An Examination Of The Levels Of Commitment To Sport Among Professional Football, Basketball, And Volleyball Team Athletes

Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025 Uluslararası Sağlık, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, (2025) International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382 RESEARCH ARTICLE / Araştırma Makalesi Open Access/Açık Erişim IJOSS © The Author(s), 2024. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows for unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided proper credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. A link to the Creative Commons license must be included, and any changes made to the original work must be clearly indicated. Unless otherwise specified in a credit line, all images or third-party materials included in this article fall under the article’s Creative Commons license. If any material is not covered by the Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by law or exceeds the permissible scope, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. An Examination Of The Levels Of Commitment To Sport Among Professional Football, Basketball, And Volleyball Team Athletes Profesyonel Futbol, Basketbol ve Voleybol Takımı Sporcularının Spora Bağlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi Faik Öz1, Faruk Albay*2 ,İlkay Yazarer3 Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study is to examine associations between sport commitment and selected demographic and sport-related factors (age, income, sport type, years of participation, and reasons for starting sport) among professional team athletes (football, basketball, volleyball). A total of 203 athletes participated. Sport commitment was measured with the 10item, two-subscale Sports Commitment Scale (7-point Likert). Reliability was acceptable to high (α_total = .873; α_focus = .775; α_being fit = .873). Group comparisons showed statistically significant differences by age for total commitment and focus, but not for being fit. No significant differences were observed by income status or years of participation; volleyball players scored higher than football players on the focus subscale. Literature comparisons indicate mixed evidence regarding the age---commitment link. Findings may inform coaches and administrators when tailoring motivation and monitoring routines for professional team athletes. These results also highlight the influence of athletes’ skill development environments such as the quality of training, feedback, and social support on their sustained commitment to sport. Given the cross-sectional design, causal inferences should be avoided, and future studies should incorporate longitudinal tracking and contextual variables. Keywords Sports, motivation, team success. Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, profesyonel takım sporcuları (futbol, basketbol, voleybol) arasında spora bağlılık ile seçilmiş demografik ve spora ilişkin faktörler (yaş, gelir, spor türü, spora katılım yılı ve spora başlama nedenleri) arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Toplam 203 sporcu çalışmaya katılmıştır. Spora bağlılık, 10 maddeden ve iki alt boyuttan oluşan Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği (7’li Likert) ile ölçülmüştür. Güvenirlik düzeyi kabul edilebilir ile yüksek arasındadır (α_total = .873; α_focus = .775; α_being fit = .873). Grup karşılaştırmaları, toplam bağlılık ve odaklanma (Focus) puanlarının yaşa göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı biçimde farklılaştığını, ancak fit olma (Being Fit) alt boyutunda farklılaşma olmadığını göstermiştir. Gelir durumu ve spora katılım yılına göre anlamlı fark saptanmamıştır; voleybolcular, odaklanma alt boyutunda futbolculardan daha yüksek puan almıştır. Literatür karşılaştırmaları, yaş–bağlılık ilişkisine dair karışık bulgulara işaret etmektedir. Bulgular, profesyonel takım sporcuları için motivasyon ve izleme rutinlerinin uyarlanmasında antrenörlere ve yöneticilere yol gösterebilir. Bu sonuçlar ayrıca, sporcuların beceri gelişimi ortamlarının—örneğin antrenman niteliği, geri bildirim ve sosyal destek—spora uzun süreli bağlılıkları üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmanın kesitsel tasarımı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda nedensel çıkarımlardan kaçınılmalı; gelecekteki araştırmalara boylamsal izlem ve bağlamsal değişkenler dâhil edilmelidir.. Anahtar Kelimeler Spor, motivasyon takım başarısı. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/ijoss-Volume2-issue1-08.pdf *Correspondence: Faruk ALBAY [email protected] Ondokuz Mayıs University, Yaşar Doğu Faculty Of Sports Sciences Orcid: 0000-0001-9994-7058 1 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Yaşar Doğu Faculty Of Sports Sciences, Samsun, Türkiye, Orcid: 009-0008-8883-2130 [email protected], 2 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Yaşar Doğu Faculty Of Sports Sciences, Samsun, Türkiye, Orcid: 0000-0001-9994-7058 [email protected] 3 Tokat Gazi Osma Paşa University, Faculty Of Sports Sciences, Tokat, Türkiye, Orcid: 0000-0003-1800-5347 İ[email protected] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17691642 Received / Gönderim: 01.11.2024 Accepted / Kabul: 05.02.2025 Published / Yayın: 28. 