Challenges and opportunities of digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy

INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 58 Publisher Sustainability for Regions ________________________________________________________________________________________ CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF DIGITALIZING MOROCCO'S RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR * Jurga Vestertė 1*, Ilona Skačkauskienė 2, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi 3, Kamal Zared 4 1* Department of Business Technologies and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Business Management, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VILNIUS TECH), Lithuania 2 Department of Management, Faculty of Business Management, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, (VILNIUS TECH), Lithuania 3.4 University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Morocco E-mails: 1 [email protected] (Corresponding author); [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Received 10 October 2024; accepted 30 January 2025; published 30 March 2025 Abstract. This paper explores the potential of digitalization to enhance Morocco’s renewable energy sector. The primary objectives are to assess the current state of digitalization within the sector, identify key challenges and opportunities, and propose recommendations for overcoming barriers to digital transformation. The study integrates a literature review with the People, Process, Technology (PPT) and Triple Bottom Line (TBL) frameworks, alongside a case study approach, expert interviews, and document analysis to gather data and draw insights. Key findings highlight the critical role of human capital, robust digital infrastructure, and a supportive regulatory environment. The research underscores that effective change management strategies are essential to overcoming resistance to change, enabling the sector to embrace digital transformation fully. By investing in skills development, building digital infrastructure, creating a supportive regulatory environment, adopting a holistic approach to sustainability, and strengthening stakeholder collaboration, Morocco can successfully navigate the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities presented by digitalization. The study concludes that the successful digitalization of Morocco’s renewable energy sector requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of the transition. Through the lens of Morocco’s experience, this research provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of renewable energy sectors in developing countries, offering practical guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI); Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs); machine learning; cyber attacks; faults; disturbances Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Vestertė, J., Skačkauskienė, I., El Amrani El Idrissi, N., Zared, K. 2025. Challenges and opportunities of digitalizing Morocco’s renewable energy. Insights Into Regional Development, 7(1), 58-82. https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 JEL Classifications: O31, O33 * This research was supported by the project,which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe Project 101129820 Cluster for innovative energy (CLUSTER-INN), the program "HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01" INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 59 1. Introduction The transition towards a sustainable future necessitates a fundamental shift in global energy production. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, offer a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. However, integrating these renewable sources into existing energy grids poses challenges due to their inherent variability. To ensure a stable and efficient energy supply, digitalization plays a crucial role in optimizing grid management, forecasting energy production, and facilitating the wider adoption of renewable energy solutions. Digitalization in the energy sector offers well-explored opportunities for enhanced efficiency, better integration of renewable energy, effective demand-side management, and increased transparency in decision-making, etc. For instance, smart grids equipped with real-time data analysis can optimize energy distribution, reduce transmission losses, enhance grid stability, and facilitate a greater incorporation of renewable sources. Digital tools, such as smart meters featuring time-based pricing, can incentivize reduced consumption during peak hours, thereby alleviating strain on the grid. This approach can lead to significant reductions in energy waste across various sectors. Moreover, digital platforms empower consumers with greater control over their energy usage, enabling services like mobile apps for meter readings, bill payments, and the management of connected home devices for energy-efficient operation. However, digital transformation in the energy sector also presents typical challenges. A more digitalized grid is susceptible to cyberattacks, making the investment in robust cybersecurity measures essential to protect critical infrastructure, albeit at a high cost. The collection and analysis of energy consumption data also raise privacy concerns. To maintain consumer trust, clear regulations and stringent data security protocols must be established. Furthermore, digitalization demands investment in new technologies and infrastructure, such as smart meters and communication networks, which can pose significant challenges for developing countries, including Morocco. Additionally, digital transformation requires a workforce skilled in using digital tools, data analysis, cybersecurity, and digital grid management. Consequently, investment in training and education is vital to equip the workforce with the necessary skills. Despite the recognized importance of both renewable energy and digitalization, research exploring their intersection within the specific context of Morocco remains limited. Existing literature offers a broad picture of global trends or focuses on developed economies. There is a scarcity of information regarding the current digitalization status within Morocco's renewable energy sector. This lack of data makes it difficult to assess the specific challenges and opportunities this North African country faces. Furthermore, current research on digitalization in the energy sector often adopts a fragmented approach, focusing on isolated aspects like on specific technologies or applications. This approach, while valuable, fails to capture the holistic picture of the sector as an ecosystem from the management point of view. A comprehensive understanding requires examining the digitalization process within a broader theoretical framework, considering not just technological advancements but also the interplay between various ecosystem factors, like resources, processes, policy and regulations, etc. Therefore, to effectively address the knowledge gap and pave the way for future research, this study adopts a descriptive case study approach. By developing a robust theoretical framework, the study aims to investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector. This case study focuses on the Moroccan renewable energy sector, examining the challenges and opportunities of digitalization within this context. While the findings of this research may have broader implications, the scope of this study is primarily limited to the Moroccan experience. By concentrating on this specific case, the research aims to provide in-depth insights into the factors influencing the digital transformation of the renewable energy sector in a developing country context. INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 60 2. Utilizing Digital Technology for the Energy Transition The global energy landscape is undergoing a transformation, shifting away from a heavy reliance on fossil fuels toward cleaner and more sustainable energy sources (International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA, 2023). This transition is driven by a combination of factors, including the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, growing environmental concerns, and the political