21-MSK-JOR-ENV - Preliminary Risks Assessment and ESIA for the Aqaba-Amman Water Desalination and Conveyance (AAWDC) Project (Jordan) - Renewable Energy Component

Tetra Tech International Development Economic Resilience Initiative - Infrastructure Technical Assistance AA-000907 - ERI-ITA 21-MSK-JOR-ENV - Preliminary Risks Assessment and ESIA for the Aqaba-Amman Water Desalination and Conveyance (AAWDC) Project (Jordan) – Renewable Energy Component Comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Date issued: 1 June 2025 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Project] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 1 This technical assistance operation is financed under the EIB’s Economic Resilience Initiative (ERI). The ERI is EIB’s response to the European Council’s call to intensify its support for the EU’s neighbourhood, in pursuit of economic growth and the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The objective of this initiative is to rapidly mobilise additional financing in support of sustainable growth, vital infrastructure and social cohesion in Southern neighbourhood and Western Balkans countries. The Economic Resilience Initiative focuses on both the public and the private sectors, in support of EIB activities during different stages of the project cycle. The EIB is contributing to the ERI TA window with an envelope amounting to EUR 90 million from its own budget resources. Disclaimer The authors take full responsibility for the contents of this report. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the view of the European Investment Bank. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the WYG ERI-ITA Consortium and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Investment Bank or the European Union. This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Project] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 2 Report Issue Record Project Title: Preliminary Risks Assessment and ESIA for the Aqaba-Amman Water Desalination and Conveyance (AAWDC) Project (Jordan) – Renewable Energy Component Project Number: AA-000907 - ERI-ITA Report Title: Sub-assignment 21-MSK-JOR-ENV - Renewable Energy Component – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Issue Number: 3 Revision 1 2 3 Date 23 February 2025 10 April 2025 1 June 2025 Detail Comprehensive ESIA Comprehensive ESIA Comprehensive ESIA Prepared By ESIA Team ESIA Team ESIA Team Checked By Timothy Young SPM Dimitris KOSTIANIS DTL Timothy Young SPM Dimitris KOSTIANIS DTL Timothy Young SPM Dimitris KOSTIANIS DTL Approved By Sanscho Ramhorst TL Sanscho Ramhorst TL Sanscho Ramhorst TL Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Project] Tetra Tech [June 2025] | 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 10 1.1. Project Background ...................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Project Proponents ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Purpose and Need for the Project ............................................................................... 10 1.4. Purpose and Structure of the Report ........................................................................... 11 2. Project Description .................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Project Components and Locations ............................................................................. 13 2.1.1. Over Head Transmission Lines ......................................................................................16 2.2. Alternatives Considered ............................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Alternative Locations ......................................................................................................19 2.2.2. Original OHTL Route ......................................................................................................20 2.2.3. No Project Alternative .....................................................................................................21 2.3. Raw Materials and Infrastructure ................................................................................. 21 2.4. Water and Energy Use during construction ................................................................. 22 2.5. Project Schedule .......................................................................................................... 22 3. Legal and Administrative Framework ......................................................................... 23 3.1. Relevant Institutions ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2. National Legislation ...................................................................................................... 24 3.3. International Standards and Commitments ................................................................. 28 3.4. Project Ownership ........................................................................................................ 29 4. Methods .................................................................................................................... 30 4.1. Defining the Project Area of Influence ......................................................................... 30 4.2. Establishing Baseline Conditions ................................................................................. 30 4.2.1. Physical Environment .....................................................................................................30 4.2.2. Biological Environment ...................................................................................................31 4.2.3. Socioeconomic Conditions .............................................................................................35 4.2.4. Cultural Heritage .............................................................................................................36 4.3. Method for Evaluation of Impacts and Significance Criteria ........................................ 37 4.4. Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................ 40 5. Stakeholder Engagement .......................................................................................... 42 5.1. Scoping Session .......................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1. Discussions during Scoping Session ..............................................................................42 5.1.2. Results of the Questionnaire during Scoping Session ....................................................45 5.2. Disclosure Session ...................................................................................................... 47 6. Environmental Baseline Conditions ........................................................................... 50 6.1. Physical Environment .................................................................................................. 