02.2025 Volume 2, Issue 1, February, 2025 Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 107 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org Introduction The Sport can be considered an expression of a society's culture, a reflection of a nation's strength, a unifying force among communities with different lifestyles and viewpoints, a means of expressing emotions and thoughts, and even a sector that provides economic benefits to individuals, societies, and countries. Additionally, it contributes to both mental and physical well-being (Öz et al., 2023). Sport, considered a multidisciplinary concept, is divided into individual and team sports. Activities carried out individually with the aim of improving one's own performance or competing are referred to as individual sports. Individual sports can be found across a wide range and vary based on a person's preferences, abilities, and goals. Team sports refer to athletic activities in which a group of players comes together to work collaboratively toward a specific objective. In team sports, interaction among players requires coordination and collaboration. Team sports are typically played in a competitive environment and attract a large fan base. When individuals are drawn to team sports, their personal goals and abilities are taken into account. (Mercan, 2006), defines commitment as a high-level emotional state, expressing it as an individual's tendency to show affinity toward something perceived as superior to oneself and the feeling of obligation to fulfill associated responsibilities. The concept of commitment is characterized by three features: a strong desire toward a specific object or situation, sometimes an inability to control oneself in the face of this desire, and a persistent attitude toward that object or situation. These three fundamental elements significantly enhance an individual's level of commitment, forming the core dynamics of the commitment process (Shaffer et al., as cited in Mercan, 2006).Individuals' commitment to sports is shaped by the interaction of various factors and can vary. Influences on people's commitment to sports include intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, sports culture, social support, goals and achievements, as well as physical and mental relaxation. In addition to these psychological and social influences, athletes’ commitment to sport is also affected by their skill development environments - including the quality of coaching, feedback mechanisms, and the overall social climate of the team. These contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping motivation, performance consistency, and long-term engagement in sport. The concept of athlete commitment reflects not only a sportsperson's confidence, dedication, and vitality but also their experience of a long-term, positive, and cognitive-affective engagement in sports. In this context, athlete commitment involves passionate and motivated participation in sports, while also encompassing the mental and emotional benefits that sports provide (Kelecek and Koruç, 2018, as cited in Uzgur et al., 2021). Commitment to sports reflects individuals' levels of maintaining regular exercise habits and the intensity of their participation in sporting activities. This commitment is shaped by various factors and can vary among different individuals. Several key factors are important for examining levels of commitment to sports, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, health and fitness, environmental factors, as well as cultural and social influences. Research has shown that athlete commitment is closely related to factors such as fundamental psychological needs, achievement levels, and motivation (Lonsdale et al., 2009; Kristensen, 2013, as cited in Uzgur et al., 2021). Additionally, it would be appropriate to address the different types of commitment to sports beyond these factors. Recreational Commitment: This refers to sports activities undertaken for enjoyment, with participation entirely dependent on the individual's preference. The primary motivations here are pleasure and maintaining health. Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 108 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org Competitive Commitment: This type involves a performance-oriented focus, requiring a high level of commitment to achieve success in a specific sport. It is common among athletes. Mandatory Commitment: This occurs when individuals are compelled to engage in sports, often for health reasons or professional responsibilities. Such commitment may arise from external pressures. Commitment to sports can be influenced by the social and environmental factors individuals experience, as well as their personal motivations and goals. Examining these situations in sports sciences helps in understanding individuals' exercise habits and shaping sports policies. In light of these concepts, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of the environments for developing athletic skills on the commitment levels of team athletes. By emphasizing the social, cultural, and economic importance of sports, this research seeks to understand individuals' commitment to engaging in sports. Additionally, evaluating the determinants of commitment levels observed in athletes and the role of skill development processes in this context will be an important step toward developing effective strategies to enhance athletes' performance. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable guide for sports managers, coaches, and other stakeholders in increasing athletes' motivation and commitment to sports. Material and Methods Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Ondokuz Mayıs University Social and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee, with decision number 347 dated March 29, 2024. Research Model In this study, a survey research model was employed, which is typically used to understand the current situation regarding a topic or population. Survey models can provide a general overview of the existing conditions before conducting a more comprehensive investigation on the subject (Karasar, 1999). Research Group The population of the study consists of professional volleyball, basketball, and football players actively participating in various cities and clubs across Turkey. The sample group comprises 203 athletes selected through a random sampling method from those participating in these team sports. Data Collection Tools The data collection tools used in this study include a Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers and the "Sports Commitment Scale," developed by (Guillen and Martinez-Alvarado, 2014) and adapted into Turkish by (Kayhan et al. 2020). The Sports Commitment Scale consists of 10 items across two sub-dimensions and utilizes a 7-point Likert scale. This scale is designed to measure athletes' commitment to sports. The items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Never, ..., 7 = Always). A high average score indicates a high level of commitment to sports, while a low average score suggests a low level of commitment. Additionally, there are no items in the scale that require reverse coding. Data Collection Before administering the survey questions to the professional athletes participating in team sports (volleyball, basketball, football), the purpose of the research was explained, Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 109 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org and necessary information regarding important considerations was provided. The research surveys were conducted between April 15, 2024, and May 15, 2024, using Google Forms and physical survey methods, based on voluntary participation among football, basketball, and volleyball athletes. Data Analysis To assess the internal consistency of the responses provided by participants to the scale items, reliability coefficients (Cronbach's Alpha) were calculated (Table 1). Table 1. Internal Consistency Coefficients of Participants' Responses to Scale Items Scale Internal Consistency Coefficient Evaluation Total Sports Commitment 0,873 High Level of Reliability Being fit 0,873 High Level of Reliability Focus 0,775 Moderate Level of Reliability In the study, the internal consistency of the total items of the sports commitment scale and its sub-dimensions was generally found to be high in reliability. RESULTS The distribution of the demographic characteristics of participants who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study among professional male athletes engaged in volleyball, basketball, and football across various cities in Turkey is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Distributions of Participants' Demographic Age Group n % Duration in Sport n % 18-21 Years 66 32,5 1-3 Years 7 3,4 22-25 Years 52 25,6 3-7 Years 27 13,3 26-29 Years 32 15,8 8-11 Years 70 34,5 30-34 Years 29 14,3 12-15 Years 47 23,2 35 and Older 24 11,8 16 Years and Above 52 25,6 Total 203 100 Total 203 100 Sport Type n % Reason for Starting Sport n % Basketball 83 40,9 Family 71 35 Volleyball 66 32,5 Social Environment 109 53,7 Football 54 26,6 Financial Reasons 23 11,3 Total 203 100 Total 203 100 Income Level n % Low 51 25,1 Medium 133 65,5 High 19 9,4 Total 203 100 Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 110 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org Among the individuals who voluntarily participated in the study, 35.5% were aged 18-21, 40.9% were basketball players, 65.5% had a medium income level, 34.5% had been involved in their sport for 8-11 years, and 53.7% started their sport through social connections (Table 2). Table 3. Sport commitment scores by age group Scale and Sub-Dimensions Age n Mean SS P-Value Total Commitment 18-21 63,47 6,81b 0,84 0,007 22-25 62,02 7,95ab 1,11 26-29 60 9,58a 1,72 30-34 57,45 9,97a 1,79 35 and older 63,38 6,00b 1,22 Focus 18-21 18,76 2,35ab 0,29 0 22-25 17,65 3,12b 0,44 26-29 16,81 3,91a 0,7 30-34 15,23 4,25a 0,76 35 and older 17,46 2,78c 0,57 Being Fit 18-21 44,71 4,94 0,61 0,094 22-25 44,37 5,45 0,76 26-29 43,19 6,33 1,14 30-34 42,23 6,61 1,19 35 and older 45,92 3,89 0,79 In the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the total and subdimension scores of the sports commitment scale among athletes based on age (except for the being fit sub-dimension) (p < 0.05; Table 3). It was determined that athletes in the 30–34 age range had lower levels of sports commitment and focus compared to athletes aged 35 and older. Table 4. Sport