आधुनिक बिहार में सामाजिक आन्दोलन (1900-1950): एक समीक्षा

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 181 vk/kqfud fcgkj esa lkekftd vkUnksyu ¼1900&1950½ % ,d leh{kk M‚-jkS'ku dqekj uxj iapk;r] derkSy ¼vfg;kjh½ okMZ la.&5]iks.Fkkuk&derkSy] ftyk&njHkaxk Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171038 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 Pp. 181-183 October. 2025 Submitted: 20 Sept. 2025 Revised: 30 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 15 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 lkjka'k fcgkj dh lkekftd lajpuk çkphu dky esa o.kZ vk/kkfjr rFkk mlds ckn lksiku;qä tkfr çFkk ij vk/kkfjr jgh gS tks fofHkUu çdkj ds va/kfo'oklksa] dqjhfr;ksa] ik[kaMksa rFkk vkMEcjksa ls xzflr jgk gSA pw¡fd çkphu vkSj e/;dky esa lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds nk;js lhfer FksA vr% bl nkSjku lkekftd cnyko dh xfr vR;aUr gh /kheh Fkh] fdUrq Hkkjr esa fczVh'k jkt dh LFkkiuk ds ckn u dsoy fcgkj esa cfYd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa lkekftd vkUnksyu tksj idM+us yxkA 19oha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd vkrs&vkrs fcgkj esa dbZ lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj gks xbZ Fkh] vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh ds çkjaHk rd fcgkj esa o`gr iSekus ij dbZ tkrh; lHkk,¡ rFkk tkfr lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyu çkjaHk gks x,A /khjs&/khjs bl tkrh; lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyu esa vk;Zlekt] jkeÑ".k fe'ku] czãlekt] fFk;kslksfQdy lkslkbZVh vkfn us Hkh ços'k fd;k] fdUrq lokZf/kd yksdfç; vk;Zlekt gqvkA vk;Zlekt us u dsoy fofHkUu lkekftd dqçFkkvksa dk tedj fojks/k fd;k] vfirq lkekftd lekurk ds fy, Nqvk&Nwr dk fojks/k dj] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds chp tusÅ vkUnksyu dk lw=ikr Hkh fd;k] tks ckn esa tkrh; vkUnksyu dk ,d la?k"kZ'khy eqík cudj lkekftd&tkrh; ruko vkSj la?k"kZ dks tUe fn;kA /khjs&/khjs fcgkj esa pquko dh jktuhfr Hkh rst gksus yxh vkSj lkekftd&tkrh; vkUnksyu dk o`gr iSekus ij jktuhfrdj.k Hkh gksus yxkA dwV 'kCn : lekt] tkfr] dqizFkk] vkUnksyu] lq/kkj çLrkouk fcgkj dk ikjEifjd lekt vusd çdkj dh :f<+;ksa&va/kfo'oklksa dqjhfr;ksa] ik[k.Mksa vkSj fofHkUu vkMEcjksa ls xzflr jgk gS rFkk bUgsa /keZ] lÙkk&'kklu ,oa ijEijkvksa dk laj{k.k Hkh gkfly jgk gSA fcgkj dh lkekftd lajpuk lksiku;qä tkfr çFkk ij vk/kkfjr jgh gS vkSj bls Hkh çkphu rFkk e/;dky esa /keZ ,oa lÙkk dk leFkZu çkIr FkkA vr% fcgkj dh u rks lkekftd lajpuk esa vkSj u gh lkekftd O;ogkj esa dksbZ cnyko vk ldrk FkkA gkykafd NBh lnh bZå iwå dh lkekftd&/kkfeZd Økafr vkSj fQj iwoZ e/;dky ls tkjh Hkfä vkUnksyu dh fofHkUu /kkjk,¡ Hkkjrh; lekt esa fujarj gypy iSnk djrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt fujarj xfr'khy cuk jgk gS vkSj blesa le; varjky ij ifjorZu Hkh gksrs jgs gSaA o.kZ ds vUrxZr tkfr;ksa vFkok mitkfr;ksa ds lkekftd Lrj esa cnyko rks gksrs jgs] ysfdu lkekftd lajpuk