XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025

Innovative scientific research Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference 6-7 November 2025 Toronto. Canada 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference «Innovative scientific research», November 6-7, 2025, Toronto. Canada. 81 p. ISBN 978-92-44514-75-7 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17591330 Publisher: «World of Conferences» Main organization: Editor: Tarmo Vesik Layout: Asko Laar The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Tsygankov V.D. NEUROCOMPUTER GENETIC "CONTINUUM OF MUTANT NUCLEOTIDES" IN THE FORM OF SILICON NANOELECTRONIC ARTIFICIAL "LIVING MATTER"// Innovative scientific research. Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference. Toronto. Canada. 2025. Pp. 5-9. URL: https://conference-w.com/ Contact information Website: https://conference-w.com/ E-mail: [email protected] Content Agricultural sciences Aladdin Sadigov STUDYING THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF APPLE PLANTS IN AZERBAIJAN AND INVOLVING THEM INTO THE SELECTION PROGRAM 5 Chemical sciences Namazova Tarana Ilgar METHYLATİON OF PHENOL WİTH ACİD CATALYSTS, STUDY OF THE MECHANİSM OF THE CATALYST 6 Economic sciences Fatma Rzayeva OVERCONFIDENCE AND INVESTMENT DECISIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS 11 Manana Mariadashvili, Davit Meparishvili ENSURING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN TERMS OF IMPROVING THE RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF HEALTHCARE 15 Jona Marashi, Nikollaq Pano THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ASYMMETRY IN THE ALBANIAN ECONOMY AND IN THE BALKAN REGION 18 Geological and mineralogical sciences Serbina E.V., Bochkarev V.A. PIMIENTA AND AGUA NUEVA SHALE FORMATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGETIC TRANSFORMATION IN MEXICO 25 Mathematical sciences Mazhit Zh.B., Rustemova K.Zh., Abdimanapova P.B., Shinikulova G.N., Umbetbekov A.T. THE LEVEL OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM 36 Medical sciences Oyku Bicer, Gulsen Huseynova, Gunel Sultanova ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MODERN MEDICINE 38 Arman Khozhayev, Dina Alisheva, Shukhrat Pazilov, Gulnar Onalbekova, Madina Mirzayeva, Madina Tursunova LARYNGEAL CANCER: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES 40 Pedagogical sciences Eleni Anastasopoulou, Evangelia Mitroyanni, Theofania Lyrintzi, Athina Spanou, Triada Kapota CULTIVATING 21ST-CENTURY SKILLS THROUGH DIGITAL PEDAGOGIES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION 49 Eleni Anastasopoulou, Lourida Konstantina, Athina Spanou, Triada Kapota TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED INCLUSION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: RETHINKING ACCESS, EQUITY, AND EMPOWERMENT 53 Majidov Mobil Kamil, Rzayeva Qerenfil Zeygam DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION AND THE NEW ROLE OF THE TEACHER IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 57 QINGGELE, Akramova,Aliya THE ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES IN ENHANCING LEARNING OUTCOMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN AND CHINA 61 Philological sciences Rakhshanda Farrukh Seyidova THEORETICAL BASIS OF TEACHING VOCABULARY 64 Sevinj Ahmadova THE PHILOSOPHICAL WEIGHT OF "SIMPLE LANGUAGE" IN RAMIZ RÖVŞAN'S POETRY (EXPANDED VERSION WITH QUOTATIONS) 69 Physical sciences Haciyeva Lala, Abbasova Gultakin AANALYSIS OF STABLE STRUCTURES OF DIPEPTIDE MOLECULES 71 Technical sciences Amangeldy Farhad, Oksikbay Nurdaulet, Kauymbaev Rakhimzhan THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM OF TEXTILE MATERIALS 75 Valatov Jafar Shavketovich VOLTE SIGNALING CHALLENGES: SOLUTIONS THROUGH NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION AND PROTOCOL ENHANCEMENT 79 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 5 Agricultural sciences STUDYING THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF APPLE PLANTS IN AZERBAIJAN AND INVOLVING THEM INTO THE SELECTION PROGRAM Aladdin Sadigov Scientific Research Institute of Fruitand Tea-growing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zardabi settlement, Guba, Azerbaijan Abstract Considering that historically, wild forms of Azerbaijani pome fruit plants have been widely distributed and that the population of the region has used these forms for various purposes from time to time and has developed them into cultivated varieties, scientific research has been conducted on these plants in various aspects. Due to its diverse climatic conditions and highly adaptive characteristics, the apple tree occupies a special place among other fruit plants. Agriculture plays a major role in the development of the economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Fruit growing is one of the main branches of agriculture and accounts for approximately 17.1% of the total crop production in the republic, 62.2% of the orchards in our country are apple orchards. Starting in 1932, the first work on apple selection was started in Azerbaijan by P.A. Ryabchenko and P.V. Kuznetsov. Researchers created a large hybrid seed fund of apple using local and introduced varieties as parental pairs. There are more than 500 varieties of apple plants in the existing orchards of our republic, including the following varieties: - Baba apple, Qabaq apple, Qirmizi sib, Rajabi, Shirine sib, Abi apple, Aq apple, Arazbeyi, Babek, Boz apple, Ahmadi, Girde shirin, Nasimi apple, Cir Haji, Akbari, Eyyubi, Qara tursh, Qishliq kirmizi Cibir, Qizil Ahmadi, Sari tursh, Shikhi cani; introduced: - Arkad, Aport, Astrakhanskoye beloye, Avgustovskaya, Bat gozali, Belflor chinayka, Borovinka, Melba, Papirovka, Slavyanka, Uttared, Antonovka, Antonovka chinayka, Mckintosh, Slava pobiditelyam, Aland sinab, Boyken, Sari sinab, Simirenko rennet, Sosikoli rennet, Champagne rennet, Antonovka, Golden Delicious, Wagner prizovoy, Starkrimson and selection of the Scientific Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Tea Growing: - Absheron apple, Fahima, Golden Shirvan, Shahdag, Sheki rennet, Shirvan mishki, Shirvan taji, Summer honor, Azerbaijan, Green apple, White rennet, Arzu, Badami, Alvan Guba, Guba rennet, Michurinchi, Nail, Neftchilara hadiyya, Naila, Sharg, Shafag, Vatan apple, Taravatli, etc. apple varieties. In order to eliminate certain shortcomings in those varieties, by conducting "re-crossing" between the most efficient varieties of the F1 generation, the following varieties were created through artificial selection: Ziya, Zirve, Fahima, Lala, Nigar, Sülh, Marfa, Ulvi, Vatan, Nubar, Chiraggala, Davamli, Emil, Elvin, Payizlıq Guba, Qishlıq Guba, Zumrud, Eldar, Makhmeri, Nuran, Sevinj, Sadaf, Sahil, Sarvan, Shabran, Gobustan, Zafar, etc., which bloom at the same time, ripen at different times (summer, autumn, winter), have fertile pollen, are relatively short in height compared to the parent pairs, yield quickly, have high taste quality, have an attractive appearance, and require little application of chemical preparations in terms of solving ecological problems. They are promising and surpass regionalized varieties by 8-12% in terms of high quality indicators. These varieties obtained are mainly planted on MM 106 rootstock in a 4 x 3 m planting scheme, with an average yield of 10-30 tons per hectare, an average fruit mass of 110-140 g, resistance to diseases and pests, total sugar content of 6-8%, dry matter 9-13%, acidity 0.45-0.64%, vitamin “C” content 3.7-5.7 mg%, and tasting values of 4.6-4.9 points. The total vegetation length of the varieties is 224231 days, and the total effective air temperature above +5° during this period was 8210.4-9454.5. Most of these varieties obtained through selection are tested at the Agricultural Services Agency, and the Payizlıq Guba, Sevinj, Elvin varieties are partially applied in regionalized, peasant farms. Keywords: apple, gene pool, hybridization, variety, application, Azerbaijan XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 6 Chemical sciences METHYLATİON OF PHENOL WİTH ACİD CATALYSTS, STUDY OF THE MECHANİSM OF THE CATALYST Namazova Tarana Ilgar Sumgaıt State Unıversıty, Azerbaıjan ORCID ID: 0009-0005-2540-0646 Abstract In addition to the production of cresols based on the methylation of phenol, the formation of coke and the mechanism of the catalyst were investigated and studied by applying SiO2-Al2O3, zeolites impregnated on silicate, HZSM-5, HMCM-22 and HY catalysts to the process. The nature and density of surface acid centers were studied based on the adsorption and infrared spectra of pyridine. All these were deactivated during the reaction, and a linear correlation was observed between the deactivation rate of the initial catalysts and the amount of coke, which in turn resulted in a decrease in coke formation. Based on the studies conducted on the kinetics of coking, it was determined that a significant part of the coke is rapidly formed on the basis of the reactants. Only in the presence of methanol, a high amount of carbon is formed on the catalysts, up to 0.656.26. We can say this based on the examples of Bronsted acid centers. The amount of coke formed during the methylation of phenol was up to 3.85-14.9%. This, in turn, determines the role of phenol in the formation of coke. The effect of phenol and methanol on coke formation is observed by infrared spectroscopy. In the coking samples obtained by introducing methanol into the decomposition reaction, the presence of IR absorption bands of olefin compounds formed at Bronsted and Lewis acid centers was observed. Based on the studies conducted, we can say that the IR spectra showed aromatic and polyaromatic compounds adsorbed mostly at Lewis acid centers. Keywords: phenol, methanol, cresol, alkylation, temperature, pressure, catalyst, coke, spectrum, adsorption, methylation. Cresols are a key product that plays an important role in the synthesis of pesticides, antioxidants, herbicides, dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber and fibers. Since m-cresol is used in the chemical industry as antiseptics, preservatives, plastic additives and lubricants, the demand for this substance has increased year by year and continues to increase over time. For many years, many studies have been conducted to increase the yield and selectivity of meta-cresol and to prepare catalysts with high selectivity and high catalytic activity. In recent years, alkylphenols, especially methyl derivatives of cresol and xylenols, have been synthesized by various methods, and of course, the production of m-cresol from the alkylation of methylphenols still retains its relevance in the chemical industry. Phenol methyl esters: ortho-, meta-, paramethylphenols are synthesized from the interaction of phenol with methanol. O-cresols are obtained from the alkylation of phenol with methanol in the gas phase at temperatures of 673K and 773K in the presence of solid catalysts[1-5]. Currently, the production of mand p-cresols causes many problems related to corrosion and the negative impact of the used products on the environment. Therefore, the production of cresols based on the alkylation of phenol with methanol is carried out in the presence of acid catalysts [6-9]. Based on the data obtained, we can say that acidic zeolites, compared to alumina catalysts, form products such as anisole, cresols, xylenols and methylanisoles, etc. at relatively low temperatures, and at temperatures of 473-523K. However, the composition of the product depends on the nature of the surface acid centers and the structure of the catalyst. Some catalysts sometimes undergo strong deactivation in alkylation processes [10-13]. For this reason, extensive studies have not been conducted on the deactivation of solid acids due to the faster decrease in activity for the methylation of phenol to obtain cresol isomers. The methylation of phenol with alkyl halides is one of the processes that plays an important role in the modification of aromatic compounds. The presence of acid catalysts in methylation reactions not only increases the reaction rate and selectivity, but also leads to higher yields at lower temperatures and pressures. In this article, we focus on the mechanism of action of acid catalysts during the methylation of phenol, the structural structures of the catalysts and their effects under reaction conditions. We determine the selectivity of cresol using HMCM-22, HBEA and HZSM-5 zeolitecontaining catalysts [14-17]. As we know, the special structure, selectivity and selectivity of the HMCM-22 zeolite-containing catalyst are directed to a higher yield of the main products between p-cresol and o-cresol, XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 7 while reducing the formation of by-products. A decrease in the activity and selectivity of HMCM-22 is observed during the reaction, and based on this observation, our studies are directed to the methylation of phenol and more attention is paid to the decrease in the activity of the catalyst. In this article, we study the formation of coke during the methylation of phenol and the kinetics and mechanism of the catalyst. Our main goal in this study is to determine the cause of coke formation in the presence of catalysts containing a strong Bronsted acid center (HPA/SiO2), both Lewis and Bronsted acid centers, and to establish a relationship between catalyst deactivation and the nature of surface acid centers. In this study, catalysts with medium acidity (SiO2-Al2O3) were used in addition to highly active zeolites, such as HZSM-5, HBEA, HMCM-22, and HY. 1. General mechanism of the methylation process Phenol molecules have a high electron density due to the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring. Therefore, phenols are prone to electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. During the methylation process, the electrophilic methyl group interacts with the aromatic ring, leading to the formation of products mainly in the orthoand para-positions. This selectivity and selectivity property is explained by the electron-donating effect of the hydroxyl group: the hydroxyl group increases the reactivity of the aromatic ring, ensuring that the electrophile is directed mainly to the orthoand para-positions. The methylation process of phenol with methanol is expressed in the following general reaction: C6H5OH+ CH3OH CH3-C6H4-OH+ H2O The reaction mainly produces o-cresol and p-cresol. The reaction mainly occurs at high temperatures and in the presence of catalysts with high catalytic activity. Methanol is used in this process as both a methylating reagent and a source of carbonium ions. The selectivity and selectivity of the reaction depend on the acidity of the catalysts, the structure of the pore structure, and the reaction conditions. 1.1.Methanol activation mechanism Methanol interacts with acid centers to form methyl ions: CH3OH+ H+ CH3OH2+ CH3++ H2O Proton donor centers located on the surface of acid catalysts interact with the methanol molecule, protonating it and converting it into a methanol intermediate. This molecule then dissociates from the water molecule and produces a highly reactive ion. Methanol also interacts with the electrophilic phenol ring, releasing the methylated product. The -electrons on the phenol ring attack the electrophile and temporarily form a carbocation intermediate. The resulting product is cresol, a stable aromatic ring product upon protonation. The water released as a result of the reaction is removed, and the system ends with stable, methylated phenol products.𝜋 The released CH3+ ion reacts with the electron-rich aromatic ring of phenol to give methylated products in the orthoand parapositions. In this process, the hydroxyl group in the orthoand parapositions is more reactive due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the hydroxyl group. This leads to high selectivity and selectivity in these positions. Zeolites are heterogeneous catalysts with a crystalline aluminosilicate structure, characterized by high porosity and regular pore diameters. Mordenite and ZSM-5 are the most widely used zeolites. HZSM-5 catalysts have a medium-pore structure and strong Bronsted acid centers. They have a high effect on ortho and para selectivity. H-mordenite has wider pores and exhibits both Bronsted and Lewis acid properties. The porous structure of zeolites ensures diffusion and selective release of reaction products. This increases both conversion and selectivity. The activity of these catalysts is based on the type of active centers on their surface, their distribution, and their ability to maintain a constant temperature. The porous structure of zeolites affects not only the diffusion of reactants, but also the selectivity of the product obtained. 1.2. Experience: Catalyst preparation: The HY zeolite was prepared by triple ion exchange with ammonium chloride at 353K from the large industrial NaY zeolite. The zeolite HMCM-22 catalyst was prepared by the abovementioned method, and silicate, sodium hydroxide, hexamethylene and water were used during the process. A gel-like substance with a molar composition of SiO2/Al2O3=30, OH/SiO2=0,18 was added to a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave. The process was carried out in an oven at 423K for 7-10 days. It should be noted that the samples were first cleaned in air at 723K for 3 hours, and in particular, 2 hours were spent at 573K for the cleaning of the HPA/SiO2 sample. 1.3. Main characteristics of the catalyst: The crystal structure of the samples is determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method (using an XDD1 diffractometer). The density of acid sites is purified during the desorption process of adsorbed NH3 at 373K. Then, it is treated with 1% NH3/He for 40 minutes at 373K, and the weakly adsorbed NH3 at 373K is purified with He for 2 hours, and the NH3 concentration is measured by mass spectrometry. The nature of the surface acid sites XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 8 of the coked catalysts is determined using the pyridine molecule, and the coked samples are removed using an FTIR Prestige-21 spectrophotometer. The spectra of pyridine-added adsorbates at room temperature and the results obtained at 298K, 423K, 573K and 723K are compared. 1.4. Catalyst testing: Samples are heated at 723K in the presence of air for 2 hours before the reaction, and the alkylation of phenol with methanol in the gas phase in the presence of nitrogen at 473K is carried out in a fixed tube reactor. Catalytic processes are carried out at different times and samples are collected every 20 minutes. The removed gases are placed in a detector, and from there into columns with a length of 30 m and an internal diameter of 0.32 mm. After the reaction, the weakly adsorbed and also the reactant and the reaction products are desorbed. The modification of phenol and methanol is calculated according to the following formula: XP,M=(Y0P,M-YP,M)/Y0P,M Here, Y0P and Y0M are the mole fractions of phenol and methanol entering the reactor, and YP and YM are the mole fractions of phenol and methanol removed. 1.5. Phenol methylation process: activity and product distribution. The main products obtained from the alkylation of phenol with methanol are cresols, anisole, and xylenols. Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the time dependence of the conversion (XP) and selectivity (Si) of phenol synthesized at 473K. The alkylation reaction of phenol with methanol proceeds in two directions: in o-alkylation, phenol is converted to anisole, and in C-alkylation, o-cresol and p-cresol are directly separated. M-cresol is obtained by the sequential isomerization of oand p-cresols. HZSM-5 and HMCM-22 zeolites have similar activity and selectivity, so they have acidic properties. The studies conducted mainly revealed that the HBEA catalyst had significantly lower activity than HY. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 15 ENSURING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN TERMS OF IMPROVING THE RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF HEALTHCARE Manana Mariadashvili MD. PhD. Professor Georgian National University. Faculty of Medicine Tbilisi. Georgia. Davit Meparishvili Invited Professor Ilia State University. Tbilisi. Georgia Abstract The socio-economic security of the healthcare system, including public health, depends on the state's innovative level, the development of the resource potential of healthcare, including personnel, financial, etc. The socio-economic security of healthcare system depends on the provision of resources to the healthcare system, the level of infrastructure development in the healthcare system, the guarantee of access to quality medical services and the provision of sustainable innovative development of the system in accordance with future needs. From this it can be concluded that the socio-economic security of healthcare is the state of the system in which resistance to various types of threats is maintained. Keywords: social-economic security, healthcare system, resource potential of healthcare. National security National security can be defined as the state of the national socio-economic system, which ensures the protection of the interests of man, society, the state, the course of sustainable socio-economic development processes through timely identification and neutralization of existing and possible threats to national interests. A characteristic of economic security in the national security system is the fact that economic security provides the possibility of implementing other types of national security, including: social, military, informational, technical, environmental, etc. The state should be able to provide a level of security that ensures internal and external stability, which is necessary for the normal functioning of economic activity, the country's active participation in the international division of labor and competitiveness. It does not matter what healthcare system financing procedure is adopted in the country, the above functions that we have considered are implemented everywhere to a greater or lesser extent. The cost of each implemented function may differ. A model that shows the interrelationships between each element of the system will help to understand the mechanism of the system's operation. The main types of socio-economic security Socio-economic security is a state of the economy that ensures the stability of the socio-economic system from threats, supports the processes of reproduction, provides conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development, creates conditions for meeting the needs of man, society and the state. The increase in spending and investments in the healthcare sector undoubtedly creates a positive economic effect. This is both the creation of new jobs, and the stimulation of the use of medical services due to their quality and accessibility, increasing the potential of human capital, which is involved in all areas of the economy. The main types of socio-economic security include financial, macroeconomic, foreign economic, industrial, scientific and technological, investment, energy, social, demographic spheres. As a rule, the economic security of the state functions as a system, the main functions of which are divided into five groups: protective, regulatory, preventive, innovative and social. M. Grossman defines health as a consumer product and as a capital good. Health is directly part of the useful function of a person. As capital, health reduces the number of sick days and, accordingly, increases the number of days for both market and non-residential activities. Thus, ensuring a high level of public health affects a person's usefulness, not only due to the pleasure of his well-being, but also because it increases the ability to work (and, consequently, to earn a profit). People inherit an initial stock of health, which deteriorates over time, but they can invest in maintaining and enhancing it. Therefore, the demand for health care is derived from the demand for health. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 16 Scientists Kim and Lau conducted a study in 4 Pacific countries, where reliable information was available on physical capital stocks. In terms of modeling, the impact of health on growth rates of demand and a flexible approach to functional form emphasizes the form of the relationship between, including human capital and the outcome, economic development. It should be noted that investments in the healthcare system, if taken from the perspective of human capital development, are as necessary as investments in material production, since the healthcare system ensures the preservation, strengthening and restoration of the physical and spiritual health of the population, creates the country's production potential, and actively participates in the formation of national income (by saving and increasing individual and public funds). Effectiveness and the safety of medical care In the conditions of the effective functioning of health care systems, the formation of the structure of the concept of national, social and socio-economic security is especially necessary for their formal institutional, i.e. state, level and specific type. Also at this level, goals can be distinguished: health improvement, health maintenance, diagnosis and treatment, where the main task will be contact with a specific patient. In 2018, a forum was held in Tokyo to improve the effectiveness of medical care and the safety of patients' health. The main task of the forum was to raise awareness of the problem of patient safety. The adopted declaration, based on Resolution 55.18 of the World Health Assembly, calls for "paying as much attention as possible to patient safety" and "developing and strengthening evidence-based measures necessary to improve patient safety and health care, including drug monitoring, medical devices and technologies". S. Vlodartsik notes the dualism of the healthcare system in terms of real and conceptual approaches. On the one hand, it, as part of a single social system of a particular state, is clearly defined, consistent and ordered. From a conceptual point of view, the healthcare system is a schematic approximation of reality, its model. Therefore, the scientist formulates the following definition of the healthcare system: “The system as a whole is a set of interconnected parts, that is, people, processes, products, services, which are related to one goal” . At the same time, the following components of the system characteristic of the provision of medical services are necessary: its institutional principles; objects of the system (medical organizations); National specifics and norms of medical service provision generally accepted in society”. This broad understanding of the healthcare system brings it closer to the concept of the healthcare system, which, in turn, leads to the conclusion that an element of the healthcare system is the institutional component of the healthcare system. Universality of healthcare as a system According to international experience, if we talk about the universality of healthcare as a system, then it must meet certain criteria. First, this is the possibility of constant improvement of the system, using both market and institutional mechanisms, as well as achieving a sufficient level of their independence. Second, this is the determination of the directions, scales, as well as objects and subjects of system improvement. Third, this is the integration of the healthcare system with other social systems. Traditionally, in post-Soviet countries, where The Marxist approach to assessing national income dominated, it was believed that national wealth was created only in the material sphere. Since healthcare belongs to the intangible sphere, it was believed that there was no increase in national income in this sphere, and it was perceived that healthcare spending is one of the ways to consume public goods and was considered as a necessary budgetary constraint. This leads to negative accumulation processes and a decrease in overall well-being. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, the healthcare system operates around three pillars of service delivery: health protection, disease prevention and health promotion (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION). The effective functioning of the healthcare system as a whole and each of its levels depends on the effectiveness of all its individual components. The level that ensures individual Providing services to patients without creating appropriate conditions for maintaining health, preventing diseases, etc., is unlikely to be. Components of the healthcare system socio-economic security In order for the economic security structure of the healthcare system to be sound, it should include several components: • Financial - solvency of medical organizations, liquidity of assets of medical organizations, optimal capital structure; • Personnel - creation of conditions and provision of medical organizations with highly qualified medical personnel, as well as creation of conditions for organizing and ensuring the system of training and qualification improvement of medical personnel (Omanadze.K., 2023). XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 17 • Political and legal - legislative sphere to ensure the activities of medical organizations, the functioning of medical organizations within the framework of the legislative sphere; • Environmental protection - compliance with sanitary and epidemiological regulations, standards for working with biological and hazardous waste, strict compliance with legislation, optimization of financial costs in order to reduce financial losses; • Power - ensuring the safety of the property of medical organizations, creating a system of safety for patients and personnel; • Sanitary and epidemiological - ensuring the safety conditions for the activities of a medical organization, the possibility of which does not exist. Conclusions The problem of socio-economic security of health care is related to such issues as the medical, social and economic effectiveness of the activities of medical organizations, effective sanitary and preventive measures, the safety of medicines, epidemiological, etc. References 1. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Financial stability and risk assessment of the healthcare sector in Georgia. International Scientific Journal: European Science Review 7-8 2021. Premier Publishing. Vienna. Austria. pages 30-34 http://ppublishing.org/archive/journals/337/premier 2. Maridashvili M. , Meparishvili D. Anti-crisis strategies applications for company internal control in healthcare sector and pharmaceutical industry. „The European Journal of Economics and Management Sciences», Vienna, Austria N 2, 2020. pg. 27-30 http://ppublishing.org/upload/iblock/3db/Economics-2.pdf 3. Maridashvili M. , Meparishvili D. Anti-crisis Management as a tool for enhancing efficiency of financial accounting and internal control systems in health care companies. XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Social and Economic Aspects of Education in Modern Society», February 25. 2020, Warsaw, Poland. Conference materials pages 16-20. http://archive.ws-conference.com/books/ 4. Maridashvili M. , Meparishvili D. Relationship between the internal control and anti-crisis management in pharmaceutical companies. IX International Conference "Science and Society – Methods and Problems of Practical Application", Vancouver, Hamilton, Canada. February 15, 2020. Conference materials-pages 81-85 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 18 THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ASYMMETRY IN THE ALBANIAN ECONOMY AND IN THE BALKAN REGION Jona Marashi PhD., Mediterranean University of Albania Nikollaq Pano Assoc. Prof. Dr., Mediterranean University of Albania Abstract Albania presents a unique case in the Western Balkans due to its dual-currency nature. Although the Albanian currency (lek) remains the official currency, a significant share of economic activity de facto takes place in euros. This phenomenon, known as “Monetary Asymmetry,” expresses a partial euroization process that reflects the interplay between market forces, monetary policy, and regional financial integration. It is a source of structural weakness, because the financial system depends on a foreign currency, and simultaneously it is a strategic opportunity to enhance macroeconomic credibility and converge toward euro-area standards. In the broader context, financial asymmetry remains a common challenge for Western Balkan countries, two of which use euro as their national currency (Kosovo and Montenegro) and others that retain national currencies but have economies strongly influenced by the euro. This dependence constrains the monetary policy space of central banks, increases exposure to external shocks, and highlights institutional weaknesses in building stable financial markets. Nevertheless, it offers excellent opportunities because it spurs financial integration and consolidates macroeconomic discipline, creating conditions for gradual convergence with the European Union. The study uses a combined historical and empirical approach, analyzing economic data during international crises, including the 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 sovereign debt crisis, etc. Through a cross-regional comparative analysis, the paper aims to identify the challenges and opportunities that financial asymmetry creates for the stability of Albania’s monetary system and its role within the economic architecture of the Southwestern Balkans. Keywords: Monetary models, Bretton Woods, dollarization, Bank of Albania, economic crises, international monetary system, empirical methodology, etc. I. INTRODUCTION The political and economic changes in Eastern Europe after the 1990s, accompanied by the collapse of the Soviet bloc, triggered a fundamental transformation of the international monetary system. The transition from an old, bipolar world economy to a single system dominated by the United States consolidated the position of the U.S. dollar as the global hegemonic currency. This transition led to further centralization and strengthening of the dollar’s influence in international finance and significantly deepened the monetary asymmetry of the U.S. dollar. Changes in “monetary systems” were accompanied by the reformatting of “monetary models,” directly affecting financial markets. The rising weight of capital markets and financial globalization brought new challenges for economic stability, forcing central banks to adopt more flexible policies and more sophisticated intervention instruments. In this context, financial asymmetry emerged as a new dimension of inequality between developed economies and those in transition, including the Western Balkan countries. In Albania’s case, financial asymmetry takes a particular form through the process of partial euroization. Although the lek is the official currency, a large part of the economy operates in euros. This creates a sensitive dependence on external monetary policies and limits the Bank of Albania’s ability to influence the economy through traditional monetary policy instruments. At the same time, it reflects market confidence in the stability of the euro and constitutes an opportunity for deeper integration into European financial markets. This study analyzes the role of financial asymmetry in the Albanian economy and in the Western Balkans through a historical and empirical lens, seeking to understand how these developments have influenced financial-stability strategies and the region’s preparation for integration into the European monetary system. II. STUDY METHODOLOGY Analyzing the role of financial asymmetry in Albania and in the Western Balkans requires an integrated methodological approach combining theoretical, empirical, and cross-regional comparative analysis. Because financial asymmetry is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, it encompasses interactions among monetary policy, the structure of financial markets, macroeconomic stability, and European integration XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 19 processes. The study relies on a mixed-methods approach, allowing interpretation of both qualitative and quantitative data. The theoretical and conceptual approach is developed by outlining an analytical framework based on the international literature on euroization, monetary dependence, and financial asymmetry in small developing economies. Research from Mundell (1973) and Friedman (1963, 1982), as well as the “Optimum Currency Areas” (OCA) theories, are used to understand the advantages and costs of monetary dependence. This framework is complemented by contemporary literature on “financial asymmetry” and “monetary dependence,” which helps identify the institutional and structural dimensions of the phenomenon in the Western Balkan context. The qualitative and institutional analysis will focus on the policies of the Bank of Albania and the region’s central banks. This includes reviewing strategic documents, financial-stability reports, monetary statements, and annual publications to understand how national institutions address monetary dependence and its impact on financial stability. A content analysis will help identify similarities and institutional differences in policy approaches. The study also applies a cross-regional comparative approach, analyzing how Albania is positioned relative to other Western Balkan countries with respect to financial asymmetry dynamics. Such comparison makes it possible to identify common patterns of monetary dependence as well as specific elements related to domestic economic structures and the level of integration into European markets. The methodology’s goal is to build an interpretive framework explaining how financial asymmetry affects: macroeconomic stability, the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial-integration processes in the region, and the resilience of the banking system. Combining theoretical, empirical and institutional approaches will offer a balanced view of the challenges and opportunities that financial asymmetry creates for Albania and the Western Balkans, linking the phenomenon to broader developments in the European and global monetary system. III. RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES The phenomenon of financial asymmetry in Albania and the Western Balkans raises a series of important issues related to how dependence on foreign currencies, especially the euro, affects macroeconomic stability, the effectiveness of monetary policy, and the outlook for financial integration. Drawing on the existing literature on euroization and monetary-dependence theories, this study aims to analyze the relationships between the degree of financial asymmetry and the economic performance of countries in the region. In this context, the main research question is: • How does financial asymmetry affect macroeconomic stability and the effectiveness of monetary policy in Albania and in Western Balkan countries? A supporting question that complements the analysis is: • Does partial euroization constitute an obstacle to the monetary independence of Western Balkan countries, or an instrument for enhancing macroeconomic credibility and financial integration? From these questions arise the following research hypotheses: • Main hypothesis (H1): A higher degree of financial asymmetry negatively affects the effectiveness of monetary policy and increases the dependence of regional economies on euro-area monetary policies. • Supporting hypothesis (H2): A high level of euroization contributes to short-term price stability but reduces macroeconomic flexibility during crisis periods. These hypotheses will be tested through econometric and comparative analysis between Albania and other Western Balkan countries, aiming to reveal the causal links between monetary dependence and regional economic resilience. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL CONTEXT The collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement (1944–1971) marked the end of a regulated and predictable international monetary system (Angjeli, 2024). Thereafter, the world moved to a system of flexible exchange rates, with no central mechanism to regulate balance. It is precisely this absence of a global regulator that creates asymmetry: countries with strong currencies (such as the dollar and the euro) gain an unwarranted advantage, while small economies suffer from unpredictable exchange-rate fluctuations and the influence of foreign monetary policies. Thus, today’s monetary asymmetry is a direct consequence of the breakdown of that system in which gold was the basis of monetary circulation. Mundell (1973) had earlier anticipated the mechanisms that would be activated after monetary liberalization. These developments gained global scale after 1982 with the economic policies pursued by Ronald Reagan in the U.S. and Margaret Thatcher in the U.K. Mundell contributed significantly to shaping monetarist theories and understanding the new dynamics of the global monetary system after the fall of the previous Bretton Woods regime. This period also saw the increased role of international institutions such as XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 20 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, which began to have greater influence in managing crises and regulating the global financial system. Kindleberger (1986) offered an in-depth analysis of the role of the U.S. dollar’s monetary asymmetry, emphasizing the impact of monetary policies in the post-1980s period. In the same vein, Eichengreen (1996) notes that the decoupling of the dollar from the gold standard and the move toward freely floating currencies created fertile ground for the emergence of international crises. He analyzes in detail the evolution of the international monetary system after the dismantling of the Bretton Woods structure. Alongside structural changes in the monetary system, new ideas spread about managing monetary policy, led by the monetarist school. One of the most prominent figures of this approach, Nobel laureate Milton Friedman, contributed to a new perspective on the impact of free monetary policies and the importance of controlling inflation, particularly after the Bretton Woods period. According to him, the liberalization of financial markets and the free movement of currencies were essential for a more efficient economic system. Helleiner (1994) analyzes this transition from a centralized system toward a structure favoring global finance, due to rapid market and capital liberalization. In the same spirit, Stiglitz (2002) deepens the analysis by examining the impact that globalization and liberalization had on national economies and monetary policies after Bretton Woods. The research from Krugman brought an analysis of the impact of international policies and economic integration on the development of the global monetary system, emphasizing the growing importance of the common currency, the euro, and the role that the European Union played in building a common monetary area. According to him, the euro marked a key moment because it was one of the few cases in history—and the only one after World War II—when the creation of a “monetary model” was able to build a “monetary system.” It is broadly accepted that since 2000, both the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank (ECB) have played important roles in stabilizing global financial markets. During financial crises, such as those in 2008, 2011, and 2020, central banks used quantitative easing (QE) and low interest rates to stimulate growth and maintain stability in the international monetary system. In Albanian economy context, the main problem is not simply the existence of euroization but the asymmetry in the transmission of Bank of Albania (BoA) monetary-policy signals. When the BoA lowers policy rates to stimulate the economy, the effect is not effectively transmitted to a large part of the system because euro-denominated loans are linked to the EURIBOR rate, which is set by the European Central Bank (ECB). This makes domestic monetary policy “unbalanced” and ineffective. He treats euroization as a symptom of a deeper issue: a lack of trust in institutions and in the domestic currency. The asymmetry lies in the fact that the BoA loses its primary policy tool (the interest rate) for managing money supply and demand in the economy. Effective control of money is decentralized and transferred to the ECB, without being part of that authority. On the other hand, we can say this also represents a new opportunity for regional development at a time when Kosovo and Montenegro have the euro as their official currency and other Balkan countries outside the EU are preparing to integrate into the European financial system. V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The key indicators of financial asymmetry in figures can be analyzed using the data below. The key indicators such as foreign-currency deposits in the Southeast European countries, the level of loans in those countries, and the exchange rate are taken as basic assessing elements. The first element analyzed is foreign-currency deposits. Their situation for 2023 is presented in the following table. Table 1. Foreign-currency deposits in WB, 2023 Source: Data processed by the respective countries’ central banks. It should be noted that Kosovo and Montenegro have the euro as their national currency; therefore, their foreign-currency deposits are very low and consist mainly of dollars and pounds sterling. Albania ranks first 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Deposits in Euro (% of total deposits) Western Balkan Countries Deposits in Euro (% of total deposits) Albania 45% North Macedonia 42% Serbia 28% Bosnia and Herzegovina 38% Kosova (in non-euro currency) 0.8% Montenegro ( in non-euro currency ) 1.5% XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 21 in euro-denominated deposits, but it is also evident that other countries such as North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have high levels of euro deposits. This highlights a high dependence of the economy on monetary asymmetry but simultaneously stimulates other elements related to the balance of payments and foreign investment. Serbia is an exception, with a lower percentage and a more balanced asymmetry. Another important indicator of monetary asymmetry is “loans issued in euros”, presented in Table 2. Table 2. Euro-denominated loans in WB countries Source: Data processed by the respective countries’ central banks. Albania and North Macedonia emerge as the countries with the highest exposure to euro-denominated loans. This shows a deep dependence of their financial systems on a foreign currency, which makes them highly sensitive to ECB monetary-policy decisions and to EURIBOR fluctuations. Bosnia and Herzegovina is in an intermediate position. Its unique system of “cantonization” and the tight link of the domestic currency (the Convertible Mark) to the euro contribute to this considerable level of euroization. Serbia is a special case, with a markedly lower percentage. This is the result of deliberate and successful policies by the National Bank of Serbia to reduce dependence on the euro through measures such as: • Requirements and conditions on the use of foreign currencies domestically, especially in retail transactions; • Promotion of fixed-rate dinar loans; • Continuous market interventions to stabilize the dinar. Another very interesting consequence of financial asymmetry is the exchange rate of domestic currencies against the euro in these countries. In this analysis we leave aside Kosovo and Montenegro because they have the euro as their national currency Table 3.). Table 3. Change in the exchange rate, January 2021 – December 2024 Country & Currency Currency System Ex. Rate beginning of 2021 Local Currency/ Euro Ex. Rate at the end of 2024 Local Currency/ Euro Changes in % 2021-2024 Albania (LEK-ALL) Floating Ex. Rate with intervention by the Central Bank 123,7 98,14 26,04% Serbia (Dinar - RSD) Floating Ex. Rate with intervention by the Central Bank 117,131 116,641 0,42% North Macedonia (Denar - MKD) Fix Ex. Ratem rigidly