commitment scores by income status Scale and Sub-Dimensions Income Status n Mean SS P-Value Total Commitment Low (Income < Expenses) 51 61,27 9,55 0,896 Medium (Income = Expenses) 133 61,84 7,85 High (Income > Expenses) 19 61,26 7,29 Focus Low (Income < Expenses) 51 17,47 3,64 0,998 Medium (Income = Expenses) 133 17,49 3,31 High (Income > Expenses) 19 17,53 3,29 Being Fit Low (Income < Expenses) 51 43,8 6,49 0,786 Medium (Income = Expenses) 133 44,35 5,26 High (Income > Expenses) 19 43,74 4,7 In the study, no statistically significant difference was found between the total and sub-dimension scores of the sports commitment scale among athletes based on income status (p > 0.05; Table 4). Table 5. Sport commitment scores by sport type Scale and Sub - Dimensions Sport Type n Mean SS P-Value Total Commitment Basketball 83 60,92 8,36 0,103 Volleyball 66 63,41 6,46 Football 54 60,61 9,64 Focus Basketball 83 17,29ab 2,85 0,01 Volleyball 66 18,44a 2,48 Football 54 16,63b 4,63 Being Fit Basketball 83 43,63 6,17 0,327 Volleyball 66 44,97 4,43 Football 54 43,98 5,68 Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 111 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org In the study, the findings based on athletes' sports indicated that no statistically significant difference was found between the total and sub-dimension scores of the sports commitment scale (except for the focus sub-dimension) (p > 0.05; Table 5). However, the results showed that volleyball players had higher total scores in the focus sub-dimension compared to football players. Table 6. Sport commitment scores by reasons for starting sport Scale and Sub-Dimensions Reason for Starting n Mean SS P-Value Total Commitment Family 71 61,86 8,38 0,259 Social Circle 109 62,06 7,6 Financial Reasons 23 59 10,3 Focus Family 71 17,73 3,66 0,323 Social Circle 109 17,53 3 Financial Reasons 23 16,52 4,09 Being Fit Family 71 44,13 5,4 0,27 Social Circle 109 44,53 5,3 Financial Reasons 23 42,48 6,79 In the study, no statistically significant difference was found between the total and sub-dimension scores of the sports commitment scale among athletes based on their reasons for starting the sport (p > 0.05; Table 6). Table 7. Sport commitment scores by years of participation Scale and Sub-Dimensions Age n Mean SS P-Value Total Commitment 1-3 Years 7 61,14 7,58 0,854 4-7 Years 27 62,52 7,43 8-11 Years 70 61,67 8,56 12-15 Years 47 60,57 9,65 16 years and above 52 62,19 6,94 Focus 1-3 Years 7 17,86 2,27 0,234 4-7 Years 27 18,63 2,31 8-11 Years 70 17,7 3,38 12-15 Years 47 16,91 3,82 16 years and above 52 17,08 3,47 Being Fit 1-3 Years 7 43,29 5,74 0,692 4-7 Years 27 43,89 5,35 8-11 Years 70 43,97 5,79 12-15 Years 47 43,66 6,56 16 years and above 52 45,12 4,13 In the study, no statistically significant difference was found between the total and sub-dimension scores of the sports commitment scale among athletes based on the number of years they have practiced their sport (p > 0.05; Table 7). Discussion This study aims to examine the levels of sports commitment among professional male athletes in football, volleyball, and basketball, considering various variables. In the study, a significant relationship was found between athletes' sports commitment levels and their age. The results indicated that athletes in the 30–34 age range exhibited lower levels of commitment and focus compared to both younger (18– 21) and older (≥35) athletes. It can be concluded that while commitment appears to increase again after age 35, mid-career athletes (30–34) demonstrate comparatively lower levels of commitment and focus. However, it was observed that individuals over 35, who are perceived to have reached sports fulfillment, begin to lose their priority for sports commitment.. As individuals age, there is a natural decline in physical attributes such as muscle mass, endurance, and flexibility. Around the age of 35, individuals begin to feel these changes more acutely, which may reduce their satisfaction with sports. Particularly for those engaged in competitive sports, a decrease in performance Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 112 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org compared to their earlier years can lead to a loss of motivation. A review of the literature shows that, contrary to the results of the current study, previous research by Uzgur et al. (2021), Uluç and Akçakoyun (2021), Peke (2020), Kusan (2024), Madak et al. (2021) and Yerlikaya (2019) did not identify any significant relationship between age and sports commitment levels. İlter (2021), however, reported findings consistent with the present study. Another study that supports these results was conducted by Şimşek (2022). which examined the age variable and identified statistically significant differences between the ages of volleyball players and their levels of self-efficacy and burnout. Specifically, it was determined that volleyball players aged 26 and above exhibited higher levels of selfefficacy and burnout compared to those under 26. The study found no statistically significant differences in athletes' levels of sports commitment based on income status. Professional athletes typically have limited career spans and strive to showcase their highest performance during this