dk okLrfod vk/kkj lnSo o.kZO;oLFkk gh cuk jgk gSA gykafd jktlÙkk ,oa vFkZlÙkk dh çkfIr ds ekxZ esa o.kZ vFkok tkfr dHkh ck/kd ugha jgh gSA çkphu vkSj e/;dky esa lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds nk;js lhfer Fks vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl nkSjku lkekftd cnyko dh xfr vR;Ur gh /kheh FkhA Hkkjr esa fczVh'k lÙkk dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh vaxzstksa usa vius O;fäxr LokFkZ ds fy, Hkkjr esa ,d vk/kqfud jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj 'kklu] lsok] jkstxkj rFkk m|e ds {ks= esa u, volj l`ftr fd, ftlls vcrd dqN Hkkjrh; vutku FksA blls iwoZ bu {ks=ksa esa ços'k o.kZ ,oa tkfr O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ls gksrh FkhA fdUrq vc u, voljksa dks ikus ds fy, vk/kqfud f'k{kk dh t:jr FkhA u, voljksa dks gkfly djus ds fy, vc dksbZ tkrh; ;k /kkfeZd ck/;rk ugha jghA xkSjryc gS fd fczfV'k 'kklu ds 'kq:vkrh nkSj esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk vkSj u, voljksa ij ikjEifjd rkSj ls mPp tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa us opZLo dk;e dj fy;kA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: . ,  , ( ) -5, . - , -  How to cite this article: , (2025). (1900-1950):  Journal of Research & Development, 17(10), 181-183. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 182 bl uoksfnr vfHktu oxZ dks ftls e/;e oxZ dgk x;k] lkekftd lajpuk dk vk/kkj FkkA Hkkjr ds blh uoksfnr e/;e oxZ us gh lkekftd&/kkfeZd iqu:RFkkuoknh vkUnksyu dk lw=ikr fd;k] muds }kjk fofHkUu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa vkSj /kkfeZd ik[kaMksa dk rhoz fojks/k fd;k x;kA ysfdu bu Hkkjrh; uoksfnr vfHktu oxZ ds e/; dkQh vUrfoZjks/k Hkh FkkA pw¡fd u, volj lhfer Fks] vr% vfHktu oxZ ds fHkUu&fHkUu tkrh; lewgksa ds e/; bu uohu voljksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, rhoz izfrLi)kZ Hkh FkhA ;g izfrLi)kZ flQZ tkrh; gh ugha vfirq /kkfeZd Lrj ij Hkh FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i 19oha lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa ,d vksj tgk¡ lekftd&/kkfeZd iqu:RFkkuoknh vkUnksyu py jgs Fks ogha vfHktkr oxZ ds fofHkUu tkrh; ,oa iafFkd lewgksa us dbZ tkrh; ,oa lkEiznkf;d vkUnksyu dk ekxZ Hkh iz'kLr fd;kA foHkUu LFkkuh; fudk;ksa vkSj O;oLFkkfidk lHkk ds pqukoksa us Hkh tkrh; lEiznkf;d vkUnksyuksa dks dkQh tksj fn;kA lkekftd psruk esa O;kIr dbZ vUrfoZjks/kksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr ds izk;% lHkh tkrh;] oxhZ;] iafFk; ,oa /kkfeZd lewgksa esa jk"Vªh; psruk dks mtkZ ,oa xfr iznku fd;kA1 lkekftd&/kkfeZd iqu:RFkkuoknh vkUnksyuksa vkSj mlds ckn dqN xk¡/khoknh lkekftd lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyuksa ds vfrfjDr vkSifuosf'kd dky esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij dksbZ Bksl ,oa laxfBr lkekftd vkUnksyu çrhr ugha gqvkA vEcsndjoknh nfyr vkUnksyu dk Hkh Lo:i vf[ky Hkkjrh; ugha FkkA ysfdu bl le;kof/k esa Hkkjr ds vyx&vyx