Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal new species and records of Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China

167 Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal new species and records of Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Caixia Wang1, Ning Jiang2, Chuli Liu3, ZiYan Xu1, Hailong Lu1,4 , Rong Ma1 1 College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China 3 The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 4 Forestry Research Institute of Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining 835099, Xinjiang, China Corresponding author: Rong Ma ([email protected]) Copyright: © Caixia Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International – CC BY 4.0). Research Article Abstract Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), located in the arid hinterland of northwest China, serves as important substrates for Betula species. As the most widely distributed floral genus of Betulaceae in Xinjiang, Betula serves as a vital pioneer species due to its stress tolerance and adaptation to extreme environments, playing an irreplaceable role in sustaining regional ecosystems. During disease surveys on Betula trees in the Tianshan and Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, we observed symptoms of stem and branch cankers. A total of 37 fungal strains were isolated and identified, based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. As a result, Cytospora altayensis sp. nov. was proposed and Coryneum lanciforme, Cryptosporella betulae, Cr. tomentella, Cy. tanaitica and Melanconis groenlandica are reported for the first time in China. In addition, Cytospora sophoriopsis is recorded for the first time on the host genus Betula. This study identifies potential pathogenic fungi associated with Betula, providing a foundation for future disease management and forest health research. Key words: Coryneum, Cryptosporella, Cytospora, Melanconis, molecular phylogeny, taxonomy Introduction Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is located in the central part of the Eurasian continent and features a typical temperate continental climate. Notably, its arid conditions foster unique biological species. Amongst these, Betula (birch trees) are an important plant genus in Xinjiang, primarily represented by B. pendula and B. tianshanica, which play significant ecological roles (Huang et al. 2020). As key pioneer species in the region, birch trees contribute greatly to natural forest conservation, ecological restoration, sustainable management and the improvement of the regional ecosystem (Dubois et al. 2020). However, birch trees in the region are susceptible to various fungal pathogens. In particular, several fungal pathogens have been reported to cause branch canker, dieback and leaf spot diseases in birch species (Ivanová 2014; Academic editor: Rajesh Jeewon Received: 27 August 2025 Accepted: 4 November 2025 Published: 18 November 2025 Citation: Wang C, Jiang N, Liu C, Xu ZY, Lu H, Ma R (2025) Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal new species and records of Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China. MycoKeys 125: 167–204. https://doi. org/10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025) DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 168 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Fan et al. 2016a, b). For instance, Melanconis stilbostoma has been identified as a causative agent of birch cankers (Fan et al. 2016a, b), while species of Diaporthe, such as D. betulae and D. betulicola, have been associated with birch dieback (Du et al. 2016). Additionally, Discula betulae is known to cause birch leaf spot disease (Ivanová 2014). Despite these findings, systematic studies on these pathogens have not yet been conducted in XUAR. Diaporthales comprise a diverse group of fungi that colonise various tree species, where they often act as pathogens infecting bark, leaves and fruits, though some species occur as endophytes or saprophytes (Rossman et al. 2007; Senanayake et al. 2017, 2018; Jiang et al. 2020a; Crous et al. 2023b; Xiao et al. 2023). Interestingly, members of this order exhibit a marked preference for hardwood hosts, particularly within families, such as Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Myrtaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017; Hyde et al. 2020b). Correspondingly, Betula, a genus including widespread tree species, has frequently been reported as a host associated with Diaporthales (Senanayake et al. 2017; Fan et al. 2018a; Crous et al. 2023a). Taxa within Diaporthales can be clearly delineated using both morphological features and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (Senanayake et al. 2017, 2018; Jiang et al. 2025b). On one hand, several genera possess distinctive traits: for instance, Coryneum species produce large, brown, distoseptate conidia (Jiang et al. 2018); Cytospora species are characterised by hyaline, allantoid ascospores and conidia (Fan et al. 2020); and Asterosporium species are recognised by their septate, brown, stellate conidia (Senanayake et al. 2017). On the other hand, some taxa, such as Plagiostoma and Pseudoplagiostoma, exhibit overlapping morphological features that complicate their differentiation (Senanayake et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2025b, c). In this study, samples exhibiting typical canker symptoms were collected from Betula hosts in XUAR. Fungal isolates were obtained and identified, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses, following contemporary taxonomic frameworks for the relevant taxa. The objectives of this study were to characterise species of Diaporthales associated with Betula hosts in XUAR and to establish links between these fungal species and their birch hosts to advance the understanding of canker diseases. Materials and methods Sample collection, isolation and morphology During 2023 and 2024, we conducted branch canker disease surveys on hosts of Betula in XUAR. Barks exhibiting visible fungal fruiting bodies were collected for further analysis. All samples were stored in paper bags and transported to the laboratory for fungal isolation and morphological characterisation. Fruiting bodies on branch samples were examined under a Zeiss Discovery V8 stereomicroscope (Jena, Germany), sectioned and transferred on to potato dextrose agar (PDA; containing 200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose and 20 g agar per litre) plates at 25 °C to obtain fungal cultures. Specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Xinjiang Agricultural University (XJAU), while pure cultures were preserved at the China Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC; https://cfcc.caf.ac.cn/). Morphology was characterised mainly based on fruiting bodies forming on natural substrates. Stromata and conidiomata were hand-sectioned using a 169 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China sterile double-edged blade and examined under a Zeiss Discovery V8 stereomicroscope. Microscopic structures including asci, ascospores, conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia were observed and photographed using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Phylogenetic analyses Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal colonies grown on PDA plates for two weeks using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit-BSC14S1 (BioFlux, China), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For preliminary fungal identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). Further phylogenetic resolution was achieved by amplifying additional loci: the large subunit nrDNA (LSU) for Coryneum and Melanconis (primers LR0R/LR5); the partial actin (act) for Cytospora (primers ACT512F/ACT728R); the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene for Coryneum, Cytospora and Melanconis (primers RPB2-5F/fRPB27cR); the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene for Coryneum, Cryptosporella, Cytospora and Melanconis (primers EF1-728F/EF2; EF688F/1251R) and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene for Cryptosporella, Cytospora and Melanconis (primers Bt2a/Bt2b) (Vilgalys and Hester 1990; Glass and Donaldson 1995; Carbone and Kohn 1999; Liu et al. 1999; Rehner 2001). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min; 35 cycles of denaturation (94 °C, 30 sec), annealing (48 °C for ITS/LSU, 54 °C for tef1/tub2, 55 °C for rpb2 or 58 °C for act, 50 sec) and extension (72 °C, 1 min); followed by a final elongation at 72 °C for 7 min. The sequencing service was performed by Sangon Biotech Company Limited (Shanghai, China). Raw forward and reverse reads produced in this study were assembled and edited in Seqman v. 7.1.0 (DNASTAR Inc., USA) and deposited in the NCBI database (Tables 1–4). Multiple sequence alignments were generated using MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and manually refined in MEGA v. 7.0.21. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed on concatenated sequence datasets using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) approaches. The datasets consisted of: (1) ITS-LSU-rpb2-tef1 for Coryneum, (2) ITS-act-rpb2-tef1-tub2 for Cytospora, (3) ITS-tef1-tub2 for Cryptosporella and (4) ITS-LSU-rpb2-tef1-tub2 for Melanconis. For the ML analysis, we employed the GTRGAMMA substitution model and conducted 1000 bootstrap replicates using RAxML-HPC v.8, implemented through the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (https:// www.phylo.org/). The Bayesian analysis was performed using partition-specific evolutionary models selected with MrModelTest v.2.3, based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations were run in MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) with two independent runs of 10 million generations each, starting from random trees. We confirmed run convergence by monitoring the average standard deviation of split frequencies (< 0.01) and sampled trees every 1000 generations. After discarding the first 25% of trees as burn-in, posterior probabilities (PP) were calculated from the remaining trees. Nodal support was assessed using bootstrap support (BS) values (ML) from 1000 replicates and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP). The resulting phylogenetic trees were visualised using FigTree v.1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018). 170 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Results Phylogenetic analyses The concatenated alignment of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 for Coryneum included 32 strains and 3,380 characters (ITS: 1–630; LSU: 631–1,471; rpb2: 1,472–2,550; tef1: 2,551–3,380), with gaps retained. ML analysis yielded an optimal tree (likelihood = -13,031.13), with the alignment exhibiting 633 distinct patterns and 44.19% undetermined characters or gaps. Nucleotide frequencies were A = 0.240, C = 0.266, G = 0.283, T = 0.211 and substitution rates were AC = 1.258, AG = 2.217, AT = 1.350, CG = 1.193, CT = 7.495, GT = 1.0 (α = 0.140). BI employed models TNe+G4 (ITS), TN+F+I (LSU), TN+F+G4 (rpb2) and TN+F+G4 (tef1), with results matching ML topology. Isolates CFCC 71587 and CFCC 71653 clustered robustly with strain D215, confirming their placement as Coryneum lanciforme (Fig. 1). Table 1. GenBank accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses of Coryneum. Species Strains Hosts GenBank accession numbers References ITS LSU rpb2 tef1 Coryneum castaneicola CFCC 52315 Castanea mollissima MH683559 MH683551 MH685723 MH685731 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum castaneicola CFCC 52316 Castanea mollissima MH683560 MH683552 MH685724 MH685732 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum depressum D202 Quercus petraea MH674330 MH674330 MH674334 MH674338 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum gigasporum CFCC 52319* Castanea mollissima MH683565 MH683557 MH685729 MH685737 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum gigasporum CFCC 52320 Castanea mollissima MH683566 MH683558 MH685730 MH685738 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum gigasporum G14 Castanea mollissima MK799957 MK799944 MK799820 MK799830 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum gigasporum G15 Castanea mollissima MK799958 MK799945 MK799821 MK799831 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum heveanum MFLUCC 17-0369* Hevea brasiliensis MH778707 MH778703 NA MH780881 Senwanna et al. (2018) Coryneum heveanum MFLUCC 17-0376 Hevea brasiliensis MH778708 MH778704 NA NA Senwanna et al. (2018) Coryneum ilicis CFCC 52994* Ilex pernyi MK799948 MK799935 NA NA Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum ilicis CFCC 52995 Ilex pernyi MK799949 MK799936 NA NA Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum ilicis CFCC 52996 Ilex pernyi MK799950 MK799937 NA NA Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum modonium D203 Castanea sativa MH674331 MH674331 MH674335 MH674339 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum lanciforme D215 Betula pubescens MH674332 MH674332 MH674336 MH674340 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum lanciforme CFCC 71587 Betula pendula PX227525 PX227507 PX233568 NA In this study Coryneum lanciforme CFCC 71653 Betula pendula PX227526 PX227508 PX233569 NA In this study Coryneum sinense CFCC 52452* Quercus serrata MH683561 MH683553 MH685725 MH685733 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum sinense CFCC 52453 Quercus serrata MH683562 MH683554 MH685726 MH685734 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum sinense X23 Quercus serrata MK799952 MK799939 MK799816 MK799826 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum sinense X60 Quercus serrata MK799953 MK799940 MK799814 MK799824 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum songshanense CFCC 52997* Quercus dentata MK799946 MK799933 MK799812 MK799822 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum songshanense CFCC 52998 Quercus dentata MK799947 MK799934 MK799813 MK799823 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum suttonii CFCC 52317* Castanea mollissima MH683563 MH683555 MH685727 MH685735 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum suttonii CFCC 52318 Castanea mollissima MH683564 MH683556 MH685728 MH685736 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum suttonii Z17 Castanea mollissima MK799955 MK799942 MK799818 MK799828 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum suttonii Z86 Castanea mollissima MK799956 MK799943 MK799819 MK799829 Jiang et al. (2019) Coryneum umbonatum D201 Quercus robur MH674329 MH674329 MH674333 MH674337 Jiang et al. (2018) Coryneum fagi BJFC-S1782* Fagus sp. MW144761 MW144953 NA NA Boonmee et al. (2021) Coryneum fagi BJFC-S1783 Fagus sp. MW144762 MW144954 NA NA Boonmee et al. (2021) Coryneum septemseptatum GMB0393 decaying wood OQ540748 OQ540743 NA NA Long et al. (2023) Coryneum septemseptatum GMB0392* decaying wood OQ560328 OQ560329 NA NA Long et al. (2023) Hyaloterminalis alishanensis NCYUCC 19-0400* Cerasus sp. MT447559 MT447557 NA NA Rathnayaka et al. (2020) Note. “NA” indicates unavailable sequences, sequences produced in the current study are in bold and * means ex-type strains. 