imperative driven by the worldwide organizations to mitigate climate change (Dwivedi et al., 2022; Wang & Azam, 2024). Morocco has positioned itself as a leader in this global transition, with ambitious targets for renewable energy integration (Fragkos, 2023). The country's abundant solar and wind resources, coupled with supportive government policies, have created a favorable environment for the development of the renewable energy sector (Kousksou et al., 2015; Fragkos, 2023). Digitalization, on the other hand, is the integration of digital technologies across all aspects of society and the economy. This includes the adoption, application, and utilization of digital tools, leading to new business models, economic transformation, and a fundamentally altered socioeconomic environment (Gradillas & Thomas, 2023). For organizations, digitalization signifies a modernization. It involves infusing digital tools across all organizational functions, from management to customer service. It needs to be emphasized that digitalization stands as the most significant vector of innovation impacting science, technology, business, and governance (OECD, 2020). It drives the creation of new business models and fosters digital engagements. By effectively leveraging digitalization’s potential, advancements in various mentioned fields can be accelerated. This holds the potential to improve living standards, enhance environmental protection, and inform policymaking, ultimately influencing economic landscapes. As digital technologies permeate various fields, the renewable energy sector, in particular, stands to benefit immensely from digitalization. The International Energy Agency (IEA) recognizes digital technologies as a game-changer for the renewable energy sector (Sung et al., 2021). They emphasize how these technologies can unlock several key opportunities. For instance, digital tools can help integrate more renewable energy sources into the grid by managing their variability and ensuring system reliability. Additionally, digitalization can optimize energy consumption in buildings and industries, leading to significant efficiency gains. The IEA highlights that these advancements, coupled with data analysis and smart grids, can pave the way for a more sustainable and efficient energy future. Digitalization in the energy sector goes beyond simply boosting reliability and efficiency. It also empowers consumers to become active participants in the market (Varela, 2017). Smart meters provide real-time usage data, enabling informed energy choices and even potentially facilitating peer-to-peer energy trading. This digital transformation also fosters the emergence of new players in the energy market. Innovative startups can leverage digital platforms to offer disruptive services, such as decentralized energy solutions or personalized energy management tools. Furthermore, digitalization fuels the development of entirely new products and services, such as smart appliances that automatically adjust energy consumption or AI-powered energy management systems for businesses. The vast amount of data generated by these technologies paves the way for data-driven business models. This allows energy providers to personalize offerings, predict demand fluctuations, and optimize resource allocation, ultimately leading to a more efficient and responsive energy sector. The inquiry will now examine some of the key technologies used in the digitalization of the energy sector. According to the literature (Varela, 2017; Asif, 2022; Idries et al., 2022; Juszczyk & Shahzad, 2022; Motlagh et al., 2020; Pandey et al., 2023; Pugna et al., 2022; Rizvi, 2019; Singh et al., 2022), the energy sector leverages a range of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, blockchain to accelerate the sustainable energy transition through digital transformation (Table 1). Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfield machine-learning (ML) are revolutionizing renewable energy by modeling, monitoring, and forecasting both production and consumption (Asif, 2022). This fosters a more sustainable transition through optimized resource allocation and improved grid management. Big data and tools in data analytics enable the analysis of massive datasets from smart meters, sensors, and weather patterns (Pugna et al., 2022). This analysis leads to deeper insights into renewable energy production and consumption. By understanding these patterns, companies can optimize energy generation, predict demand fluctuations, and INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 61 improve grid integration. Ultimately, big data empowers a more efficient and data-driven approach to renewable energy solutions. Table 1. Key digital technologies used in the energy sector Technology Description Application Examples Explanation Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) AI uses algorithms to mimic human intelligence, while ML allows machines to learn from data without explicit programming. Demand forecasting AI predicts energy demand fluctuations, enabling efficient resource allocation and grid management. Renewable energy integration AI optimizes the integration of variable renewable sources like solar and wind into the grid. Predictive maintenance ML identifies potential equipment failures in wind turbines or solar panels, enabling preventative maintenance. Automated energy trading AI algorithms can participate in energy markets, optimizing buying and selling decisions. Big Data and Data Analytics This involves collecting, storing, and analyzing large datasets to uncover hidden patterns and insights. Smart grid optimization Analyzing data from sensors and smart meters helps optimize grid operations, improve efficiency, and minimize energy losses. Customer behavior analysis Data analytics helps understand energy consumption patterns, enabling personalized energy plans and targeted energy-saving initiatives. Risk assessment Analyzing historical data helps predict weather patterns and potential grid disruptions, allowing for proactive measures. Internet of Things (IoT) A network of physical devices embedded with sensors that collect and exchange data. Smart meters IoT-enabled meters provide real-time energy consumption data to consumers, empowering informed energy choices. Smart grid management Sensors monitor and report on grid conditions, enabling real-time adjustments and improved reliability. Renewable energy monitoring IoT sensors track performance and health of solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy assets. Distributed energy management IoT connects distributed energy resources like rooftop solar panels, enabling efficient control and integration with the grid. Cloud Computing Provides on-demand access to computing resources like storage, servers, and software over the internet. Data storage and analysis Cloud platforms offer scalable storage and processing power for massive datasets generated by the renewable energy sector. Remote monitoring and control Cloud-based systems enable real-time monitoring and control of distributed energy resources and smart grid infrastructure. Advanced analytics and AI development Cloud computing provides the resources and infrastructure for running complex AI algorithms and big data analysis tools. Blockchain A secure, distributed ledger technology that facilitates transparent and verifiable transactions. Peer-to-peer energy trading Blockchain can enable secure and transparent peer-to-peer trading between consumers with renewable energy sources. Renewable energy certificates (RECs) Blockchain can track and verify the ownership of RECs, ensuring authenticity and preventing fraud. Decentralized grid management Blockchain can support decentralized energy models where consumers can buy and sell energy directly from each other. Source: created by the authors based on Asif (2022), Idries et al. (2022), Juszczyk & Shahzad (2022), Motlagh et al. (2020), Pandey et al. (2023), Pugna et al. (2022), Rizvi (2019), Singh et al. (2022), and Varela (2017). IoT technology is a game-changer for renewable energy. The network of connected devices enabled by this technology fosters the creation an “Internet of Energy” for optimizing production, distribution, and consumption (Motlagh et al., 2020; Simion et al., 2023; Varela, 2017). The benefits of cloud computing are also being harnessed in the renewable energy sector. Energy companies are integrating cloud-based solutions into their operations, enabling a more efficient and data-driven approach (Pandey et al., 2023). The cloud's scalability allows for streamlined data analysis and resource allocation, while also facilitating remote monitoring of renewable energy systems. Additionally, the cloud's vast storage capacity unlocks the potential of big data, allowing companies to extract valuable insights for better decision-making. Finally, blockchain, initially popularized for its secure transactions in the financial sector, is now gaining traction in the renewable energy sector. This technology facilitates secure peer-to-peer energy trading and transparent record-keeping for renewable energy certificates (Idries et al., 2022; Juszczyk & Shahzad, 2022). By doing so, blockchain paves the way for innovative digital business models and services within the energy landscape. While not strictly classified as “digital technologies” themselves, robotics and automation solutions also play a crucial role in the digitalization of the renewable energy sector (Rizvi, 2019; Simion et al., 2023). They are being strategically implemented, particularly in areas like energy distribution automation and field operations. INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 62 This integration allows for enhanced efficiency and data collection. For example, robots can be deployed for automated inspection and maintenance of wind turbines or solar panels, improving safety, and reducing downtime. Similarly, drones equipped with sensors can be used to collect data on grid infrastructure, facilitating predictive maintenance and optimizing resource allocation. Combined with digital technologies like AI and data analytics, robotics and automation become powerful tools that ensure the smooth functioning of renewable energy systems. Digitalization is widely recognized as a key catalyst for accelerating the energy sector's transition to a more sustainable model (Ersoy et al., 2022). As previously discussed, various digital technologies, such as AI, big data, IoT, cloud computing, and blockchain, are transforming how energy is produced, managed, and consumed within the renewable energy sector. To effectively leverage these digital advancements, a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector is crucial. This understanding should encompass both the challenges and opportunities that exist. The investigation necessitates a structured approach to data collection and analysis. A theoretical framework will be employed to achieve this. The following sections will outline this framework, detailing the methodologies and data collection strategies employed to analyze the current state of the sector and its ongoing digital transformation. 3. Theoretical Framework Case studies delve deeply into specific contexts, aiming to understand complex phenomena within a particular setting (Swanborn, 2018). To achieve this, a well-defined theoretical framework serves as the cornerstone of the analysis (Collins & Stockton, 2018). This framework outlines the key concepts, theories, and models that will guide the research process. It acts as a lens through which the researcher examines the case study, ensuring a systematic and focused approach. By establishing a theoretical framework, the case study gains a stronger foundation, allowing for a more insightful and meaningful interpretation of the data collected. For a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges surrounding the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector, this study will employ two complementary frameworks: the People, Process, Technology (PPT) framework and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework. This integrated approach, as recommended by Machado et al. (2024), can offer a richer understanding of the complex phenomena involved in the transformation studied. These phenomena encompass multiple goals, diverse stakeholders, the challenges of organizational change, and technology integration – all crucial aspects for successful digitalization in the renewable energy sector. Ultimately, by integrating the PPT and TBL frameworks, this study can more effectively investigate the potential benefits and challenges associated with digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. The People, Process, Technology (PPT) framework, originating in the 1960s from the field of business management, offers a practical lens for analyzing change initiatives (Simon, 2021). It emphasizes the need for a well-balanced interplay between three key elements: People, Process, and Technology. The “People” aspect focuses on the skills, knowledge, and leadership required to implement change effectively. “Process” examines the existing workflows and ensures their compatibility with new technologies. Finally, “Technology” considers the selection and implementation of appropriate digital tools to support the transformation. In the context of Morocco's renewable energy sector digitalization, the PPT framework can serve as a valuable tool for identifying potential gaps and areas for improvement. By analyzing the capabilities of the workforce, the efficiency of current processes, and the suitability of planned technological solutions, the PPT framework can guide the development of a comprehensive digitalization strategy. This ensures that Morocco leverages the full potential of digital technologies to achieve its renewable energy goals. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, encompassing Economic, Environmental, and Social dimensions – also sometimes referred to as 3Ps of Sustainability (People, Planet, Profit) – emerged in the mid-1990s as a response to the growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility. While its exact origin can be traced back to the work of various thought leaders and publications, John Elkington (Elkington, 1998) is widely credited with popularizing the concept. The TBL framework is commonly used to assess the social, environmental, and financial impacts of an organization’s activities. The “Economic” dimension focuses on financial performance INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 63 and viability, considering factors like profitability, resource efficiency, and impact on the local and global economy. The “Environmental” dimension assesses the organization’s impact on the natural environment, taking into account factors like pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. The “Social” dimension examines the effects on people and society, including labor practices, community development, and human rights. The TBL framework encourages consideration of these three dimensions simultaneously, aiming for a balance between financial success, environmental responsibility, and social well-being. It promotes a more holistic approach to decision-making, ensuring long-term sustainability. In the context of Morocco’s renewable energy sector and its digitalization, the TBL framework can provide a necessary lens for assessing the initiatives’ long-term impact. Evaluating the social impact on local communities – including job creation, training opportunities, and potential disruptions – ensures a more comprehensive approach. Additionally, it prompts consideration of the environmental impact of digital technologies on resource consumption, waste generation, and the potential for lifecycle assessments. This broader perspective enables policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions that not only achieve renewable energy goals but also promote social equity, environmental responsibility, and a balanced transition within Morocco. Further, the two established frameworks – PPT and TBL – are merged to create a comprehensive analytical matrix (Table 2). By combining these frameworks, the key clusters within the resulting matrix are identified. Table 2. Leveraging a combined (PPT and TBL) framework for data collection matrix PPT TBL People Skills and training needed for workforce and consumers Process Seamlines and optimization of existing processes Technology Specific