çkUrksa vkSj lkaL—frd bdkbZ okys {ks=ksa esa vusd lkekftd vkUnksyu gq,] ftuesa lokZf/kd rhoz tkrh; vkUnksyu FkkA fofHkUu {ks=h; fof'k"Vrkvksa ls ;qä tkrh; vkUnksyu Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh Hkkxksa esa gqvk] tgk¡ ,d vksj lkekftd in lksiku ds Å¡ph tkfr;k¡ vius opZLo dks cjdjkj j[kus ds fy, –<ladfYir Fkha rks ogha nwljh vksj uhps ds lksikuksa ij vofLFkr tkfr;k¡ lnSo Å¡ph tkfr;ksa dh cjkcjh djus ,oa lkekftd lekurk ds fy, —rladYi FkhaA2 gkykafd fcgkj esa vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ;qä lkekftd vkUnksyu dqN nsj ls 'kq: gqvk] fdUrq 19oha lnh ds vUr rd vkrs&vkrs fcgkj esa dbZ lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dh lqxcqxkgV 'kq: gks pqdh Fkh vkSj dbZ vkUnksyuksa dh i`"BHkwfe Hkh rS;kj gks xbZ FkhA ifj.kker% 20oha lnh ds 'kq:vkr esa gh fcgkj esa lkekftd vkUnksyu us 'kgjh vfHktuoxZ dks Hkh izHkkfor djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA lkFk gh vR;f/kd ,oa o`gr iSekuksa ij tkrh; lHkk,¡ vkSj tkfr lq/kkj vkUnksyu dh ygjsa Hkh mRiUu gksus yxhA3 ;|fi fcgkj esa lkekftd&/kkfeZd iqu:RFkkuoknh ,oa lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyuksa esa /khjs&/khjs czãlekt] jke—".kfe'ku] fFk;kslksfQdy lkslk;Vh vkfn us izos'k fd;kA ysfdu buesa lokZf/kd yksdfç; vk;Z lekt gqvkA vk;Z lekt us 1904 esa laxfBr vkUnksyu ds :i esa l'kä mifLFkfr ntZ dhA buds dk;Zdykiksa esa /keZ çpkj] 'kkL=kFkZ] ekuolsok] lektlsok] f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk] lkfgR; çdk'ku] vNwrks)kj vkfn ds vfrfjä tkfr çFkk] cky fookg] fo/kok fookg fu"ks/k] NqvkNwr] ewfÙkZ iwtk] /kkfeZd deZdkaMksa vkfn lHkh çdkj dh çpfyr lkekftd dqçFkkvksa] jhfr fjoktksa vkSj ik[k.Mksa dk ?kksj fojks/k Hkh lfEefyr FkkA vk;Z lekt us fcgkj eas lkekftd lekurk ds fy, tusÅ vkUnksyu dk Hkh lw=ikr fd;k] tks ckn esa tkrh; vkUnksyuksa dk ,d çeq[k Toyar ,oa la?k"kZ'khy eqík cu x;kA vk;Z lekt us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa dkQh ;ksxnku fn;kA vk;Z lekt us fcgkj ds e/;oÙkhZ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks Hkh vkdf"kZr djus esa dkQh lQyrk izkIr dhA blesa Xokyk] dqehZ] dksbjh] c<+bZ] nqlk/k] dgkj vkfn dh dkQh la[;k FkhA /khjs&/khjs fcgkj ds dchjiaFkh rFkk dqN vU; iaFk ;k leqnk; ds yksx Hkh vk;Z lekt ls tqM+sA tkfgj gS fd vk;Z lekt vkUnksyu dk fcgkj esa ;Fks"V foLrkj gqvk D;ksafd blus u dsoy lkekftd&/kkfeZd&tkrh; lq/kkj ij vR;f/kd cy fn;k] vfirq 'kS{kf.kd lq/kkj] ekuolsok rFkk lkekftd lekurk dh fn'kk esa iqjtksj dk;Z Hkh fd;kA4 bl nkSjku fcgkj esa lcls vf/kd lfØ; tkrh; lHkk,¡] laxBu ,oa lHkk,¡ FkhA buesa czkã.kksa] dk;LFkksa vkSj Hkwfegkj czkã.kksa tSlh Å¡ph tkfr;ksa dh gh ugha cfYd ;knoksa] dqfeZ;ksa] dksbfj;ksa] nqlk/kksa] rsfy;ksa] ukbZ;ksa pekjksa] dqEgkjksa] cfu;ksa vkfn tSls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds tkrh; lekt Hkh dkQh lfØ; ,oa xfr'khy FksA fcgkj esa caxkyh opZLo dks lekIr djus ds f[kykQ vkUnksyu dh ckxMksj dk;LFkksa vkSj v'kjkQ eqlyekuksa us laHkky