171 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Table 2. GenBank accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses of Cytospora. Species Strains GenBank accession numbers References ITS act rpb2 tef1 tub2 Cytospora ailanthicola CFCC 54064 PP988711 NA PQ074892 PQ074251 PQ075209 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora ailanthicola CFCC 89970* MH933618 MH933526 MH933592 MH933494 MH933565 Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora altayensis sp. nov. CFCC 71686 PX227527 PX233570 PX233584 PX233598 PX233612 In this study Cytospora altayensis sp. nov. CFCC 71687 PX227528 PX233571 PX233585 PX233599 PX233613 In this study Cytospora altayensis sp. nov. CFCC 71688 PX227529 PX233572 PX233586 PX233600 PX233614 In this study Cytospora atrocirrhata CFCC 59056 PP988739 PQ074599 PQ074912 PQ074274 PQ075229 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora atrocirrhata CFCC 89615 KR045618 KF498673 KU710946 KP310858 KR045659 Fan et al. (2015) Cytospora auerswaldii CBS 153.29 PP988740 PQ074600 PQ074913 PQ074275 PQ075230 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora berberidis CFCC 89927* KR045620 KU710990 KU710948 KU710913 KR045661 Liu et al. (2015) Cytospora berberidis CFCC 89933 KR045621 KU710991 KU710949 KU710914 KR045662 Liu et al. (2015) Cytospora betulae CBS 141622* PP988752 PQ074610 PQ074922 PQ074284 PQ075236 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora celtidicola CFCC 50497* MH933623 NA MH933595 MH933499 MH933566 Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora chrysosperma CBS 120.83 PP988773 PQ074626 PQ074942 PQ074304 PQ075255 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora chrysosperma CBS 197.50* PP988777 PQ074630 PQ074946 PQ074308 PQ075259 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora eastringensis CFCC 58222* PP988818 NA PQ074980 PQ074346 NA Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora guyuanensis CFCC 55855* PP988853 NA PQ075011 PQ074378 PQ075323 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora hejingensis CFCC 59571* PP060455 PP059657 PP059663 PP059667 PP059673 Wang et al. (2024) Cytospora hippophaopsis CGMCC 3.18997* PP965505 PP957863 NA PP957877 PP957884 Cai et al. (2024) Cytospora iranica IRAN 4200C* MW295652 MZ014512 MW824359 MW394146 NA Hanifeh et al. (2022) Cytospora jiufengensis CFCC 55839* PP988865 PQ074698 NA NA PQ075332 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora joaquinensis CBS 144235 MG971895 MG972044 NA MG971605 NA Lawrence et al. (2018) Cytospora kuanchengensis CFCC 52464* MK432616 MK442940 MK578076 NA NA Jiang et al. (2020b) Cytospora leucosperma CBS 109491 PP988884 PQ074714 PQ075035 PQ074407 PQ075347 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora longispora CBS 144236* MG971905 MG972054 NA MG971615 NA Lawrence et al. (2018) Cytospora longistiolata MFLUCC 16-0628 KY417734 KY417700 KY417802 NA NA Norphanphoun et al. (2017) Cytospora macropycnidia CBS 149338* OP038094 OP003977 OP095265 OP106954 OP079909 Travadon et al. (2022) Cytospora melnikii CFCC 89984 MH933644 MH933551 MH933609 MH933515 MH933580 Pan et al. (2018) Cytospora nobilis CFCC 58227 PP988928 PQ074756 PQ075075 PQ074449 PQ075389 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora nobilis CFCC 58228 PP988929 PQ074757 PQ075076 PQ074450 PQ075390 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora oleicola CBS 144248* MG971944 MG972098 NA MG971660 NA Lawrence et al. (2018) Cytospora platycladicola CFCC 50038* KT222840 MH933555 MH933613 MH933519 MH933584 Yang et al. (2015) Cytospora populinopsis CFCC 50032* MH933648 MH933556 MH933614 MH933520 MH933585 Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora pruinopsis CFCC 50034* KP281259 KP310836 KU710970 KP310849 KP310819 Yang et al. (2015) Cytospora pruinopsis CFCC 50035 KP281260 KP310837 KU710971 KP310850 KP310820 Yang et al. (2015) Cytospora pruinosa CBS 200.42 PP988951 PQ074777 PQ075095 PQ074470 PQ075410 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora prunicola MFLU 17-0995* MG742350 MG742353 MG742352 NA NA Hyde et al. (2018) Cytospora pseudochrysosperma CFCC 54081* MZ702631 NA NA OK303613 OK303680 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora pseudochrysosperma CFCC 89629 KF765673 NA KF765705 NA NA Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora pseudochrysosperma CFCC 89981* MH933625 MH933533 MH933597 MH933501 MH933568 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora qinghaiensis CFCC 50026* KP281267 KP310843 KU710972 KP310856 KP310826 Yang et al. (2015) Cytospora ribis CBS 187.36 PP988963 PQ074788 PQ075106 PQ074480 PQ075420 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora rosigena MFLUCC 18-0921* MN879872 NA NA NA NA Hyde et al. (2020a) Cytospora rostrata CFCC 89909* KR045643 KU711009 KU710974 NA NA Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora rostrata CFCC 89910 KR045644 KU711010 KU710975 KU710933 NA Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora salicacearum MFLUCC 15-0509* KY417746 KY417712 KY417814 NA NA Norphanphoun et al. (2017) Cytospora salicina CBS 507.77 PP988981 PQ074804 PQ075122 PQ074497 PQ075435 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora salicina MFLUCC 15-0862* KY417750 KY417716 KY417818 NA NA Norphanphoun et al. (2017) Cytospora shaanxiensis CFCC 56032* PP988987 PQ074810 PQ075128 PQ074502 PQ075441 Lin et al. (2024) 172 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Species Strains GenBank accession numbers References ITS act rpb2 tef1 tub2 Cytospora sibiraeae CFCC 50045* KR045651 KU711015 KU710982 KU710938 KR045692 Liu et al. (2015) Cytospora sibiraeae CFCC 50046 KR045652 KU711015 KU710983 KU710939 KR045693 Liu et al. (2015) Cytospora sidaohensis CFCC 56042* PP988992 PQ074815 PQ075133 PQ074507 PQ075446 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora sinensis CFCC 58231 PP988995 PQ074818 PQ075136 PQ074510 PQ075449 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora sinensis CFCC 58235* PP988997 PQ074820 PQ075138 PQ074512 PQ075451 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora sinensis CFCC 58471 PP989002 PQ074824 PQ075143 PQ074517 PQ075455 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora songshanensis CFCC 56351* PP989006 PQ074828 PQ075147 PQ074521 PQ075459 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 58464 PP989009 PQ074831 PQ075150 PQ074524 PQ075461 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 89600* KR045623 KU710992 KU710951 KU710915 KP310817 Fan et al. (2020) Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 71679 PX227530 PX233573 PX233587 PX233601 PX233615 In this study Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 71680 PX227531 PX233574 PX233588 PX233602 PX233616 In this study Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 