technologies that can be leveraged Economic Economic benefits and costs associated Upskilling the workforce with digital knowledge can lead to increased efficiency, potentially lowering operational costs and improving productivity. Optimizing processes through digital tools can lead to significant cost savings, improved resource allocation, and potentially lower energy prices for consumers. Investing in digital technologies can lead to longterm cost savings through increased efficiency and potentially open new markets for innovative renewable energy solutions. Job displacement might occur if digitalization automates existing tasks, impacting some workers' economic security. Implementing new digital processes can be expensive, with upfront costs in infrastructure and software potentially creating financial strain. The upfront investment in digital technologies can be significant, possibly impacting short-term financial stability. Environmental Optimization of energy production and distribution, minimizing environmental footprint A digitally skilled workforce and consumers can be trained to operate and maintain renewable energy systems more effectively, potentially reducing energy waste. Digital tools can help optimize energy production and distribution, minimizing waste and maximizing resource utilization. Technologies (smart grids) can optimize renewable energy production and distribution, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. If digital training programs are not widely accessible, it could create a skills gap hindering optimal environmental performance. Lack of standardization and interoperability, leading to inefficient implementation of digital processes might result in increased energy consumption for data centers and computing needs. Manufacturing and disposal of digital technologies can create an environmental footprint, so responsible lifecycle management is crucial. Social Impact on communities and stakeholders Digital skills development can empower workers, offering opportunities for career advancement within the renewable energy sector. Streamlining processes through digitalization can improve overall system reliability, security standards, potentially leading to fewer disruptions and improved renewable energy accessibility for communities. Digital technologies can facilitate the development of innovative renewable energy solutions and new business models, potentially creating new markets and new jobs, ultimately improving living standards. Digital training programs might inadvertently exclude certain demographic groups due to accessibility issues, If digitalization leads to job losses, it could have a negative social impact on affected communities. Digital technology access might be uneven across different regions, potentially INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 64 PPT TBL People Skills and training needed for workforce and consumers Process Seamlines and optimization of existing processes Technology Specific technologies that can be leveraged exacerbating social inequalities. exacerbating existing inequalities. Source: created by the authors The transition to renewable energy presents a crucial opportunity for Morocco. However, digitalization, a key driver of this shift, can generate conflicting outcomes. Analyzing this process through the combined lens of the PPT and TBL frameworks (Table 2) reveals these potential contradictions. On the one hand, digitalization offers economic benefits. Optimizing processes (PPT) through data-driven decision making (TBL-Economic) can lead to cost savings. Technology (PPT) like sensor networks can improve energy production and distribution efficiency (TBL-Economic & Environmental). However, these advancements might come at the cost of job displacement (PPT-People & TBL-Social). Training existing employees or hiring new specialists with digital skills (PPT-People) could lead to short-term economic burdens (TBL-Economic). The environmental impact of digitalization also presents a complex picture. Digital tools for optimizing energy production (PPT-Process) can significantly reduce waste (TBL-Environment). However, the environmental footprint of the technology itself (e.g., manufacturing sensors, energy-hungry data centers, etc.) needs careful consideration (TBL-Environment). Additionally, ensuring accessibility to digital training for all employees (PPT-People & TBL-Social) is crucial to prevent exacerbating social inequalities. The analysis conducted through the combined application of the PPT and TBL models highlights the importance of a nuanced strategy for digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. Simply embracing technological advancements or economical pursuits without considering the potential downsides could lead to unintended consequences. Having established a theoretical framework to guide the analysis, the following section outlines the research methodology employed to investigate the challenges and opportunities of digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. 4. Methodology This research has adopted a descriptive case study method to investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector. The ability to investigate instances of the phenomenon being studied in depth, and to employ multiple sources of evidence, makes case study design a useful tool for descriptive studies where the focus is on specific situation or context (Rose et al., 2024). A descriptive case study is a case study whose purpose is to describe a phenomenon (the “case”) in its real-world context (Yin, 2018). The “case” may be an individual, or it can be some event or entity other than a single individual, and it can include a variety of topics, such as small groups, communities, decisions, programs, organizational change, etc. The appropriate case might be a country’s economy, an industry in the world marketplace, an economic policy, or the trade or capital flow between countries (Yin, 2018). Thus, the unit of analysis for our case study is derived from the research aim – the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector. The unit of analysis is related to the research question. The selection of a descriptive case study is guided by the main empirical research question, which was formulated as follows – what are the prerequisites for the digitalization of Morocco's energy sector? To provide a structured approach to the research, the main research question is divided into two sub-questions: 1) what are the challenges associated with the digitalization of Morocco's energy sector? 2) what opportunities does the digitalization of energy sector provide to Morocco? These sub-questions permit a more detailed and comprehensive description of the research topic. Moreover, a linear-analytic research design was applied to ensure research rigor (see Figure 1). INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 65 RQ1: What are the challenges associated with the digitalization of Morocco's energy sector? RQ2: What opportunities does the digitalization energy sector provide to Morocco? Research Flow Research Methods Research Output Theoretical framework PPT-TBL Development of data collection framework Matrix Case study design Descriptive Quantitative research Statistical data analysis Qualitative research in-depth interviews Data interpretation and findings Conclusions and implications Figure 1. Methodology of the research Source: created by authors A linear-analytic research design requires to follow the sequence of the research: it starts with the issue being studied and a review of the relevant literature, then proceed to cover the methods used, the data collected, and the data analysis and findings, ending with the conclusions and their implications (Yin, 2018). Literature review can reveal important insights into the development of the research topic. Reviewing a particular (stream of) literature is essentially learning about the history, the present state, and the potential future developments of a specific realm (Michailova, 2023). A literature review revealed the key stakeholders in Morocco’s renewable energy sector: Government and Regulatory Institutions This group, encompassing entities responsible for shaping the digitalization landscape