j[kk FkkA bl nkSjku fcgkj esa dk;LFk egklHkk Hkh lcls vf/kd lfØ; FkhA Lokeh lgtkuUn us Hkwfegkj czkã.kksa dks laxfBr fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i l'kä Hkwfegkj czkã.k lHkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA Hkwfegkj czkã.k lHkk dkQh çHkko'kkyh FkhA pw¡fd ;g fcgkj ds Hkw&Lokeh tkfr;ksa dk laxBu FkkA vr% bls fcgkj ds dbZ cM+h fj;klrksa dk laj{k.k Hkh izkIr FkkA5 e/;eoxhZ; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh lHkkvksa us viuh&viuh tkfr;ksa esa çpfyr fofHkUu lkekftd&/kkfeZd dqçFkkvksa ds vUr] vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds çlkj] Å¡ph tkfr;ksa ds lkFk cjkcjh rFkk lkekftd lekurk ds fy, Hkjiwj iz;kl fd,A buesa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds rhu izeq[k tkfr dqehZ] dksbZjh vkSj ;kno lcls vkxs vkSj lfØ; FksA budh lHkkvksa }kjk [kqn dks {kf=; ?kksf"kr djus] tusÅ /kkj.k djus] Å¡ph tkfr;ksa dk tqYe u lgus] csxkjh u djus] u'kk u djus vkfn dh vihy dh tkrh FkhA bls vfrfjDr tux.kuk ds volj ij ;g fiNM+h tkfr;k¡ Lo;a dks {kf=; ?kksf"kr djus dh vihy Hkh ljdkj ls djrs FksA6 fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds vfrfjDr {kf=; gksus dk nkok rks dbZ nfyr tkfr dh lHkkvksa }kjk Hkh dh tkrh FkhA izk;% lHkh e/;oÙkhZ fiNM+h vkSj nfyr tkfr;ksa dh lHkkvksa us viuh&viuh tkfr dk bfrgkl izdkf'kr djok;k ftlesa [kqn dks fdlh u fdlh izkphu _f"k ;k ohj {kf=; jktk dk oa'kt crk;kA7 dqN nfyr tkfr;k¡ Lo;a dks ij'kqjke }kjk {kf=;ksa ds tulagkj ls cps gq, {kf=;ksa ls viuh mRifÙk ekurs Fks pekj vius dks cfg"Ñr czkã.k ekudj [kqn dks jSnkl dgrs FksA bl izdkj tkfr dk Hkh v/;kRehdj.k fd;k x;kA tkrh; vkUnksyuksa dk tksj fcgkj esa 20oha lnh ds rhljs n'kd rd yxkrkj c<+rk jgkA8 fcgkj esa pquko dh jktuhfr Hkh yxkrkj rst gksrh xbZ vkSj lkekftd tkrh; vkUnksyu dk jktuhfrdj.k Hkh gksrk x;kA fcgkj esa /khjs&/khjs tkrh; lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu tkrh; psruk ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;k vkSj 1952 ds izFke vke pquko vkrs&vkrs lEiw.kZ fcgkj Hk;adj tkfrokn ls xzLr gks pqdk FkkA9 ftldh o`gÙk ppkZ ;gk¡ vko';d ugha gSA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 183 cgjgky] fcgkj esa pEikj.k lR;kxzg ds lkFk gh xk¡/khoknh lkekftd vkUnksyu dk Hkh izos'k gqvkA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds i'pkr xk¡/kh us fcgkj esa jpukRed dk;ZØeksa ij dkQh tksj fn;kA lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu dk;ZØe ds varxZr xk¡/kh us cky&fookg] inkZ izFkk] NwvkNwr vkfn tSlh dbZ lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk u flQZ rhoz fojks/k fd;k] cfYd nfyrks)kj] e|&fu"ks/k] f'k{kk dk ilkj ,oa L=h f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy Hkh fn;k x;kA xk¡/khth ds bu jpukRed dk;ZØeksa ls izHkkfor gksdj fcgkj dh efgykvksa us Hkh ?kj ds ckgj dne j[kdj muds dk;ZØeksa esa lgHkkxh cuhA fcgkj esa cg jgh tkrh; vkUnksyuksa dh vk¡/kh ds chp xk¡/khoknh lkekftd vkUnksyu fcgkj esa lkekftd lejlrk ,oa