50 6.1.1. Topography ....................................................................................................................50 6.1.2. Soil .................................................................................................................................52 6.1.3. Geology ..........................................................................................................................54 6.1.4. Climate ...........................................................................................................................55 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 4 6.1.5. Water Resources ............................................................................................................56 6.1.6. Hydrology .......................................................................................................................57 6.1.7. Seismicity .......................................................................................................................62 6.2. Biological Environment ................................................................................................ 63 6.2.1. Ecological Survey Results ..............................................................................................66 6.2.2. Protected Areas and Key Biodiversity Areas ..................................................................78 6.2.3. Critical Habitat Assessment ............................................................................................78 6.3. Socio-Economic Conditions ......................................................................................... 87 6.3.1. Population and Demographics........................................................................................87 6.3.2. Economic Activities .........................................................................................................89 6.3.3. Poverty ...........................................................................................................................89 6.3.4. Education .......................................................................................................................90 6.3.5. Health .............................................................................................................................90 6.3.6. Land Use ........................................................................................................................90 6.3.7. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................101 6.3.8. Gender Aspects ............................................................................................................104 6.4. Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................ 105 7. Environmental and Social Impacts ........................................................................... 108 7.1. Environmental and Social Impacts During Construction ........................................... 108 7.1.1. Physical Environment ...................................................................................................108 7.1.2. Biological Environment .................................................................................................111 7.1.3. Socio-Economic Environment.......................................................................................112 7.2. Environmental and Social Impacts During Operation ................................................ 122 7.2.1. Physical Environment ...................................................................................................122 7.2.2. Biological Environment .................................................................................................124 7.2.3. Socio-Economic Environment.......................................................................................125 8. Environmental and Social Management Plan for the AAWDCP – RE Component ... 130 8.1. E&S Management Policy Statement at Project Promoter’s Level ............................. 130 8.2.1. Scope ...........................................................................................................................130 8.2.2. Objectives and Targets .................................................................................................131 8.3. Institutional Arrangements ......................................................................................... 132 8.3.1. General Considerations ................................................................................................132 8.3.2. Project Promoter ...........................................................................................................133 8.3.3. Build-Operate-Transfer Developer ................................................................................133 8.3.4. National Electric Power Company ................................................................................134 8.3.5. International Financing Institutions ...............................................................................135 8.3.6. Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority .....................................................................135 8.4. Training and Awareness of the Project Promoter ...................................................... 135 8.5. Regulatory ESHS Requirements and IFIs E&S Principles and Standards ................ 137 8.6. Project ESMP Communication Requirements ........................................................... 138 8.6.1. Internal Communication ................................................................................................138 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 5 8.6.2. External Communication ..............................................................................................138 8.7. Project ESMP Documentation, Monitoring and Auditing ........................................... 138 8.7.1. Project E&S Records ....................................................................................................138 8.7.2. Accident and Incident Reporting and Investigation .......................................................139 8.7.3. Internal and External Audits..........................................................................................139 8.7.4. Nonconformity, Corrective and Preventive Actions .......................................................139 8.8. Project ESMP Review ................................................................................................ 139 8.9. Environmental and Social Management Plan – Structure and Requirements .......... 