through relevant policies, regulations, and investment plans, establishes the policy framework for renewable energy development and digitalization. International Organizations International organizations play a crucial role in supporting Morocco's digitalization efforts. They offer expertise and support for renewable energy initiatives by providing technical assistance, financial resources, and knowledge sharing. These contributions empower Morocco to achieve its economic, environmental, and social goals. Private Companies This category comprises energy and IT companies that act as the driving force behind digitalizing the renewable energy sector. They achieve this by developing, implementing, and investing in cutting-edge digital technologies within the sector. Research Institutions and Academia Universities and research institutions play a vital role in supporting the successful digitalization of the renewable energy sector. They achieve this by generating knowledge, developing innovative solutions, and training the future workforce. Community and Consumers The digitalization of the renewable energy sector directly impacts two key stakeholder groups: local communities residing near renewable energy projects and the general public who consume the generated energy. Table 3 summarizes potential data contributions from the identified stakeholders within the context of the established theoretical framework. INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 66 Table 3. Key stakeholder groups and data contributions Stakeholder Group Data Contributions Relevance to integrated PPTTBL framework Government and Regulatory Institutions Existing regulations and policies This data will help identify potential hurdles or areas where adjustments might be necessary to facilitate the smooth integration of digital technologies within the sector. Process (PPT), Economic (TBL) Investment incentives Understanding the existing and potential investment incentives offered by the government can inform strategies for attracting private sector participation in digitalization efforts. Economic (TBL) Potential roadblocks for digital transformation By identifying potential roadblocks, such as infrastructure limitations or regulatory gaps, stakeholders can develop solutions and mitigate these challenges. Process (PPT), Economic (TBL), Technology (PPT) (if infrastructure related) Social concerns Data from government agencies can offer insights into potential social concerns related to digitalization, such as job displacement or data privacy issues. Understanding these concerns allows for proactive measures to address them and ensure public acceptance. Social (TBL) Environmental regulations and monitoring Government data on existing environmental regulations and monitoring practices can inform how digital solutions can be leveraged to ensure the environmental sustainability of the digitalized renewable energy sector. Environmental (TBL) International Organizations Technical assistance and expertise International organizations can provide direct technical assistance by deploying experts to work alongside Moroccan counterparts on specific digitalization projects within the renewable energy sector. Technology (PPT) Financial resources or instruments They can offer access to a variety of financial instruments such as grants, loans, or blended finance mechanisms to support investment in digital infrastructure and technology development for renewable energy. Economic (TBL) Knowledge sharing and best practices International organizations can facilitate the creation of knowledge exchange platforms that connect Moroccan stakeholders with experts and practitioners from other countries who have successfully implemented digital solutions in the renewable energy sector. These platforms can foster collaboration, knowledge sharing, and the transfer of best practices. This could involve best practices for waste management associated with digital technologies, life-cycle assessments of different solutions, or promoting energy efficiency through digital tools. Process (PPT), Environmental (TBL) Private Companies Workforce Skills and Training Needs Companies can contribute data on the specific skills and expertise required within their organizations to successfully implement digital solutions for renewable energy projects. This might include information on technical skillsets, data analysis capabilities, or project management expertise. People (PPT) Data management practices and cybersecurity considerations Data on the challenges companies face when integrating digital solutions with existing infrastructure is crucial. This could involve aspects like data compatibility, cybersecurity concerns, or the need for upgrades to existing equipment. Process (PPT), Technology (PPT) Innovation and New Business Models Companies are encouraged to share data on their ideas for innovative digital solutions and potential new business models with respective revenue streams within the digitalized renewable energy sector. This could involve novel applications of existing technologies, data-driven service offerings, or entirely new approaches to energy production or distribution. Economic (TBL), Technology (PPT) Investment plans for renewable energy integration Data on how companies plan to integrate renewable energy sources into their digital solutions can contribute to the environmental dimension. This could involve information on using digital tools to manage and optimize the integration of renewable energy sources like solar or wind power. Economic (TBL) Process (PPT) INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 73 In the Governance Pillar, Morocco demonstrates a mix of strengths and areas needing improvement. The country scores well in several key indicators, reflecting its commitment to enhancing digital governance and public services. The country's efforts to improve e-government services are evident in its strong ranking for “Ecommerce legislation” (1st) and “Privacy protection by law content” (46th). These indicators demonstrate a supportive legal and regulatory framework for digital development. Though the regulatory environment in Morocco is improved to support digital transformation, the low ranking in “E-Participation” (111th) suggests opportunities for improving citizen engagement and participation in digital governance. There is a need to improve digital skills and literacy among government employees and the general population. The low ranking in “Online access to financial account” (124th) highlights challenges in promoting financial inclusion through digital channels, which can limit economic opportunities for many citizens. Morocco's performance in the Impact pillar reflects its efforts to leverage digital technology for economic growth and social development. Morocco's strong ranking in “High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing” (23rd) indicates a growing capacity for technological innovation and industrial competitiveness. However, the country's performance in “High-tech exports” (83rd) suggests that there is room for improvement in leveraging digital technology to drive exports and foreign exchange earnings. Regarding the progress in areas related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Morocco's commitment to sustainable development is demonstrated by its ranking for “SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy” (40th). However, challenges persist in achieving quality education (72nd) highlighting the need for improvements in educational systems to equip the population with the necessary digital skills. In general, Morocco’s global ranking in the Impact Pillar indicates that while there has been progress, there is still room for improvement to match the leading countries in harnessing the full potential of ICT for sustainable development. In conclusion, Morocco's digital landscape has evolved significantly, with notable strengths in digital infrastructure, emerging technologies, and necessary legislation for e-services. However, addressing challenges in education, knowledge-intensive employment, and e-participation is essential for building a more inclusive and competitive digital ecosystem. Stakeholder Perspectives This section presents