period. This situation is a significant factor that enhances sports commitment. It can be inferred that both lowand high-income athletes must maintain an equal level of commitment to their sport to optimize their performance, as they need to secure financial stability at the end of their careers. The review of the literature indicates that studies by Kusan et al. (2024) obtained results that align with the findings of the current research. (However, Cvetković et al., 2014) found that sports commitment increases with higher income levels. In the study by (Somoğlu et al., 2023), it was noted that participants with medium income levels demonstrated greater sports commitment compared to those with low income levels. The findings of the study indicate that volleyball players scored higher on the focus subscale compared to football players. This difference in scores is related to the nature and dynamics of the game. Volleyball is a sport that requires constant movement and quick decision-making; therefore, players must have a high ability to intervene with the ball in every position, track the movements of opponents, and respond instantly to the flow of the game. Moreover, the importance of intra-team communication and strategic moves enhances the mental focus of volleyball players. In volleyball, where the outcome of each set is determined by instantaneous decisions, athletes must continuously develop strategies and respond quickly to changes. Psychological factors also play a significant role; the ability of volleyball players to make accurate decisions under high pressure increases the need for focus. Training approaches that emphasize reflex development and attention further reinforce this focus. These structural differences are thought to enable volleyball players to concentrate more mentally on the game and enhance this skill. Despite the lack of research examining athletes from different sports together, (Kelecek and Koruç, 2018) conducted a study on the commitment of football players, revealing that the energy and excitement loss experienced in their athletic lives leads players to perceive sport-specific behaviors as insignificant and to believe these behaviors do not contribute to their individual development. This situation can result in feelings of emotional and physical burnout. On the other hand, (Siyahtaş and Tükenmez, 2020) found that athletes competing in individual sports exhibited higher levels of sport commitment compared to those participating in team sports. The study found no relationship between athletes' reasons for starting sports and their level of sport commitment. A review of the literature revealed that there has not been any research examining the variable of reasons for starting sports in relation to the commitment levels of team sport athletes. When considering the results of the study, it can be observed that sports provide social interaction and personal development opportunities. Consequently, individuals may increase their commitment through the satisfaction they derive from training and competitions, regardless of their reasons for starting. Personal goals also play a crucial role in commitment; athletes can enhance or diminish their commitment by setting new goals, irrespective of their initial motivations. Moreover, the unique dynamics of different sports may complicate the establishment of a direct relationship between reasons for starting and levels of commitment. Conclusions In the study, no statistically significant differences were found between the overall and subscale scores of sports commitment based on the number of years athletes have Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 113 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org participated in their respective sports. Contrary to the research findings, (Uzgur et al. 2021) found that athletes with six years or more of sports experience exhibited higher levels of sports commitment compared to those with less than one year of experience. Similarly, (Peke, 2020) identified a relationship between the duration of sports experience and sports commitment in their study. According to the findings of (Uluç and Akçakoyun, 2021), it can be stated that as athletes' years of sports experience increase, their levels of commitment to sports also rise. Based on these results, it can be inferred that athletes with longer participation in sports may lose their commitment for various reasons, while individuals with shorter participation may still exhibit high levels of commitment. This difference may depend on factors such as individual motivation sources, experiences, and physical and psychological conditions. Recommendations To enhance the commitment of volleyball, basketball, and football players to their sport, it is crucial to make training programs and sports organizations more participatory and motivation-boosting. Athletes should be encouraged to set personal goals with professional support, and opportunities for personal development should be provided. Strengthening social interactions within the team can enhance team spirit and reinforce commitment. Additionally, performance tracking and feedback should be implemented to monitor athletes' progress. It is anticipated that providing specific