maintained (de facto peg) 60,9379 61,0822 -0,24% Bosnia and Herzegovina (Convertible Mark - BAM) (Currency Board ) System 1,95583 1,95583 0,00% The figures above show that Albania has a trend of strengthening of the domestic currency, conditioned by the following main factors: • Rising revenues from tourism and other exported services (construction for foreigners and outwardoriented services such as garment processing and IT services); • Growth in remittances, which remains an important source of foreign currency; • Inflows of foreign investment, primarily from Albanians who have lived abroad for many years. The Bank of Albania’s policy of purchasing foreign currency to increase reserves and to curb the lek’s rapid appreciation—which could harm the competitiveness of domestic exporters—has had a limited impact. In Serbia, the stability of the dinar is a core part of the NBS strategy. The RSD has remained relatively stable over the past decade, a phenomenon notable compared with larger fluctuations in other Western Balkan currencies. This monetary stability is linked to several intertwined economic, institutional, and political factors that have created a lasting balance in Serbia’s FX market. The main ones are: 0% 20% 40% 60% Albania Serbia Deposits in Euro (% e totals) Loan granted in Euro in Western Balkan Countries Deposits in Euro (% e totals) Albania 57% North Macedonia 48% Serbia 28% Bosnia and Hercegovina 43% XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 22 • A prudent monetary policy by the National Bank of Serbia following a managed-float regime, intervening to smooth large swings without artificially fixing the rate—boosting market confidence and preventing unexpected devaluations; • Relatively high foreign-exchange reserves—often exceeding €20 billion—giving the central bank room for effective interventions when speculative pressure or demand for foreign currency rises; reserves strengthened by steady FDI inflows, especially from Germany, Italy, and Hungary; • Fiscal discipline and inflation control: the budget deficit has been kept manageable and public debt below 55% of GDP, reinforcing macro credibility; inflation—though affected by external factors such as energy and food prices—has been generally kept in check through coordinated monetary and fiscal policies; • Structurally, steady FX earnings from exports—especially autos, IT, and agriculture—create a continuous FX flow that helps balance euro demand, reducing pressure on the dinar even during geopolitical uncertainty (e.g., the war in Ukraine or regional tensions); • Finally, relative political stability and gradual EU-integration have improved perceptions of the Serbian economy’s resilience. The combination of cautious monetary policy, strong FX inflows, and a disciplined fiscal framework has kept the dinar notably more stable than other regional currencies. From the table above, the stability of North Macedonia’s denar (MKD) stands out as one of the country’s most consistent macroeconomic achievements in recent years. Unlike other Balkan countries, North Macedonia follows a fixed exchange-rate policy against the euro, which has ensured strong price stability. This resilience results from a combination of institutional, economic, and political factors that have created a predictable and stable monetary environment. Key factors include: • A fixed-rate regime against the euro. The National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia (NBRNM) has kept the rate at roughly 61.5 denars per euro since 1995, maintaining it with active FX-market interventions. This model—similar to a currency board though more flexible—has created strong stability and realistic expectations for broader macroeconomic stability. High FX reserves and conservative monetary management have been the pillars of this stability. The central bank holds reserves covering several months of imports, guaranteeing the ability to defend the peg at all times. These reserves are fed by remittances, stable exports (especially textiles and auto industry), and foreign capital inflows into manufacturing sectors. • Another important factor is fiscal discipline and the effort toward gradual EU integration. Macedonian governments have generally pursued cautious budget policy, with deficits and public debt at sustainable levels (usually below 60% of GDP). This has strengthened confidence in monetary-policy sustainability and reduced risks of domestic pressure on the exchange rate. Strong trade links with the EU also make the economy naturally oriented toward the euro as the reference currency; since over 75% of trade is with EU members, maintaining a fixed rate helps stabilize the trade balance and avoid FX risks for exporters. • Finally, high confidence in the domestic currency has reduced speculative pressures and consolidated the denar’s role as a stable means of payment. Overall, the combination of a fixed exchange-rate policy, fiscal discipline, solid reserves, and close integration with the European economy explains why the denar remains one of the most stable currencies in the Western Balkans. The exchange rate of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Convertible Mark (BAM) is among the most stable in the region, as the country follows a currency-board system that pegs the currency to the euro. Established after the war in 1997, this mechanism aims to preserve monetary stability and restore confidence in the financial system. Under this model, each BAM in circulation is fully backed by foreign-exchange reserves in euros, meaning the central bank cannot issue money without equal backing in a hard currency. This structure eliminates the possibility of active monetary policy, preventing government money printing and containing inflation. As a result, the euro rate has remained unchanged for more than two decades, at roughly 1 euro = 1.95583 BAM. In essence, the lack of movement in the BAM’s exchange rate is a direct consequence of the currency-board design, which guarantees stability but also limits monetary-policy flexibility during crises. VI. CONCLUSIONS From the analysis of the three key indicators, foreign-currency deposits, euro-denominated loans, and exchange-rate changes (2021–2024), the monetary asymmetry characterizing Southeast European countries is clear. These data show that despite economic integration and proximity to the euro area, the region remains heterogeneous in terms of financial asymmetry. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. High levels of euroization in Albania and North Macedonia indicate strong dependence on a foreign currency. In 2023, about 45% of deposits and 57% of loans in Albania were in euros, while in North Macedonia the figures were 42% and 48%, respectively. This shows deep financial asymmetry between national monetary policy and the real use of the euro in the financial system. In these countries, the exchange rate and interest XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 23 rates are indirectly dependent on ECB policies, restricting the autonomy of domestic central banks. In essence, Albania and North Macedonia have “partially euroized” systems in which national monetary stability depends on a currency not controlled by domestic authorities. 2. Serbia and Bosnia represent two opposing models of monetary stability. Serbia has the lowest level of active euroization (28%) and a relatively flexible exchange rate, well managed by the central bank. This has allowed the country to maintain extraordinary dinar stability (only a 0.42% change over 2021–2024). By contrast, Bosnia and Herzegovina operates under a currency board and has a completely fixed rate to the euro, with 0% fluctuation. This system eliminates exchange-rate risk but drastically limits monetary policy. Thus, while both countries achieve stability, Serbia maintains it through active interventions, and Bosnia through rigid convertibility mechanisms—two different paths that reveal the asymmetric nature of monetary control in the region. 3. Kosovo and Montenegro are “fully euroized” economies—no FX risk, but no monetary instruments. In Kosovo and Montenegro, using the euro as legal tender eliminates exchange-rate risk; only 0.8% and 1.5% of deposits, respectively, are in non-euro foreign currencies. This ensures full monetary stability but removes any capacity for national monetary policy, since there is no central bank that can influence money supply or interest rates. This “imposed” stability benefits investors and trade but makes the economy more sensitive to ECB cycles and the lack of mechanisms to respond to local crises. 4. Monetary asymmetry reinforces a “dual” split in the region: countries with monetary autonomy vs. those dependent on the euro. The data show a clear divide: Serbia and, to some extent, North Macedonia retain a certain level of monetary independence, whereas Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Montenegro are heavily dependent on the euro. This creates a regional asymmetry in how each country responds to external shocks—for example, ECB rate hikes. While Serbia can use the dinar’s exchange rate as a shock absorber, Bosnia and Kosovo have no flexibility. This split deepens economic divergence and shows that monetary integration in Southeast Europe is uneven, reflecting not only policy choices but also varying levels of institutional credibility and financial development. 5. Albania’s current position relative to other Western Balkan monetary systems is characterized by a high degree of euroization. This creates a dual opportunity to preserve monetary flexibility while benefiting from the stability offered by linkage to the euro. If carefully managed, this situation can be transformed from a source of uncertainty into a strategic economic advantage. Concrete directions for Albania to benefit and what must be undertaken to exploit them, include: o Strengthening confidence in the lek to reduce euroization and increase the impact of monetary policy. Currently about 45% of deposits and 57% of loans are in euros, signaling heavy foreign-currency dependence that weakens the effectiveness of BoA policy. To capitalize on the current exchange-rate stability, Albania should raise confidence in the lek by keeping inflation low, developing domestic lek-denominated financial instruments, and encouraging deposits and loans in the domestic currency through tax incentives and favorable rates. This way, Albania can retain the benefits of integration with European markets without losing the ability to respond independently to economic shocks. o Using a flexible exchange rate as a buffer against external shocks. Unlike Bosnia or North Macedonia, Albania has a free-floating exchange-rate system. Combined with prudent monetary policy, this can serve as a natural shock absorber in international crises (e.g., energy-price spikes or euro fluctuations). If the BoA uses the exchange rate carefully, it can protect export competitiveness and maintain price stability without sacrificing growth. o Deepening financial integration with the euro area through institutional reforms. Since the euro plays a dominant role in Albania’s finance and trade, the country should take advantage of this monetary asymmetry to move closer to EU standards: strengthen the independence and capacities of the BoA in line with ECB practices; harmonize banking and fiscal regulations with EU directives; and encourage FDI through a stable, predictable financial environment. This would better prepare Albania for potential participation in the EU’s Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) in the future, paving the way for fuller monetary integration. o Economic diversification and reducing dependence on FX inflows. High euroization often relates to reliance on remittances and tourism, sources that are unstable in the long run. To make current stability durable, Albania should develop higher-value-added export sectors (technology, agro-processing, services), promote the use of the lek in domestic trade and public contracts, and improve reserve-management to balance liquidity with exchange-rate stability. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 24 Albania is in a favorable position to combine the benefits of integration with the euro area and the monetary autonomy it still possesses. By strengthening confidence in the lek, using exchange-rate flexibility strategically, and steering the financial system toward European standards, the country can transform euroization from a risk into an instrument of long-term development and stability. References 1. Angjeli, A. (2024) Institutions of Bretton Woods and Albania. Albanian Academy of Sciences & MUA. Albania 2. Bank of Albania https://www.bankofalbania.org/ 3. Bordo, Michael D. & Schwartz, Anna J. (1999) The Gold Standard and Beyond: The Rise and Fall of the International Monetary System. 4. Broadberry, S., & Harrison, M. (2005). The Economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press. 5. Eichengreen, B. (1992). Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919– 1939. Oxford University Press. 6. Eichengreen, Barry. (1996) Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. 7. Friedman, Milton. (1963) A Monetary History of the United States. NY, USA 8. Friedman, Milton. (1982) Capitalism and Freedom. NY, USA 9. Harrison, M. (1998). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. 10. Helleiner, Eric. (1994) States and the Reemergence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to the 1990s. 11. International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook: Managing Divergent. 12. Kindleberger, Charles P. (1986) The World in Depression 1929–1939. 13. Krugman, Paul. (2009) The Return of Depression Economics. 14. Mundell, Robert (1973) Monetary Theory: Interest, Inflation, and Growth in the World Economy. 15. Radelet, S., & Sachs, J. D. (1998). “The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1998(1), 1–90. 16. Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. 17. Shiller, R. J. (2000). Irrational Exuberance. Princeton University Press. 18. Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002) Globalization and Its Discontents. 19. Yergin, D. (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. Free Press.Recoveries, Washington DC, April 1991. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 31 should be to ensure competition and open market participation for drilling companies, reducing the average cost of drilling and completion to 5–8 MMUSD per well [6]. Mexico has declared a goal to achieve 45% of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES): solar, wind, hydro, and others by 2030 [11]. However, the implementation of renewable energy projects continues to face serious challenges, including aging transmission infrastructure, lack of energy storage facilities, regulatory uncertainty for private and foreign investors, high financial risks, and social and environmental conflicts at project sites. While small-scale distributed solar projects (e.g., rooftop installations) remain economically viable even without direct subsidies due to tax incentives, large private renewable projects have stagnated since 2018, following the withdrawal of government subsidies. The federal government prioritizes building renewable capacity through the state-owned utility CFE, rather than through private investors. According to Ember (2024), the combined share of solar and wind power in Mexico’s electricity generation is ≈13% [12]. A particularly ambitious initiative is the Plan Sonora, a government-led project to construct a 1 GW solar megastation. The first 120 MW phase was launched in 2023, yet the project faces public resistance, as it focuses primarily on infrastructure, logistics, and lithium extraction, rather than on community-based clean energy generation [13]. Although renewable energy sources - solar, wind, and hydro are often labeled as “clean,” their environmental impacts are not eliminated, but rather transformed. For example, solar panel production requires significant resources, including rare earth metals, silicon, and high energy inputs for smelting and processing. Moreover, end-of-life management of photovoltaic (PV) panels remains an unresolved issue: panels contain toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, and tellurium, and their average service life is ~25 years, after which most are discarded into landfills. According to the IEA/IRENA Task 12 report [13], by 2050, global PV waste could reach ~78 MMtonnes. As noted in “How to tackle the looming challenge of solar PV panel recycling” (PNAS, 2025) [14], only ~10% of retired PV panels are currently recycled, with the remainder sent to landfills, burial, or incineration. In Mexico’s Jalisco state, the first PV recycling plant is still under development, projected to process 1,000 tonnes per year with investment of ~12–15 million pesos. As a non-profit initiative, the facility will likely require state subsidies, tax exemptions, or grants, as do most “green” projects at early stages. Wind energy also entails significant material inputs - concrete, steel, and large land areas and can affects bird populations and local landscapes. In 2024, the share of wind energy in Mexico’s total generation was approximately 6% [15]. Wind projects face grid, infrastructure, and land-rights challenges, as well as social resistance. At least two major projects: Gunaa Sicarú Wind Farm and Mareña Renovables Wind Projectwith a combined cost of around 1.5 BUSD, were cancelled due to local and indigenous community protests [16]. Hydropower in Mexico is undergoing structural decline, driven by aging infrastructure, water scarcity, community opposition, and lack of investment incentives. Hydroelectric plants are not fully “green,” as they alter river ecosystems, disrupt fish migration, and affect local climates. They have also become less reliable energy sources, as seasonal flow variations can cause 30–50% output reductions during drought years. According to CONAGUA, reservoir levels have decreased by 20–30% on average over the past decade, particularly in central and northern states [17]. The La Parota project (Guerrero) was suspended after protests over the potential flooding of 17 villages and the relocation of ~25,000 residents. Such conflicts have created a public perception of hydropower as “socially risky”, especially following failed wind energy cases (e.g., Oaxaca). According to CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad), about 70% of Mexico’s hydropower plants require major rehabilitation, but no funding has been allocated. National energy strategies have shifted priority toward solar and wind, which require less land and fewer social negotiations. Promising opportunities remain only for small-scale hydropower (1–10 MW) in southern mountain regions with stable river flow and minimal resettlement needs. All of Mexico’s nuclear power generation is concentrated in a single operating facility - the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (Veracruz), constructed in the 1980s with U.S. assistance. The plant’s total capacity is 1640 MW (two GE BWR-5 reactors). It remains fully dependent on foreign technology, equipment, and nuclear fuel, primarily from the United States and Japan. According to the IAEA and independent industry reviews, the average cost of electricity generation at Laguna Verde is 100–120 USD per MWh, compared to 40–50 USD per MWh for large-scale solar power projects [18, 19]. Thus, nuclear energy remains the least competitive low-carbon source in Mexico due to high capital costs, fuel import dependency, and the absence of economies of scale. There is still no centralized repository for radioactive waste; spent fuel is stored temporarily on-site at Laguna Verde. Moreover, Mexico lacks national legislation defining a long-term radioactive waste management strategy. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 32 Thus, the transition to “green energy” is not so much a path toward complete environmental purity as it is a search for balance between energy security, sustainability, and minimal ecosystem disruption. According to 2019 data, Mexico ranks sixth globally after the United States, the Philippines, Indonesia, Turkey, and New Zealand—in installed geothermal power capacity, which is estimated at 951 MW. The largest geothermal plants, Cerro Prieto II and Cerro Prieto III, each have an installed capacity of 220 MW. Although geothermal energy is classified as renewable and green, studies [20, 21] indicate that in the area of the Cerro Prieto geothermal complex (Baja California, Mexico), mercury concentrations in surface soils range from 0.01 to 0.26 mg/kg. The same studies report that geothermal brine leaks lead to elevated concentrations of elements such as arsenic (up to 8 mg/L) and boron compounds (up to 125 mg/L) both within and up to 10 km beyond the geothermal field. These findings suggest that geothermal projects, despite being labeled as “renewable and clean,” can pose localized environmental risks, including soil and water contamination by heavy metals and toxic elements. For Mexico where geothermal fields are situated in volcanically active regions, often adjacent to rural communities such research holds particular importance. Mexico has made official commitments to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by approximately 35% by 2030 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Environmental issues, however, are often subject to politicization and speculative interpretation, overshadowing scientific evidence. Recent studies increasingly highlight that higher atmospheric CO₂ concentrations can in fact promote plant biomass growth, a phenomenon known as the CO₂ fertilization effect. According to Zhu et al. (2016), elevated CO₂ concentrations exert a strong stimulatory influence on photosynthesis, leading to a global increase in vegetation biomass by approximately 10% over the past three decades. This effect has been further confirmed by other studies (Donohue et al., 2013; Le Quéré et al., 2022), which observed accelerated biomass accumulation and increased leaf area index particularly in semi-arid regions of the world. The Mexican government’s environmental commitments, shaped largely by the global green agenda, contrast with current economic and technical realities. At this stage, shale hydrocarbon projects represent a more economically and environmentally rational option. The profitability of shale projects is considerably higher: shale wells typically achieve full payback within 1–2 years, whereas solar and wind farms require 10– 15 years to reach break-even. Natural gas-fired power plants (Fig. 5) produce more than 60% of Mexico’s total electricity generation. Fig. 5 – Electricity generation mix in Mexico (%), IEA, Mexico 2024 [22] At the same time, Mexico imports most of its gas from the United States - about 5.5 Bft3/day (2019) through pipelines and receives liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the U.S., Qatar, Nigeria, and Peru. This occurs despite the country’s significant untapped domestic reserves of natural (shale) gas. Such a situation creates a paradoxical dependency on external suppliers, despite the availability of local resources. It reinforces Mexico’s energy vulnerability and price exposure to the U.S. market while simultaneously hindering the development of a self-sufficient national energy sector and slowing the transition toward genuinely sustainable energy that is, energy systems with minimal environmental externalities. The electricity generation mix reflects the structure of power generation by source that is, which technologies actually deliver electricity to the national grid (Table 1). gas 62% oil/diesel 7.4 coal 7.6 hydro 6.2 wind 5.1 sun 6.2 nuclear 3,0 others 7,4 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 33 Its composition directly mirrors a country’s dependence on fossil fuels, the extent of renewable energy integration, climatic and seasonal conditions (e.g., variations in hydropower output), and the technological maturity of its power system (for example, the share of modern combined-cycle gas turbines compared to outdated fuel-oil units). Table 