भारतीय शिक्षा की आवश्यकता, स्वरूप और समाधान

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 184 ,  . . . ., Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171039 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 Pp. 184-187 October. 2025 Submitted: 20 Sept. 2025 Revised: 30 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 15 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 f'k{kk ds pje m|s’; lR;a f’ko lqUnj dks lkdkj djus okyh ;g Hkwfe Hkkjr o"kZ vkt vius laØe.k dky ls xqtjrs gq, lewps fo’o dks lkFk ysdj pyus dks rS;kj gSA f’k{kk ekuo thou dh ,d ,sfrgkfld miyfC/k gSA f’k{kk ds }kjk gh euq"; us gksekslsfi;Ul ls ekuo vkSj fQj egkekuo rd dk lQj r; fd;k gSA bfrgkl ds fo’o dh vyx&vyx lE;rkvksa us viuh laLd`fr vkSj fojklr dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, f’k{kk dk gh jkLrk viuk;k gSA euq"; dks Kkuiw.kZ] izseiw.k o dq’kyrk iw.kZ thou thus ds fy, rS;kj djukA Hkkjrh; o if’peh f’k{kk nk’kZfudksa ds chp ,d cM+k varj ;g gS fd izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa us euq"; dks uSlfxad :I ls Kkuoku] izsehHkkoh o dq’ky ekuk Fkk ,oa mlds vuqlkj xq:dyksa esa okrkoj.k fufeZr dh x;h FkhA vk/kqfud if’peh f’k{kk euksoSKkfudksa us euq"; dks Ik’kqvksa ds leku izf’kf{kr dj ds mls f’kf{kr djus dh vko’;drk eglwl dh1 gSA ikoyo] fLduj] FkkuZMkbd vkfn euksoSKkfudks ds pwgs] dÙks] xksfjYys vkfn Ikj fd;s x, iz;ksx vkt Hkh f’k{k.k rduhdksa dk vk/kkj cus gq, gSA ewy 'kCn % Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dh vko’;drk] mn~ns’;] egRo] vo/kkj.k] mikns;rkA Hkwfedk Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa vk/kqfud i{k ds lkFk ifjorZu&Hkkjrh; f’k{kk o f’k{kk O;oLFkk ds Lo:Ik esa bfrgkl esa dbZ ckj ifjorZu gq, gSaaA vyx&vyx dkyksa esa ml dky ds jktuSfrd o lkekftd lakLd`frd fLFkfr ds fglkc ls f’k{kk o f’k{kk O;oLFkk cnyrh pyh xbZA dHkh jktuSfrd 'kfä;ksa us rks dHkh /kkfeZd o lkekftd 'kfä;ksa us viuh lÙkk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f’k{kk O;oLFkk ds Lo:Ik dk fuekZ.k fd;kA tgk¡ mÙkj ik"kk.k dky o fla/kq lH;rk esa f’k{kk thfodksiktZu o ikfjokfjd mÌs’; dh iwfrZ dk lk/ku Fkh] oSfnd dky o Le`fr;ksa ds ;qx vkrs vkrs ;gh f’k{kk /keZ dk j{k.k o iks"k.k djrs gq, lk/; cu pqdh FkhA oSfnd dkyhu xq:dqyksa esa nh{kk] ri] ti] dBksj vuq’kklu vkfn ds }kjk f’k{kk ds dbZ mÌs";ksa tSls pfj= o O;fäRo fodkl] /keZ dk vuqlj.k] laLd`fr dk j{k.k o fodkl ,oa lkekftd ,drk vkfn dks lk/kk tkrk FkkA2 Hkkjr esa ekS;Z oa’k] xqIr oa’k vkSj vU; jktkvksa ds dky esa f’k{kky; vk’;Ztud :Ik ls dyk LFkkiR; o foKku ds dsanz cus FksA bl le; esa fofHk= /keksa ds mik/;k;ksa o xq:dqyksa dh lfØ;rk FkhA ukyank] r{kf’kyk vkSj foØef’kyk fo’ofo|ky;ksa dh dhfrZ iwjs fo’o esa FkhA /keZ] dyk] foKku] o n’kZu dh f’k{kk gekjh laLd`fr dk vax cuk pqdh FkhA mlds ckn lYrUkr dky o eqxy dky laLd`fr;ksa ds feJ.k ds xokg cusA ikyh] izkd`r vkfn izkP; Hkk’kkvksa ds lkFk vjch] Qkjlh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh izpfyr gqbZA fofHk= dykvksa tSls fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk] laxhr o LFkkiR; dh fons’kh 'kSfy;ksa us ns’kh 'kSfy;ksa ds lkFk feJ.k djds u, vk;ke [kksysA iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr o nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vxf.kr ikB'kkyk,a] efgkfo|ky;] enjls] xq:dqy vkfn v/;;u dsanz LFkkfir gks pqds FksA f’k{kk vHkh Hkh vius {ks=] lekt o /keZ ls tqM+h gqbZ FkhA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: . , . . ., How to cite this article: , (2025). ,  Journal of Research & Development, 17(10), 184-187. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 185 vkSifuosf’kd dky esa ;wjksih; 'kfä;ksa ds iwjs fo’o dks xqyke cukus ds Loiz ls Hkkjrh; f’k{kk ds ifjn`’; esa cM+s ifjorZu vk;sA vU; mifuosn’kksa dh rjg gh Hkkjr ds jktdkt dks pyus fy, vaxzstksa dks ukSdj’kkgh dh vko’;drk Fkh vkSj blds fy, cM+s iSekus ij deZpkfj;ksa dks rS;kj fd;s tkus dh t:jr FkhA bl vko’;drk dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, fo|ky;ksa dks ,sls dq’ky deZpkfj;ksa ds mRiknu dsUnzksa dh rgl dke esa fy;k tkus yxkA f’k{kk dk lEcU/k ukSdj’kkgh ls gks x;kA iz’kklu] U;k;] okf.kT;] jktLo vkfn foHkkxksa ds igyq ikB;Øe ds vax cusA eSdkys] dtZu] cqM] gaVj vkfn ds fopkj o fooj.k i<+us ls gesa muds mÌs’; le> vkrs gSA bl rjg mÌs’; cnyrs x,] lk¡ps <yrs x,A f’k{kk fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa iuirh jghA3 vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh; f’k{kk O;oLFkk ds <+kaps dks bl izdkj ls <ky fn;k fd og ukSdj’kkgh dh 'kk[kk ds :Ik esa dke djus yxh vkSj ukSdj’kkgh] tks igys vaxzstksa dks LFkkfir j[kus ds dke vkrh Fkh] vktknh ds ckn vc og yksdra= dk vfuok;Z vax cu x;h FkhA vktkn Hkkjr ds lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa o Loizn`"Vkvksa us Hkkjr ds lkeus cgqvk;keh y{; j[ksA tgk¡ ,d vksj Hkkjr dks lkefjd iz’kklfud rkSj ij laHkyuk Fkk] ogha nwljh vksj lektokn vkSj iaFkfujis{k tSls vkn’kksZa dks Hkh fuHkkrk FkkA bl fLFkfr esa f’k{kk dks tYnckth esa lef"V ewyd rF; cuk fn;k x;k tks vU; ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh rjg lekt esa 'kkafr] O;oLFkk ,oa fodkl cuk;s j[kus dks lk/ku ek= FkkA os gh mÌs’; tks Hkkjrh; lekt ds lkeus Fks] f’k{kk uhfr ds vkxs Hkh j[k fn, x,A ,sls mÌs’; tks ekis ugha tk ldrsA ifj.kkeLo:Ik u rks Ldwyh i)fr esa cnyko dk vko’;drk eglwl dh x;h uk gh ikB;Øe] f’k{k.kfof/k;ksa o xq:&f’k"; laca/kksa ij ekSfydrk ls fopkj gqvkA4 f’k{kk ds /kqa/kys mÌs’;] m/kkj dh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa] csrqds ikB;Øe vkSj pjejkrs iqjkus Ldwyksa ls vktkn Hkkjr dh u;h ih<+h f’kf{kr gksus dks foo’k gqbZA mlds Ik’pkr ,d ds ckn ,d mPPk f’k{kk ds fy, jk/kkd`".ku lfefr] ek/;fed f’k{kk ds fy, eqnkfy;j vk;ksx] fo|ky;h f’k{kk ds fy, dksBkjh vk;ksx o lkFk gh jk"Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr;ka 1986] 1992] 2005 vkfn dbZ lkjs izz;kl gq, ijUrq 10$2$3 o mPpk f’k{kk ek= fMxzh o ukSdjh iznkrk gh cuh jghA orZeku Lo:Ik dh leL;k,a % lu~ 1947 ds ckn Hkkjr esa vk’tpuZ;d :Ik ls oSKkfudksa us tUe ysuk can dj fn;kA vktkn Hkkjr ds dbZ laHkkfor oSKkfud vkSj uk flQZ oSKkfud cfYd xf.krK] [kxksyfon] laxhrK] fp=dkj] ewfrZdkj] gLrf’kYiK] f[kykMh] nk’kZfud] lkfgR;dkj] dfo] vFkZ’kkL=h o jktuhfrKksa vkfn laHkkfor egkiq:"kksa dh izfrHkk,a Ldwyksa dh O;oLFkk ds uhps ncdj [kRe dks x;hA ljdkjksa us vkadM+ksa ls I;kj fd;k vkSj f’k{kk esa xq.kkRed lq/kkjkas dks viukus dh ctk; lk{kjrk ds vkadM+ksa dks izkFkfrdrk ekuk x;kA ek=kRed o`f) dks miyfC/k le> fy;k x;kA ikB;Øeksa dh,slh nqnZ’kk gks x;h fd 15&20 lky esa Ldwy&dkWyst ls fudyus okyk Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ lc dqN i<+ ysrk gS] ijh{kk ns ysrk gS] vPNs vadksa ls mÙkh.kZ gks tkrk gS ij vkRelkr dqN Hkh ugha dj ikrkA Åijh rkSj ij rhu vk;keksa esa dfe;ka fn[krh gSa % Ikgyh O;oLFkkxr deh %& gekjh f’k{kk uhfr ds fuekZrkvksa us f’k{kk dh lQyrk dks O;fDrxr uk j[kdj lkewfgd dj fn;k x;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d d{kk esa 50 cPps gSa] lHkh dk ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] ikfjokfjd Lrj vyx&vyx gS fQj lHkh dks ,d gh ikB;Øe] ,d gh d{kk] ,d gh le; esa ijh{kk o ,d gh rjg ls ewY;kadu D;ksa\ bl rjhds ls fdlh dk lgh fodkl o ewY;kadu ugha tks ikrk gSA vkSj var esa gekjh f’k{kk uhfr gh Qsy gks tkrh gSA d{kk 6&12 rd xf.kr] lkekftd] foKku vkfn fo"k;ksa dh ikB;iqLrdksa esa ,sls fcanq Hkh gSa tks bu fo"k;ksa esa L=krdksÙkj gksus ds le; fQj i<+k;s tkrs gSaA ;s folaxfr ugha gks vkSj D;k gS\ mPPk f’k{kk esa QS’ku dh rjg fMxzh % fMIyksek u, vkrs tkrs gSa vkSj iqjkus iM+rs tkrs gSaA B.A., B.SC., B.COM., bathfu;fjax] uflZax ds vykok B.B.A, M.B.A., B.Tech., M.Tech., ;gk¡ rd fd CA, CS, MBBS vkSj ph.D djus okyks dh rknkn bruh gS fQj Hkh gesa ;ksX; lSfud] ;ksX; Hkk’kkfon] ;ksX; jktusrk] ;ksX; vFkZ’kkL=h] ;ksX; fpfdRld ;k ;ksX; ukxfjdksa rd dh de [kyrh gSA nwljh cM+h [keh ;s ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd cPPkksa dks ge lgh <ax ls f’k{k.k lsok miyC/k ugha djk ik jgs gSaA ;s dsoy Ldwyksa dh la[;k dh gh ugha cfYd Ldwyksa dh xq.koÙkk dk Hkh iz’u gSA cPPks pkgs vehj ifjokj ds gksa] pkgs xjhc ifjokj dsA pkgs xkao ds gks] pkgs 'kgj ds gksA pkgs fdlh tkfr] /keZ] {ks= ds gksA euksoSKkfud Lrj ij i<+us ds izfr lcdk joS;k ,d tSlk gksrk gSA nq%[k dh ckr gS fd cgqr de ;k u ds cjkcj cPPks Hkkjr esa :fpiw.kZ f’k{kk izkIr dj ikrs gSaA ge muds fy, oks okrkoj.k miyC/k ugha djk ikrs tks mUgsa fodflr djus esa lgk;rk djsaA mUgsa ek= ukeafdr dj nsus ls] ikapoh ikl dj nsus ls eqDr iqLRkds]x.kos’k] ySiVkWi vkfn ns nsus ls muds eu ij ge D;k vlj djuk pkgrs gSa\ vkSj vc ,d rhljh o vfr Hk;adj Hkwy tks vaxzstksa ds dky esa mudh miyfC/k Fkh vkSj gekjs fy, xqyke cuus o cukus dh e’khu bls B.E.d. dgk tkrk gSA f’k{kd izf’k{k.k ds uke ij /kM+Yys ls fMxzh;ka csph tkrh gSa oks rks vijk/k gSa ghA lkFk gh iwjs f’k{kd izf’k{k.k ikB;Øe dks rYYkhurk ls iwjk dj ,d e’khu cu tkuk Hkh ,d uSfrd vijk/k gh gS bl Lrj ij nks rjQk xM+cM+h py jgh gSA vOOky rks f’k{kd izf’k{k.k dh tfVy e’khuh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k ns’k ds gtkjksa B.Ed. dkWyst djrs ugha gSaA B.Ed. dh fMxzh;ka ckaVh tkrh gSA5 vkSj Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 186 yk[kksa QthZ f’k{kdksa dh QkSt djksM+ksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkfo"; ds lkFk ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa eas [ksyus yxrh gSaA vkSj vxj bl f’k{kd izf’k{k.k dh izfØ;k vkRelkr dj Hkh yh tk, rks balku f’k{kd cuus dh ctk; ikB;Øe iwjk djokus okyh laosnuk ghu e’khu cu dj jg tkrk gS ftldk cPPkkssa ds O;fäRo] pkfjf=d o lokZxh.k fodkl ls dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha gSA mls rks cl le; ij dkslZ iwjk djokus] x`gdk;Z] ijh{kk vkfn djokus dh fQØ jgrh gSA get c f’k{kdksa dks fuekZ.k gh ugha dj ij jgs gSa rks f’k";ksa dk fuekZ.k dSls djsaxs\ fo’o ifjn`’; esa f’k{kk bu lc esa brj oSf’od f’k{kk ds fLFkfr dks ns[ks rks mifuos’k dky ds ckn lHkh ns’kksa us viuh vyx vyx jkg pquhA dbZ mRiknu dh jkg ij vkxs c<+s] dbZ forj.k ds cktkj cus rks dbZ vc Hkh vkilh la?k"kZ esa yxs jgsA phu] vesfjdk] vQxkfuLrku] tkiku] flaxkiqj vkfn ns’kksa dh vyx vyx jk"Vªh; fn’kka, os fLFkfr ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA budh fn’kkvksa ls bu ns’kksa esa f’k{kk ds Lrj o f’k{kk dk buds lekt esa ;ksxnku dk izfr’kr r; gksrk gSA thou ds fy, dfBu ,oa vfodflr vÝhdh ns’k o vQxkfUkLrku&bjkd tSls ns’kksa esa f’k{kk esa lk{kjrk ds Lrj ij gh ladV gS ogh vesfjdk dh ,d laLFkk KIPP ¼ukWyst bt ikWoj½ g;qLVu Ldwy }kjk dbZ fo|ky;ksa dks tksM+dj pyk;s tk jgs gS dk;ZØe esa ckydksa esa xq.kkRed fodkl ij dke fd;k tkrk gS egku f’k{kd rS;kj fd;s tkrs gS f’k";kas esa /kS;Z] n;k] 'khy] vkRefo’okl tSls xq.k ijh{kk o ikB;Øe ds ek/;e ls fl[kk;s gSa vkSj bUgsa