71681 PX227532 PX233575 PX233589 PX233603 PX233617 In this study Cytospora sophoriopsis CFCC 71682 PX227533 PX233576 PX233590 PX233604 PX233618 In this study Cytospora syringina CFCC 50036* KP310800 KP310832 NA KP310845 KP310815 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora tanaitica MFLUCC 14-1057* KT459411 KT459413 NA NA NA Ariyawansa et al. (2015) Cytospora tanaiticaCFCC 71675 PX227534 PX233577 PX233591 PX233605 PX233637 In this study Cytospora tanaitica CFCC 71676 PX227535 PX233578 PX233592 PX233606 PX233638 In this study Cytospora tanaitica CFCC 71677 PX227536 PX233579 PX233593 PX233607 PX233639 In this study Cytospora tanaitica CFCC 71678 PX227537 PX233580 PX233594 PX233608 PX233640 In this study Cytospora tanaiticaCFCC 71683 PX227538 PX233581 PX233595 PX233609 PX233641 In this study Cytospora tanaitica CFCC 71684 PX227539 PX233582 PX233596 PX233610 PX233642 In this study Cytospora tanaitica CFCC 71685 PX227540 PX233583 PX233597 PX233611 PX233643 In this study Cytospora tenebrica CFCC 55841* PP989019 PQ074838 PQ075160 PQ074534 PQ075471 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora tetraspora CFCC 55847* PP989021 PQ074840 PQ075162 PQ074536 PQ075473 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora tetraspora CFCC 56279* PP989023 PQ074842 PQ075164 PQ074538 PQ075475 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora tritici CBS 118561 PP989038 PQ074856 PQ075175 PQ074549 PQ075486 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora tritici CBS 118563 PP989039 PQ074857 PQ075176 PQ074550 PQ075487 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora ulmi MFLUCC 15-0863* KY417759 KY417725 KY417827 NA NA Norphanphoun et al. (2017) Cytospora ulmicola MFLUCC 18-1227* MH940220 MH940216 NA NA NA Phookamsak et al. (2019) Cytospora uniloculata CFCC 58460* PP989043 PQ074861 NA PQ074554 NA Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora washingtonensis CBS 141619* PP989065 PQ074874 PQ075192 PQ074569 PQ075502 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora xiaolongmenensis CFCC 58459* PP989068 PQ074877 PQ075194 PQ074572 PQ075505 Lin et al. (2024) Cytospora yakimana CBS 149297* OM976602 ON012555 ON045093 ON012569 ON086750 Travadon et al. (2022) Cytospora yuduensis CFCC 57539* PP989070 PQ074879 PQ075196 PQ074574 PQ075507 Lin et al. (2024) Diaporthe vaccinii CBS 160.32 KC343228 JQ807297 NA KC343954 KC344196 Gomes et al. (2013) Note. “NA” indicates unavailable sequences, sequences produced in the current study are in bold and * means ex-type strains. The concatenated dataset of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 for Cytospora ribis species complex, which contained CFCC 71675, CFCC 71676, CFCC 71677, CFCC 71678, CFCC 71683, CFCC 71684 and CFCC 71685, comprised 30 strains, spanning 2,818 aligned characters (act: 1–237; ITS: 238–742; rpb2: 743–1,940; tef1: 1,941–2,415; tub2: 2,416–2,818), including gaps. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of this dataset produced a best-scoring tree with a likelihood value of −10563.20. The alignment matrix contained 711 distinct patterns, with 25.23% of sites representing undetermined characters or gaps. Nucleotide frequencies were estimated as follows: A = 0.248, C = 0.282, G = 0.236, T = 0.232. Substitution rates were AC = 1.417, AG = 3.402, AT = 1.463, CG = 0.735, CT = 6.621 and GT = 1.0, with a gamma distribution shape parameter (α) of 0.245. For Bayesian Inference (BI), the optimal evolutionary models, selected by MrModelTest, were TIM2e+G4 for ITS, K2P+G4 173 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Table 3. GenBank accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses of Cryptosporella. Species Strains Hosts GenBank accession numbers References ITS tef1 tub2 Cryptosporella alnicola CBS 121074 Corylus cornuta EU199204 EU221960 EU219138 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella alni-rubrae CBS 126120 Alnus rubra GU826092 GU826051 GU826010 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-rubrae LCM411 Alnus rubra GU826090 GU826049 GU826008 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-rubrae LCM499.01* Alnus rubra GU826096 GU826055 GU826014 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-sinuatae AR4200 Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata GU826086 GU826045 GU825989 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-sinuatae CBS 125662* Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata GU826087 GU826046 GU826005 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-tenuifoliae CBS 125663* Alnus incana ssp. tenuifol GU826097 GU826056 GU826015 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella alni-cordatae MFLUCC 16-0485 Alnus sp.KY797640 NA NA Tian et al. (2018) Cryptosporella alni-cordatae MFLU 16-0812 Alnus sp.KY797639 NA NA Tian et al. (2018) Cryptosporella amistadensis LCM618.01 Alnus acuminata GU826109 GU826073 GU826032 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella amistadensis CBS 125664* Alnus acuminata GU826108 GU826072 GU826031 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella betulae CBS 121078 Betula pendula EU199213 GU826057 GU826016 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella betulae LCM477.01 Betula pendula GU826098 GU826059 GU826018 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella betulae CBS 121079 Betula pendula EU199216 GU826058 GU826017 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella betulae CFCC 71654 Betula pendula PX227541 PX233644 PX233656 In this study Cryptosporella betulae CFCC 71655 Betula pendula PX227542 PX233645 PX233657 In this study Cryptosporella betulae CFCC 71656 Betula pendula PX227543 PX233646 PX233658 In this study Cryptosporella betulae CFCC 71657 Betula pendula PX227544 PX233647 PX233659 In this study Cryptosporella betulae CFCC 71658 Betula pendula PX227545 PX233648 PX233660 In this study Cryptosporella confusa CBS 121003 Betula papyrifera EU199219 NA NA Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella corylina LCM391.04 Corylus avellana GU826100 GU826063 GU826022 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella femoralis CBS 121076* Alnus incana ssp. rugosa EU199220 EU221951 EU219139 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella femoralis LCM196.04 Alnus incana ssp. rugosa GU826102 GU826067 GU826025 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella hypodermia CBS 109753 Ulmus minor EU199224 GU826064 GU826023 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella hypodermia CBS 122593* Ulmus minor EU199181 GU826066 GU826024 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella jaklitschii LCM112.01 Alnus serrulata GU826089 GU826048 GU826007 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella jaklitschii CBS 125665* Alnus serrulata GU826088 GU826047 GU826006 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella marylandica LCM386.05 Alnus maritima GU826106 GU826070 GU826029 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella marylandica LCM581.01 Alnus maritima GU826107 GU826071 GU826030 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella marylandica CBS 125666* Alnus maritima GU826105 GU826069 GU826028 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella multicontinentalis CBS 126119 Alnus incana ssp. rugosa GU826081 GU826040 GU825999 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella multicontinentalis LCM93b.02 Alnus incana ssp. rugosa GU826082 GU826041 GU826000 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella multicontinentalis LCM427.01 Alnus glutinosa GU826085 GU826044 GU826004 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella multicontinentalis LCM401.01* Alnus glutinosa GU826083 GU826042 GU826001 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella pacifica LCM453.01 Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia GU826077 GU826037 GU825995 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella pacifica LCM461.01* Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia GU826076 GU826036 GU825994 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella platyphylla CFCC 50466 Betula platyphylla KT732947 KT733015 KT733019 Fan et al. (2016b) Cryptosporella platyphylla CFCC 50465* Betula platyphylla KT732946 KT733014 KT733018 Fan et al. (2016b) Cryptosporella suffusa LCM576.01 Alnus sp.GU826079 GU826039 GU825997 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella suffusa LCM576.03 Alnus sp.GU826078 GU826038 GU825996 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella tomentella CBS 126440 Betula alleghaniensis GU826099 GU826062 GU826021 Mejía et al. (2011) Cryptosporella tomentella CBS 121073 Betula sp.EU199217 GU826060 GU826019 Mejía et al. (2008) Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71659 Betula microphylla PX227546 PX233649 PX233661 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71660 Betula microphylla PX227547 PX233650 PX233662 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71661 Betula microphylla PX227548 PX233651 PX233663 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71662 Betula microphylla PX227549 PX233652 PX233664 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71663 Betula microphylla PX227550 PX233653 PX233665 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71664 Betula microphylla PX227551 PX233654 PX233666 In this study Cryptosporella tomentella CFCC 71665 Betula microphylla PX227552 PX233655 PX233667 In this study Cryptosporella wehmeyeriana LCM85.02 Tilia americana GU826104 GU826068 GU826027 Mejía et al. (2011) Ditopella ditopa LCM94.02 Alnus incana ssp. rugosa GU826075 GU826033 GU825990 Mejía et al. (2011) Note. “NA” indicates unavailable sequences, sequences produced in the current study are in bold and * means ex-type strains. 174 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Table 4. GenBank accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses of Melanconis. Taxa Strains Hosts GenBank accession numbers References ITS LSU rpb2 tef1 tub2 Juglanconis juglandina CBS 133343 Juglans regia KY427149 KY427149 KY427199 KY427218 KY427234 Voglmayr et al. (2017) Juglanconis pterocaryae CBS 144326* Pterocarya fraxinifolia MK229175 MK229175 MK238324 MK238332 MK238338 Voglmayr et al. (2017) Melanconis alni CBS 131693 Alnus glutinosa MN784962 MN784962 MN780745 MN780774 MN780803 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis alni CBS 131695* Alnus glutinosa MN784963 MN784963 MN780746 MN780775 MN780804 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis alni MEW* Alnus glutinosa MN784964 MN784964 MN780747 MN780776 MN780805 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis alni MAIV Alnus incana MN784965 MN784965 MN780748 MN780777 MN780806 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis alni D156 Alnus glutinosa MN784966 MN784966 MN780749 MN780778 MN780807 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis betulae CFCC 50471* Betula albosinensis KT732952 KT732971 KT732984 KT733001 KT733022 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis betulae CFCC 50472 Betula albosinensis KT732953 KT732972 KT732985 KT733002 KT733023 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis betulae CFCC 50473 Betula albosinensis KT732954 KT732973 KT732986 KT733003 KT733024 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis groenlandica CBS 116450* Betula nana KU878552 KU878553 NA KU878554 KU878555 Lombard et al. (2016) Melanconis groenlandica MAFF 410219 Betula maximowicziana MN784967 MN784967 MN780750 MN780779 MN780808 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis groenlandica CBS 133341 Betula papyrifera MN784968 MN784968 MN780751 MN780780 MN780809 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis groenlandica CBS 133339 Betula sp. MN784969 MN784969 MN780752 MN780781 MN780810 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis groenlandica CBS 133340 Betula papyrifera MN784970 MN784970 MN780753 MN780782 MN780811 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis groenlandica CFCC 71566 Betula tianchanica PX227553 PX227509 NA PX233619 PX233628 In this study Melanconis groenlandica CFCC 71567 Betula tianchanica PX227554 PX227510 NA PX233620 PX233629 In this study Melanconis groenlandica CFCC 71568 Betula tianchanica PX227555 PX227511 NA PX233621 PX233630 In this study Melanconis groenlandica CFCC 71569 Betula tianchanica PX227556 PX227512 NA PX233622 PX233631 In this study Melanconis itoana MAFF 410080 Betula ermanii MN784971 MN784971 MN780754 MN780783 MN780812 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis itoana CFCC 50474 Betula albosinensis KT732955 KT732974 KT732987 KT733004 KT733025 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis itoana CFCC 52876 Betula albosinensis MK096324 MK096364 MK096409 MK096284 NA Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis itoana CFCC 52877 Betula albosinensis MK096326 MK096366 MK096411 MK096286 NA Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis itoana CFCC 52878 Betula albosinensis MK096327 MK096367 MK096412 MK096287 NA Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis larissae CBS 123196* Betula sp. MN784972 MN784972 MN780755 MN780784 MN780813 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea D157 Alnus alnobetula MN784973 MN784973 MN780756 MN780785 NA Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea D158 Alnus alnobetula MN784974 MN784974 MN780757 MN780786 MN780814 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea D257 Alnus incana MN784975 MN784975 MN780758 MN780787 MN780815 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea CBS 131692* Alnus incana MN784976 MN784976 MN780759 MN780788 MN780816 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea CBS 131694 Alnus alnobetula MN784977 MN784977 MN780760 MN780789 MN780817 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. europaea MAV1 Alnus alnobetula MN784978 MN784978 MN780761 MN780790 MN780818 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. italica MFLUCC 161199* Alnus cordata MF190151 MF190096 NA NA NA Senanayake et al. (2017) Melanconis marginalis subsp. italica MFLUCC 171659* Alnus cordata MF190152 MF190097 MF377602 NA NA Senanayake et al. (2017) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis D321* Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa MN784979 MN784979 MN780762 MN780791 MN780819 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis D321a* Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa MN784980 MN784980 MN780763 MN780792 MN780820 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) 175 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Taxa Strains Hosts GenBank accession numbers References ITS LSU rpb2 tef1 tub2 Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis D321b* Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa MN784981 MN784981 MN780764 MN780793 MN780821 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis CBS 109496 Alnus alnobetula subsp. maximowiczii MN784982 MN784982 MN780765 MN780794 MN780822 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis AR 4864 Alnus alnobetula MN784983 MN784983 MN780766 MN780795 MN780823 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis CBS 133346 Alnus alnobetula MN784984 MN784984 MN780767 MN780796 MN780824 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. marginalis MAFF 410218 Alnus alnobetula subsp. maximowiczii MN784985 MN784985 MN780768 MN780797 MN780825 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. tirolensis CBS 122310* Alnus alnobetula MN784986 MN784986 MN780769 MN780798 MN780826 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis marginalis subsp. tirolensis D322a Alnus alnobetula MN959458 MN959458 MN989415 MN989416 MN989417 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis pacifica CBS 109744 Alnus rubra EU199197 AF408373 DQ862022 DQ862038 EU219103 Mejía et al. (2008) Melanconis stilbostoma D143 Betula pendula KY427156 KY427156 KY427206 KY427225 KY427241 Voglmayr et al. (2017) Melanconis stilbostoma D258 Betula aetnensis MN784987 MN784987 MN780770 MN780799 MN780827 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis stilbostoma CBS 109778* Betula pendula MN784988 MN784988 MN780771 MN780800 MN780828 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis stilbostoma CBS 121894 Betula pendula KY427156 KY427156 JQ926302 JQ926368 MN780830 Voglmayr et al. (2017) Melanconis stilbostoma CBS 133338 Betula papyrifera MN784990 MN784990 MN780773 MN780802 MN780831 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2020) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50475 Betula platyphylla KT732956 KT732975 KT732988 KT733005 KT733026 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50476 Betula platyphylla KT732957 KT732976 KT732989 KT733006 KT733027 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50477 Betula platyphylla KT732958 KT732977 KT732990 KT733007 KT733028 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50478 Betula platyphylla KT732959 KT732978 KT732991 KT733008 KT733029 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50479 Betula platyphylla KT732960 KT732979 KT732992 KT733009 KT733030 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50480 Betula platyphylla KT732961 KT732980 KT732993 KT733010 KT733031 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50481 Betula platyphylla KT732962 KT732981 KT732994 KT733011 KT733032 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50482 Betula platyphylla KT732963 KT732982 KT732995 KT733012 KT733033 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 50483 Betula platyphylla KT732964 KT732983 KT732996 KT733013 KT733034 Fan et al. (2016a) Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 71570 Betula pendula PX227557 PX227513 NA PX233623 PX233632 In this study Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 71571 Betula pendula PX227558 PX227514 NA PX233624 PX233633 In this study Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 71572 Betula pendula PX227559 PX227515 NA PX233625 PX233634 In this study Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 71573 Betula pendula PX227560 PX227516 NA PX233626 PX233635 In this study Melanconis stilbostoma CFCC 71574 Betula pendula PX227561 PX227517 NA PX233627 PX233636 In this study Note. “NA” indicates unavailable sequences, sequences produced in the current study are in bold and * means ex-type strains. for act, TNe+R2 for rpb2, TIM2e+G4 for tef1 and HKY+F+G4 for tub2. BI results were congruent with ML topology. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed the seven isolates from this study (CFCC 71675, CFCC 71676, CFCC 71677, CFCC 71678, CFCC 71683, CFCC 71684 and CFCC 71685) into a well-supported clade with MFLUCC 14-1057, identified as Cytospora tanaitica (Fig. 2). The concatenated dataset of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 for Cytospora chrysosperma species complex, which contained CFCC 71679, CFCC 71680, CFCC 71681 and CFCC 71682, comprised 33 strains, spanning 3,182 aligned characters (act: 1–254; ITS: 255–754; rpb2: 755–1,952; tef1: 1,953–2,441; tub2: 2,442–3,182), including gaps. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of this dataset produced a best-scoring tree with a likelihood value of -9050.97. The alignment matrix contained 608 distinct patterns, with 32.72% of sites representing undetermined characters or gaps. Nucleotide frequencies were estimated as follows: A = 0.248, C = 0.291, G = 0.236, T = 0.223. Substitution rates were AC = 182 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Figure 6. Maximum Likelihood tree of Melanconis generated from combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are demonstrated at the branches. Ex-type strains are marked in bold. 183 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Taxonomy Coryneaceae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 36 (1839) Notes. Coryneaceae, typified by Coryneum, represents a both morphologically and phylogenetically distinct lineage within Diaporthales, primarily characterised by the production of transversely distoseptate, brown conidia (Senanayake et al. 2017, 2018; Jiang et al. 2018, 2019; Rathnayaka et al. 2020). To date, three genera have been accepted in Coryneaceae, based on integrated morphological and phylogenetic evidence, viz. Coryneum, Hyaloterminalis and Subellipsoidispora (Tang et al. 2023). While phylogenetic analyses have placed Talekpea in close relationship with Coryneum (Rathnayaka et al. 2020; Tang et al. 2023), this genus exhibits significant morphological divergence from the three accepted genera. Resolution of its taxonomic status will require additional sampling and more comprehensive studies in the future. Notably, Hyaloterminalis is distinguished from Coryneum, based on its pycnidial conidiomata (Rathnayaka et al. 2020). Subellipsoidispora has been described only from its sexual morph, distinguished from Coryneum by ascomata typically bearing a single peridium (Tang et al. 2023). This disparity in known morphologies highlights the need for further research to fully understand the life histories and evolutionary relationships within Coryneaceae. Coryneum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34 (1816) = Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 206 (1863). Notes. Coryneum, typified by C. umbonatum, is the largest genus within the family Coryneaceae. The asexual morphs of Coryneum are commonly observed and are predominantly found on tree genera such as Betula, Castanea and Quercus (Senanayake et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2018, 2019). Species in this genus are characterised by transversely distoseptate, brown conidia (Senanayake et al. 2017). Currently, the delimitation of species within Coryneum relies on a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 loci (Jiang et al. 2018, 2019). Nevertheless, the lack of molecular data for many described species remains a constraint for accurate species identification (Jiang et al. 2018, 2019). Species of Coryneum are commonly reported as plant pathogen causing canker diseases and some species are saprobic on decaying wood contributing to nutrient cycling (Senanayake et al. 2017, 2018). Coryneum lanciforme (Fr.) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, IMA Fungus 6(1): 146 (2015) Fig. 7 = Coryneum brachyurum Link, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(2): 124 (1825). ≡ Pseudovalsa lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 206 (1863). 184 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Description. Pseudostromata semi-immersed in the bark, scattered, conical, 950–1700 μm diam., 600–900 μm high, with 3–8 perithecia arranged irregularly. Ectostromatic disc distinct, circular, brown, 430–650 μm diam. Ostioles black, 75–140 μm diam. Perithecia globular, somewhat flattened at base with black neck, 350–650 μm diam. Asci hyaline, with chitinoid, refractive ring, clavate to elongate-obovoid, (190–)207–241(–246) × (30–)33–40(–42) μm, Figure 7. Coryneum lanciforme from Betula pendula. A, B. Habit of ascostromata on branch; C. Ostioles embedded in ascostroma in section; D. Transverse section through ascostroma; E. Longitudinal section through ascostroma; F. Asci; G. Ascospores. Scale bars: 500 μm (B–E); 20 μm (F, G). 185 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China 8-spored, biseriate. Ascospores fusiform, ends pointed, dark brown, 5–8-distoseptate, (37.5–)39.5–48.5(–53) × (13.5–)14–17(–18.5) (av. = 44.1 ± 4.4 × 15.4 ± 1.6, n = 50) (n = 50) μm, L/W ratio = 2.4–3.6. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with moderate flocculent aerial mycelium and undulating margin, initially white, becoming dark brown and reaching 90 mm diam. after 3 weeks at 25 °C. Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Altay City, Alahake Town, Haxionggou, from dead branches of Betula pendula, 7 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4053, living cultures CFCC 71587 and CFCC 71653). Notes. Coryneum lanciforme is the type species of Pseudovalsa (Sutton 1975). However, since Coryneum umbonatum (the type species of Coryneum) was described earlier (Nees von Esenbeck 1816), Pseudovalsa was synonymised under Coryneum and P. lanciformis was treated as a synonym of Co. lanciforme (Rossman et al. 2015). In this study, we report the first discovery of Co. lanciforme along with its teleomorph in Xinjiang, China, significantly expanding the known geographical distribution of this fungus. Cytosporaceae Fr. [as ‘Cytisporei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae): 118 (1825) Notes. Cytosporaceae is a morphological and phylogenetical family of Diaporthales, containing a single genus Cytospora (Lin et al. 2024). Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 28 (1818) Notes. Cytospora is characterised by the single or labyrinthine, loculate stromata, filamentous conidiophores and allantoid hyaline conidia and ascospores (Jiang et al. 2020b; Zhu et al. 2020; Cai et al. 2024; Jia et al. 2024; Li et al. 2024; Lin et al. 2024; Jiang et al. 2025a; Ilyukhin et al. 2025). Members of this genus are commonly known as causal agents of tree canker diseases, but also include endophytic and saprophytic species (Fan et al. 2020). Cytospora altayensis C.X. Wang, Ning Jiang & R. Ma, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 860537 Fig. 8 Etymology. Named after the collection site of the holotype, Altay Prefecture. Description. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed to semi-immersed in the bark, discoid to conical, 400–600 μm diam., 250–400 μm high, with an undivided locule. Conceptacle absent. Ectostromatic disc isabelline, circular to ovoid, 150–250 μm diam., with a single ostiole per disc in the centre. Ostiole grey to black, 50–100 μm diam. Conidiophores borne along the locules, hyaline, unbranched or branched at the base, (29–)35.5–43.5(–47) × 1.5–2 μm. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical. Conidia hyaline, allantoid, thin-walled, eguttulate, aseptate, smooth, (8.5–)9.5–11.5(–13) × 2.5–3(–3.5) (av. = 10.6 ± 1 × 2.8 ± 0.2, n = 50) μm, L/W ratio = 3.4–4.2. 186 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and undulating margin, saffron to ochreous, reaching 90 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Habahe County, Birch Forest Scenic Area, from branches of Betula pendula, 4 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (holotype XJAU 3988, ex-holotype cultures CFCC 71686, CFCC 71687 and CFCC 71688). Notes. Three isolates of Cytospora from Betula pendula in this study formed a distinct subclade phylogenetically close to Cy. berberidis from Berberis dasystachya, representing a new species (Fig. 4). However, Cy. altayensis can be distinguished from Cy. berberidis by conidial size (9.5–11.5 × 2.5–3 μm in Cy. berberidis vs. 6–6.9 × 1.9–2.1 μm in Cy. berberidis) (Liu et al. 2015). At the nucleotide level, Cy. altayensis differs from Cy. berberidis (ITS, 15/581; act, 22/254; rpb2, 58/721; tef1, 161/597; tub2, 75/415) (Jeewon and Hyde 2016). Figure 8. Morphology of Cytospora altayensis from Betula pendula. A, B. Habit of conidiomata on branch; C, D. Transverse section through conidiomata; E. Longitudinal section through conidiomata; F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; G. Conidia. Scale bars: 300 μm (B–E); 10 μm (F, G). 187 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Cytospora sophoriopsis X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, Persoonia 45: 39 (2019). Description. See Fan et al. (2020). Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Altay City, Alahake Town, Haxionggou, from branches of Betula pendula, 7 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4048, cultures CFCC 71679, CFCC 71680, CFCC 71681 and CFCC 71682). Notes. Cytospora sophoriopsis was introduced on cankered branches of Styphnolobium japonicum (Fan et al. 2020). This fungus was later confirmed as poplar and willow canker pathogens in China (Lin et al. 2022, 2023). In this study, we firstly discovered this species from Betula pendula in XUAR (Fig. 3). Cytospora tanaitica Norph., Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 172 (2015) Fig. 9 Description. Conidiomata pycnidial, serried, semi-immersed in the bark, conical, 1200–2000 μm diam., 400–650 μm high, with multiple subdivided locules with common walls. Conceptacle absent. Ectostromatic disc honey, circular to ovoid, 350–650 μm diam., with a single ostiole per disc in the centre. Ostiole grey to black, 75–140 μm diam. Conidiophores borne along the locules, hyaline, branched, (13–)15–28.5(–32) × 1.5–2 μm. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical. Conidia hyaline, allantoid, thin-walled, eguttulate, aseptate, smooth, (5–)5.5–6(–7) × 1.5–2 (av. = 5.8 ± 0.4 × 1.7 ± 0.1, n = 50) μm, L/W ratio = 3.2–3.8. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with abundant aerial mycelium and rough margin, grey to dark green, reaching 90 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Altay City, Alahake Town, Haxionggou, from branches of Betula pendula, 7 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4047, cultures CFCC 71675, CFCC 71676); • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Altay City, from branches of Betula pendula, 7 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4064, cultures CFCC 71677 and CFCC 71678); • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Qinghe County, Xileasheke Village, from branches of Betula pendula, 8 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4084, cultures CFCC 71683, CFCC 71684, CFCC 71685). Notes. Cytospora tanaitica was first described from Betula pubescens var. glabrata in Russia (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). In the present study, seven isolates obtained from Betula pendula in Xinjiang, China, clustered within a single clade together with the ex-type strain of Cy. tanaitica in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2). However, the conidia of our specimens were larger than those of the holotype (5.5–6 × 1.5–2 μm vs. 3.5–4 × 0.6–0.7 μm) (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). Based on the molecular phylogenetic evidence and the shared host genus, the isolates obtained in this study are identified as Cy. tanaitica, representing a new host and geographic record for this species. 188 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. 1(2): 570 (1886) Notes. Gnomoniaceae is characterised by immersed, rarely erumpent or superficial ascomata, without a stroma or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma (Senanayake et al. 2017). Members of Gnomoniaceae are endophytes, pathogens and saprobes inhabiting various hosts and substrates (Senanayake et al. 2018). Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 1): 30 (1877) Notes. Cryptosporella is characterised by aggregated ascomata below the bark surface, with converging necks and ellipsoid to elongated, aseptate or rarely 1-septate ascospores (Mejía et al. 2008, 2011). Species of this genus are usually distributed in temperate regions as endophytes and occasionally as Figure 9. Morphology of Cytospora tanaitica from Betula pendula. A, B. Habit of conidiomata on branch; C, D. Transverse section through conidiomata; E. Longitudinal section through conidiomata; F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; G. Conidia. Scale bars: 500 μm (B–E); 10 μm (F–G). 189 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China saprobes and pathogens on hardwood trees, such as Betulaceae, Tiliaceae and Ulmaceae (Barr 1978; Mejía et al. 2011; Fan et al. 2016 b). Cryptosporella betulae (Tul. & C. Tul.) L.C. Mejía & Castl., Mycol. Res. 112(1): 32 (2008) Fig. 10 Description. Conidiomata acervular, immersed to semi-immersed in the bark, scattered, conical, 850–1200 μm diam., 650–800 μm high. Central column beneath the disc more or less conical, grey to black. Ectostromatic disc brown, circular to ovoid, 350–420 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells narrowly cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, producing a coFigure 10. Morphology of Cryptosporella betulae from Betula pendula. A–C. Habit of conidiomata on branch; D. Transverse section through conidiomata; E. Longitudinal section through conidiomata; F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; G. Conidia. Scale bars: 500 μm (B–E); 10 μm (F, G). 190 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China nidium at apex, (6–)8–10.5(–13) × (3–)4.5–6.5(–8) μm. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to clavate, curved, (52–)55.5–66.5(–70) × (4.5–)5.5–6.5 μm (av. = 61 ± 5.2 × 5.8 ± 0.6 μm, n = 50) μm, L/W ratio = 9.1–11.9. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and even margin, white to fawn, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Altay City, Alahake Town, Haxionggou Valley, from branches of Betula pendula, 7 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4059 cultures CFCC 71654 and CFCC 71655); ibid. (XJAU 4060, cultures CFCC 71656, CFCC 71657 and CFCC 71658). Notes. The species concept of Cryptosporella betulae was conceived more narrowly than previous studies, with only the sexual morph described (Mejía et al. 2008, 2011). This fungus has been recorded in Austria and Russia inhabiting Betula lenta and B. pendula (Mejía et al. 2008, 2011). In this study, two new specimens collected from Xinjiang, China and five isolates were obtained. They were identified as Cr. Betulae, based on the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 5), representing a new host record in China. In addition, asexual morph of this fungus is firstly discovered and described herein. Cryptosporella tomentella (Peck) L.C. Mejía, Mycologia 103(2): 397 (2011) Fig. 11 Description. Pseudostromata immersed to semi-immersed in the bark, scattered, conical, 1450–1800 μm diam., 450–600 μm high, with 8–15 perithecia arranged circularly or irregularly. Ectostromatic disc brown, circular to ovoid, 350–450 μm diam. Ostioles brown to black, 75–130 μm diam. Perithecia flask-shaped to spherical, 250–400 μm diam. Asci hyaline, without refractive ring, clavate, (85.5–)108–115(–126.5) × (9–)12.5–20(–21.5) μm, 8-spored. Ascospores 2–4-seriate, cylindrical, slightly curved, tapering towards rounded ends, thin-walled, hyaline, aseptate, (39–)47–61.5(–67) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6.5) (av. = 54.2 ± 7 × 5.2 ± 0.6, n = 50) μm, L/W ratio = 9–11.8. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and undulate margin, yellowish, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Materials examined. China • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Jeminay County, Kizilkayin Red Birch Forest, from branches of Betula microphylla, 5 October 2024, Rong Ma, Caixia Wang & Hailong Lu (XJAU 4005, culture CFCC 71659); ibid. (XJAU 4006, cultures CFCC 71660, CFCC 71661 and CFCC 71662); ibid. (XJAU 4010, cultures CFCC 71663, CFCC 71664, CFCC 71665). Notes. Cryptosporella tomentella was previously regarded as a synonym of Cr. betulae (Reid and Booth 1987; Mejía et al. 2008). This species has been currently only documented in the United States, where it infects Betula populifolia and other Betula species (Mejía et al. 2008, 2011). The ascospore morphology of our specimens was consistent with that described for the Cr. tomentella lectotype (Mejía et al. 2011). In the present study, we report for the first time the occurrence of Cr. tomentella on Betula microphylla in China, supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 5). 191 MycoKeys 125: 167–204 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.169956 Caixia Wang et al.: Diaporthales from Betula in Xinjiang, China Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886) Notes. Melanconidaceae was established by Winter (1886). This family initially encompassed numerous genera characterised by perithecia immersed in well-developed stromata, with ostioles emerging through an ectostromatic disc (Barr 1978). However, based on analyses of LSU sequence data, Castlebury et al. (2002) and Rossman et al. (2007) later reduced this family to include only the type genus, Melanconis. Fan et al. (2018b) further confirmed that Melanconidaceae should be treated as a monotypic family, containing only the genus Melanconis. Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 115 (1863) Notes. Melanconis is characterised by circularly arranged perithecia immersed in well-developed to reduced entostromata with a concolourous central colFigure 11. Morphology of Cryptosporella tomentella from Betula microphylla. A, B. Habit of ascostromata on branch; C. Ostioles embedded in ascostroma in section; D. Transverse section through ascostroma; E. Longitudinal section through ascostroma; F–H. Asci; I. Ascospores. 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