1 Share of energy sources in Mexico’s electricity generation mix (% of total generation) Year Gas % Oil/ Diesel, % Coal, % Hydro, % Wind % Sun % Nuclear % Others (geo-, bio-)% Source 2000 16.7 49.2 9.2 17.3 0 0 4.5 3.1 (SENER). Balance Nacional de Energía 2000 2003 54.5 12.3 13 14.5 0 0 2.4 3.2 SENER). Balance Nacional de Energía 2003 2010 50.9 15.6 13.2 15.1 0.1 0 2.4 2.7 Balance Nacional de Energía 2010 (SENER) + IEA 2015 59.9 10.1 10.9 9.9 3 0.3 4 1.9 CEICData. Mexico, (SENER 2016) 2020 60 10 5 8.5 6 3 4 3.5 Our World in Data / IEA 2020 2022 59 8 8 10 6 6 3 0,3 SENER PRODESEN 2023-2037 2023 61 7 5 9 9 7 3 1 IEA / Ember 2024 2024 62 7.4 7.6 6.2 5.1 6.2 3 2.5 (IEA). Mexico 2035 75 4 3 4 5 5 1 3 Author’s forecast In the case of Mexico, the electricity generation mix is a truly key indicator, as electric power accounts for approximately 20 % of the nation’s final energy consumption. The structure of electricity generation is closely linked to the energy policies of the state-owned utility CFE and the Ministry of Energy (SENER). However, the electricity mix only shows the composition of power generation—what fuels and technologies produce electricity. Electricity itself represents only one-fifth of total energy use, while the remaining ≈ 80 % is associated with other sectors: • Transport: gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, natural gas, biofuels; • Industrial heat and steam: oil, coal, and gas used for heating, smelting, cement, and metal production; • Residential and commercial energy: cooking and heating fuels such as gas, wood, coal, and biomass; • Agriculture and extractive industries: diesel, oil, and gas used off-grid. Indeed, the “green transformation” in Mexico (as elsewhere in the world) primarily concerns the electricity sector that is, how electricity is produced. Other sectors: transportation, industry, heating, and agriculture remain largely dependent on fossil fuels. Integrating renewable energy sources (RES) requires new transmission lines and energy-storage facilities, which means additional costs. Solar projects frequently encounter community resistance related to land disputes and leasing conflicts. In contrast, for shale hydrocarbon projects, the pipeline and transmission infrastructure already exists (the northern regions are connected to Texas), and no new gas-pipeline construction is required, since new gas-fired power plants (GTPPs) can be built within producing regions such as Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco. Land for shale projects is often state-owned, and Pemex, the national oil company, obtains access through federal regulation. Renewables depend on sunlight and wind, require backup generation capacity, and typically rely on government subsidies. Shale gas, by contrast, provides a stable and high-capacity source of electricity generation and reduces Mexico’s energy dependence on the United States. The development of the Agua Nueva and Pimienta shale formations, beginning in 2027, could allow Mexico to produce an additional 3–5 Bft³/day of gas by 2030 and to achieve long-term gas self-sufficiency by 2033, even enabling exports to neighboring Latin American countries. By 2032, up to 75 % of Mexico’s electricity could be generated from natural gas, currently the cleanest and most efficient fossil fuel available. Therefore, the most effective and economically sound energy policy for Mexico in the coming decades should focus on the development and production of shale hydrocarbons. This strategy will strengthen technological capacity and create a foundation for a gradual transition toward truly renewable, environmentally safe, and low-waste energy sources, including hydrogen, electromagnetic, and nano-ether energy systems [23]. Conclusion Mexico’s energy future will depend on achieving a rational balance between environmental sustainability and national energy security. While the global green agenda emphasizes the rapid transition to renewable energy sources, technological, economic, and infrastructural realities demonstrate that fossil fuels—particularly shale hydrocarbons— XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 34 will remain essential for the country’s development in the medium term. The exploitation of the Pimienta and Agua Nueva shale formations offers Mexico a unique opportunity to strengthen its domestic energy base, reduce dependency on imports, and secure the financial resources needed for the long-term development of truly clean energy technologies. At the same time, the experience of the United States and Argentina shows that modern shale development can be both economically viable and environmentally responsible when advanced technologies are applied—such as directional hydraulic fracturing, water recycling, and environmental monitoring. For Mexico, the adoption of these practices would not only minimize environmental risks but also generate tens of thousands of jobs and stimulate technological innovation across related industries. By 2033, the combined production from shale formations could fully ensure Mexico’s gas self-sufficiency, and by 2040–2050 the country may become a net exporter of hydrocarbons, achieving energy independence and price stability for decades ahead. In the long run, the revenues and technological expertise gained from shale energy projects can provide the foundation for a gradual, science-based transition to next-generation renewable systems including hydrogen, electromagnetic, and nano-ether technologies. Thus, Mexico’s strategic path lies not in rejecting hydrocarbons, but in integrating them intelligently into a diversified, sustainable energy framework that balances economic efficiency, environmental responsibility, and technological progress. References 1. International Energy Agency. 2025. Global Energy Review 2025. Paris: IEA. 2. Сербина Е.В. Зеленый потенциал углеводородной энергетики. // Инновационные технологии в нефтегазовой отрасли. Проблемы устойчивого развития территорий: Сборник трудов. – Ставрополь: Бюро новостей, 2023. – С. 496-499 3. Бочкарев В.А. Концепция освоения сланцевых углеводородов – М.: ДПК Пресс, 2021. – 332 с. https://doi.org/10.25996/3923.2023.74.51.001 4. Бочкарев В.А., Бочкарев А.В. Восполняемые запасы залежей углеводородов. – М.: ОАО «ВНИИОЭНГ». – 2017. – 276 с. https://doi.org/10.61726/3912.2024.76.35.001 5. Бочкарев А.В., Бочкарев В.А. Катагенез и прогноз нефтегазоносности недр // ВНИИОЭНГ. - 2006. - 321 с. https://doi.org/10.61726/9424.2024.69.60.001 6. Bochkarev V., Krivobokov D., Bochkarev Art. Development of the Pimienta shale formation –the key to the growth of daily oil production in Mexico. - Znanstvena misel journal, Slovenia, 105. 2025. P. 1120. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17012660 7. Bochkarev V. Principles and approaches of the geological and geophysical studies, Development and Production of HC shale. Danish Scientific Journal, 82, 2024. P. 9-20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10899563 8. Bochkarev, V.A.; Krivobokov, D.M.; Bochkarev, Art.V. Gas potential of Eagle Ford/ Agua Nueva formation in Mexico. Annali d’Italia, Scientific journal of Italy, 65, 2025. P. 11-20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15089357 9. Бочкарев В.А., Сербина Е.В. Сланцевые УВ и глобальная энергетическая трансформация. // Инновационные технологии в нефтегазовой отрасли. V Международная научно-практическая конференция, посвященная 90-летию со дня рождения профессора Тагирова К. М.: Сборник трудов. – Ставрополь: АГРУС Ставропольского государственного аграрного университета, 2024. – С. 42-5 10. Ricardo Veiga, Maria Eugenia Aniasi, Raul Gutierrez, Andrea Cote Melo. Evaluación del potencial No Convencional del Jurásico Superior de la Cuenca Tampico Misantla. CMP, 19-22 de Junio, 2024 11. México. Presidencia de la República. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2025-2030. Ciudad de México: Gobierno de México, 2024. 256 p. 12. International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook 2023. Paris: IEA, 2023. 13. Recycling of Discarded Photovoltaic Solar Modules for Metal Recovery: A Review and Outlook for the Future / Nikhil Dhawan. — Energy & Fuels, 2022, Vol. 36, No. 24. 14. Xia, S., Yang, Y., Poon, J. P. H., et al. How to tackle the looming challenge of solar PV panel recycling // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. — 2025. — Vol. 122, No. 27. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2417921122. 15. IMARC Group. Mexico Wind Energy Market Report 2025-2033. Report ID SR112025A24622: https://www.imarcgroup.com/mexico-wind-energy-market. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 35 16. Cervantes Lozornio, Eduardo Jonan; Simões, André Felipe. Social, Environmental and Economic Externalities Related to the Implementation of Wind Energy Projects on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Management and Sustainability. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 1. Pp. 169-: https://ideas.repec.org/a/ibn/jmsjnl/v12y2022i1p169.html. 17. Comisión Nacional del Agua. Estadísticas del Agua en México 2021: https://files.conagua.gob.mx/conagua/publicaciones/Publicaciones/EAM%202021.pdf. 18. ALONSO, G. Alternatives for Financing New Nuclear Reactors in Mexico. // IAEA Technical Meeting on Financing, Vienna, 2011: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/P1500_CD_Web/htm/pdf/topic2/2S07_G.%20Alonso.pdf. 19. Energy Tracker Asia. Solar Energy in Mexico: https://energytracker.asia/solar-energy-mexico. 20. Бirkle P., Merkel B. Environmental Impact by Spill of Geothermal Fluids at the Geothermal Field of Los Azufres, Michoacán, Mexico. Water Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 124, №3 (2000), pp. 371-410. DOI:10.1023/A:1005242824628 21. Pastrana-Corral, M. A., Wakida, F. T., García-Flores, E., Rodriguez-Mendivil, D. D., QuiñonezPlaza, A. & Piñon-Colin, T. D. J. (2016). Soil mercury levels in the area surrounding the Cerro Prieto geothermal complex, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 466. DOI:10.1007/s10661-0165474-1. 22. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA). Mexico – Electricity Data. – Paris: IEA, 2024: https://www.iea.org/countries/mexico/electricity. 23. Д.B. Менделеев. Попытка химического понимания мирового эфира. // Типолитография М.П. Фроловой. – 1905. – 40 с. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 36 Mathematical sciences THE LEVEL OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM Mazhit Zh.B. Master of Mathematics Rustemova K.Zh. candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, assistant professor Abdimanapova P.B. PhD, assistant professor Shinikulova G.N. Master of Physics Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Umbetbekov A.T. associate pofessor, Eurasian Technological University Abstract The article examines the role and effectiveness of distance learning in the modernization of the educational process within the engineering education system. The study explores how digital technologies, online platforms, and virtual laboratories influence the quality of professional training and the development of students’ technical competencies. Special attention is paid to the integration of distance learning tools with traditional face-to-face teaching methods, forming a hybrid model of education that meets the current needs of the engineering industry. The paper analyzes the advantages of distance education, including flexibility, accessibility, and the ability to individualize learning paths, as well as its limitations, such as reduced practical experience and communication challenges. The results of the research highlight the importance of creating effective digital environments, enhancing instructors’ digital literacy, and updating educational standards to ensure highquality engineering training. The article concludes that distance learning, when properly organized, becomes an integral component of the modern engineering education system and significantly contributes to its sustainable development. Keywords: distance learning, engineering education, digital technologies, educational process, online platforms, virtual laboratories, hybrid learning, digital literacy, professional training. In the context of the global pandemic, universities had to switch to an online educational system. Distance learning is a method of teaching by correspondence. Distance learning of the educational process in the education system is characterized by the following technologies: webinars, video lectures, online trainings. The quality of distance learning directly depends on whether students have deep and extensive fundamental knowledge, that is, on the level of knowledge they have accumulated so far. The main feature of distance learning is the provision of experience in collecting, processing, storing, accumulating and effectively using materials based on information technology tools that dominate the system of engineering education. The main meaning of the educational and methodological training of university students is the process of labor orientation, which determines the role of scientific orientation growth. In the direction of educating future technological engineers, a new type of specialist focuses on professionalism as universality and a deep understanding of knowledge, a focus on changing knowledge, continuous development of professional and qualifying skills, and structure as the main property of an individual specialist. The purpose of students' professional qualification work is to direct the professional qualification structure in the process of teaching mathematics and information technology. The professional level of university teachers should help engineering and technological specialties, taking into account mathematical culture as a necessary level of scientific thinking, maturity, and socio–professional competence. Therefore, the main influence of a process engineer in the modern technical profession is the large-scale problem of the modernization structure of mathematical knowledge. Mathematical education of engineering and technical specialists and the preparation of students of engineering and technical specialties for fundamental mathematics will be the basis of this mathematical knowledge, that is, they will be used in the study of other disciplines. This generally defines the nature of XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 37 fundamental knowledge. The quality of fundamental mathematical training of engineers is focused on numerous pedagogical studies along with methodological approaches. According to the teachers, many universities want the quality of mathematical education for graduates of engineering and technical specialties to be high. The reason for this is that applicants to higher education institutions have poor mathematical training and low academic hours, which does not correspond to the traditional structure and new educational goals of teaching engineering students in mathematics. This structure is a shortened summary of the main mathematical disciplines. Therefore, obtaining the quality of fundamental mathematical training is not appropriate. This is evidenced by the structure of many textbooks and reports. Mathematical research methods are practical and occupy a wide place in all fields of knowledge. Mathematics is the main tool of cognition, calculation and design. Education Currently, the problem is, firstly, that for the process of in-depth human learning in computer technology, the main thing is to use a general education indicator, and secondly, the educational process must meet the changing qualification needs of a specialist in the information age. One of the problems in the higher education system is that the conditions of the importance of the complexity of the technological composition of the professional structure satisfy the economy of professionally competent specialists. In terms of using an information management system, only a specialist who is well versed in production processes and has a high ability to organize and change work is considered a valuable specialist. Therefore, it became necessary for future technological engineers to study mathematical methods and computing on a large scale. With modern precision science, it is necessary to know the close relationship between computing, manufacturing and design, and computer-related capabilities and technological methods. The main problem of mathematical knowledge consists in choosing the volume and content of mathematical courses, determining the purpose of learning, correctness, rigor and clarity of the depth of creativity, i.e. choosing the most convenient and rational way of learning, all this is due to the limited time allocated to the study of mathematics. In the future professional field, the student needs to know the innovations of mathematical modeling. The novelty of the mathematical model can be considered the application of mathematical knowledge in practice, that is, learning should be aimed at achieving the goal in dialectical unity. Thus, fundamental mathematical training and the application of new knowledge in practice expand the understanding of mathematical training. The degree of competence of a future engineer depends on the quality of mathematical training. In an individual sense, attention should be paid to the fact that the student's ability to complement the educational and cognitive sphere and the quality of improving fundamental mathematical training are focused on the content of professional education. If the teaching methods of the higher mathematics course are implemented with a professional orientation, the process of obtaining professional education by future specialists will be at the highest level. We are confident that in such situations, each individual student will have a high level of opportunities, relationships, talents, and prospects. References 1. Mikhailova I. G. Mathematical training of an engineer in the context of professional orientation of interdisciplinary relations: PhD candidate of pedagogical Sciences, Tobolsk, 1998. 2. Shchiptsova T. A., Shchiptsova A.V., Mustafina D. A. Mathematical thinking as the basis of engineering education / Successes of modern education/ 2012, No. 5, pp. 83-84. 3. Pedagogical dictionary: for students. Higher nd secondary pedagogical studies. manual / G. M. Kojaspirova, A. Y. Kojaspirov/ M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2001, 176 P. 4. Modern dictionary of pedagogy /comp. E. S. Rapatsevich/ Mn.: Sovremennoe slovo, 2001, 928 p. 5. Lerner I. Ya. Didactic foundations of teaching methods. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1981, 184 P. 6. Chebyshev P. L. Complete works. T. V., Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1954, 378 P. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 38 Medical sciences ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MODERN MEDICINE Oyku Bicer Gulsen Huseynova Gunel Sultanova Azerbaijan Medical University Relevance. One of the main realities of modern medicine is the application of constantly evolving technologies in medicine. The medical field is a field that is constantly evolving and improving with the integration of new technologies.[1,4] Today, we see the application of these methods in surgery and pharmacy.The application of modern approaches to protect human health and achieve high efficiency in the treatment of diseases is one of the main goals of doctors and researchers.[2] In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are causing revolutionary changes in the field of medicine. Electron microscopy provides high-resolution, detailed images of cell and tissue structures in medical diagnostics.[3] Artificial intelligence can be used to analyze electron microscopy images and accurately identify viruses, bacteria, and cellular abnormalities. This is especially important in the investigation and treatment of infectious diseases. The future of image recognition through artificial intelligence in medicine is connected with the further improvement of algorithms, their integration into electronic medical records and telemedicine, as well as the development of new diagnostic and treatment methods. With the development of computing capabilities and the availability of big data, increasing the speed of information channels, artificial intelligence will become an integral part of medical practice, helping to improve the quality of medical services and improve the health of the population.[5,6] So, first of all, let us emphasize that medical robots equipped with artificial intelligence increase the accuracy of surgical operations. The future prospects of artificial intelligence in medicine will not be to completely replace human labor, but rather to improve the work of doctors and health workers in a more effective and accurate way. Doctors will be able to more accurately evaluate the information provided by artificial intelligence and make faster decisions [7]. In the future, artificial intelligence will also contribute to eliminating global inequalities in health services. It will be possible to access medical services more easily and effectively in developing countries and remote regions. Aim to study. The main aim was to researching the application of artificial intelligence in medicine. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 8 databases: OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, OVID PsycINFO, EBSCO CINAHL Plus with Full Text, ProQuest Sociological Abstracts, ProQuest Philosopher’s Index, ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace, and Wiley Cochrane Library. Results. Reducing time wasted by doctors, minimizing misdiagnoses, and improving the quality of healthcare services overall are some of the biggest advantages of artificial intelligence. Conclusion. Basd on all the information, we can say that although some shortcomings of the method can be identified, the application of artificial intelligence in modern medicine is of great importance for more accurate diagnosis. References 1. McCarthy J. (2024) What is artificial intelligence? URL: https://wwwformal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai.pdf 2. Srivastava R. (2023) Applications of artificial intelligence in medicine. Explor Res Hypothesis Med. Published online: Sep. 19. https://doi.org/10.14218/ERHM.2023.00048. 3. Алексеева М.Г., Зубов А.И., Новиков М.Ю. (2022) Искусственный интеллект в медицине. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал.; 7: 10-3. https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.121.7.038. 4. Szegedy C., Vanhoucke V., Ioffe S., Shlens J. (2021) Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision. arXiv preprint: arXiv:1512.00567v3, 2015. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.00567v3.pdf (дата обращения 06.10.2021) 5. Jimma B.L. (2023) Artificial intelligence in healthcare: a bibliometric analysis. Telemat Inform Rep XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 39 6. Briganti G., Le Moine O. (2020) Artificial intelligence in medicine: today and tomorrow. Front Med.; 7: 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00027. [10]https://md.school/blog/iskusstvennyj-intellekt-vmedicine 7. Ламоткин А.И., Корабельников Д.И., Ламоткин И.А., Лившиц С.А., Перевалова Е.Г. (2024) Искусственный интеллект в здравоохранении и медицине: история ключевых событий, его значимость для врачей, уровень развития в разных странах. фармакоэкономика. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология.;17(2):243-250 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 40 UDC: 616.22-006.6 LARYNGEAL CANCER: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES Arman Khozhayev Oncologist, Sonographer, Professor, Treatment and Diagnostic Center «Avicenna», Almaty, Kazakhstan Dina Alisheva Head of the Chemotherapy Department, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Shukhrat Pazilov Head of the Day Hospital of the Chemotherapy Department, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnar Onalbekova Oncologist-chemotherapist, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Madina Mirzayeva Oncologist-chemotherapist, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Madina Tursunova Oncologist-chemotherapist, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract This scientific and analytical work presents modern world and local-regional data on incidence, mortality, lethality and five-year survival rate of such oncological pathology of head and neck tumors as laryngeal cancer. The issues of etiology and pathogenesis, features of distribution, modern approaches and principles of complex diagnostics, prospects for improving treatment results, as well as prognosis are covered in detail. The epidemiological characteristics of this pathology in our republic are given in the context of regions of the country. Keywords: oncology, otorhinolaryngology, laryngeal cancer, human papillomavirus, biomarkers, RNA, immune-related genes, autophagy, epidemiology, incidence, mortality, lethality, five-year survival rate, prognosis. Laryngeal cancer (LC) is a malignant tumor that develops from elements of the non-keratinizing epithelium of the larynx. The etiologic factors remain unclear to date. In most cases, the patient's medical history includes untreated inflammatory and precancerous diseases of the larynx (laryngitis, papillomas, papillomatosis, dyskeratosis, leukoplakia, pachydermia, fibroma); a long period of smoking, alcohol consumption, work in dusty conditions (textile production), inhalation of harmful carcinogenic substances (oil, its distillation products, benzene, phenolic resins, asbestos); genetic predisposition (the presence of malignant diseases in relatives), as well as age and gender (males over 55 years of age) [1,2]. The diagnostic criteria are as follows. Complaints and medical history. Complaints: cough; hoarseness; sore throat radiating to the ear; difficulty breathing; choking when taking liquid food; enlarged cervical, supraclavicular, subclavian, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes. History: early symptoms of the disease in LC are: hoarseness and cough, which appear already at stage I of the disease; when, at the initial visit of patients, hoarseness has been observed for six months with the addition of other symptoms, this may indicate later stages (III-IV) of the disease. In this case, complaints of shooting pain in the ear, difficulty breathing, choking when taking liquid food or water, and the appearance of enlarged nodes on the neck are also added [1]. Physical examination: indirect laryngoscopy (tumor, formation of one of the parts of the larynx, limited mobility of the true vocal cord or fixation of the affected half of the larynx, narrowing of the glottis); palpation examination of the lymph nodes of the neck on both sides (the presence of enlarged cervical lymph nodes of a dense consistency, immobile or stiff, slightly painful or possibly not painful, more than 1.0 cm in size). Laboratory tests: cytological examination (increase in cell size up to giant, change in the shape and XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 47 The total number of patients with malignant neoplasms registered with specialized oncology organizations of the republic continued to increase and by the end of 2023 amounted to 218,186 people, with an increase of 6.0% compared to the previous year (2022 - 205,822, +5.8%). The overall incidence rate of malignant neoplasms increased by 3.9%, from 1055.3 to 1096.4 per 100 thousand people. The growth of this indicator is due to both the increase in the incidence and detection of pathology, and the increase in the survival of cancer patients. In addition, statistical data on patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms, who have been under observation for 5 years or more, and continue to be observed in 2023, showed that the number of patients under the observation of oncological organizations in Kazakhstan for over five years continued to grow and at the end of the reporting year amounted to 117,616 people, with an increase of 6.2% (2022 - 110,790 people, + 6.6%) (form No. 7). It is impossible to ignore such an important clinical aspect as the coverage of patients with a first-time diagnosis of LC in the Republic of Kazakhstan with special treatment. In 2023, the number of hospitalizations for all nosological forms of malignant tumors in the country's oncology organizations amounted to 108,252 cases (2022 - 101,095), with an increase of 7.1% compared to the previous year, which is associated with a constant increase in the number of cancer patients, improved standardization of oncological care, and the development of palliative and restorative services. At the end of 2023, the absolute number of LC patients who completed specialized treatment was 247 people, continuing treatment - 135 patients. The following results were obtained in percentage terms by methods and types of treatment. Only 12.6% of patients received surgical treatment, only radiation - 19.4%, only drug treatment - 8.9%, combined - 26.7%, complex - 21.5% and chemo-radiation - 10.1%. Further, regarding the five-year survival of patients. As for LC, at the end of 2023, 2032 people were registered for dispensary care, or 10.2 per 100 thousand of the population. At the end of 2022 - 1899 patients or 9.7 per 100 thousand of the population, respectively. At the same time, the mortality rate of the observed contingents in 2023 decreased compared to the previous year and amounted to 7.6% in 2023 (8.6% in 2022). The five-year survival rate of patients with LC was 52.2% in 2023 and 53.2% in 2022 [12]. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that LC, despite not having the highest place in terms of incidence among all existing malignant tumors of other localizations, deserves close attention from specialized specialists. At the same time, taking into account a number of factors, the indicators of early diagnostics do not allow oncologists to "sleep peacefully", since the locally advanced stage III, which prevails over all stages, in addition to being widespread, gives a large number of complications due to the location of vital centers and tissue structures near the primary focus and locoregional metastases. The veiled and variable symptoms, its similarity with various non-core processes, leads to the neglect of the disease. All this requires both oncologists and, first of all, primary health care workers and, of course, otolaryngologists to increase the level of cancer alertness, inform the population about early symptoms that may indicate this pathology or the onset of proliferative changes and conduct high-tech diagnostic measures, including for the purpose of differential diagnosis and, as a result, timely treatment. People from the risk group are recommended to visit specialized specialists annually and, if necessary, undergo an examination. An epidemiological assessment of the situation with LC in our country suggests that there are sometimes significant differences in the regions not only in incidence rates, but also in the state of early diagnosis and mortality from this disease. In connection with the above, this pathology continues to be a serious problem in modern clinical oncology. References 1 Klinicheskij protokol diagnostiki lechenija «Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovanija gortani» - Odobren Ob#edinennoj komissiej po kachestvu medicinskih uslug Ministerstva zdravoohranenija Respubliki Kazahstan ot «07» marta 2019 goda, Protokol №57. – 38 s. (In Russ.). 2 Rak gortani. Klinicheskie rekomendacii. God utverzhdenija: 2024. ID:475. Odobreno Nauchno-prakticheskim Sovetom Minzdrava Rossijskoj Federacii. – 80 s. (In Russ.). 3 Huang J, Chan SC, Ko S, Lok V, Zhang L, Lin X, Lucero-Prisno DE 3rd, Xu W, Zheng ZJ, Elcarte E, Withers M, Wong MC. Updated disease distributions, risk factors, and trends of laryngeal cancer: a global analysis of cancer registries. Int J Surg. 2024 Feb 1;110(2):810-819. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000902. 4 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. 5 Nocini R, Molteni G, Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology. Chin J Cancer Res. 2020 Feb;32(1):18-25. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 48 6 Li C, Zhu Y, Shi S. Effective prognostic risk model with cuproptosis-related genes in laryngeal cancer. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2024 Mar-Apr;90(2):101384. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101384. 7 Ren L, Li P, Li Z, Chen Q. AQP9 and ZAP70 as immune-related prognostic biomarkers suppress proliferation, migration and invasion of laryngeal cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2022 Apr 28;22(1):465. doi: 10.1186/s12885-022-09458-8. 8 Liu W, Zhan J, Zhong R, Li R, Sheng X, Xu M, Lu Z, Zhang S. Upregulation of Long Noncoding RNA_GAS5 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Laryngeal Cancer via Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2021 Jan-Dec;20:1533033821990074. doi: 10.1177/1533033821990074. 9 Liberale C, Soloperto D, Marchioni A, Monzani D, Sacchetto L. Updates on Larynx Cancer: Risk Factors and Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 18;24(16):12913. doi: 10.3390/ijms241612913. 10 Özdaş T, Özdaş S, Canatar İ, Coşgun E, Şenyurt EB, Görgülü O. CRM1 expression: association with high prognostic value in laryngeal cancer. Turk J Med Sci. 2023 Aug;53(4):909-923. doi: 10.55730/13000144.5655. 11 Luo MS, Huang GJ, Liu HB. An autophagy-related model of 4 key genes for predicting prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jul 24;99(30):e21163. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021163. 12 Kaidarova D.R., Shatkovskaya O.V., Ongarbayev B.T., Zhylkaidarova A.Zh., Seisenbayeva G.T., Lavrentyeva I.K., Sagi M.S. Indicators of the oncology service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023: statistical and analytical materials – Almaty: KIOR JSC, 2024. – 410 p. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 49 Pedagogical sciences CULTIVATING 21ST-CENTURY SKILLS THROUGH DIGITAL PEDAGOGIES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION Eleni Anastasopoulou Experimental Elementary School of University of Patras, Patras, Greece Evangelia Mitroyanni Experimental Elementary School of University of Patras, Patras, Greece Theofania Lyrintzi Experimental Elementary School of University of Patras, Patras, Greece Athina Spanou Junior High School of Panopoulo, Ileia, Greece Triada Kapota Elementary School of Varda, Ileia, Greece Abstract The digital transformation of education has opened new avenues for creativity and self-expression in primary schools. This extended paper examines how digital pedagogies—ranging from coding and digital storytelling to design thinking, robotics, and multimedia arts—can nurture creativity, collaboration, and innovation among young learners. Creative learning transcends traditional didactic approaches by emphasizing experiential, participatory, and reflective modes of engagement. Drawing on theories of constructivism, constructionism, and socio-cultural learning, this study explores how technology-enhanced environments empower students as creators rather than passive recipients of information. The expanded analysis integrates recent case studies, comparative research, and policy perspectives, demonstrating the transformative potential of digital creativity in shaping inclusive, future-oriented primary education. [1–3] Introduction In an era of rapid technological evolution, creativity stands as a cornerstone of 21st-century education. Across Europe and globally, educational reforms increasingly prioritize creative competencies, acknowledging their impact on lifelong learning, employability, and personal fulfillment [4–6]. Within primary education, fostering creativity through digital tools cultivates curiosity, motivation, and resilience from an early age. The European Commission and UNESCO have both underlined creativity as a fundamental human right and a vital element for sustainable development. This reorientation urges schools to transition from content transmission to the cultivation of critical, reflective, and inventive thinking. Digital pedagogies integrate technological fluency with constructivist and experiential frameworks, encouraging learners to produce, explore, and design within authentic contexts [7–10]. Through platforms like digital storytelling, multimedia production, and coding environments, students practice multimodal literacy and engage in project-based learning that mirrors real-world creative processes. Digital Creativity and Pedagogical Transformation Digital creativity redefines the pedagogical landscape by transforming classrooms into hubs of exploration, experimentation, and innovation. Unlike traditional models centered on memorization, digital pedagogy invites learners to participate as co-designers of knowledge [8–10]. Storytelling tools such as Storybird, Book Creator, and Scratch provide opportunities for integrating narrative, visual, and auditory modes of communication. These multimodal projects enhance linguistic development and narrative reasoning while nurturing emotional literacy and empathy. Furthermore, coding and robotics activities align with Papert’s theory of constructionism, emphasizing hands-on learning through tangible artifact creation. When students design games or control robots, they not only engage in problem-solving but also experience the iterative process of testing, failure, and refinement—key elements of authentic creativity [8–10]. Recent studies have revealed that students participating in coding-based creative learning exhibit higher levels of selfefficacy and persistence, highlighting how design-oriented digital practices can cultivate a growth mindset. Collaboration in Digital Learning Environments Collaboration remains a defining feature of digital creativity. Tools such as Padlet, Google Workspace, and Jamboard enable distributed, real-time collaboration, transforming learning into a collective enterprise [10–13]. These platforms allow learners to co-author, exchange feedback, and synthesize diverse perspectives, promoting inclusivity and cognitive engagement. Research shows that digital collaboration enhances metacognitive awareness and communication, as learners must articulate reasoning, negotiate meaning, and XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 50 co-construct understanding [14–16]. Collaborative creativity merges cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions, fostering intercultural competence, empathy, and shared ownership of learning. Moreover, collaborative online environments encourage the democratization of classroom participation—students who are typically reticent in face-to-face discussions often find voice through digital mediums, contributing equitably to collective projects. Expression through Digital Media and Arts Integration The integration of digital arts within STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education provides a fertile ground for nurturing creativity [16–18]. Digital drawing platforms, animation software, and 3D modeling applications offer immersive ways to visualize and manipulate abstract ideas. By combining artistic and technical literacies, students engage in higher-order thinking—analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating complex problems through creative design. Projects such as digital video documentaries, podcasts, and virtual exhibitions empower students to communicate ideas to authentic audiences. The interactive nature of digital expression fosters accountability and motivation, as learners take pride in sharing their creative work with peers, parents, and broader online communities. Teacher Agency and Professional Development Teachers serve as pivotal mediators of creative digital learning. Their ability to design open-ended, inquiry-based activities significantly shapes how creativity manifests in classrooms [18–21]. Professional development should thus emphasize both digital competence and pedagogical design thinking. Teachers need training not only in the technical operation of tools but also in how to foster creativity through scaffolding, questioning, and reflection. Barriers such as limited infrastructure, assessment pressures, and fear of failure often inhibit innovation [22–24]. Educational policy must recognize creativity as a measurable and valued learning outcome, embedding it in curriculum standards and evaluation frameworks. Cross-school professional communities and digital mentorship networks can further empower teachers to share practices, reflect collaboratively, and sustain innovation. Ethical and Emotional Dimensions of Creativity Digital creativity raises essential ethical and emotional questions. Students must develop awareness of digital citizenship, intellectual property, and respectful online collaboration [24–26]. Embedding ethical reflection into creative projects allows children to explore issues of authorship, representation, and cultural sensitivity. Beyond ethics, creative engagement supports mental health and emotional well-being. Digital storytelling, coding, and visual arts provide therapeutic outlets for self-expression, helping learners process emotions, build confidence, and foster resilience [24–26]. Schools that integrate socio-emotional learning with digital creativity witness improved classroom climate and stronger interpersonal relationships among students. Future Directions and Policy Implications The future of creative digital pedagogy in primary education lies in systemic integration rather than isolated innovation. Future frameworks must align curriculum design, teacher training, and infrastructure investment to sustain creativity as a continuous, inclusive process. Policymakers should promote partnerships between schools, universities, and creative industries, bridging formal education with real-world innovation ecosystems [26–35]. Moreover, assessment systems need to evolve to capture creative growth through portfolios, digital showcases, and reflective journals. Longitudinal research could further explore how early digital creativity influences later academic achievement, problem-solving, and socio-emotional development. Ultimately, the challenge for education is not only to teach creativity but to build cultures that live and breathe it through everyday pedagogical practice. Conclusions This extended analysis reaffirms that digital pedagogies hold transformative potential for fostering creativity, collaboration, and expression in primary education [26–37]. By embracing design, inquiry, and cocreation, educators can empower children to become innovative, empathetic, and reflective citizens. Integrating technology with artistic and ethical dimensions of learning prepares students not merely for academic success but for meaningful participation in a rapidly evolving digital society. References 1. Giotopoulos, K. (2024). A systematic review in digital entrepreneurship ecosystems. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 61 (1), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v61i1.11562 2. Kalliampakou, I., & Antonopoulou, H. (2024). Behavioral Insights into Shopping Addiction: Emotional and Cognitive Drivers. Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 24, 103–120. https://doi.org/10.47577/technium.v24i.11972 3. Kalliampakou, I., & Antonopoulou, H. (2025). The influence of emotional intelligence on consumer decision-making: Insights from recent studies. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 67, 451. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 51 4. Kalogeratos, G., & Pierrakeas, C. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic as a reason for accelerating the transformation of the Greek primary school into a learning organization. In EDULEARN21 Proceedings (pp. 10333-10340). IATED. 5. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K. & Pierrakeas C. (2025). COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. In EDULEARN25 Proceedings (pp. 5915-5925). IATED. 6. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K. & Pierrakeas C. (2025). THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS. In EDULEARN25 Proceedings (pp. 5854-5864). IATED. 7. Kalogeratos, G., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). Use of learning theories and visual programming (scratch) in education. Technium Education and Humanities, 10, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.47577/teh.v10i.11688 8. Kalogeratos, G., Alexandropoulou, A., & Pierrakeas, C. (2023, July). Digital and socio-emotional benefits of the students and the teachers from the implementation of a STEAM education project. In 2023 14th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. 9. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). Myschool: The key role of the information system in the Greek public school. A case study on the prefecture of Achaia. In EDULEARN24 Proceedings (pp. 9700-9706). IATED 10. Giotopoulos, K., Halkiopoulos, C., Papadopoulos, D., & Antonopoulou, H. (2019). Towards Bring Your Own Device marketing policy. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 13(2), 156–164. 11. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Stavrogiannopoulos, A., Tsagri, A., Tsogka, D., & Lourida, K. (2023). Enhancing emotional intelligence in pervasive developmental disorders: The autism paradigm. Technium Education and Humanities, 6, 61–69. ISSN: 2821-5079. http://www.techniumscience.com 12. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., & Kriparopoulou, A. (2024). Psychotraumatic childhood experiences and anxiety in educational settings. Technium Education and Humanities, 7, 29-41. 13. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., & Asimakopoulou, S. (2023). Interpersonal skills with a focus on creativity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 52, 197. 14. Giotopoulos, K. C., Michalopoulos, D., Vonitsanos, G., Papadopoulos, D., Giannoukou, I., & Sioutas, S. (2024). Dynamic workload management system in the public sector. Information, 15 (6), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060335 15. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., Tsogka, D., Lourida, K., & Drongitis, A. (2024). Adolescent Trauma and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the School Context. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 55, 262. 16. Mourelatos, E., Krimpas, G., & Giotopoulos, K. (2024). Sexual identity and gender gap in political leadership ambition: An experiment. Review of Behavioral Economics, 11(1), 73–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/105.00000181 17. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tseremegklis, C., & Avramidi, E. (2024). Enhancing quality of life for caregivers of adolescents with emotional disorders through digital skills. Technium Education and Humanities, 8, 58-77. 18. Kalogeratos, G., Lourida, K., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsogka, D., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). Information systems usage in the Greek primary school: The case of the Prefecture of Achaia. INTED2024 Proceedings, 1652–1657. 19. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). Novel technologies using educational scenarios for elementary school and kindergarten students. EDULEARN24 Proceedings, 9682– 9693. 20. Karras, A., Theodorakopoulos, L., Karras, C., & Antonopoulou, H. (2024, December). Cyber Threat Intelligence in Smart Cities: Bayesian Inference and Energy Optimization in LoRa Networks for Big Data Applications. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) (pp. 2635-2644). IEEE. 21. Karras, A., Karras, C., Giotopoulos, K. C., Tsolis, D., Oikonomou, K., & Sioutas, S. (2023). Federated edge intelligence and edge caching mechanisms. Information, 14(7), 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070414 22. Antonopoulou, H. (2024) The Role of Gamification in Enhancing Cognitive and Neuropsychological Learning: A Review. Tech. BioChemMed, 11, 45–46. 23. Papadopoulos, D. F. (2024). A parametric six-step method for second-order IVPs with oscillating solutions. Mathematics, 12(23), 3824. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233824 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 52 24. Theodorakopoulos, L., Halkiopoulos, C., & Papadopoulos, D. (2023). Applying big data technologies in tourism industry: A conceptual analysis. In V. Katsoni (Ed.), Tourism, travel, and hospitality in a smart and sustainable world (pp. 273–283). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26829-8_21 25. Tzimas, G., Zotos, N., Mourelatos, E., Giotopoulos, K. C., & Zervas, P. (2024). From data to insight: Transforming online job postings into labor-market intelligence. Information, 15(8), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080496 26. Theodorakopoulos, L., Karras, A., Theodoropoulou, A., & Kampiotis, G. (2024). Benchmarking Big Data Systems: Performance and Decision-Making Implications in Emerging Technologies. Technologies, 12(11), 217. 27. Vasilopoulos, Ch., Theodorakopoulos, L. L., & Giotopoulos, K. K. (2023). The promise and peril of big data in driving consumer engagement. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 45, 489–499. 28. Karras, A., Giannaros, A., Theodorakopoulos, L., Krimpas, G. A., Kalogeratos, G., Karras, C., & Sioutas, S. (2023). FLIBD: A federated learning-based IoT big data management approach for privacypreserving over Apache Spark with FATE. Electronics, 12(22), 4633. 29. Antonopoulou, H. (2024). Neuroleadership and Its Role in Educational Settings: A Review of Current Practices. Technium Education and Humanities, 10, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.47577/teh.v10i.11976 30. Kalogeratos, G., Tsogka, D., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). DIGITAL SKILLS IN EDUCATION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL LEARNING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY. ICERI2024 Proceedings, 4409-4418. 31. Kalogeratos, G., Tsogka, D., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). THE CONTRIBUTION OF ERASMUS+ KA2 TO IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL WORK. THE CASE OF THE SCHOOL UNITS OF THE REGION OF WESTERN GREECE. ICERI2024 Proceedings, 42584263. 32. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES THROUGH DIGITAL SKILLS: ADDRESSING LIFELONG LEARNING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION CHALLENGES. INTED2025 Proceedings, 67206730. 33. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS. 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INTED2025 Proceedings, 67206730. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 53 TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED INCLUSION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: RETHINKING ACCESS, EQUITY, AND EMPOWERMENT Eleni Anastasopoulou Experimental Elementary School of University of Patras, Patras, Greece Lourida Konstantina Experimental Elementary School of University of Patras, Patras, Greece Athina Spanou Junior High School of Panopoulo, Ileia, Greece Triada Kapota Elementary School of Varda, Ileia, Greece Abstract Inclusive education remains a universal right and a cornerstone for building equitable and compassionate societies. In the digital age, technology has emerged not merely as a support mechanism but as a transformative driver that redefines how inclusion unfolds within primary classrooms. This extended paper investigates how digital tools—including assistive technologies, adaptive learning environments, and collaborative digital spaces—can promote inclusion by addressing diverse learner needs and empowering autonomy, agency, and participation. Drawing upon the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), inclusive pedagogy, and contemporary educational frameworks, it provides a deeper analysis of how technology facilitates equitable access, fosters socio-emotional growth, and sustains lifelong learning [1–4]. The expanded discussion incorporates theoretical perspectives, empirical evidence, and case studies that illuminate the intersections between digital equity, teacher readiness, and ethical considerations. Ultimately, the study argues that achieving genuine inclusion through technology requires systemic transformation that integrates accessibility, empathy, and cultural responsiveness into the very fabric of education. Introduction Inclusion is both a moral imperative and a pedagogical necessity, ensuring that every child, irrespective of ability, background, or circumstance, has equitable opportunities to participate and succeed in education. Global initiatives such as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 4 and UNESCO’s Education 2030 Agenda highlight inclusive education as essential to achieving social justice and human flourishing [1– 3]. However, educational exclusion persists, particularly among learners with disabilities, language barriers, or limited access to resources. The integration of technology introduces a transformative potential to dismantle these barriers. Beyond serving as instructional aids, digital tools can redefine how access, engagement, and representation occur in classrooms. Within this transformation, the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework offers a vision of education that anticipates diversity rather than compensating for it [4–6]. This approach positions technology not as an afterthought but as an enabler of equity—reshaping the pedagogical landscape toward empowerment and inclusion. Digital Inclusion and Accessibility Digital inclusion extends far beyond providing devices or connectivity; it entails the meaningful integration of technology into learning ecosystems that respect and accommodate diversity [7–9]. True inclusion demands attention to accessibility design, representation, and equitable participation. For instance, features such as text-to-speech, captioning, alternative text, high-contrast modes, and customizable interfaces empower students with visual, auditory, or cognitive challenges to engage meaningfully with content. Equity in technology access also requires addressing socio-economic disparities and regional inequalities. Learners in rural or low-income contexts often face restricted access to digital infrastructure, which perpetuates educational marginalization [10–12]. Therefore, digital inclusion is both a technical and ethical pursuit: it encompasses equitable distribution of tools, culturally relevant content, and the cultivation of digital literacies that enable all students to thrive as active participants in digital society. Assistive Technologies and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Assistive technologies (AT) have long been at the forefront of inclusion, enabling learners with disabilities to communicate, learn, and express ideas. Contemporary AT ranges from speech-generating devices and braille readers to AI-driven cognitive support apps. However, the paradigm has shifted toward embedding accessibility principles within mainstream educational systems through Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL advocates the creation of flexible curricula that accommodate diverse learners from the outset, providing multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression [12–15]. Digital tools such as Microsoft Immersive Reader, adaptive platforms like Google Classroom accessibility features, and AI-based personalization systems allow learners to tailor their educational experiences to individual preferences. By XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 54 normalizing assistive features within everyday technologies, educators can eliminate the stigma historically associated with special accommodations [15–17]. This inclusive approach empowers all learners—not only those with diagnosed disabilities—to engage creatively, critically, and autonomously in their educational journeys. Collaborative and Culturally Responsive Technologies Inclusive education is not only about accessibility but also about valuing cultural, linguistic, and cognitive diversity as assets to learning. Digital collaboration tools such as Padlet, Jamboard, and Flip enable students to co-create knowledge in multimodal ways—through text, visuals, audio, and video—encouraging equity in participation [18–20]. These technologies foster cooperative learning environments where students learn empathy, negotiation, and shared responsibility. Moreover, culturally responsive educational technologies—language-learning applications, digital storytelling platforms, and global classrooms—bridge cultural divides and promote intercultural understanding [20–22]. By situating learning within culturally relevant contexts, educators can cultivate global citizenship and inclusivity while affirming learners’ identities. Digital collaboration thus becomes both a pedagogical strategy and a social justice practice—an arena where every voice matters and where belonging is constructed through communication and creation. Teacher Agency, Professional Development, and Ethical Challenges Teachers are at the heart of inclusive transformation. Technology integration can only be effective when educators possess both digital competence and an inclusive mindset [22–24]. Professional development should therefore go beyond technical training to include design thinking, ethical literacy, and reflective practice. Educators need to understand not only how to use tools but how to interpret accessibility data, adapt materials, and personalize instruction. However, gaps persist: many teachers report feeling underprepared to address diverse needs in digitally mediated classrooms. Ethical challenges further complicate the landscape. Issues of data privacy, algorithmic bias, and excessive screen exposure raise questions about fairness, well-being, and human connection [25–27]. For example, adaptive learning algorithms may inadvertently reproduce bias if datasets lack diversity. Consequently, educational systems must develop ethical governance structures that ensure transparency, accountability, and student safety while fostering innovation. Policy Implications Achieving digital inclusion requires systemic alignment among policy, practice, and infrastructure. Policymakers should prioritize equitable funding for digital access, particularly in marginalized communities, while also ensuring teacher training is embedded within national frameworks [26–30]. Curriculum design should reflect Universal Design for Learning principles and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration among educators, technologists, and social scientists. Furthermore, policies must safeguard students’ digital rights and promote ethical, responsible technology use. International cooperation can play a vital role in establishing benchmarks for digital inclusion, fostering cross-national sharing of inclusive pedagogical models, and supporting capacity building in low-resource contexts. Future Perspectives As technologies evolve—artificial intelligence, mixed reality, data analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT)—new possibilities and challenges for inclusion will emerge [30–33]. Future research must examine how these innovations can be harnessed to personalize learning while preserving human agency and emotional connection. Integrating affective computing and emotional AI could provide valuable insights into learners’ engagement and well-being, but ethical considerations will remain paramount. The ultimate goal is to ensure that technological evolution aligns with human-centered educational values, sustaining inclusion as a living, adaptive principle rather than a static policy objective. Conclusions Technology-enhanced inclusion in primary education represents both a moral commitment and a practical necessity for 21st-century learning [27–37]. This paper has underscored that inclusion cannot be achieved merely by introducing digital tools—it requires cultural, structural, and pedagogical transformation. By integrating accessibility, collaboration, and cultural responsiveness into digital pedagogy, schools can empower every learner to participate meaningfully, express individuality, and engage critically with the world. Building inclusive educational ecosystems will depend on sustained investment in teacher development, infrastructure, and ethical innovation. Ultimately, inclusion through technology reaffirms the essence of education itself: to cultivate empathy, creativity, and equity for all learners. References 1. Giotopoulos, K. (2024). A systematic review in digital entrepreneurship ecosystems. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 61 (1), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v61i1.11562 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 55 2. Kalliampakou, I., & Antonopoulou, H. (2024). Behavioral Insights into Shopping Addiction: Emotional and Cognitive Drivers. Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 24, 103–120. https://doi.org/10.47577/technium.v24i.11972 3. Kalliampakou, I., & Antonopoulou, H. (2025). The influence of emotional intelligence on consumer decision-making: Insights from recent studies. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 67, 451. 4. Kalogeratos, G., & Pierrakeas, C. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic as a reason for accelerating the transformation of the Greek primary school into a learning organization. In EDULEARN21 Proceedings (pp. 10333-10340). IATED. 5. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K. & Pierrakeas C. (2025). COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. In EDULEARN25 Proceedings (pp. 5915-5925). IATED. 6. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K. & Pierrakeas C. (2025). 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Giotopoulos, K., Halkiopoulos, C., Papadopoulos, D., & Antonopoulou, H. (2019). Towards Bring Your Own Device marketing policy. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 13(2), 156–164. 11. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Stavrogiannopoulos, A., Tsagri, A., Tsogka, D., & Lourida, K. (2023). Enhancing emotional intelligence in pervasive developmental disorders: The autism paradigm. Technium Education and Humanities, 6, 61–69. ISSN: 2821-5079. http://www.techniumscience.com 12. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., & Kriparopoulou, A. (2024). Psychotraumatic childhood experiences and anxiety in educational settings. Technium Education and Humanities, 7, 29-41. 13. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., & Asimakopoulou, S. (2023). Interpersonal skills with a focus on creativity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 52, 197. 14. Giotopoulos, K. C., Michalopoulos, D., Vonitsanos, G., Papadopoulos, D., Giannoukou, I., & Sioutas, S. (2024). Dynamic workload management system in the public sector. Information, 15 (6), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060335 15. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsagri, A., Tseremegklis, C., Tsogka, D., Lourida, K., & Drongitis, A. (2024). Adolescent Trauma and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the School Context. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 55, 262. 16. Mourelatos, E., Krimpas, G., & Giotopoulos, K. (2024). Sexual identity and gender gap in political leadership ambition: An experiment. Review of Behavioral Economics, 11(1), 73–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/105.00000181 17. Kalogeratos, G., Anastasopoulou, E., Tseremegklis, C., & Avramidi, E. (2024). Enhancing quality of life for caregivers of adolescents with emotional disorders through digital skills. Technium Education and Humanities, 8, 58-77. 18. Kalogeratos, G., Lourida, K., Anastasopoulou, E., Tsogka, D., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). 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(2024) The Role of Gamification in Enhancing Cognitive and Neuropsychological Learning: A Review. Tech. BioChemMed, 11, 45–46. 23. Papadopoulos, D. F. (2024). A parametric six-step method for second-order IVPs with oscillating solutions. Mathematics, 12(23), 3824. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233824 24. Theodorakopoulos, L., Halkiopoulos, C., & Papadopoulos, D. (2023). Applying big data technologies in tourism industry: A conceptual analysis. In V. Katsoni (Ed.), Tourism, travel, and hospitality in a smart and sustainable world (pp. 273–283). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26829-8_21 25. Tzimas, G., Zotos, N., Mourelatos, E., Giotopoulos, K. C., & Zervas, P. (2024). From data to insight: Transforming online job postings into labor-market intelligence. Information, 15(8), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080496 26. Theodorakopoulos, L., Karras, A., Theodoropoulou, A., & Kampiotis, G. (2024). Benchmarking Big Data Systems: Performance and Decision-Making Implications in Emerging Technologies. Technologies, 12(11), 217. 27. Vasilopoulos, Ch., Theodorakopoulos, L. L., & Giotopoulos, K. K. (2023). The promise and peril of big data in driving consumer engagement. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 45, 489–499. 28. Karras, A., Giannaros, A., Theodorakopoulos, L., Krimpas, G. A., Kalogeratos, G., Karras, C., & Sioutas, S. (2023). FLIBD: A federated learning-based IoT big data management approach for privacypreserving over Apache Spark with FATE. Electronics, 12(22), 4633. 29. Antonopoulou, H. (2024). Neuroleadership and Its Role in Educational Settings: A Review of Current Practices. Technium Education and Humanities, 10, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.47577/teh.v10i.11976 30. Kalogeratos, G., Tsogka, D., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). DIGITAL SKILLS IN EDUCATION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL LEARNING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY. ICERI2024 Proceedings, 4409-4418. 31. Kalogeratos, G., Tsogka, D., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., & Pierrakeas, C. (2024). THE CONTRIBUTION OF ERASMUS+ KA2 TO IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL WORK. THE CASE OF THE SCHOOL UNITS OF THE REGION OF WESTERN GREECE. ICERI2024 Proceedings, 42584263. 32. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES THROUGH DIGITAL SKILLS: ADDRESSING LIFELONG LEARNING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION CHALLENGES. INTED2025 Proceedings, 67206730. 33. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS. INTED2025 Proceedings, 5854-5864. 34. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS. EDULEARN25 Proceedings, 5854-5864. 35. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Gkika, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. EDULEARN25 Proceedings, 5915-5925. 36. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP THROUGH GAMIFICATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS. INTED2025 Proceedings, 6690-6700. 37. Kalogeratos, G., Travlou, C., Tseremegklis, C., Anastasopoulou, E., Lourida, K., & Pierrakeas, C. (2025). ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES THROUGH DIGITAL SKILLS: ADDRESSING LIFELONG LEARNING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION CHALLENGES. INTED2025 Proceedings, 67206730. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 63 Looking ahead, future research should expand this comparative framework to include other Central Asian nations to better understand regional variations in higher education governance and technology adoption. Additionally, the long-term impacts of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and automated assessment systems merit further exploration, particularly in terms of ethical considerations, data privacy, and their influence on student engagement and academic integrity. By broadening the scope of inquiry, policymakers and academic leaders can gain deeper insights into how technologymediated governance can sustainably enhance the quality and equity of higher education across diverse sociocultural and economic contexts. References 1. Abdygaliyeva, Z. (2023). Digital transformation in Kazakhstan’s higher education sector: Challenges and opportunities. Almaty: KazNU Press. 2. N. Kerimbayev, J.Kultan, S.Abdykarimova, А.Akramova LMS Moodle: Distance international education in cooperation of higher education institutions of different countries Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Economic Univesity v Bratislave, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 3. Bates, A. W. (2020). Teaching in a digital age: Guidelines for designing teaching and learning. BCcampus. 4. Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2011). Teaching for quality learning at university (4th ed.). Open University Press. 5. Bostrom, R. P., & Heinen, J. S. (1977). MIS problems and failures: A socio-technical perspective. MIS Quarterly, 1(3), 17–32. 6. Brooks, C., & Greer, J. (2021). The impact of learning analytics on student success. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(2), 515–531. 7. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. 8. Ferguson, R. (2019). Learning analytics: Drivers, developments, and challenges. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(4), 907–920. 9. OECD. (2023). Digital education outlook 2023: Strengthening digital capacity in higher education. OECD Publishing. 10. Siemens, G. (2022). Learning analytics and educational data mining: Towards communication and collaboration. Journal of Learning Analytics, 9(2), 15–28. UNESCO. (2022). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. Paris: UNESCO. 11. Wang, Y., & Huang, F. (2021). Smart campus and data-driven management in Chinese higher education. Asian Education Studies, 8(3), 134–149. 