ekik tkrk gSA tkiku] baMksusf’k;k vkSj flaxkiqj vkfn ns’kksa esa ns’kHkfä o bZekunkjh tSls pkfjf=d xq.k ckdk;nk flyscl esa i<+k;s&fl[kk;s tkrs gSaA fodflr ns’kksa eas f’k{kk lwpukRedrk ls xq.kewydrk dh vksj c<+ jgh gS] Hkkjr Lo;a dks bl fo’o esa dgk¡ ikrk gS ;s lkspus dk fo"k; gSA rhljh gS euq"; ds gkFk dh cukoVA ;s og vax gS ftls euq"; dh izFke e’khu dgk tk ldrk gSA lH;rkvksa ds fo’kky lalkj blh gkFk dh cukoV ,oa vaxwBs dh fof’k"B fLFkfr ds dkj.k cu ik;sA blls euq"; dq’ky cuk] vkStkj cuk;s vkSj viuk thou Lrj Å¡pk mBk;kA vkSj okLro esa bu rhuksa ;kuh efLr"d lnHkkouk o dq’kyrk dk vf/kdkf/kd fodkl gh euq"; dks Ik’kqRo ls nsoRo dh vksj ys tkrk gS vkSj ;s gh f’k{kk dk mÌs’; Hkh gSA bl f’k{kk n’kZu dk /kjkry ij mrkjus esa vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, dfBuk, vk ldrh gS ij lq/kkjksa dh 'kq:vkr fdlh us fdlh ih<+h dks rks djuh gh lR; gSA6 oSfnd f’k{kk iz.kkyh %& oSfnd f’k{kk&iz.kkyh dh [kkl fo’ks"krk Fkh Þxq:dqyÞ ¼’kkfCnd vFkZ ^f’k{kd dk ?kj^½ dh iz.kkyh] Nk=ksa dks f’k{kk ds iwjs dky ds fy, f’k{kd vkSj muds ifjokj ds lkFk jguk vko’;d Fkk] dqN xq:dqy ,dkar ou&{ks=ksa esa gksrs Fks] ysfdu fl)kar ,d gh Fkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds xq: ¼f’k{kd½@xq: vkSj muds ifjokj ds lkFk jguk gksrk Fkk ;g iz.kkyh yxHkx 2500 o"kksZa rd ;Fkkor pyrh jgh ikB’kkykvksa rFkk f’k{kd laLFkkvksa dk fodkl cgqr ckn esa gqvkA7 dk;Z&{kerk vkSj ukxfjd ftEesnkjh dk fodkl %& f’k{kk dks x`gLFk thou dh Hkwfedk ekuk tkrk Fkk x`gL; ds vfrfjä lHkh vU; vkJeksa okys O;fDr viuh HkkSfrd vko’;drkvksa ds fy, x`gLFk ij fuHkZj gksrs Fks] bl rjg x`gLFk u dsoy vius ifjokj cfYd vU; o.kksZa dk Hkh ikyu djrk Fkk xq: f’k{kkFkhZ dks lekt esa viuh ;g Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa l{ke cuk;k Fkk blds vfrfjDr lekt dks pykus ds fy, vko’;d jktlsod] U;k;k/kh’k] O;kikjh] iqjksfgr rFkk vU; dq’ky O;fDr xq:dqyksa }kjk gh rS;kj fd;s tkrs FksA8 f’k{kd % tc fyf[kr iqLrdsa ugha Fkha rks xq: Kku dk ,d ek= lkzsr Fkk blfy, izkphu xzaFkksa esa xq: dh cM+h efgek crkbZ xbZ gS vkxs vFkosZn ds czãp;Z lwä dk mYYks[k fd;k x;k gS ftlds vuqlkj xq: f’k"; dks u;k tUe nsrk gS fo|kFkhZ ds fy, xq: th dh vkKk ekuuk gj fLFkfr esa vfuok;Z Fkk ijUrq xq: dks ;g egRo vftZr djuk iM+rk Fkk xq: dks ikB;Øe esa fu".kkr gksuk gksrk FkkA blds fy, mls Lo;a lrr v/;;u vkSj euu djuk iM+rk FkkA xksiFk czkã.k esa ,d dFkk gS fd ,d xq: 'kkL=FkZ gkj x,] mUgksaus rRdky f’k{k.k dk;Z can dj fn;k vkSj rHkh iqu% vkjEHk fd;k tc og vius izfr}a}h ftrus gh fu".kkr gks x, blls irk pyrk gS fd f’k{kd dks viuh ;ksX;rk c<kus ds fy, lnk iz;R;’khy jguk iM+rk Fkk] muesa mPPk vkSj vkn’kZ vkpj.k dh vk’kk dh tkrh FkhA9 f’k{k.k fof/k %& izkfr’kk[; ¼osnkax f’k{kk^ ls lEcaf/kr xzUFk½ xzaFkksa esa oSfnd f’k{kk i)fr dk fooj.k feyrk gS] izR;sd Nk= dks O;fDrxr :Ik ls i<+k;k tkrk Fkk] vFkkZr xq: ,d ckj esa ,d Nk= dks i<+k;k Fkk Nk= dks ,d fnu esa nks ;k rhu oSfnd _pk,a ;kn djuh gksrh Fkh] Nk= dks xq: ds funsZ’k ds vuqlkj 'kCnksa dk lgh mPPkkj.k djuk gksrk Fkk vkSj _pkvksa dks Bhd mlh <ax ls cksyuk ;k xkuk gksrk Fkk tks ijEijk ls pyk vkrk Fkk v/;kiu ekSf[kd Fkk fyfi dk fodkl gksus ds ckn Hkh oSfnd eU=ksa dk ekSf[kd v/;kiu tkjh jgk D;ksafd mPPkkj.k vkSj xk;u dh ewy ijEijk dks ekSf[kd :Ik esa gh iwjh rjg lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk FkkA ;kn djds lh[kus dk rjhdk dsoy oSfnd lafgrkvksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk Fkk vU; fo"k;ksa dks i<+kus ds fy, O;k[;ku] gksrk Fkk vU; fo"k;ksa dks i<+kus ds fy, O;k[;ku] iz’uksÙkj 'kkL=kFkZ bR;kfn dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk Fkk Nk=ksa dh la[;k de gksrh Fkh rkfd xq: izR;sd Nk= ij Ik;kZIr /;ku ns lds] vYrsdj us vuqeku fd;k gS fd ,d xq: ds ikl chl ls vf/kd Nk= ugha gksrs gkasxsA10 Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 187 fu"d"kZ % Hkkjrh; f’k{kk o f’k{kk O;oLFkk ds Lo:Ik esa bfrgkl esa dbZ ckj ifjorZu gq, gSA vyx&vyx dkyksa esa ml dky ds jktuSfrd o lkekftd laLd`frd fLFkfr ds fglkc ls f’k{kk o f’k{kk O;oLFkk cnYkrh pyh xbZA ;fn Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dh ,sfrgkfld o orZeku Hkwys nwj djds oSfLod uokpkjksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tk, vkSj f’k{kk uhfr esa O;f"V ijd rRo lekosf’kr fd;s tk,¡ rks ÞlR;a f’ko lqnjeÞ dh tk ldrh gSA vk/kqfud f’k{kk O;oLFkk esa vk jgh leL;kvksa dk funku fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr o"kZ esa vkt dh f’k{kk dh fujk’kktud fLFkfr ,oa cM+h [kkfe;ksa dks js[kkafdr djukA f’k{kk ds ?kqa/kys m|s’;] m/kkj dh f’k{k.k fofo;ka csrqds ikB;Øe vkSj pjejkrs iqjkus Ldwyksa ls vktkn Hkkjr dh u;h ih<+h f’kf{kr gksus dks foo’k gqbZA lanHkZ lwph % 1f=ikBh] dqlqe %& efgyk,¡ n’kk vkSj fn’kk] dq:{ks=] vad] ekpZ] 2007 2egyk] vjfoUn vkSj lqjsUnz dVkfj;k] la] Hkkjr esa efgyk l’kähdj.k % iz;kl vkSj ck/kk,] efyd ,.M dEiuh] t;iqj] 2013 i] 262 3fnudj] jke/kkjh flag %& laLd`frd ds pkj v/;k;] 4foey] dqekj %& jke/kkjh flag fnudj jpuk lap;u 5f}osnh] dfiynsoh] oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laLd`fr 6xks;y] izhfrizHkk] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr 7oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laLd`fr] i`] 257&58 8dqekj] deys’k] %& Hkkjr dh tutkfr efgyk,¡ dq:{ks=] vad] ekpZ] 2007 i`]23 9ik.Ms;] eSustj] Hkkjrh; lekt esa izfrjks/k dh ijaijk] ubZ fnYyh] 2013 i`]9 10VkWel] ewj] ;wVksfi;k