140 8.9.1. General Considerations for the Structure of Construction/Operation ESMPs ...............140 8.9.1. Environmental and Social Mitigation/Management Provisions during Detailed Design – RE Site .....................................................................................................................................144 8.9.2. Environmental and Social Mitigation/Management Provisions during Planning and Preconstruction ..............................................................................................................................145 8.9.3. Environmental and Social Management Plan during Construction ...............................145 8.9.4. Environmental and Social Management Plan during Operation ...................................154 8.10. Supplementary Plans and Conditions for the ESMP ................................................. 158 8.10.1. Construction Plans, Mechanisms and Procedures .......................................................158 8.10.2. Operation Plans, Mechanisms and Procedures............................................................180 8.11. Environmental and Social Monitoring Plans .............................................................. 194 8.11.1. Terrestrial Biodiversity during Construction ..................................................................194 8.11.2. Air Quality and Noise Monitoring during Construction ..................................................195 8.11.3. Electromagnetic Fields during Operation ......................................................................195 9. Annexes .................................................................................................................. 196 Annex 1: ASEZA’s Screening Letter ................................................................................... 197 Annex 2: ASEZA’s Approval on the ToR ............................................................................ 198 Annex 3: Scoping Session Details ...................................................................................... 199 Annex 4: Disclosure Session Details .................................................................................. 200 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Project] Tetra Tech [June 2025] | 6 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Al-Quweira Location ............................................................................................................ 13 Figure 2-2: Al-Quweira RE SiteGeneral Layout ................................................................................... 15 Figure 2-3: OHTL Corridor Route .......................................................................................................... 17 Figure 2-4: Single Line Diagram of Power Supply for the Project ......................................................... 18 Figure 2-5: Wadi Araba RE Site Location .............................................................................................. 19 Figure 2-6: RE CAl-Mudawara Location .............................................................................................. 20 Figure 2-7: Original OHTL Alternative ................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4-1: Routes of Inspection in the PAI ........................................................................................... 33 Figure 4-2: Sherman Traps Positioned within the PAI ........................................................................... 34 Figure 4-3: Sherman trap locations ....................................................................................................... 34 Figure 5-1: Photos from the Scoping Session ....................................................................................... 45 Figure 5-2: Images from the Disclosure Session ................................................................................... 48 Figure 6-1: Elevation profile of the OHTL route and RE Site ................................................................. 51 Figure 6-2: Soil Types ............................................................................................................................ 53 Figure 6-3: Average Temperatures and Precipitation (Meteoblue, 2024) ............................................. 55 Figure 6-4: Wind Rose of Al-Quweira (Meteoblue, 2024) ...................................................................... 55 Figure 6-5: Surface Water Basins .......................................................................................................... 56 Figure 6-6: Groundwater Basins ............................................................................................................ 57 Figure 6-7: Rainfall Gage Stations Representing Catchment Precipitation ........................................... 58 Figure 6-8: Quweira Site Contributing Catchment Areas ...................................................................... 59 Figure 6-9: 100-year, 24-hour flood hydrographs for Quweira Catchments .......................................... 60 Figure 6-10: Quweira 100-year return period storm - flood depth map ................................................. 61 Figure 6-11: Quweira 100-year return period storm - flood velocity map .............................................. 62 Figure 6-12: Earthquake Susceptibility in Aqaba Governorate (Think Hazard, 2024) ........................... 63 Figure 6-13: PAI and Biodiversity Divisions ........................................................................................... 64 Figure 6-14: PAI within Jordan's Geographic Landmarks (left) and within Acacia (Vachellia) & Rocky Sudanian and Sand Dune Vegetation Zones (right) (Al-Eisawi, 1996). ................................................ 65 Figure 6-15: Unsettled undulating bare land hills .................................................................................. 66 Figure 6-16: Rocky sandy rangeland wadis ........................................................................................... 67 Figure 6-17: Cultivated flat open areas .................................................................................................. 67 Figure 6-18: Uncultivated flat sandy clay area ....................................................................................... 68 Figure 6-19: Gerbillus dasyurus (top left), Gerbillus cheesmani (top right), Gerbillus henleyi (center left), mostly Jaculus loftusi footprints (center right), Canis familiaris (bottom left) and Vulpes vulpes footprints (bottom right). ......................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 6-20: Fauna results map ............................................................................................................. 70 Figure 6-21: Inactive Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard burrow (left) and Short-Toed Rock agama (Right). . 71 Figure 6-22: Reptile results with Uromastyx aegyptia burrow locations ................................................ 72 Figure 6-23: Steppe Eagle (top left), Crested Lark (top right), Spanish Sparrow (center-left), White crowned wheatear (center-right) ) Eastern Black-eared Wheatear (bottom left), Eurasian Collared-dove (bottom right) .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 6-24: Avifauna results map ......................................................................................................... 77 Figure 6-25: Wadi Rum Protected Area and its Buffer Zone (Source: RSCN) ...................................... 78 Figure 6-26: The location of the RE Site in reference to the location of Wadi Rum Protected Area and Hisma Basin – Rum IBA/KBA ................................................................................................................ 81 Figure 6-27: The OHTL alignment in relation to Wadi Rum Protected Area, Hisma Basin – Rum IBA/KBA and the proposed Aqaba Mountains Protected Area .............................................................. 83 Figure 6-28: Habitats along the OHTL ................................................................................................... 84 Figure 6-29: Built Up Areas .................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 6-30: Land Use within the RE Site .............................................................................................. 91 Figure 6-31: Land Use within the OHTL Corridor .................................................................................. 92 Figure 6-32: PV Plant near Al-Quweira RE site ..................................................................................... 94 Figure 6-33: Land use of Wadi Rum Protected Area Buffer Zone, Source: ASEZA ............................. 95 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 7 Figure 6-34: Detailed Land use of Wadi Rum Protected Area Buffer Zone, Source: ASEZA ............... 97 Figure 6-33: Land use of New OHTL Route - Agricultural Lands .......................................................... 98 Figure 6-34: Land use of New OHTL Route – Existing Power Infrastructure ........................................ 98 Figure 6-35: Land use of New OHTL Route – Religious Structures ...................................................... 99 Figure 6-36: Land use of New OHTL Route – Fuel Stations .............................................................. 100 Figure 6-37: Land use of New OHTL Route – Industrial Area ............................................................. 100 Figure 6-38: Filming Area .................................................................................................................... 101 Figure 6-39: Main and Agricultural Roads in the Project Area ............................................................ 102 Figure 6-40: Nearest wastewater Treatment Plant .............................................................................. 103 Figure 6-41: Nearest Landfill................................................................................................................ 104 Figure 6-42: Archaeological Sites near the OHTL ............................................................................... 105 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Project] Tetra Tech [June 2025] | viii List of Tables Table 1-1: Project Proponents ............................................................................................................... 10 Table 1-2: ESIA Report Structure .......................................................................................................... 11 Table 2-1: RE Site Details ...................................................................................................................... 16 Table 3-1: Relevant Institutions and Their Mandates for the Project..................................................... 23 Table 3-2: Relevant National Policies and Legislation .......................................................................... 24 Table 3-3: Project relevant International Standards and Commitments ................................................ 28 Table 4-1: Characterisation of Nature and Type of Impacts ............................................................ 37 Table 4-2: Step 1 - Assessing Magnitude and Likelihood ............................................................... 38 Table 4-3: Step 2 – Assessing Intensity ............................................................................................ 38 Table 4-4: Step 3 - Assessing Duration and Extent .......................................................................... 38 Table 4-5: Step 4 – Assessing Scale .................................................................................................. 39 Table 4-6: Step 5 – Impact Significance Assessment ...................................................................... 39 Table 4-7: Description of Impact Significance Results .................................................................... 39 Table 5-1: Main Concerns Raised during the Session and Responses ................................................ 42 Table 5-2: Questionnaire Results for Both Construction and Operation phase .................................... 46 Table 5-3: Stakeholder Concerns and Suggestions in the Questionnaire ............................................. 46 Table 6-1: Projections of maximum daily rainfall ................................................................................... 58 Table 6-2: Areas of drainage catchments .............................................................................................. 59 Table 6-3: characteristics of the catchments ......................................................................................... 59 Table 6-4: Computation of Losses and Rainfall Excess for 100 yr return period .................................. 60 Table 6-5: Fauna species at the Study Area ......................................................................................... 68 Table 6-6: Bird species recorded at OHTL ............................................................................................ 73 Table 6-7: Birds recorded at the Al-Quwaira site ................................................................................... 74 Table 6-8: Summary of assessment of habitats in the project site against Criterion a of EIB S4 ......... 79 Table 6-9: Summary of assessment of habitats in the project site against Criterion A ......................... 82 Table 6-10: Globally Vulnerable (VU) species that are known to be present at the Project Site and its vicinity (IUCN, 2021) .............................................................................................................................. 85 Table 6-11: Population within the Project Area (Department of Statistics, 2023) .................................. 