12. Zhang, H. (2021). Digital governance and smart campus initiatives in Chinese higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 43(5), 487–501 XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 64 Philological sciences THEORETICAL BASIS OF TEACHING VOCABULARY Rakhshanda Farrukh Seyidova Baku Business University LEKSİKANIN TƏDRİSİNİN NƏZƏRİ ƏSASLARI Rəxşəndə Fərrux Seyidova Bakı Biznes Universiteti Abstract The lexical system of each language has a certain uniqueness that creates difficulties in studying this language as a system. In the lexical system, existing words change in terms of meaning, the semantics of the word expands. Certain words leave the functional layer of the language and move to the passive part of the vocabulary of the language, and in return, new words enter the language. The language adopts words from other languages and transmits words to other languages. All these forms occur constantly in the lexical system of the language. Abstract Hər bir dilin leksik sisteminin müəyyən bir özünəməxsusluğu vardır ki, bu dilin sistem kimi tədqiqat aparılmasında çətinliklər yaradır. Leksik sistemdə mövcud sözlər məna baxımından dəyişir, sözün semantikası genişlənir. Müəyyən sözlər dildə işlək qatdan çıxıb dilin lüğət fondunun passiv hissəsinə keçir və bunun qarşılığında dilə yeni sözlər daxil olur. Dil başqa dillərdən söz qəbul edir və başqa dillərə söz ötürür. Bütün bu formalar dilin leksik sistemində daima baş verir Keywords: Lexsis, collocations, theory, teaching vocabulary, low-frequency words Açar sözlər: Leksika, birləşmələr, nəzəriyyə, lüğət tədrisi, az işlək sözlər Dil proqramları və tədris planları hazırlayarkən, dili lazımi şəkildə istifadə etməyə imkan verən öyrənmə məqsədlərini müəyyən etməkdə fayda var. Dil öyrənənnin söz ehtiyatını ölçmək və müəyyən etmək daima çətin bir proses olmuşdur. Dil öyrənənlərin leksik söz ehtiyatını ölçmək üçün dərinlik (depth) və əhatə (breadth) adlanan iki aspektdən istifadə olunur. Dərinlik dedikdə dil öyrənənin xarici dil barədə bildiyi sözləri əhatə edən xarakteristik keyfiyyətlər barədə bütün məlumat öz əksini tapır. Əhatə aspektində isə dil öyrənənin xarici dildə bildiyi sözlərin sayı dəqiqləşdirilir. Dil öyrənənlərin nə qədər söz bilməsi daim problemli mövzulardan olmuşdur, belə ki, mövcud ədəbiyyatda bu istiqamətdə fərqli yanaşmalar vardır. Məsələn walking, walked sözlərinin bir söz kimi yoxsa iki ayrı söz kimi nəzərə alınması kimi. Uzun müddətli dil kursunun lüğət ilə bağlı məqsədlərini planlaşdırarkən, sözün nə qədər öyrənilməli olduğuna qərar vermək üçün üç növ məlumatlara baxa bilərik - Dildə olan sözlərin sayı; - Dil daşıyıcılarının bildikləri sözlərin sayı; - Müəyyən məqsədlər üçün istifadə olunan söz sayı ; Buradakı əsas mövzu odur ki, hər kəs öz ana dilində mövcud söz bazasına hakim olmalıdır. Bu bir az qeyri-mümkün prosesdir, çünki insanlar bu dilin ayrı-ayrı sahələrini ehtiva edən lüğət tərkibini bilmirlər. Məsələn nüvə fizikasının və ya hesablama dilçiliyində istifadə olunan çoxsaylı mütəxəssis sözlükləri mövcuddur ki, bunları yalnız bu sahələrdə ixtisaslaşmış mütəxəssislər bilir. Yenə də dildə neçə sözün olması barədə bir fikrin olması maraqlıdır. Bu suala düzgün formada cavab vermək müşkül məsələdir. Dili əhatə edən sözlərin sayını müəyyən etmək üçün bir sıra yollar mövcuddur. Danışıq və ya yazılı mətndə neçə sözün olduğunu saymaq istəyiriksə, bir neçə yolla saya bilərik. Bunun bir yolu sadəcə oradakı hər bir söz formasını saymaqdır və eyni söz formasına bir dəfədən çox rast gələrsə, onlar yenə də say etibarilə nəzərə alınacaqdır. Bu şəkildə sayılan sözlərə “tokens”, bəzən isə “running” terminləri deyilir. Cümlələrdəki sözləri saymağın digər növündə isə bu səfər cümlədə təkrar olunan sözlər nəzərə alınmayacaqdır. Bu növ sayma sistemi isə “type” adlanır. “Lemmas” adlanan söz sayma növündə isə yazılışı fərqli lakin tələffüzü eyni olan sözlər nəzərə alınır. Məsələn “favor”, “favour” bu sözləri misal göstərə bilərik [11]. Təəssüf ki, lüğətin ölçülməsi ilə bağlı tədqiqatlar ümumiyyətlə zəif aparılmışdır və XIX əsrin sonlarına qədər uzanan tədqiqatların nəticələri çox vaxt səhvdir. Son etibarlı tədqiqatlarda (Goulden, Nation and Read, 1990; Zechmeister, Chronis, Cull, D = Anna and Healy, 1995) dil daşıyıcısı ali təhsilli olan universitet məzmunun təxminən 20.000 söz ailəsi (word family) bildikləri qeyd olunub [2]. Dili istifadə etmək üçün lazım olan sözlər müəyyən qruplara bölünür. Bunlara ən çox istifadə olunan sözlər time, the, that və.s., az istifadə XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 65 olunan( low-frequency words) sözlər genipap, futhorc, gossypol və.s. kimi ixtisaslaşdırılmış sözlüklər aiddir. Yüksək tezlikli ( highfrequency words) sözlərin kiçik bir qrupu var və bu sözlər danışıq və yazılı mətnlərdə işləyən sözlərin çox böyük bir hissəsini əhatə edir və dilin hər cür istifadəsində rast gəlinir. Dilin yüksək tezlikli sözləri o qədər vacibdir ki, həm müəllimlər, həm də öyrənənlər bu sözlərə xeyli vaxt sərf etməlidirlər. Çox nadir hallarda istifadə olunan və istənilən mətnin yalnız kiçik bir hissəsini əhatə edən çox böyük bir söz qrupu vardır ki, bu da az tezliklə istifadə olunan sözlər qrupudur. Xüsusi lüğətlər, araşdırılan mövzuların və ya dilin istifadə sistematikası məhdudlaşdırılaraq edilir. Beləliklə, danışmaq, akademik mətnlər, qəzet, uşaq hekayələrini oxumaq və ya məktub yazmaq üçün xüsusi lüğətləri mənimsəmək mümkündür. Texniki lüğətlər də ixtisaslaşdırılmış lüğətlərə aiddir. Mümkünsə, ixtisaslaşdırılmış lüğətə yüksək tezlikli lüğət kimi yanaşmaq lazımdır. Bu qəbilədən olan sözlər əlavə üsullarla öyrədilməli və öyrənilməlidir. Onlar arasındakı fərqlər və oxşarlıqlar izah olunmalı və dərs prosesində tədris edilməlidir [5]. Yeni bir dilin mənimsənilməsi söz ehtiyatından ayrı düşə bilməz. Müxtəlif alimlər və dilçilər söz bazasına müxtəlif təriflər vermişlər. U.Renandyaya görə, söz bazası dil biliyinin əsas elementidir və o yazı, oxu, dinləmə və anlama bacarığının inkişafında əsas rol oynayır. Dil öyrənənlər söz ehtiyatına sahib olanda və vahid leksik strategiyalara yiyələnmədən daim kommunikasiya qurmaqda əziyyət çəkə, kontekslərdə müəyyən söz daxil edilməsi və başa düşülməsi prosesi inkişaf etməyə və ətrafda olan audio səs yazmalarının dinlənilib anlanılmasında uğursuzluqla üzləşə bilərlər .P.Ur qeyd edir ki, xarici dildə öyrədilən sözlər söz bazası kimi təzahür edir. Lakin N. Şmitt isə söz bazasının müxtəlif növ biliklərdən ibarət olduğunu əks etdirir və qeyd edir ki, dil öyrənən hər bir sözün tələffüz formasını, dildə işlənmə xüsusiyyətlərini, onların qrammatik formalarını, dil yaradıcılığında həmin sözdən əmələ gələn söz birləşmələri onlar arasında əlaqəni və işlənmə tezliyini bilməlidirlər [4]. Xarici dilin tədrisində qrammatika əsas sayılır. Çünki qrammatik qaydalar əməl olunduqda cümlələr qrammatik cəhətdən daha düz olur. Amma müəyyən leksik strategiyalara və söz bazasına malik olmadan öyrənilən qrammatik qaydalar bir qədər effektiv olmur. Məsələn, xarici bir ölkədə avtobus stansiyasına getmək istəsək həmin anda bizə lazım olacaq şey söz bazası, jestlər və mimikalardır. S.Thornburynin araşdırmalarına görə qeyd edə bilərik ki, dil öyrənənin həmin dili əhatə edən bütün sözlərin mənimsənilməsi prosesi qeyrimümkündür. Eyni zamanda dil daşıyıcısında təbii şəkildə öyrənmə metodu (natural approach) onlarda inkişaf etməmiş və yaranmamışdır. Bunun səbəbi isə onların həmin dil mühiti ilə yaxından əlaqədə olmamaqlarından irəli gəlir. Dil öyrənənlərə dil daşıyıcısı arasındakı fərq onların müxtəlif dil xüsusiyyətlərinə malik olan ana dilə malik olmalarından irəli gəlir [ 2]. İ. Nation qeyd edir ki, söz bazasının seçilməsində ən əsas məqsəd dil öyrənənlərin məqsədlərinin düzgün müəyyənləşdirilməsidir. Belə ki, dil öyrənmək istəyən şəxs dili nə məqsədlə yəni səyahət etmək, işləmək və yaxud xaricdə təhsil almaq üçün öyrəndiyini qabaqcadan aydınlaşdırmaq lazımdır. Məqsədlər müəyyən edildikdən sonra isə reseptiv və produktiv söz ehtiyatı barədə müəyyən təsəvvürlər formalaşır. Reseptiv söz ehtiyatı dediyimiz zaman dinləmə və anlama ehtiva olunur ki , bu da kommunikasiya sırasında baş verir. Produktivdə isə kommunikasiya zamanı müəyyən olunmuş konteksdə sözlərin düzgün formada işlədilməsi nəzərdə tutulur. Buna görədə müəllim dərs prosesini dil öyrənənin məqsədlərinə uyğun təşkil etməlidir. Əgər dil öyrənənin istəyi xarici dildə yalnız oxuyub tərcümə etməkdirsə o zaman o dil öyrənəndə praduktiv bacarıqlar bəlkə inkişaf etməyəcəkdir [ 5]. Sözlər xarici dili öyrənmək üçün təməl rolunu oynayır. Leksik vahidlər və strategiyalar öyrənməklə bizdə təməl dil haqqında müəyyən biliklər formalaşır. Söz bazası özündə əsas məna ehtiva etdiyində istər ana dildə istərsədə xarici dildə diqqət ayrılmalı ən əsas bir sahədir. Əlbəttə, dil təlimi təkcə leksika ilə sonlana bilməz. Lakin dil öyrənən xarici dil qrammatikasını yaxşı bilirsə, və müəyyən sözü düzgün formada tələffüz edə bilirsə, geniş məna ifadə edən sözlər barədə məlumat azdırsa , xarici dildə effektiv ünsiyyətdən söz gedə bilməz. Leksik vərdişləri dil öyrənənlərə aşılamaq çox müşkül bir prosesdir. Xarici dildəki sözlərin hamısını bilmək onlar haqqında biliyə və informasiyaya sahib olmaq demək deyil. İ.Nation reseptiv və produktiv məfhumları leksik bacarıqlar sırasına daxil etmişdir. İ.Nationun sözün reseptiv biliyi ilə bağlı nümunəsinə nəzər yetirək. - Sözün eşidilən zaman anlaşılma bacarığı; - Sözün yazılı formasını tanımaq və onu konteksdə asanlıqla anlamaq bacarığı; - Sözün hansı hissələrdən ibarət olma bacarığını anlamaq; - Xüsusi bir konteksdə onun hansı mənada işləndiyini bilmək bacarığ; Digər bir yandan isə sözlə bağlı produktiv biliklərə bunlar daxil edilir: - Vurğu daxil olmaqla sözün düzgün tələffüz edilməsi; - Sözü düzgün bir şəkildə yazmaq bacarığı; - Uyğun hissələrdən istifadə edərək düzgün söz yaratma bacarığı [5]; Müəllimlər dərsin məzmununu reseptiv təlim üzərində yox praduktiv təlim üzərində qurmalıdır. Çünki buradakı əsas məqsəd dil öyrənəndən öyrənilmiş materiala əsasən nəticə almaqdır. Müəllimlər dərs sonunda dil öyrənənin nə öyrənəcəyi və nə kimi bacarıqların formalaşacağı qabaqcadan müəllim tərəfindən təhlil olunmalı və ona uyğun dərs planı qurulmalıdır . Ş.Əmralının “Dilin mənimsənilməsi” adlı əsərində C. Foula istinad edərək qeyd etmişdir ki, dilöyrənənlər üçün öyrəndiyi dilin lüğət ehtiyatı fəal (aktiv) və qeyri-fəal (passiv) olmaqla iki yerə bölünür. İndi isə aktiv və passiv soz bazasının hansı mənada işləndiyinə diqqət yetirək. Aktiv söz bazası dediyimiz zaman dil öyrənənin gündəlik həyat tərzində işlətdiyi sözlər nəzərdə tutulur. Bu sözlərdən dil öyrənən özünə inamlı bir şəkildə istifadə edir və heç XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 66 bir çətinliklə rastlaşmır. Danışıq və yazı prosesində səriştəyə nail olmaq üçün daim aktiv söz bazasına yeni sözlər əlavə olunmalıdır. Aktiv söz bazasının özünə məxsus xüsusiyyətləri bundan ibarətdir: -Müəyyən sözün düzgün konteksdə işlədilməsi; -Qrammatik baxımından sözün dəqiq işlədilməsi; -Nitqdə düzgünlük , səlislik və ritm yaratmaq bacarığı [2]; Passiv söz bazası dediyimiz zaman başqalarının nitqində və yazısında rast gəlindiyində asan bir şəkildə başa düşülən söz ehtiyatı nəzərdə tutulur. Lakin bu sözləri dil öyrənən öz nitqində və danışığında nadirən istifadə edir. Dil öyrənən bu sözün kommunikasiya əsnasında düzgün bir konteksdə işlədə bilmir və onun mənasını da başa düşmür. Bu sözlərin mənası konteksdən asılı olaraq müəyyən mənada dəyişilə bilir. Passiv söz bazasının özünə məxsus xüsusiyyətləri bundan ibarətdir: - Nitq və yazıda sözün mənasının bilinməyi; - Bir çox qrammatik vahidlərlə tanışlıq; Araşdırmalara görə dil öyrənənlərin passiv biliyi 3000-5000 söz ailəsi aralığında təşkil edir. Lakin onların passiv biliyi isə 5000-10000 söz ailəsi aralığında dəyişir. Burada dil öyrənənlərə düşən ən əsas vəzifə isə passiv söz bazasını aktiv söz bazasına keçirməsini təmin etməkdir. Müəyyən vaxtdan sonra sözlər artıq aktiv söz bazasına daxil olacaqdır. Bunun üçün isə dil öyrənənnin arzu və istəyi lazımdır [3]. Bundan əlavə, Quliyeva.C U.Graubergin tədqiqatlarına əsaslanaraq onun söz bazasının öyrənilməsi mərhələlərinin olduğunu qeyd edir: A. Fərqləndirmə; Bu mərhələ ən əsas mərhələlərdən biri kimi özünü göstərir. Bu mərhələdə dil öyrənən dinləmə və oxu prosesi zamanı istifadə olunan, eləcə də, yazılış baxımından eyniyyət təşkil edən sözlərin səs və hərflərini fərqləndirmək, nitqdə və yazıda onları aydın şəkildə işlətmək bacarığı nəzərdə tutur. B. Mənanın aydın şəkildə başa düşülməsi; Bu mərhələdə sözün aydın bir şəkildə başa düşülməsi əsas götürülür . C. Yadda saxlama; Yeni material izah edildikdən sonra dil öyrənənlərə həmin materialla bağlı tapşırıqlar və çalışmalar verilməlidir, çünki dil öyrənənlər izah edilmiş sözləri daima unutmağa meyilli olurlar. D. Mənanın genişləndirilməsi [3]; Müşahidələrdən aydın olur ki, sözlər zaman keçdikcə dil öyrənənlər tərəfindən başa düşülmür. Sözün qəbul edilməsi prosesində ilk öncə onun orfoqrafiyası və orfoepiyası mənimsənilir. Sonra məna başa düşülür və onun ardından isə morfoloji formalar başa düşülür və sonda isə semantik bilik əldə olunur. Linda Taylora qeydlərinə əsasən söz biliyi dil universalları kimi qəbul edilir və fərqli növ informasiyaların öyrənilməsi kimi başa düşülür [1]. Dil öyrənənlər əsasəndə aşağı kurs dil öyrənənlər dil səviyyəsini inkişaf etmək üçün müxtəlif yollarla bunu həyata keçirə bilərlər. Təlim strategiyaları, motivasiya və bacarıq sayəsində dil öyrənən xarici dil öyrənmə prosesinə müvəffəq ola bilər. E.Hiebert qeyd etmişdir ki, iki söz bazası mövcuddur. Birinci qrupa daxil olan söz bazası şifahi söz bazasıdır. Bu qrupa daxil olan sözləri biz gündəlik danışıqda istifadə edir və asanlıqla başa düşürük. Digər qrup isə yazılı söz bazası hesab edilir ki, buradakı sözlərdən yazıda və dinləmədə səssiz şəkildə istifadə edirik Bir qayda olaraq, dil öyrənən yeni dildəki sözü öyrənəndə onu maraqlandıran əsas məsələ onun mənası və ana dilindəki tərcüməsidir. Dil öyrənən sözü dil daşıyıcısı kimi istifadə etməyi bilmədən öncə onun orfoqrafiyası, fleksiyası, tələffüzü, qrammatik dəyişməsi və uzlaşması barədə məlumatlara malik olmalıdır. Söz bazasının mənimsənilməsi dil öyrənmə prosesində ən sadə sahə kimi görünsə də , dil öyrənən müəyyən bir dil səviyyəsinə yetişdikdə müşkül bir prosesə çevrilir. Söz bazasının dərindən mənimsənilməsi üçün müəyyən bir vaxt gərəkdir. Öyrənilmə prosesi zamanı dil öyrənən bir çox çətinliklərlə üz-üzə qala bilər. Bunlardan ən vacibi sözlərin öyrənilməsi məsələsidir. Bu prosesdə dil öyrənən hansı sözləri önəmli və əsas hesab edirsə onları da öyrənmək istəyir. Digər dillərlə müqayisədə ingilis dili geniş söz bazasına malikdir. Hətta dil daşıyıcıları belə gündəlik həyat tərzlərində çətin və anlaşıqlı olmayan sözlərdən istifadə etmirlər. Sözlərin asan öyrənilməsi üçün söz bazası müəyyən qruplara bölünür və öyrənilir. Belə ki, sözlər qruplaşdırılır onlar arasında müəyyən əlaqə yaradılaraq sözlər bir şəkildə öyrənilir. Söz bazasının təsnifatını bu şəkildə vermək mümkündür: - Əlifba sırası ilə; - Müxtəlif situasiyalar; - Fərqli mövzular; - Eyni mənaya malik olan söz qrupu; Söz bazasının öyrənilməsi prosesindəki ən çətin məsələ onun dil öyrənənlər tərəfindən unudulmasıdır. Burada unutma probleminin qarşısının alınması üçün bir sıra təkliflər mövcuddur: Öyrənilən sözlərin artma intervallar çərçivəsində dəfələrlə təkrarlanaraq öyrənilməsi; - Öyrənilən sözləri dil öyrənənlər yaddan çıxarmasın deyə bir dəftərçəyə yaza bilərlər. Asudə vaxtlarında məsələn, universitetdə və yaxud hər hansı bir yerdə lüğət dəftərçələr vasitəsilə bu sözlərdən istifadə olunması; - Dil öyrənənin müntəzəm vaxt təyin edərək sözləri bu vaxt ərzində öyrənməsi; - Çətin sözlərin müəyyən olunması sözlərin öyrənilməsini daha da rahatlaşdırır; Əksər vaxtlarda dil öyrənən bilmədiyi sözlərin mənasını lüğətin bir kənarına yazır və gün ərzində təkrar edərək onu aktiv söz bazasına çevirə bilər. Sözlərin öyrənilmə prosesi yaxşı getdikcə bu dil öyrənəndə inam yaradır [2]. Dil öyrənən hər gün ingilis dili ilə bağlı yeni-yeni sözlər eşidir. Bu sözlərin yadda saxlanılması isə qeyri-mümkündür. Dil öyrənənlər sözlərin öyrənilmə prosesinin asanlaşdırması üçün birinci növbədə hansı mövzu ilə bağlı söz öyrənmək istədiklərini aydınlaşdırmalıdırlar. Bunun üçün isə bir sıra təkliflər mövcuddur: - Təhsil aldığınız məcraya uyğun sözləri öyrənmək; - Oxu və dinləmə prosesində ən çox rast gəldiyiniz sözləri öyrənmək - Tez-tez istifadə edəcəyiniz sözlərə diqqət ayırmaq; - Az istifadə olunan sözləri öyrənməmək; Hansı sözlərin yararlı olacağını düşündükdən sonra isə bu kimi təklifləri nəzərə almaq lazımdır: - Sözlər və təriflər kiçik kartlarda qeyd olunmalıdır; - Sözləri dəfələrlə təkrar etmək; - Şəkillər və digər sözlər arasında əlaqə qurmaq; - Öyrənilən sözlərdən daima nitqdə və danışıqda istifadə etmək; Öyrənilən XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 67 sözlərin nə kimi əhəmiyyəti olduğu ilə bağlı bir sıra fikirlər mövcuddur: - Söz bazasının artırılması dil öyrənənlərdə kommunikasiya əsnasında öz fikirlərini çatdırmaq üçün təsvir edici sözlərdən istifadəyə imkan verir; - Daha geniş söz bazasında istifadə etməklə “ihh”,”imm” kimi boşluq dolduran səslərin istifadəsi və nitqdə yaranan fasilələrin qarşısı alınır; - Danışıq prosesi zamanı danışanın fərqli (rəngli) söz bazasından istifadə etməyi qarşıdakı şəxsdə müəyən pozitiv bir təəssürat oyadır [5]; Leksikanın tədrisində əsas məsələ sözün hansı mənada olduğunu bilməkdir. N.Şmittin araşdırmalarına əsasən dil daşıyıcılarının mənsub olan leksik bacarıqları bu bölgüdə təsnif etmişdir: - Sözün danışıq forması; - Sözün dildə hansı aralıqda istifadəsi; - Sözün istifadə olunduğu söz birləşmələri; - Sözün dildə istifadə nümunələri və onların düzəltmə formaları; - Sözün yazılı forması; - Sözün semantik assosasiyası; - Sözün konseptual mənaları [51, s.86]; P.Ur isə leksik vahidlə bağlı bacarıqlar siyahısını təqdim etmişdir: - Forma: tələffüz və orfoqrafiya; - Söz briləşmələri; - Məna aspektləri: denotasiya, konotasiya, uyğunluq; - Məna əlaqələri: sinonimlər, antonimlər, omonimlər [4]; Qouer, Uolter və Filips leksik vahidin nə üçün asan və yaxud çətin olduğu barədə fikirlər söyləmişlər. Leksik vahidlər bəzi amillərdən ibarətdir: A. Ana dili ilə oxşarlıq (Similarity to L1); Leksik vahidliyin çətinliyi leksik vahidlərin ana dilindəki olan sözlərin məna və forma baxımından oxşarlığından irəli gəlir. Bu tip sözlər isə daima dil öyrənənlərdə çaşqınlıq yaradır. B. İngilis dilində öyrənilən sözlər arasında oxşarlıq (Similarity to English words already known); Hədəf dildə bir sözün öyrənilməsindən sonra ona oxşar olan digər bir sözün öyrənilməsi bəzi dil öyrənənlər üçün asan olsa da digər dil öyrənənlər üçün kompleks bir prosesə çevrilir. Məsələn: important sözünü öyrənən dil öyrənən unimportant sözünün öyrənilməsində müvəffəq olmalıdır. C. Sözün əlavə məna çalarları (Connonation); İngilis dilində elə sözlər yer alır ki, onların mənaları eyni olsa da lakin müsbət və yaxud mənfi baxımından məna çalarına malik olmaları bir birindən fərqləndirir. Skinny və slim sözləri eyni mənaya malik olsalar da lakin məna çalarına görə bir birlərindən fərqlənirlər. D. Orfoqrafiya və tələffüz (Spelling and pronunciation); İngilis dilinin söz bazasında orfoqrafik səs sistemindən asılı olaraq elə sözlər mövcuddur ki, bu dil öyrənənlərdə çaşqınlıq yaradır. Bu tip sözlərə bu sözləri misal göstərə bilərik: through, tough, though, thought və.s. F. Söz kombinasiyaları ( Collocation); Leksik vahidlərin digər sözlərlə əlaqəsi çətinlik yarada bilər. İnsanlardan söhbət getdiyi zaman biz, injured sözündən istifadə edirik, lakin obyekt cansız olduqda isə damaged sözündən istifadə edilir. Strong coffee və strong wind söz kombinasiyalarında strong hər iki sözlə birləşmə yaradır, lakin weak wind deyə bildiyimiz halda wind coffee deyilməsi çox yanlışdır. G. Düzgün istifadə ( Appropriate use) ; Söz bazasının düzgün istifadə edilməsi daima çətinlik yaratmışdır, çünki bəzi söz və ifadələrin müəyyən bir kontekstə istifadəsi yanlış və məhduddur. Məsələn biz He is pushing fifty ifadəsini işlədə bilərik. Çünki burada pushing ifadəsi almost sözü ilə eynilik təşkil edir. Lakin biz bu sözü yaşlılarla münasibətimizdə yalnız bu mənada işlədə bilərik. He is pushing there ifadəsi bu münasibətdə qəbul edilməzdir. Buna görə də dil öyrənənlər söz və yaxud söz birləşmələri öyrənən zaman onların işlənmə üslublarına xüsusi diqqət yetirməlidirlər. C.Zimmerman belə bir fikirlə çıxış etdi ki, “Leksik vərdişlərin dil öyrənənlərdə aşılanma prosesinə xüsusi diqqət ayrılması öyrənənlərdə dilin yalnız söz yığınından ibarət olduğuna dair təəssürat yaradar”. Beləliklə müəllimlər leksik strategiyaların dil öyrənənlərdə aşılanmasına xüsusi diqqət yetirməlidirlər [5]. Xarici dildə lazımi səviyyədə lüğət bazası formalaşdırmadan dil öyrənənlər kommunikasiya prosesində istənilən formada iştirak edə bilməzlər. Dil öyrənənlər qrammatika sahəsində müəyyən ilkin biliklərə malik olmadan da həmin dildə əlaqə qura bilər lakin bunun uğurlu olmasından söhbət gedə bilməz. Yəni dil öyrənməyə başlayan dil öyrənən qrammatikasız da sözdən istifadə edərək fikrini çatdıra bilər. Məsələn: “Yesterday go magazin and to buy a bread “ burada dil öyrənən bildiyi sözlərdən istifadə edərək qrammatik qaydalara riaət etmədən cümlə qurmuşdur. Günümüzdə lüğətin öyrədilməsi mənalı mətnlər əsasında həyata keçirilir. Əvvəllər lüğətin öyrədilməsinə xüsusi diqqət yaranmasa da son 20 ildir ki, müəllimlər xüsusi diqqət yetirirlər. Dil öyrənənlər yeni sözlərin mənimsənilməsində müəyyən çətinliklər çəkirlər. Buna görədə onlara müəyyən startegiyalar aşılanmalı və lüğətlərin tədris olunmasında müəyyən olunmuş strategiyalardan istifadə olunmalıdır : - Lüğətin birbaşa tədrisi; - Lüğətin dolayı tədrisi; - Lüğətin müstəqil tədrisi ; Bəzi müəlliflər lüğətin birbaşa tədrisini deduktiv üsul kimi hesab edirlər. Bu zaman söz bazası dil öyrənənlərə bir başa verilir. Dil öyrənənlər bu tip sözləri isə mətnlərdə və yaxud başqa vizual materiallarda görür və bu sözlərin işlənmə yeri ilə bağlı onlarda müəyyən təsəvvürün formalaşmasında rol oynayır. Vizual vasitələr dil öyrənənlərdə sözün mənası barədə dərin düşündürür və sözlər arasında müəyyən əlaqə yaradır [3]. Digər müəlliflər qeyd edirlər ki, dolayı lüğət tədrisin induktiv olduğunun tərəfdarıdırlar. Bu zaman dil öyrənənlər sözləri birbaşa mətndən və yaxud konteksdən çıxara bilir. Dolayı lüğət tədrisi məktəbdə və yaxud evdə kitab oxuyanda şifahi dil səriştələrinə cəlb edilməklə konteksdən sözün mənalarının çıxarılıb başa düşülməsi əsas götürür. Bu zaman söz bazasının genişlənməsi dil öyrənənlərin gündəlik oxumaları və bir birilərinə qulaq asmalı sayəsində təbii bir şəkildə baş verir. Dolayı tədris lüğəti dil öyrənənyönümlüdür. Burada dil öyrənənlərdə kreativlik və araşdırma tələb olunur. Lüğətin dolayı yolla tədrisi bir çox müəlliflərdə narahatlıq yaradır. Çünki bu üsul daha çox dil səviyyəsi orta və yüksək olan dil öyrənənlər üzərində daha çox müvəffəq olur. Konteksdən mənanın çıxarılmasında dil öyrənənin 20 sözdən 18-ni bilməsi XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 68 əsas götürülür. Yeni söz öyrənməyə çalışan dil öyrənənyə bu üsul çətin gələcəkdir [3]. Müstəqil lüğət tədrisi dil öyrənənləri müstəqil şəkildə necə lüğət öyrənmələri barədə təlimatlandırır. Dinləmə və oxu zamanı uğurlu strategiyalardan biri kontekstual işarələr sistemindən istifadə etməkdir. Bu cəhətdəndə prefikslər və suffikslər əsas rol oynayır. Gündəlik istifadə etdiyimiz lüğətlər söz bazasının genişləndirilməsi üçün mürəkkəb və çətin ola bilərlər. Lüğətdən istifadə heç də sözün mənasının tam anlaşılmasına gətirib çıxarmır. Dil öyrənənlərdə leksik vərdişləri aşılanmasında lüğətlərdən istifadənin çöx da əhəmiyyəti olmaya bilər. Əvəzində isə dil öyrənənlərə yeni sözlər öyrətmək və onlara yeni leksik vərdişlər aşılamaq lazımdır. Hədəf dilin öyrədilməsi və öyrənilməsi zamanı sözlər arasındakı olan məna əlaqələrinə xüsusi diqqət yaratmaq lazımdır. Leksikanın tədrisi zamanı bir sıra aspektlərin nəzərə alınması əsasdır. Bu vacib aspektlərə çoxmənalılıq, sinonimlik, denotasiya və antonimləri misal göstərə bilərik. Denotasiya aspektini bəzən hiponimlər də adlandırırlar. Dil öyrənən “orange” sözünü öyrənən zaman onun meyvə kateqoriyasına aid olduğunu bilməlidir. “elephant” , “sheep” sözlərini öyrənən zaman isə onun heyvan kateqoriyasına aid olduğunu bilməlidir. İkinci olaraq çoxmənalılıq yəni eyni sözün müxtəlif kontekslərdə müxtəlif məna bildirməsidir. Məsələn ; “head” sözü ingilis dilində müxtəlif kontekslərdə işlədilə bilər. - Head of pin – sancağ; - The head of a animal – heyvan başı; - The head of department – şöbə başçısı; Çoxmənalılıq probleminin öhtəsindən gəlmək üçün öyrənənlər sözləri müxtəlif kontekslərdə daima işlətməli, ayrı-ayrı mənalarda işlənməsinə xüsusi diqqət yetirməlidir. Digər bir aspekt isə sinonimlərdir. Sözün sinonimlərindən xəbərdar olmaq onun söz bazasının inkişafına xüsusi köməklik göstərəcəkdir. Ən sonuncu aspektimiz isə antonimlikdir. Hər hansı bir sözə ona əks mənalı olan sözlərin tapılması, sözün mənasının daha uzun müddət yadda saxlanılması üçün bir vasitədir [1]. Leksik vərdişlərinin formalaşdırılmasında diqqət nöqtəsində olan əsas məsələ məna daşıyan sözlərin kontekstual mənalarının tapılması yalnız reseptiv bacarıqların inkişaf etdirilməsi məğzini daşıyır. Lakin, alimlərin fikrincə, sözlərin reseptiv və produktiv məqsədlərlə dərk olunması arasında olan müxtəliflikləri müəyyənləşdirmək heç də sadə bir məsələ deyil. References 1. Taylor, L. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Hertfordshire. Prentice Hall. 1990, 96 p 2. Thornbury, Scott. How to teach vocabulary. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2002, 185 p 3. Thomas Tinkham. The effects of semantic and thematic clustering on the learning of second language vocabulary. Oxford: Sage Publications, 2000, 163p 4. Ur, P. A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 388 p 5. Zimmerman, C. Do reading and interactive vocabulary instruction make a difference? An empirical study. TESOL Quarterly, 1997, 345 p XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 69 THE PHILOSOPHICAL WEIGHT OF "SIMPLE LANGUAGE" IN RAMIZ RÖVŞAN'S POETRY (EXPANDED VERSION WITH QUOTATIONS) Sevinj Ahmadova ASPU RAMIZ RÖVŞƏN POEZIYASINDA “SADƏ DILIN FƏLSƏFI YÜKÜ” (SITATLARLA GENIŞLƏNDIRILMIŞ VERSIYA) Sevinj Ahmadova ASPU Abstract This scholarly article is dedicated to the linguistic and stylistic analysis of the work of Ramiz Rövşən, a prominent representative of contemporary Azerbaijani poetry. The main objective of the study is to determine how the domestic lexis and colloquial words used by the poet in his poetry carry a profound philosophical weight and what kind of semantic transformation they undergo. Xülasə Bu elmi məqalə çağdaş Azərbaycan poeziyasının görkəmli nümayəndəsi Ramiz Rövşənin yaradıcılığını linqvistik-stilistik aspektdən təhlil etməyə həsr olunmuşdur. Tədqiqatın əsas məqsədi, şairin poeziyasında istifadə etdiyi məişət leksikasının və adi danışıq dilinə aid sözlərin necə yüksək fəlsəfi yük daşıdığını və hansı semantik transformasiyaya uğradığını müəyyənləşdirməkdir. Keywords: Ramiz Rövşən, lexis, semantics, philosophical lyricism, simplicity, connotation, free verse, stylistics. Açar sözlər: Ramiz Rövşən, leksika, semantika, fəlsəfi lirika, sadəlik, konnotasiya, sərbəst şeir, stilistika. Məqalədə göstərilir ki, Ramiz Rövşən klassik və mürəkkəb ədəbi dildən imtina edərək, sadə sözlərin ilkin (denotativ) mənalarına qayıdır. Lakin bu sözlər qeyri-ənənəvi sintaktik quruluş və zəngin konnotativ əlaqələr vasitəsilə ("yol," "su," "qapı," "işıq" kimi sözlərin fəlsəfi simvollara çevrilməsi) Həyat, Ölüm, Tale kimi universal mövzuların ifadəsinə xidmət edir. Təhlil şairin sərbəst şeir formasından istifadə etməklə leksik vahidlərin üzərində semantik vurğu yaratdığını, habelə antiteza və oksimoronları sadə sözlərlə təqdim etmək ustalığını nümayiş etdirir. Ramiz Rövşən poeziyası sadəlikdəki dərinlik prinsipi ilə fərqlənir və bu, onun dil fəlsəfəsinin əsasını təşkil edir. Şairin dilə münasibəti göstərir ki, bədii dildə minimal söz ehtiyatı ilə maksimal fəlsəfi məna əldə etmək mümkündür. Azərbaycan poeziyasında XX əsrin sonu – XXI əsrin əvvəllərində formalaşmış və xüsusi poetik məktəb yaratmış sənətkar Ramiz Rövşən, özünəməxsus fəlsəfi dərinliyi ilə yanaşı, dilə münasibəti ilə də seçilir. Şairin yaradıcılığı ilk baxışdan sadə və gündəlik həyatdan götürülmüş leksik vahidlərə əsaslansa da, bu sadəliyin arxasında dərin fəlsəfi mənalar, həyatın mürəkkəb dilemmaları və bəşəri duyğular gizlənir. Bu məqalə Ramiz Rövşən poeziyasının leksik-semantik səviyyəsini təhlil etməyi, onun şeirlərindəki sadə sözlərin necə güclü bir fəlsəfi yükə malik olduğunu linqvistik-stilistik müstəvidə araşdırmağı hədəfləyir. Məqsəd, şairin dil fəlsəfəsini açmaq və onun poeziyasında sadə sözün qeyri-adi gücünü nümayiş etdirməkdir. Ramiz Rövşən poeziyasının leksik təbəqəsinin əsasını məişət leksikası, adi danışıq dili və gündəlik həyatda istifadə olunan sözlər təşkil edir. O, ədəbi-klassik, mürəkkəb tərkibli sözlərdən və ya arxaik leksikadan qəsdən uzaq durur. Şairin yaradıcılığında adi sözlər, yeni kontekst və qeyri-adi sintaktik əlaqələr sayəsində dərin konnotativ çalarlar qazanır. Məsələn, "su", "qapı", "yol", "daş" kimi sözlər zamanın, taleyin və ya mənəvi təmizliyin simvoluna çevrilir. Misal olaraq, Mən axan su olsaydım, Gedib dənizə dönərdim. Dənizə dönməkçün yox, Axıb gedənlərdən ötrü. (“Mən axan su olsaydım”) Bu misalda "su" sözü sadəcə maye yox, həyatın axıcılığı və əbədi yoxuş mənasını daşıyır. Denotativ olaraq su dənizə axır, lakin şair onu "gedənlərdən ötrü" axan bir varlıq kimi təqdim edərək, sözə fəlsəfi sədaqət və missiya konnotasiyası yükləyir. Ramiz Rövşən şeirlərində məişətə aid, kiçik, adi detallar tez-tez böyük semantik yük daşıyır. Məsələn, "yazı", "pəncərə", "divar", "telefon" kimi sözlər insanın daxili aləminin və tənhalığının güzgüsünə çevrilir. Sitat olaraq: Mənim qapım hamıya bağlıydı, Hamının qapısı mənə... Nə bağlayan yoxdu, nə döyən. Necə oldu, birdən açıldı qapılar? (“Qapılar”) "Qapı" sözü burada fiziki maneə yox, ruhi təcrid və ünsiyyətin yoxluğu anlamını verir. "Bağlıydı/açıldı" antitezasının sadə leksika ilə təqdimi, insanın qəfil həyata qayıdış və ya anlama anının dərinliyini ifadə edir. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 70 Ramiz Rövşənin əsas ustalığı, məhz sadə sözlərin yeni kontekstdə semantik transformasiyasıdır. Şair minimal leksik tərkiblə maksimal fəlsəfi məna əldə etmə prinsipini tətbiq edir. Bu, xüsusilə "Yol" və "Zaman" mövzularında özünü qabarıq göstərir. Sitat olaraq (Yol və Ömür): Yol gəldik, yol getdik… Nə qədər yol gəldik, Ömrümüzə çatmadıq. (“Yol gəldik, yol getdik”) Bu misalda "yol" sözü fiziki məsafədən çıxaraq, insan ömrünün, taleyin metaforasına çevrilir. Cümlədəki fellər ("gəldik", "getdik", "çatmadıq") son dərəcə sadə və məişətə aid olsa da, onların "ömür" leksik vahidi ilə birləşməsi uğursuz axtarış və əbədi çatmazlıq kimi universal fəlsəfi ideyanı doğurur. Şairin poeziyasında tez-tez rast gəlinən leksik antitezalar sadə sözlər vasitəsilə bəşəriyyəti düşündürən əbədi sualları səthə çıxarır. Sitat olaraq (İşıq-Qaranlıq): Bu qaranlıqda hər şey görsənir, İşıqda itəcək hər şey. (“Bu qaranlıqda hər şey görsənir”) "Qaranlıq" və "işıq" kimi əsas leksik ziddiyyətlər burada ənənəvi mənalarını itirir. Linqvistik cəhətdən, "qaranlıqda görsənmək" və "işıqda itmək" kimi gözlənilməz ifadə (və ya oksimoron) yaranır. Bu, fəlsəfi olaraq, Həqiqətin Qaranlıqda gizlənməsi və Maddi İşıqda itməsi ideyasını ifadə edir. Nəticə Ramiz Rövşən poeziyasının leksik-semantik təhlili göstərir ki, şair sadə sözə fəlsəfi məna geyindirmək sənətini mükəmməl mənimsəmişdir. O, adi məişət leksikası ilə bəşəriyyətin ən mürəkkəb mövzularını (həyat, ölüm, tale, sevgi) işıqlandırır. Şairin dil fəlsəfəsi sadəlikdəki dərinlik, məhdudiyyətdəki sonsuzluq prinsipinə əsaslanır. Ramiz Rövşən poeziyasındakı leksik vahidlər nə qədər sadə olsa da, onların seçilmiş kontekst, qeyri-ənənəvi sintaktik quruluş və güclü metaforik şüurla birləşməsi nəticəsində güclü bir fəlsəfi yük yaranır. Bu yanaşma Ramiz Rövşəni nəinki Azərbaycan, həm də dünya poeziyasında sadəliyi ucalığa qaldıran nadir söz ustalarından biri kimi təsdiqləyir. Ədəbiyyat 1. Ramiz Rövşən yaradıcılığında leksik-semantik qatlar sintaktik quruluşla sıx əlaqədədir. Şeirlərindəki sadə sözlər məhz sərbəst şeirin qeyri-ənənəvi sintaksisi sayəsində fəlsəfi yükünü artırır. Qısa, parçalanmış cümlələr, nitqin emosional gərginliyini və ritmik pauzaları (sükutları) gücləndAkimova, E. (2017). Ramiz Rövşən şeiri iki əsrin qovşağında. "Ədəbiyyat Qəzeti", № 50. (Şairin fəlsəfi-lirik üslubunun təhlili.) 2. Cəfərov, N. (2000). Azərbaycan dili: keçmişi, bu günü, gələcəyi. Bakı: Mütərcim. (Çağdaş poeziyada dil məsələləri kontekstində istifadə oluna bilər.) 3. Əliyev, Y. (2009). Poeziyanın ruhu və sözün fəlsəfəsi. Bakı: Elm. (Ümumilikdə poeziyada sözün fəlsəfi yükü haqqında nəzəri mənbə.) 4. Hüseynov, A. (2023). Ramiz Rövşənin sərbəst şeirlərində poetik ovqat və novatorluq. "Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatşünaslığı Jurnalı", № 1. (Xüsusilə forma və dilin novatorluğunu araşdıran mənbə.) 5. Şəmsizadə, N. (2017). Ramiz Rövşən: Sözün qeyrətini çəkən şair. Bakı: (Konkret olaraq Ramiz Rövşənin dilə münasibətini və leksik seçimlərini təhlil edən mənbə kimi.) 6. Qasımzadə, İ. (2016). Sözü İlahidəndir: Ramiz Rövşən - 70. "Azərbaycan" Jurnalı, № 12, s. 3-4. (Dilin mənəvi və mistik aspektlərinə toxunan mənbə.) 7. Məmmədli, M. (2019). Çağdaş Azərbaycan poeziyasında dil və üslub məsələləri. Bakı: Yazıçı. (Ramiz Rövşənin üslubunu dövrün linqvistik kontekstində təhlil etmək üçün.) XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 71 Physical sciences AANALYSIS OF STABLE STRUCTURES OF DIPEPTIDE MOLECULES Haciyeva Lala Ph.D., Associate Professor Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan Abbasova Gultakin Ph.D., Associate Professor Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan Abstract Biomolecules perform various functions in my body. The biological functions performed by them are closely related to the spatial structure of molecules. The structures of biomolecules are studied by experimental-theoretical methods. By the method of theoretical conformational analysis, the conformational mobility of the side chains of the amino acid residues of valine and isoleucine of the dipeptide molecule was studied. When examining the spatial possibilities of the mentioned dipeptide fragment, the conformational energy of the molecule was taken as the sum of four energies. Based on a quantitative assessment of the limits of change in dioecious angles, it was established that the side chains of valine and isoleucine residues are most mobile in the low-energy conformational state of the dipeptide molecule. The resulting values can be used to calculate three tetrapeptide fragments. Keywords: Biomolecule, peptides, conformations, spatial structure, energy and geometric parameters, mechanical model, dipeptide, conformational changes, three-dimensional structure, isoleucine, valine. It is known that the biological properties of peptide molecules are determined by their chemical and spatial structure. Proteins are made up of amino acids that form chains and come in different lengths: long proteins contain dozens of amino acids, while short proteins contain only 2-3 compounds. These compounds are called peptides, which are small proteins only 1 nanometer in size. Substances that are peptides in nature are one of the main classes of biopolymers. The study of their properties is important for understanding the processes occurring in the body. Studies of peptides in biophysics and chemistry have shown that they have a complex structure, primarily because the structure of peptides is at an even more complex level, which allows macromolecules to perform unique and diverse biological functions. Conformational changes in the molecule play an important role in the structure of peptide molecules. In a living organism, peptides act as carriers of" information". Information transmitted from one cell to another controls the functioning of the organism. Cells produce certain types of proteins. The bonds formed by cells and their precise functioning contribute to the overall functioning of the body. If there is tension in the work of the cell, then defects appear in the work of the whole organism, which, in turn, leads to disease. In this case, the cell weakens and can completely stop functioning [1]. Peptides are used to restore cell function. Studying the spatial structure and adaptive capabilities of complex molecules makes it possible to clarify the foundations of their molecular mechanisms, which are important for understanding the physiological processes occurring in living cells and the body at the final stage. Various biological functions of peptides are associated with their three-dimensional and spatial structure. A detailed study of the principles of the three-dimensional structure and spatial structure, as well as the biological functions of natural peptides and proteins, opens opportunities for the creation of their synthetic analogues. Therefore, research on the structure of peptides, in addition to experiments, should include theoretical calculations using new techniques and modern technologies, as well as computer programs. The method of theoretical conformational analysis is one of the most basic methods of studying the spatial structure of natural compounds and determining processes in living systems. Conformational analysis studies the conformations of molecules and their mutual transformations. Each specific conformation corresponds to a certain amount of energy. Theoretical conformational analysis is a method of molecular mechanics that allows assessing the conformational capabilities of a peptide molecule and determining the energy and geometric parameters of a molecule [2]. In this work, we analyzed the spatial structure of the peptide molecule using the above method. As an object of our research selected structure H-Val1-Ser2-Glu3-Asn4-Leu5ψ(CH(OH)CH2)Val6–Ile7–Val-OH8 [3]. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 72 According to international nomenclature, this ingibitora was named U-85548e[3]. This inhibitor consists of 8 amino acids. Seven of them are natural, the amino acid Leu, the fifth in the sequence, is non-standard. Due to its conformational capabilities, this inhibitor is a complex molecule. According to the developed methodology, to study the spatial capabilities of complex molecules, their parts are divided into S-peptides into di- , triand tetra-peptides, after which the stable conformations of each fragment are investigated. The abovementioned inhibitor can be divided into 7 dipeptide fragments. When studying the spatial possibilities of the Val6-Ile7 dipeptide fragment, it is necessary to study it based on the stable conformations of the Val and Ile amino acids that form it. Val6-Ile7 -this molecule consists of the irreplaceable Val and the aliphatic α-amino acid ile. The conformational capabilities of a molecule can cause various interactions in its individual areas and, in addition, lead to differences in the energy properties of the functional groups of the molecule. Based on the mechanical model of the spatial structure using theoretical conformation method, the nonvalence, electrostatic energies, torsion potentials and energies of hydrogen bonds of the dipeptide molecule were calculated. During calculations, the energy values were minimized by the gradient method, depending on the number of changing hypocritical angles. Using the method of theoretical conformational analysis, the non-valent, electrostatic energies, torsion potentials, and hydrogen bond energies of a dipeptide molecule were calculated based on a mechanical model of the spatial structure. During the calculations, the energy values were minimized using the gradient method, depending on the number of changing dihedral angles. The “0“ value of the hypocritical angles adopted by the international nomenclature is considered w=0 – C1-C2 communication N4-C6 is taken in fog state while φ is taken in fog state in relation to communication “0” C2-N4 communication C6-C21 communication. ψ=0 becomes-N4-C6 communication C2-N23 relative to communication in fog the value of X11 angle “0” is accepted while N4-C6 communication C8-C11 relative to communication in fog state . The relative energies of the calculated 6 conformations of the Val6-Ile7 243 dipeptide fragment are shown in table 1 in kcal/mol. Of these, the interval 0÷1 kcal/mole is 13 conformations, the interval 1÷2 kcal/mole is 16 conformations, the interval 2÷3 kcal/mole is 25 conformations. Others are upper energetic.Energy parameters of low-energy conformations per interval of 0÷2 kcal/mol are shown in table 1. XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 79 VOLTE SIGNALING CHALLENGES: SOLUTIONS THROUGH NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION AND PROTOCOL ENHANCEMENT Valatov Jafar Shavketovich Independent PhD Applicant, Muhammad al-Khwarizmi Tashkent University of Information Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan ПРОБЛЕМА СИГНАЛИЗАЦИИ В VOLTE: ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ ЧЕРЕЗ ОПТИМИЗАЦИЮ СЕТЕВОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ И УЛУЧШЕНИЕ ПРОТОКОЛОВ Валатов Жафар Шавктович Независимый соискатель (PhD) Ташкентского университета информационных технологий им. Мухаммада Ал-Хоразмий. Ташкент, Узбекистан Abstract The article examines the main signaling problems in VoLTE, such as call setup delays, network congestion, and integration with previous generations of mobile networks. Аннотация В статье рассматриваются основные проблемы сигнализации в VoLTE, такие как задержки при установке вызовов, перегрузка сети и интеграция с предыдущими поколениями сетей. Keywords: VoLTE, infrastructure, SIP, integration, gateway, proxy, Diameter, ISUP, IMS, UDP, TCP. Ключевые слова: VoLTE, инфраструктура, SIP, интеграция, шлюз, прокси, Diameter, ISUP, IMS, UDP, TCP. Введение. Сигнализация в VoLTE (Voice over LTE) включает в себя серию сообщений, которые обмениваются различные элементы сети для установления, управления и завершения голосового вызова. В отличие от традиционных мобильных технологий, таких как 2G и 3G, VoLTE использует IPсети, что позволяет передавать голосовые данные через единую инфраструктуру, основанную на сети 4G. Однако эта схема предъявляет высокие требования к качеству сигнализации и требует от сети эффективной обработки сигналов в условиях высокой плотности трафика [5], [6]. Протоколы сигнализации, используемые в VoLTE, включают SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), DIAMETER, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), которые работают совместно для обработки голосовых вызовов и управления сеансами связи [4], [3]. Одной из ключевых проблем является необходимость минимизации задержек, улучшения пропускной способности и обеспечения надежности сигнализации. Важно также учитывать взаимодействие между различными поколениями сетей (например, 2G/3G и 4G), что добавляет дополнительные сложности в организацию и обработку сигналов [8]. I. Проблемы сигнализации в VoLTE 1. Задержки при установке соединений • Задержка при установке вызова является одной из самых заметных проблем при использовании VoLTE. В VoLTE голосовые вызовы инициируются через SIP-сообщения, которые передаются по IPсети. Процесс установления соединения требует обмена несколькими пакетами данных между мобильным устройством, сервером SIP и другими элементами сети, что может занять дополнительное время. В условиях перегрузки сети, а также при наличии множества промежуточных маршрутов передачи данных, могут возникать дополнительные задержки, что влияет на пользовательский опыт [7]. • Причины задержек: • Низкая пропускная способность канала: В случае, если сеть не предоставляет достаточную пропускную способность для обработки SIP-сообщений, это приводит к увеличению времени обработки [7]. • Перегрузка серверов: SIP-прокси-серверы, которые обрабатывают запросы на установление соединений, могут быть перегружены, что приводит к дополнительным задержкам [6]. • Межсетевой обмен сообщений: Использование нескольких промежуточных узлов (например, сетевых шлюзов или дополнительных серверов) может увеличивать задержку передачи сигнализационных сообщений [5]. 2. Перегрузка сетевой инфраструктуры XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 80 • VoLTE требует от сетевой инфраструктуры высокой пропускной способности и малого времени задержки для успешного установления, и поддержания голосовых вызовов. В случае перегрузки сети или отсутствия достаточного уровня масштабируемости, качество сигнализации может существенно ухудшиться. Проблемы возникают как в сетях передачи данных, так и в компонентах, обрабатывающих сигнализацию, таких как SIP-прокси-серверы, шлюзы и элементы управления трафиком [3], [4]. • Основные причины перегрузки инфраструктуры: • Нагрузка на SIP-серверы: Высокая интенсивность голосовых вызовов и многочисленные параллельные вызовы могут вызывать перегрузку серверов сигнализации [6]. • Нехватка сетевых ресурсов: Перегрузка сети передачи данных или сетевых элементов (например, контроллеров маршрутизации или прокси-серверов) может привести к снижению пропускной способности и ухудшению качества вызовов [5]. 3. Интеграция с существующими 2G/3G системами • VoLTE активно используется в сетях 4G, однако во многих регионах операторы используют гибридные сети, поддерживающие как 4G (VoLTE), так и старые технологии (2G/3G). Это создаёт проблемы с совместимостью сигнализационных протоколов и требует от сети умения адаптироваться к различным стандартам [9]. • Основные проблемы интеграции: • Сложности взаимодействия между протоколами: SIP, используемый в VoLTE, не совместим с более старыми протоколами сигнализации, такими как ISUP (ISDN User Part), которые применяются в сетях 2G/3G [8]. • Необходимость использования шлюзов и прокси: Для обеспечения совместимости между сетями различных поколений требуется установка промежуточных шлюзов, что может повлиять на скорость обработки сигнализации [7]. II. Пути решения проблем сигнализации в VoLTE 1. Оптимизация SIP-сообщений Для уменьшения задержек при установке соединений и увеличения эффективности обработки сигнализации можно оптимизировать структуру SIP-сообщений. Сокращение размера сообщений и использование эффективных протоколов передачи данных поможет ускорить процесс установления вызовов [6]. Решения: • Уменьшение числа сообщений: Уменьшение количества промежуточных сообщений SIP, используемых при установлении соединения, может значительно сократить задержки [5]. • Использование UDP вместо TCP: SIP-сообщения, передаваемые через UDP, позволяют минимизировать задержки, поскольку UDP не требует установления соединения и подтверждения передачи данных [6]. 2. Масштабирование и улучшение инфраструктуры Для решения проблемы перегрузки сетевой инфраструктуры необходимо внедрить масштабируемые решения, которые могут динамически адаптироваться к увеличению нагрузки и обеспечивать высокую пропускную способность для обработки сигнализационных сообщений [9]. Решения: • Использование кластеризации серверов: Разделение нагрузки между несколькими серверами для обработки SIP-сообщений может помочь избежать перегрузки и ускорить установление соединений [7]. • Оптимизация маршрутизации трафика: Использование интеллектуальных алгоритмов маршрутизации для оптимизации распределения трафика и предотвращения перегрузки отдельных элементов сети [6]. • Использование облачных решений: Перенос части инфраструктуры в облачные сервисы позволяет более гибко распределять ресурсы и обеспечивать масштабируемость [6]. 3. Интеграция с 2G/3G сетями через шлюзы • Для улучшения взаимодействия между различными поколениями сетей важно использовать гибридные шлюзы, которые могут адаптировать протоколы сигнализации между 2G/3G и VoLTE. Такие шлюзы обеспечивают плавную интеграцию старых и новых технологий, а также могут минимизировать влияние задержек и потерь пакетов на качество связи [9]. • Решения: XIX international scientific conference. Toronto. Canada. 06-07.11.2025 81 • Использование SIP-шлюзов: Применение SIP-шлюзов для интеграции VoLTE с существующими 2G/3G системами позволяет адаптировать голосовые вызовы между различными технологиями [8]. • Переход на IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Полный переход на IMS для унификации сигнальных протоколов позволяет минимизировать разницу в технологиях и обеспечить совместимость различных сетей [8]. 4. Использование 5G для улучшения сигнализации • Сети 5G, благодаря своей высокой пропускной способности и малым задержкам, способны значительно улучшить обработку сигнализации в VoLTE. Внедрение 5G создаёт возможности для оптимизации всей цепочки сигнализации, обеспечивая более высокое качество связи [9]. • Решения: • Использование гибридных 5G и 4G сетей: Использование гибридных решений для поддержки и 4G, и 5G соединений позволит плавно переходить между сетями, обеспечивая более высокую производительность [9]. • Внедрение технологии «Network Slicing»: Сегментация сети с помощью технологии «Network Slicing» позволит выделять отдельные ресурсы для голосовых вызовов, что улучшит производительность и снизит нагрузку на общие ресурсы [9]. Заключение. Проблемы сигнализации в VoLTE связаны с задержками при установке соединений, перегрузкой сетевой инфраструктуры и интеграцией с устаревшими системами. Однако предложенные решения, такие как оптимизация SIP-сообщений, масштабирование серверной инфраструктуры, использование интеллектуальных технологий маршрутизации, а также переход на сети 5G, могут существенно улучшить качество сигнализации и повысить общую эффективность VoLTE. В результате этого, операторы смогут обеспечить пользователям более стабильные и высококачественные голосовые вызовы, улучшая общий опыт общения в мобильных сетях. Список использованной литературы 1. 3GPP № TS 23.203. "Policy and charging control architecture." 2. 3GPP № TS 23.228. "IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Stage 2." 3. Zhao, L., & Wang, Z. (2019). "An overview of VoLTE technology and future prospects." Telecommunications Systems, 72(2), 181-191. 4. Sivathanu, M., & Sharma, S. (2018). "Quality of service and signal processing in VoLTE networks." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 13(4), 40-48. 5. Choi, H., & Lee, J. (2020). "Optimizing signaling performance in VoLTE networks: Challenges and solutions." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 22(1), 234-247. 6. Sundararajan, V., & Gokhale, S. (2016). "VoLTE and its signaling protocols: Performance analysis and optimization." International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications, 7(9), 55-65. 7. Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2020). "Integration of VoLTE with legacy systems: Challenges and solutions." International Journal of Communication Systems, 33(12), e4132. 8. Pikray, P., & Sharma, S. (2017). "Advanced signaling techniques for VoLTE networks." Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Communications and Networking, 107-113. 9. Yang, C., & Xu, M. (2019). "Impact of IMS signaling on VoLTE performance and strategies for improvement." Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications, 24(3), 348-359.