key findings from expert interviews conducted to gain insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with Morocco's renewable energy transition. Morocco's commitment to sustainability and renewable energy, as evidenced by the establishment of the Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development (METSD) and associated agencies. While this signifies a positive step, experts highlight the gap between ambitious goals and concrete achievements. Widespread energy waste, as highlighted by one expert's observation of “...a lot of energy being wasted...”, underscores the urgent need for efficiency improvements. To address these challenges, experts advocate for the accelerated deployment of smart grid infrastructure. This, they argue, is crucial for optimizing energy distribution, reducing waste, and facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the market. However, the centralized nature of Morocco's current energy system, as noted by experts, presents significant obstacles to this transition, requiring both technological and regulatory advancements. The absence of robust smart grid infrastructure, coupled with a lack of comprehensive regulatory frameworks governing energy markets and pricing, poses significant challenges to Morocco's energy transition. As emphasized by experts, these deficiencies are particularly critical given the energy sector's pivotal role in the national economy. Furthermore, the limited availability of comprehensive economic and investment return models, as noted by one expert, who stated “economic and investment return models are not widely publicized, suggesting they might not be fully developed,” creates uncertainty for potential investors. To compound these issues, regulatory delays in adopting smart grid frameworks exacerbate investor concerns and hinder overall progress. Morocco has actively sought international partnerships to advance its renewable energy agenda. While collaboration with foreign entities has been pursued through various projects, concerns have been raised regarding the nature of these partnerships. Experts have highlighted that foreign organizations often prioritize technology transfer rather than knowledge sharing, as evidenced by the statement: “foreign organizations often INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 74 prioritize importing and implementing their own technologies, with a focus on taking away the generated energy.” Furthermore, the lack of open-source technology sharing has been identified as a critical barrier to local capacity building, as emphasized by the expert's observation: “the technologies brought in by foreign partners are not open-source, meaning there is limited sharing of expertise with local stakeholders.” Morocco boasts a strong intellectual foundation for driving innovation in the renewable energy sector, with numerous universities capable of conducting cutting-edge research. This potential is evidenced by the proliferation of renewable energy projects incorporating digital technologies. However, challenges persist in harnessing this capacity effectively. As highlighted by experts, fragmented digitalization initiatives, exemplified by the observation “...fragmented green energy sector digitalization initiatives...”, hinder the development of a unified national strategy. This lack of coordination among academia, industry, and government, coupled with a skills gap, has impeded progress. The expert noted the need for “...new competences and processes...” required for smart grid technologies, highlighting the need for targeted skills development and training programs. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for driving innovation and policymaking in the energy sector. As one expert noted, “...lack of communication... with those who make decisions...” hinders progress. A lack of coordination among academia, industry, and government stakeholders, as evidenced by fragmented initiatives pursued by individual actors, has led to inefficiencies and missed opportunities, as highlighted by experts. Long-term sustainability is often overlooked in the pursuit of rapid renewable energy development. Experts emphasize a tendency towards short-term thinking, as evidenced by the statement “...sustainability... is viewed narrowly...”. This neglects the critical issue of end-of-life management for renewable technologies, such as the disposal of solar panels and batteries. Additionally, the renewable energy sector has experienced political interference, hindering its responsible development. As one expert noted, “the current development of wind farms often leads to the emergence of unsustainable infrastructure and service providers in their vicinity.” This highlights the need for a holistic approach that considers both environmental and economic impacts. Moroccan consumers, both residential and industrial, face significant challenges in optimizing energy consumption. A lack of real-time data, as highlighted by experts, hinders their ability to identify and address energy inefficiencies. The transition to a digitalized energy system necessitates significant behavioral changes and skill development across all stakeholder groups. This includes households, industries, and energy producers. For instance, households will require training in utilizing smart meters to monitor and manage energy consumption effectively. Industries must enhance their data analysis capabilities to optimize operations and reduce energy waste. Energy producers will need to adapt to the dynamic nature of a smart grid and integrate renewable energy sources seamlessly. As one expert noted, “...resistance to change... new competences and processes...” will be a key challenge in overcoming these hurdles. This underscores the need for stakeholders' education and awareness campaigns. By explaining the benefits of smart grids, such as potential cost savings and a more sustainable energy future, these campaigns can empower the stakeholders to actively participate in the energy transition. While large corporations in Morocco have made significant strides in digital transformation, small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) face distinct challenges. As noted by experts, the primary obstacle for SMEs is not financial constraints but rather a reluctance to adopt new technologies and processes. The expert emphasized: “the main challenge is not the availability of funding but rather the reluctance of SMEs to change, adapt their processes, and acquire the necessary skills to utilize digital and smart technologies effectively.” Despite the establishment of two energy innovation clusters, their impact on fostering industry collaboration has been limited. As one expert stated, “the two energy innovation clusters have not been able to fully bridge the gap and foster the necessary synergies among industry stakeholders.” Furthermore, regional disparities in development levels have hindered progress. As noted by experts, “there is a noticeable gap in the level of development between different regions, with some being far more advanced than others.” INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 75 On a positive note, the role of academia in promoting collaboration is acknowledged. Experts recognize the efforts of universities in fostering knowledge sharing and cooperation among industry stakeholders, as evidenced by the statement: “academia is actively working to enhance collaboration and knowledge sharing among various players in the energy sector.” The expert perspectives presented in this section have provided valuable insights into the complexities and challenges associated with Morocco's renewable energy transition. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to address the identified issues. The following discussion section will delve deeper into these challenges, explore potential solutions, and propose recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to advance Morocco's renewable energy agenda. Discussion This study aimed to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. By combining expert interviews with an analysis of secondary data, including statistics and relevant documents, this research sought to identify the current state of the sector and to understand the factors influencing its development. The following discussion delves deeper into the findings, analyzing them through the lens of the People, Process, Technology (PPT) and Bottom Triple Line (BTL) frameworks to elucidate the complexities and implications of digital transformation. People: The Human Factor in Digital Transformation The successful digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector is contingent upon a skilled and adaptable workforce. A significant skills gap, as highlighted by experts, exists within the sector, hindering its ability to fully harness the potential of emerging technologies. Upgrading the skills of both the existing workforce and consumers is paramount to ensuring a smooth transition to a digitalized energy landscape. While digitalization offers numerous opportunities for innovation and efficiency, it also carries the risk of job displacement. As automation and artificial intelligence become increasingly prevalent, certain roles within the energy sector may become redundant. Therefore, it is essential to implement comprehensive retraining and upskilling programs to equip displaced workers with the necessary competencies for emerging roles. Equitable access to digital training programs is crucial to prevent exacerbating existing social inequalities. Targeted initiatives should be implemented to ensure that all segments of the population, including individuals from rural areas, have the opportunity to acquire the digital skills required for the renewable energy sector. Process: Optimizing Efficiency Through Digitalization Digital technologies offer immense potential for optimizing processes within the renewable energy sector. By streamlining operations, reducing manual interventions, and enhancing data-driven decision-making, digital tools can significantly enhance efficiency. For instance, automation of routine tasks, such as data entry and report generation, can free up human resources for more strategic activities. Additionally, digital platforms can facilitate seamless communication and collaboration among stakeholders, accelerating project timelines and reducing costs. However, the implementation of new digital processes is not without its challenges. Resistance to change, coupled with the need for substantial investments in technology and training, hinders the adoption. Furthermore, ensuring interoperability between different digital systems is crucial to avoid creating new inefficiencies. To overcome these challenges, a phased approach to digital transformation is essential, along with robust change management strategies. Technology: Enablers of the Energy Transition Digital technologies are emerging as indispensable tools for driving the energy transition. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain offer unprecedented opportunities to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption. For instance, AI-powered predictive analytics can enhance renewable energy forecasting, enabling grid operators to better integrate variable energy sources. IoT devices can facilitate real-time monitoring of energy systems, enabling efficient INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 76 troubleshooting and maintenance. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize energy trading by creating transparent and secure peer-to-peer energy markets. While the adoption of these technologies promises substantial benefits, it also comes with associated costs and potential environmental impacts. The initial investment in digital infrastructure and the ongoing expenses for data management and cybersecurity can be significant. However, these costs can be offset by increased efficiency, reduced operational expenses, and new revenue streams. Furthermore, the environmental impact of digital technologies, particularly in terms of energy consumption for data centers and the production of electronic devices, must be carefully considered and mitigated through sustainable practices. Economic Implications of Digitalization in the Renewable Energy Sector The integration of digital technologies into the renewable energy sector holds significant potential for economic benefits. By streamlining operations, reducing costs, and enabling data-driven decision-making, digitalization can enhance the sector's overall efficiency and profitability. For instance, the optimization of energy distribution and consumption patterns through digital platforms can lead to substantial cost savings for both energy providers and consumers. Moreover, the development of new digital solutions and services can create job opportunities and stimulate economic growth. However, the transition to a digitalized energy system also involves economic risks and challenges. The initial investment in digital infrastructure and workforce training can be substantial, potentially impacting short-term financial performance. Additionally, the potential for job displacement due to automation must be carefully considered to mitigate negative social and economic consequences. To maximize the economic benefits of digitalization while minimizing risks, it is essential to develop strategies for managing costs, mitigating risks, and fostering innovation. Social Implications of Digitalization The social implications of digitalization in Morocco's renewable energy sector are multifaceted and require careful consideration. While digital technologies offer the potential to empower individuals and communities, the country's socio-economic landscape presents significant challenges. High illiteracy rates, particularly in rural areas, coupled with regional disparities in development, create a complex environment for digital inclusion. To maximize the social benefits of digitalization, targeted interventions are necessary to bridge the digital divide. This includes investing in digital literacy programs, expanding internet access, and developing culturally appropriate digital tools. Moreover, the fear of job displacement due to automation is prevalent among the workforce. This social anxiety poses a dilemma for policymakers, who must balance the benefits of digitalization with the need to protect vulnerable population. While new job opportunities may emerge in the digital economy, it is crucial to implement effective retraining and upskilling programs to mitigate the negative social impacts of this transition. By addressing these challenges and ensuring equitable access to digital technologies, Morocco can harness the full potential of digitalization to create a more inclusive and sustainable society. Environmental Implications of Digitalization The environmental impact of digitalization in the renewable energy sector is a complex issue with both positive and negative dimensions. On the one hand, digital technologies offer significant potential for reducing the environmental footprint of the energy sector. By optimizing energy production and distribution, digital tools can contribute to minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency. For instance, smart grids can enable the integration of renewable energy sources, reduce energy losses, and optimize grid operations. However, the growing reliance on digital technologies also raises environmental concerns. The energy consumption associated with data centers and the production of electronic devices can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the disposal of electronic waste, if not managed properly, can have detrimental effects on the environment. To mitigate these negative impacts, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices in the design, production, and disposal of digital technologies. INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 77 To fully realize the environmental benefits of digitalization while minimizing its drawbacks, a holistic approach is necessary. This includes promoting energy efficiency in data centers, encouraging the reuse and recycling of electronic waste, and supporting research and development of low-carbon digital technologies. Overall Assessment and Recommendations The digital transformation of Morocco's renewable energy sector presents both significant challenges and opportunities. While the analysis through the PPT and