lekurk dk lUns'k ysdj vk;k Fkk fdUrq xk¡/kh ds nfyrks)kj dk;ZØe dk mPp tkfr;ksa us rhoz fojks/k fd;k vkSj lkekftd vlekurk ,oa Bdjko c<+rk x;kA10 ;|fi fcgkj esa vEcsMdjoknh nfyr vkUnksyu dk izos'k Hkh gqvk] fdUrq ;g izHkkoh ugha gks ldkA xk¡/kh ds jpukRed dk;ZØe gh fcgkj dh nfyr tkfr;ksa esa dkQh yksdfiz; gqvk vkSj nfyr tkfr;ksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k FkkA fcgkj esa lektokfn;ksa vkSj lkE;okfn;ksa us Hkh lkekftd&tkrh; psruk ds fodkl ds fy, dqN dke fd;k vkSj loZgkjk Økafr dh lkekftd vk/kkjf'kyk rS;kj djus dh dksf'k'ksa dhA gkykafd os blesa lQy ugha gks lds] fdUrq fcgkj essa lkekftd&jktuhfrd ifjorZu dh vo/kkj.kk j[khA11 fu"d"kZ bl çdkj fcgkj esa lkekftd&tkrh; vkUnksyuksa usa 20oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa dkQh gypy iSnk dhA ,d rjQ tgk¡ blus fofHkUu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij tedj çgkj fd;k] rks ogha nwljh vksj blus vk/kqfud f'k{kk] efgyk f'k{kk] lkekftd&/kkfeZd lekurk rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k dh Hkh Hkjiwj ,oa lkFkZd dksf'k'ksa dhA ;|fi fcgkj esa lkekftd vkUnksyuksa us lkekftd tkrh; rFkk /kkfeZd lejlrk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'ksa rks vo'; dh] fdUrq lkekftd&tkrh; ruko Hkh iSnk fd,A tusÅ vkUnksyu bldk ,d Toyar mnkgj.k gSA 'kk;n vk;Z lekft;ksa us ;g dYiuk Hkh ugha dh gksxh fd lkekftd lekurk ds fy, muds }kjk pyk, tk jgs tusÅ vkUnksyu muds ¼mPp tkfr;ksa½ ds gh opZLo dks pqukSrh nsdj lkekftd&tkrh; ruko ,oa la?k"kZ dks tUe nsxkA 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd vkrs&vkrs fcgkj esa tkrh; çfrLi/kkZ pje ij igq¡p x;k vkSj laiw.kZ fcgkj tkfrokn ds tky esa cqjh rjg Q¡l x;kA lkekftd vkUnksyu dk jktuhfrdj.k Hkh gksus yxk] ftlesa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds lcls 'klä laxBu ^f=os.kh la?k* dh dkQh Hkwfedk jghA ^f=os.kh la?k* fo'kq) :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dk jktuhfrd laxBu cu x;kA ;|fi tkfgj gS fd 20oha lnh ds iwokZ) esa fcgkj esa lkekftd vkUnksyu dh vusd /kkjk,¡ Fkha ,oa muds fgr rFkk fopkj/kkjk Hkh vkil esa Vdjkrs Fks] fdUrq Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa os ck/kd ugha cusA vkt laiw.kZ fcgkj ftl tkfrokn ls cqjh rjg xzLr gks x;k gS] og tkfrokn lkekftd&tkrh; vkUnksyu ds xHkZ ls gh iSnk gqvk gSA lanHkZ 1. çlUu dqekj pkS/kjh ,oa Jhdkar] 2001] fcgkj esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds dqN vk;ke] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA 2. mi;qZä 3. mi;qZä 4. mi;qZä] i`- 70&72 5. mi;qZä] i`- 45&46 6. mi;qZä] i`- 51&55 7. mi;qZä] i`- 66&69 8. fn bafM;u us'ku] 25] 27 vçSy] 1 ebZ] 13 vDVwcj vkSj 2 uoacj] 1937 9. Jhdkar] 2005] fcgkj esa pquko % tkfr] fgalk vkSj cwFk ywV] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 128&129 10. iVuk dyDVj dh fjiksVZ] Qkby 38@34] 25 ekpZ] 1934 11. çlUu dqekj pkS/kjh ,oa Jhdkar] 2015] LoxZ ij /kkok % fcgkj esa nfyr vkUnksyu] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA