETR806 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.42 FALSE 0.57 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT37 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.40 FALSE 0.59 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAL08 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.38 FALSE 0.70 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT47 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.42 FALSE 0.75 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT45 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.43 FALSE 0.77 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT20 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.40 FALSE 0.89 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BELR833 industrial rural NO2 51.33 4.36 FALSE 0.96 26.0 1 Antwerpen BE BELSA08 industrial suburban NO2 51.33 4.36 FALSE 0.99 26.0 1 Antwerpen BE BETR830 industrial rural NO2 51.32 4.26 FALSE 1.19 10.8 7 -24.5 Antwerpen BE BENAT39 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.44 FALSE 1.24 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT40 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.41 FALSE 1.35 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT49 traffic urban NO2 51.19 4.38 FALSE 1.39 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT48 traffic urban NO2 51.20 4.40 FALSE 1.41 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENBT03 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.43 FALSE 1.54 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR831 industrial rural NO2 51.35 4.34 FALSE 1.58 13.7 8 -43.7 Antwerpen BE BENDU05 traffic urban NO2 51.22 4.47 FALSE 1.65 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENAT29 traffic urban NO2 51.20 4.40 FALSE 1.81 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENDU06 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.46 FALSE 1.82 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR801 background urban NO2 51.21 4.43 FALSE 1.91 4.9 3 -41.2 Antwerpen BE BETR802 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.43 FALSE 1.92 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR805 traffic urban NO2 51.21 4.42 FALSE 2.14 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BENBT04 traffic urban NO2 51.20 4.45 FALSE 2.47 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BELHB23 industrial suburban NO2 51.17 4.34 FALSE 2.57 7.5 4 -39.0 Antwerpen BE BENAT41 traffic urban NO2 51.20 4.42 FALSE 2.58 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR817 background suburban NO2 51.18 4.42 FALSE 4.00 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR811 background suburban NO2 51.25 4.49 FALSE 4.14 13.8 2 -47.4 Antwerpen BE BETR820 background suburban NO2 51.32 4.44 FALSE 5.64 26.0 1 ETC HE Report 2024/12 52 Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Antwerpen BE BETM802 industrial suburban PM10 51.26 4.42 TRUE 0.00 13.8 2 -46.7 Antwerpen BE BELAL05 industrial rural PM10 51.26 4.28 TRUE 0.00 13.0 5 Antwerpen BE BETR803 background urban PM10 51.23 4.43 FALSE 0.30 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BELAL01 industrial suburban PM10 51.24 4.39 FALSE 0.50 4.9 3 -26.6 Antwerpen BE BELAT83 background urban PM10 51.34 4.30 FALSE 0.56 13.7 8 Antwerpen BE BELAL03 industrial rural PM10 51.25 4.20 FALSE 0.89 10.4 6 Antwerpen BE BELAL02 industrial rural PM10 51.30 4.23 FALSE 1.37 10.8 7 Antwerpen BE BETR831 industrial rural PM10 51.35 4.34 FALSE 1.58 13.7 8 Antwerpen BE BETR801 background urban PM10 51.21 4.43 FALSE 1.91 4.9 3 -32.5 Antwerpen BE BETR802 traffic urban PM10 51.21 4.43 FALSE 1.92 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR805 traffic urban PM10 51.21 4.42 FALSE 2.14 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETZD08 industrial suburban PM10 51.23 4.33 FALSE 2.38 7.5 4 Antwerpen BE BETZD01 industrial suburban PM10 51.22 4.33 FALSE 2.46 7.5 4 Antwerpen BE BELHB23 industrial suburban PM10 51.17 4.34 FALSE 2.57 7.5 4 -45.2 Antwerpen BE BELSA04 industrial rural PM10 51.31 4.40 FALSE 3.22 26.0 1 Antwerpen BE BETR817 background suburban PM10 51.18 4.42 FALSE 4.00 4.9 3 Antwerpen BE BETR823 background suburban PM10 51.21 4.24 FALSE 4.01 13.0 5 Antwerpen BE BETR811 background suburban PM10 51.25 4.49 FALSE 4.14 13.8 2 -36.4 Antwerpen BE BETR834 background suburban PM10 51.09 4.38 FALSE 10.96 7.5 4 ETC HE Report 2024/12 53 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 54 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE ETC HE Report 2024/12 55 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 56 Annex 1.4 Barcelona Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Barcelona ES ES1679A background urban NO2 41.39 2.19 FALSE 0.48 14.9 1 -41.7 Barcelona ES ES0691A background urban NO2 41.40 2.20 FALSE 1.65 14.9 1 -38.4 Barcelona ES ES1438A traffic urban NO2 41.39 2.15 FALSE 2.26 12.5 8 -37.4 Barcelona ES ES1480A traffic urban NO2 41.40 2.15 FALSE 3.09 12.5 8 -55.5 Barcelona ES ES1396A background urban NO2 41.38 2.13 FALSE 3.41 20.9 7 -51.0 Barcelona ES ES0692A background urban NO2 41.37 2.11 FALSE 3.65 20.9 7 -29.4 Barcelona ES ES1929A background suburban NO2 41.32 2.10 FALSE 3.70 11.6 5 Barcelona ES ES1148A traffic urban NO2 41.43 2.22 FALSE 4.42 14.9 1 -37.0 Barcelona ES ES1983A background suburban NO2 41.32 2.08 FALSE 4.93 11.6 5 Barcelona ES ES1992A background urban NO2 41.39 2.12 FALSE 5.04 20.9 7 Barcelona ES ES1856A background urban NO2 41.43 2.15 FALSE 5.71 12.5 8 -47.5 Barcelona ES ES2090A background suburban NO2 41.42 2.12 FALSE 6.38 20.9 7 Barcelona ES ES1453A background urban NO2 41.45 2.21 FALSE 6.50 12.5 8 -47.3 Barcelona ES ES1892A background urban NO2 41.44 2.24 FALSE 6.83 14.9 1 -43.6 Barcelona ES ES0692A background urban PM10 41.37 2.11 FALSE 3.65 20.9 7 Barcelona ES ES1148A traffic urban PM10 41.43 2.22 FALSE 4.42 14.9 1 Barcelona ES ES0694A background suburban PM10 41.39 2.01 FALSE 12.52 9.4 6 Barcelona ES ES1817A traffic suburban PM10 41.53 2.18 FALSE 15.34 12.5 8 Barcelona ES ES1684A background urban PM10 41.49 2.04 FALSE 16.95 20.9 7 ETC HE Report 2024/12 57 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 64 Annex 1.6 Bremerhaven Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Bremerhaven DE DEHB005 background urban NO2 53.56 8.57 FALSE 0.79 8.2 3 -25.9 Bremerhaven DE DEHB011 traffic urban NO2 53.59 8.60 FALSE 2.54 13.1 2 -49.9 Bremerhaven DE DEHB005 background urban PM10 53.56 8.57 FALSE 0.79 8.2 3 -28.9 Bremerhaven DE DEHB011 traffic urban PM10 53.59 8.60 FALSE 2.54 13.1 2 -45.0 ETC HE Report 2024/12 65 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 66 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 67 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 68 Annex 1.7 Gdansk Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Gdansk PL PL0047A background urban NO2 54.40 18.66 FALSE 0.42 13.0 7 -20.3 Gdansk PL PL0052A background urban NO2 54.38 18.62 FALSE 1.67 10.2 6 -23.8 Gdansk PL PL0045A background urban NO2 54.35 18.64 FALSE 2.11 8.7 5 -45.5 Gdansk PL PL0050A background urban NO2 54.43 18.58 FALSE 5.18 13.0 7 -14.6 Gdansk PL PL0790A background urban NO2 54.43 18.58 FALSE 5.40 13.0 7 Gdansk PL PL0047A background urban PM10 54.40 18.66 FALSE 0.42 13.0 7 -6.8 Gdansk PL PL0052A background urban PM10 54.38 18.62 FALSE 1.67 10.2 6 Gdansk PL PL0045A background urban PM10 54.35 18.64 FALSE 2.11 8.7 5 65.9 Gdansk PL PL0050A background urban PM10 54.43 18.58 FALSE 5.18 13.0 7 -30.8 Gdansk PL PL0790A background urban PM10 54.43 18.58 FALSE 5.40 13.0 7 Gdansk PL PL0520A background urban PM10 54.47 18.46 FALSE 13.49 13.0 7 Gdansk PL PL0048A background urban PM10 54.56 18.49 FALSE 19.80 13.0 7 -41.3 ETC HE Report 2024/12 69 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 70 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 71 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 72 Annex 1.8 Genova Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Genova IT IT0852A traffic urban NO2 44.43 8.83 TRUE 0.00 3.9 7 -54.0 Genova IT IT1887A traffic urban NO2 44.41 8.91 TRUE 0.00 13.1 2 Genova IT IT0854A background urban NO2 44.42 8.93 FALSE 0.31 13.1 2 Genova IT IT2259A background suburban NO2 44.43 8.80 FALSE 0.34 48.8 6 Genova IT IT1884A traffic urban NO2 44.40 8.95 FALSE 0.81 13.1 2 -64.6 Genova IT IT1698A traffic urban NO2 44.40 8.97 FALSE 1.82 13.1 2 -27.3 Genova IT IT0858A background urban NO2 44.39 8.99 FALSE 3.32 13.1 2 -47.3 Genova IT IT1850A traffic urban NO2 44.46 8.90 FALSE 5.16 2.6 1 -41.3 Genova IT IT2298A background suburban NO2 44.51 8.70 FALSE 9.68 3.9 7 Genova IT IT0852A traffic urban PM10 44.43 8.83 TRUE 0.00 3.9 7 Genova IT IT0854A background urban PM10 44.42 8.93 FALSE 0.31 13.1 2 -39.8 Genova IT IT1884A traffic urban PM10 44.40 8.95 FALSE 0.81 13.1 2 Genova IT IT1698A traffic urban PM10 44.40 8.97 FALSE 1.82 13.1 2 Genova IT IT0858A background urban PM10 44.39 8.99 FALSE 3.32 13.1 2 ETC HE Report 2024/12 73 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 80 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 81 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 82 Annex 1.11 Le Havre Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Le Havre FR FR05078 background urban NO2 49.50 0.14 FALSE 0.86 11.0 7 -44.4 Le Havre FR FR05089 traffic urban NO2 49.50 0.11 FALSE 1.03 11.0 7 Le Havre FR FR05090 background urban NO2 49.51 0.10 FALSE 2.49 11.0 7 Le Havre FR FR05083 industrial urban NO2 49.50 0.23 FALSE 2.78 18.2 1 Le Havre FR FR05074 background urban PM10 49.49 0.10 FALSE 0.21 10.1 6 -45.0 Le Havre FR FR05089 traffic urban PM10 49.50 0.11 FALSE 1.03 11.0 7 Le Havre FR FR05090 background urban PM10 49.51 0.10 FALSE 2.49 11.0 7 Le Havre FR FR05083 industrial urban PM10 49.50 0.23 FALSE 2.78 18.2 1 Le Havre FR FR05040 background urban PM10 49.42 0.24 FALSE 5.59 6.4 3 Le Havre FR FR05084 industrial urban PM10 49.49 0.57 FALSE 18.74 12.3 2 -41.8 ETC HE Report 2024/12 83 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 84 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 85 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 86 Annex 1.12 Malta Freeport Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Marsaxlokk MT MT00004 background urban NO2 35.85 14.54 FALSE 3.38 17.5 8 Marsaxlokk MT MT00005 traffic urban NO2 35.90 14.49 FALSE 9.12 22.2 7 ETC HE Report 2024/12 87 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 88 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 89 Annex 1.13 Marseille Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Marseille FR FR03014 background urban NO2 43.35 5.36 FALSE 1.33 6.1 1 -14.3 Marseille FR FR03043 background urban NO2 43.31 5.39 FALSE 1.95 13.0 3 -33.8 Marseille FR FR03006 traffic urban NO2 43.28 5.40 FALSE 2.70 13.0 3 -31.6 Marseille FR FR02043 background urban NO2 43.42 5.22 FALSE 8.44 29.4 7 Marseille FR FR03014 background urban PM10 43.35 5.36 FALSE 1.33 6.1 1 -53.6 Marseille FR FR03043 background urban PM10 43.31 5.39 FALSE 1.95 13.0 3 -50.9 Marseille FR FR03006 traffic urban PM10 43.28 5.40 FALSE 2.70 13.0 3 Marseille FR FR02043 background urban PM10 43.42 5.22 FALSE 8.44 29.4 7 Marseille FR FR02029 industrial suburban PM10 43.40 5.11 FALSE 14.94 14.7 6 -61.0 Marseille FR FR03030 industrial suburban PM10 43.45 5.47 FALSE 15.48 6.1 1 -50.8 ETC HE Report 2024/12 96 Annex 1.15 Napoli Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Napoli IT IT1491A traffic urban NO2 40.85 14.27 FALSE 0.77 12.2 8 -14.6 Napoli IT IT0898A traffic urban NO2 40.85 14.25 FALSE 1.25 4.8 7 -25.9 Napoli IT IT1497A background urban NO2 40.86 14.25 FALSE 2.08 4.8 7 Napoli IT IT1496A traffic urban NO2 40.85 14.23 FALSE 2.20 9.1 6 -32.8 Napoli IT IT1495A traffic urban NO2 40.87 14.28 FALSE 2.82 12.2 8 Napoli IT IT2270A background urban NO2 40.82 14.35 FALSE 3.19 6.6 3 Napoli IT IT2221A industrial urban NO2 40.84 14.21 FALSE 3.85 9.1 6 Napoli IT IT1493A traffic suburban NO2 40.86 14.34 FALSE 4.48 15.6 1 Napoli IT IT2277A background suburban NO2 40.80 14.18 FALSE 6.57 28.9 5 Napoli IT IT2223A industrial suburban NO2 40.89 14.35 FALSE 6.84 15.6 1 Napoli IT IT2216A background suburban NO2 40.91 14.30 FALSE 7.75 12.2 8 Napoli IT IT1491A traffic urban PM10 40.85 14.27 FALSE 0.77 12.2 8 Napoli IT IT0898A traffic urban PM10 40.85 14.25 FALSE 1.25 4.8 7 Napoli IT IT2221A industrial urban PM10 40.84 14.21 FALSE 3.85 9.1 6 Napoli IT IT1493A traffic suburban PM10 40.86 14.34 FALSE 4.48 15.6 1 Napoli IT IT2223A industrial suburban PM10 40.89 14.35 FALSE 6.84 15.6 1 Napoli IT IT2226A industrial suburban PM10 40.92 14.39 FALSE 11.90 15.6 1 ETC HE Report 2024/12 97 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 98 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 99 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 100 Annex 1.16 Palma de Mallorca Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Palma de Mallorca ES ES1604A background suburban NO2 39.56 2.62 FALSE 0.51 9.5 7 -27.9 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1610A traffic urban NO2 39.57 2.66 FALSE 1.08 16.5 1 -44.6 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1995A industrial urban NO2 39.55 2.70 FALSE 5.16 10.1 2 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1829A background rural NO2 39.64 2.65 FALSE 7.02 10.8 8 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1604A background suburban PM10 39.56 2.62 FALSE 0.51 9.5 7 -43.6 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1610A traffic urban PM10 39.57 2.66 FALSE 1.08 16.5 1 -29.6 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1995A industrial urban PM10 39.55 2.70 FALSE 5.16 10.1 2 Palma de Mallorca ES ES1827A background rural PM10 39.68 2.69 FALSE 12.44 10.8 8 ETC HE Report 2024/12 101 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1 Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 102 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 103 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 104 Annex 1.17 Piraeus Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Pireaus GR GR0030A traffic urban NO2 37.94 23.65 TRUE 0.00 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0031A background urban NO2 37.93 23.71 FALSE 6.06 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0029A industrial suburban NO2 37.98 23.71 FALSE 6.58 15.9 2 -45.0 Pireaus GR GR0038A industrial suburban NO2 38.05 23.54 FALSE 7.83 15.1 7 Pireaus GR GR0002A traffic urban NO2 37.98 23.73 FALSE 7.90 15.9 2 -67.8 Pireaus GR GR0003A traffic urban NO2 37.99 23.73 FALSE 8.47 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0028A background urban NO2 38.02 23.69 FALSE 8.83 8.9 1 Pireaus GR GR0032A traffic urban NO2 38.00 23.73 FALSE 9.57 8.9 1 Pireaus GR GR0030A traffic urban PM10 37.94 23.65 TRUE 0.00 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0031A background urban PM10 37.93 23.71 FALSE 6.06 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0038A industrial suburban PM10 38.05 23.54 FALSE 7.83 15.1 7 Pireaus GR GR0003A traffic urban PM10 37.99 23.73 FALSE 8.47 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0028A background urban PM10 38.02 23.69 FALSE 8.83 8.9 1 Pireaus GR GR0027A background suburban PM10 38.08 23.70 FALSE 14.46 8.9 1 Pireaus GR GR0022A background urban PM10 38.03 23.79 FALSE 15.46 8.9 1 Pireaus GR GR0039A background suburban PM10 38.00 23.82 FALSE 16.16 15.9 2 Pireaus GR GR0035A background suburban PM10 38.07 23.79 FALSE 18.27 8.9 1 ETC HE Report 2024/12 105 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 112 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 113 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 114 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 115 Annex 1.20 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2115A traffic urban NO2 28.46 -16.25 FALSE 0.02 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2114A industrial urban NO2 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 0.91 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2000A industrial urban NO2 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 1.14 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2021A industrial urban NO2 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 1.42 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2020A industrial urban NO2 28.46 -16.27 FALSE 1.97 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2003A background urban NO2 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.46 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1976A industrial urban NO2 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.50 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1759A industrial urban NO2 28.45 -16.28 FALSE 2.63 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1975A background urban NO2 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.65 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1131A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 1.12 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2000A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 1.14 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2021A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.26 FALSE 1.42 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2038A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.27 FALSE 1.83 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2020A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.27 FALSE 1.97 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2003A background urban PM10 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.46 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1976A industrial urban PM10 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.50 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1759A industrial urban PM10 28.45 -16.28 FALSE 2.63 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1975A background urban PM10 28.46 -16.28 FALSE 2.65 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1772A industrial suburban PM10 28.39 -16.36 FALSE 12.57 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1756A industrial urban PM10 28.38 -16.36 FALSE 13.99 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES2022A industrial suburban PM10 28.38 -16.37 FALSE 14.24 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1764A industrial suburban PM10 28.38 -16.37 FALSE 14.51 22.6 5 Santa Cruz de Tenerife ES ES1920A background suburban PM10 28.34 -16.40 FALSE 19.66 22.6 5 56.7 ETC HE Report 2024/12 116 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 117 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 118 Annex 1.21 Stockholm Port area Air quality SPO within 10 km and 20 km Port Country Station code Station type Area type Pollutant Latitude Longitude in Port area Distance from port polygon (km) Port downind frequency (%) Wind sector Trend 2005-2021 (%) Stockholm SE E274650 traffic urban NO2 59.35 18.06 FALSE 2.39 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE18641 traffic urban NO2 59.34 18.06 FALSE 2.85 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0027A traffic urban NO2 59.34 18.06 FALSE 2.87 10.7 6 -35.4 Stockholm SE SE18640 background urban NO2 59.34 18.06 FALSE 2.87 10.7 6 Stockholm SE E159403 traffic urban NO2 59.31 18.08 FALSE 3.36 9.7 5 Stockholm SE SE0022A background urban NO2 59.32 18.06 FALSE 3.99 9.7 5 -37.8 Stockholm SE E157992 traffic urban NO2 59.34 18.04 FALSE 4.04 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0003A traffic urban NO2 59.32 18.05 FALSE 4.30 9.7 5 -40.7 Stockholm SE E164905 traffic urban NO2 59.37 18.00 FALSE 5.86 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0087A traffic urban NO2 59.33 18.00 FALSE 6.19 10.7 6 Stockholm SE E157993 traffic urban NO2 59.31 18.00 FALSE 6.71 9.7 5 Stockholm SE E301757 traffic urban NO2 59.36 17.98 FALSE 7.01 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0027A traffic urban PM10 59.34 18.06 FALSE 2.87 10.7 6 -56.5 Stockholm SE E159403 traffic urban PM10 59.31 18.08 FALSE 3.36 9.7 5 Stockholm SE SE0022A background urban PM10 59.32 18.06 FALSE 3.99 9.7 5 -49.4 Stockholm SE E157992 traffic urban PM10 59.34 18.04 FALSE 4.04 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0003A traffic urban PM10 59.32 18.05 FALSE 4.32 9.7 5 -67.8 Stockholm SE E164905 traffic urban PM10 59.37 18.00 FALSE 5.86 10.7 6 Stockholm SE SE0087A traffic urban PM10 59.33 18.00 FALSE 6.19 10.7 6 Stockholm SE E157993 traffic urban PM10 59.31 18.00 FALSE 6.71 9.7 5 Stockholm SE E301757 traffic urban PM10 59.36 17.98 FALSE 7.01 10.7 6 Stockholm SE E274652 traffic urban PM10 59.43 17.95 FALSE 11.83 15.7 7 Stockholm SE E159402 traffic urban PM10 59.45 17.95 FALSE 12.62 15.7 7 Stockholm SE SE0071A traffic urban PM10 59.44 17.92 FALSE 13.71 15.7 7 -49.3 Stockholm SE SE37479 traffic urban PM10 59.49 17.92 FALSE 17.62 15.7 7 ETC HE Report 2024/12 119 NO2 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 120 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 121 NO2 PM10 ETC HE Report 2024/12 128 PM10 concentrations when wind is blowing from the port Wind sector 7: NW Wind sector 8: N Wind sector 1: NE Wind sector 6: W Wind frequency by sector Wind sector 2: E Wind sector 5: SW Wind sector 4: S Wind sector 3: SE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA ETC HE Report 2024/12 129 NO2 PM10 European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he The European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (ETC HE) is a consortium of European institutes under contract of the European Environment Agency.