BTL frameworks highlights the potential benefits of digitalization in terms of efficiency, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, it also underscores the importance of addressing key challenges such as skills gaps, infrastructure limitations, and social inequalities. To fully realize the potential of digitalization, a comprehensive and coordinated approach is essential. This includes investing in human capital development, further building robust digital infrastructure, and creating supportive regulatory frameworks. Additionally, it is crucial to prioritize research and development in emerging digital technologies and to further foster collaboration among government, industry, and academia. Crucially, successful implementation necessitates a robust change management strategy. Overcoming resistance to change, fostering a culture of innovation, and ensuring stakeholder buy-in will be critical to the overall success of the digital transformation. By adopting a holistic perspective and addressing the identified challenges, including the effective management of change, Morocco can position itself as a leader in the renewable energy transition and reap the rewards of a digitalized energy sector. Conclusions This case study aimed to identify the challenges (RQ1) and opportunities (RQ2) associated with digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. By examining the perspectives of key stakeholders and analyzing relevant data, the study sought to understand the sector's digitalization prerequisites and to identify strategies for overcoming barriers to digital transformation. The research findings underscore the significant potential of digitalization in driving Morocco's renewable energy transition. While the country has demonstrated a strong commitment to renewable energy, the realization of its full potential is hindered by several challenges. Firstly, the study highlights the critical role of human capital in the digitalization process. A skilled workforce is essential for the successful implementation and operation of digital technologies. However, the current skills gap, particularly in relation to digital competencies, poses a significant barrier to progress. This is further compounded by the uneven distribution of digital skills across the population, with certain demographics, such as youth and women, facing greater challenges. Secondly, the importance of robust digital infrastructure and supportive regulatory frameworks is evident. The absence of these elements impedes the effective integration of renewable energy sources and the optimization of energy systems. Additionally, the lack of interoperability between different digital systems can hinder the overall efficiency of the energy sector. Thirdly, the study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to digitalization that considers both economic and environmental implications. While digital technologies offer opportunities for cost reduction and efficiency gains, their impact on jobs, social equity, and the environment must be carefully managed. The potential for job displacement due to automation, as well as the environmental consequences of digital technologies, require careful consideration and mitigation strategies. Finally, the research underscores the importance of effective change management and stakeholder engagement in driving digital transformation. Overcoming resistance to change, fostering collaboration among various stakeholders, and ensuring equitable access to digital technologies are crucial for realizing the full potential of digitalization. The findings of this study underscore the complex interplay of technological, economic, social, and environmental factors in the digitalization of Morocco's renewable energy sector. Economically, the transition to a digitalized energy system offers opportunities for economic growth, job creation, and increased efficiency. However, the initial investments in digital infrastructure and workforce development may pose challenges for some stakeholders. It is essential to develop strategies to mitigate these costs and maximize the economic benefits of digitalization. INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 78 Environmentally, digital technologies present both opportunities and risks. While they can contribute to the optimization of energy production and distribution, reducing overall environmental impact, their own energy consumption and waste generation must be carefully managed. A circular economy approach, emphasizing the reuse and recycling of electronic waste, is crucial to minimize the ecological footprint of digitalization. Socially, the implications of digitalization are far-reaching. While digital technologies can enhance access to energy services and create new economic opportunities, they also risk exacerbating existing inequalities. Efforts to bridge the digital divide, invest in digital literacy, and ensure equitable access to the benefits of digitalization are essential to achieve a just and inclusive energy transition. Based on the findings of this study, several key recommendations emerge for advancing Morocco's renewable energy transition through digitalization. Firstly, investing in human capital development is paramount. This includes targeted training programs to equip the workforce with the necessary digital skills, as well as initiatives to bridge the digital divide. By fostering a digitally literate population, Morocco can maximize the potential benefits of digital technologies. Secondly, building a robust digital infrastructure is essential for enabling the effective integration of renewable energy sources. This requires significant investments in smart grid technologies, data centers, and high-speed internet connectivity. Thirdly, a supportive regulatory environment is crucial for stimulating innovation and investment in the renewable energy sector. Streamlining regulatory processes, creating incentives for digital adoption, and establishing clear guidelines for data privacy and security are essential for unlocking the full potential of digitalization. Fourthly, a holistic approach to sustainability is required. While digital technologies offer numerous benefits, their environmental impacts must be carefully managed. Promoting circular economy principles, investing in clean energy for data centers, and encouraging the development of sustainable digital technologies are essential steps. Finally, strengthening the collaboration among government, industry, academia, and civil society is vital for successful digital transformation. By working together, stakeholders can address challenges, share knowledge, and accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future. This study has made significant contributions to the understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with digitalizing Morocco's renewable energy sector. By examining the perspectives of key stakeholders and analyzing relevant data, the research provided a nuanced understanding of the sector's dynamics. While the study offers valuable insights, further research is needed to explore specific aspects of the digitalization process in greater depth. 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INSIGHTS INTO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSN 2669-0195 (online) https://jssidoi.org/ird/ 2025 Volume 7 Number 1 (March) https://doi.org/10.70132/q3292783863 82 Jurga VESTERTĖ ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-1102 Ilona SKAČKAUSKIENĖ ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-3678 Najiba EL AMRANI EL IDRISSI is Ph.D professor coordinator of the research team Signals, telecommunications and smart grids at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. Research interests: Microstrip Antenna, Antenna Arrays, Electromagnetics, UMTS, Telecommunications. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5603-1306 Kamal ZARED ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0612-2052 This is peer-reviewed scientific journal https://jssidoi.org/ird/page/peer-review-policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2025 by author(s). Publishing rights by UAB Sustainability for Regions This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/