training based on these observations will increase the sense of achievement, thereby nourishing athletes motivation. Psychological support programs can enhance athletes' mental resilience and aid in stress management. Improving financial resources can also make training and competition processes more efficient for athletes. Finally, by providing flexible training programs that consider athletes' physical and mental health, the risk of injury can be reduced, and the enjoyment of sports can be enhanced. These recommendations are expected to increase athletes' levels of commitment and support long-term performance development. Kısaltmalar / Abbreviations SD Standard deviation P Statistical Significant Values Beyanlar / Declarations Etik Onay ve Katılım Onayı / Ethics approval and consent to participate Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma ve yazım sürecinde ‘‘Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi’’ kapsamında bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş olup; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir. Makale ile ilgili doğabilecek her türlü ihlallerde sorumluluk yazara aittir. Bu çalışma, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Etik Kurulu (2024-347) tarafından onaylanmış ve izin alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir In the preparation and writing process of this study, scientific, ethical, and citation principles outlined in the "Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions" have been strictly followed. No falsification has been made on the collected data, and this study has not been submitted to any other academic publication medium for evaluation. The author assumes full responsibility for any potential violations related to the article. Name of the Committee: Ondokuz Mayıs University Social and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee (2024-347) Veri ve Materyal Erişilebilirliği / Availability of data and material Bu çalışmanın bulgularını destekleyen veriler, makul talepler üzerine sorumlu yazardan temin edilebilir. Veri seti yalnızca akademik amaçlar için erişilebilir olacak ve verilerin herhangi bir kullanımı, orijinal çalışmayı referans gösterecek ve katılımcıların gizliliğini koruyacaktır. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The dataset will be accessible only for academic purposes, and any use of the data will recognize the original study and maintain the confdentiality of the participants. Çıkar Çatışması / Competing interests Yazarlar, bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı etkileyebilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması veya kişisel ilişkiye sahip olmadıklarını beyan etmektedirler. Öz, Albay & Yazarer, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 1, February 2025 Page 114 of 115 https://www.ijoss.org The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Fon Desteği / Funding Bu çalışma, kamu, ticari veya kar amacı gütmeyen sektörlerden herhangi bir özel fonlama desteği almamıştır / This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Yazar Katkıları / Author contributions Çalışmanın tasarımı ve planlanması: F.Ö., F.A., İ.Y.; Veri toplama, analiz ve yorumlama: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; Makalenin hazırlanması: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; Veri düzenleme, yöntem geliştirme, yazım --- özgün taslak, yazım --- gözden geçirme ve düzenleme: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; Tüm yazarlar, makalenin temel noktalarını eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmiş ve son halini onaylamıştır The design and planning of the study: F.Ö., F.A., İ.Y.; Data collection, analysis, and interpretation: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; Manuscript preparation: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; Data organization, method development, writing --- original draft, writing --- review, and editing: F.A., F.Ö., İ.Y.; All authors critically evaluated the key aspects of the manuscript and approved its final version. Teşekkür / Acknowledgements No-None APA Citation Öz, F., Albay, F., & Yazarer, İ. (2025). Profesyonel futbol, basketbol ve voleybol takımı sporcularının spora bağlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) , 2 (1), 106-115. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/ijoss-Volume2-issue1-08.pdf MLA Citation Öz, Faik, et al. “Profesyonel Futbol, Basketbol ve Voleybol Takımı Sporcularının Spora Bağlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi.” International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) , vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 106-115. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/ijoss-Volume2-issue1-08.pdf ISO 690 Citation ÖZ, Faik, ALBAY, Faruk ve YAZARER, İlkay. Profesyonel futbol, basketbol ve voleybol takımı sporcularının spora bağlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) , Şubat 2025, cilt 2, sayı 1, s. 106-115. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/ijoss-Volume2-issue1-08.pdf Vancouver Citation Öz F, Albay F, Yazarer İ. Profesyonel futbol, basketbol ve voleybol takımı sporcularının spora bağlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. 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