87 Table 6-12:Demographic and Household Data in Aqaba Governorate and Al-Quweira District (Irada, 2021) ...................................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 6-13: Average Annual Expenditure and Income in Aqaba Governorate (Irada, 2021) (Irada, 2023). ..................................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 6-14: Key indicators for Water Sector in Aqaba District ............................................................ 101 Table 6-15: Key Indicators for Water Sector in Al-Quweira District ..................................................... 102 Table 6-16: Roads Network in Aqaba .................................................................................................. 102 Table 6-17: Archaeological Sites Located within the PAI and their Properties ................................... 106 Table 6-18: Coordinates of the Intersections between Corridors and JHR ......................................... 107 Table 6-19: Types of Represented Sites Found During Field Operations ........................................... 107 Table 8-1: ESHS Objectives and Targets for the AAWDC Project ...................................................... 131 Table 8-2: Structure and Content of BOT Contractor’s CESMP and OESMP .................................... 140 Table 8-3: Environmental and Social Management Plan - During Construction ................................. 146 Table 8-4: Environmental and Social Management Plan - During Operation ...................................... 155 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 7 Vulnerable Uromastyx aegyptia), and 28 bird species, including the Endangered Steppe Eagle. However, no significant populations of migratory or endemic species were found. The Critical Habitat Assessment concluded that the site does not qualify as Critical Habitat under the European Investment Bank (EIB) Standard 4 criteria, despite the presence of two globally Vulnerable species: the Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard and the Sooty Falcon. The lizard's burrows were found, though active sightings were limited due to survey timing; further surveys during spring/summer are recommended. Similarly, the Sooty Falcon, known to breed in nearby mountains, was not observed during fieldwork but may inhabit adjacent areas during breeding season (May–September). The project site is located near but does not overlap with any Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) or protected zones, including the Wadi Rum Protected Area (approximately 5 km away). No priority natural habitats under the EU Habitats Directive were identified, and no net loss of biodiversity is required for natural habitats, although efforts should be made to minimize impacts. It is strongly recommended to conduct further ecological surveys to assess the populations of Vulnerable species and ensure appropriate biodiversity mitigation measures are implemented before the commencement of on-ground construction activities. It is worth noting that the ecological surveys supporting this assessment were conducted within a limited timeframe during the month of November. Conducting the surveys outside optimal seasonal windows, particularly during colder months, may have limited the detection of certain species, including active populations of reptiles and migratory birds. This timing constraint could lead to an underestimation of biodiversity presence and activity. • Socio-Economic Environment: The Project Area of Influence (PAI) covers parts of the Al-Quweira and Aqaba districts, with Al-Quweira village (population: 14,286) being the closest to the Renewable Energy (RE) site. The Overhead Transmission Line (OHTL) corridor crosses several built-up areas, including Rashadeyeh, Um El-Basateen, and Re’a Sa’adeh. Average household sizes in Al-Quweira (5.5 persons) and Aqaba (4.9 persons) exceed the national average (4.8), while dependency ratios (73.2% and 75.2%, respectively) are higher than the national rate of 61.4%. Economic activity is concentrated in public administration (24.6%), transportation (23.2%), and retail (10.6%), with an unemployment rate of 18.5% in Aqaba, lower than the national average but higher in rural areas like Al-Quweira, where poverty affects 31.1% of residents. Household incomes in Al-Quweira (6,480.6 JD) are significantly below the national average, reflecting economic disparities. Education infrastructure in Aqaba includes four universities, whereas Al-Quweira has only school-level education with 14 schools and 3,490 students. Health services in Al-Quweira comprise one comprehensive health center and several clinics, but specialized care is more accessible in Aqaba. Water supply relies heavily on the Disi aquifer, with all residents served by water networks. Wastewater management in Al-Quweira depends on septic tanks, and solid waste is disposed of at the Aqaba landfill, 50 km from the RE site. Land use at the RE site is dominated by grazing and off-road vehicle tracks, while the OHTL corridor crosses mixed-use areas with infrastructure like roads, power lines, and agricultural lands. The area includes a nearby operational solar power plant (Al-Quweira 103 MWp PV Plant). Land acquisition for the OHTL will affect approximately 183 privately owned plots, with final details pending. It is worth noting that the project area is in close proximity to the designated Wadi Rum Filming Area, which spans approximately 240.34 km2, overlapping with it by an area of 0.11 km2. Gender aspects reveal persistent challenges: high female unemployment, wage disparities, and limited women’s participation in entrepreneurship. Despite these challenges, initiatives like ASEZA's "Nashmiyah Project" aim to enhance women’s economic involvement. Environmental and Social Impacts During Construction Phase • Soil and Land Degradation: Land clearing and excavation activities may result in soil compaction, erosion, and loss of topsoil, increasing the potential for surface runoff. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 8 • Air Quality: Dust generation from excavation, material handling, and vehicle movement may temporarily impact air quality, while emissions from construction equipment and vehicles contribute to local pollution. • Noise: Construction machinery and increased traffic will generate elevated noise and vibration levels, potentially affecting nearby communities and terrestrial fauna. • Water Resources: Accidental spills, construction runoff, and improper waste disposal may pose contamination risks to water resources. • Biodiversity: o Loss of habitats for local flora and fauna o Disturbance to migratory birds and local wildlife, especially near sensitive habitats. • Waste Generation: Construction activities will produce solid and hazardous waste, requiring effective management to prevent environmental harm. • Employment Opportunities: Temporary jobs during construction will benefit local communities, promoting economic opportunities. • Community Health and Safety: Increased movement of construction vehicles may pose safety risks to local residents, with potential exposure to dust, noise, and hazardous materials • Land Acquisition and Resettlement: Construction of the OHTL corridor may require acquisition of approximately 183 privately owned plots, potentially affecting livelihoods and land access. • Traffic: Temporary disruption of local roads and pathways may inconvenience local communities and limit access to farmlands. • Gender Aspects: Female participation in construction-related employment is expected to be limited due to cultural and societal norms. • Wastewater and Solid Waste Management: Improper disposal could lead to public health risks and environmental pollutio During Operation Phase • Air Quality and Noise: Emissions and noise during the operational phase will be minimal, primarily associated with maintenance activities. • Biodiversity: o Bird Collisions: The OHTL infrastructure may pose collision risks to avifauna, especially migratory birds. o Ongoing Habitat Disturbance: Maintenance activities may result in minor disturbances to local ecosystems. • Water Resources: Accidental spills during maintenance activities may pose localized contamination risks. • Visual Intrusion: The RE site and OHTL may affect the aesthetic landscape, particularly in areas near tourism sites and the filming area. • Employment Opportunities: Limited, long-term job opportunities will be available for operations and maintenance. • Community Infrastructure Benefits: Improved access roads and services will provide lasting benefits to local communities. • Access Limitations: Occasional maintenance works may restrict community access to certain areas. • Occupational and Community Health and Safety: Potential risks related to operational hazards, especially near high-voltage lines. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 9 • Gender Considerations: Women's involvement in operational roles remains a challenge without targeted interventions Institutional Arrangements o Project Promoter (MWI): Overall project governance and ESHS compliance oversight. o BOT Contractor (for RE Site) and NEPCO (for OHTL): Direct responsibility for ESMP implementation during construction and operation phases. o International Financing Institutions (IFIs): Monitor adherence to funding conditions, including E&S standards. Environmental and Social Management Plan The ESMP includes the Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan and Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan covering: • Environmental mitigation measures • Health and safety protocols • Waste and hazardous materials management • Biodiversity and habitat protection • Emergency preparedness and response plans Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 10 1. Introduction 1.1. Project Background The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) is planning to develop the Aqaba-Amman Water Desalination and Conveyance (AAWDC) Project, aiming to generate 300 million cubic meters (MCM) of drinking water annually through desalination of the Gulf of Aqaba water. This initiative seeks to alleviate the deficit in Jordan's critical water resources and ensure a safe and reliable freshwater supply for Amman, other governorates and areas along the project's pipeline route. The AAWDC Project will be implemented through a build-operate-transfer (BOT) scheme. The AAWDC Project is a crucial response to Jordan's severe water scarcity, stemming from limited surface and groundwater resources. Economic, demographic, geopolitical, and environmental conditions compound the challenges, including the influx of refugees, high natural population growth, changing consumption patterns due to improved economic conditions, regional conflicts impacting resource supply, and discernible negative effects of climate change. As desalination is an energy-intensive activity, and in order to reduce the carbon footprint of the project, a renewable energy component has been introduced to provide electricity to the project using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. In line with national and international requirements, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is being prepared for this component, noting that the ESIA for desalination and transmission line components has already been prepared and approved in 2022. 1.2. Project Proponents Several entities are involved in the planning and implementation of the Project. The responsibilities of each key entity that is of relevance to the ESIA are listed Table 1-1 below along with an overall description of their roles. Table 1-1: Project Proponents Entity Role Ministry of Water and Irrigation Client and owner of the Project. BOT Contractor The contractor who is responsible for designing, implementing, and operating the project, as well as updating the ESIA as needed and developing the detailed management plans required during construction and operation. European Investment Bank and USAID The funding agencies that financed the ESIA and the preliminary design, , responsible to ensure the project is in line with their environmental and social standards Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) The governmental entity responsible for approving the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and issuing the environmental permit for the RE component as it is located within its jurisdiction. CDM Smith The consultant responsible for the Project’s preliminary design. 1.3. Purpose and Need for the Project In order to reduce the AAWDC Project’s energy consumption from the grid and its GHG emissions, the MWI is proposing a Renewable Energy (RE) component, hereinafter referred to as the Project, in Quweira, south of Jordan and northeast of the SWRO facility. The Project will include overhead transmission line (OHTL) connecting Al-Quweira RE Site to the Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) plant. The RE facility, comprised of PV panels, aims to meet the total power production demand of the plant and the pump stations within Aqaba Governorate during daylight hours. Outside these hours, the plant and pump stations will rely on electricity provided by NEPCO. The plant will have a design capacity of approximately 300MW (240MWAC), such that the emissions threshold does not exceed 3.2kgCO2eq per cubic meter of delivered water. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 11 As per ASEZA’s letter No. 02/03/11602 dated August 22, 2022, the Project is classified as Category (1), which necessitates a comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) (see Annex 1). Furthermore, ASEZA’s letter No. M.B./02/01/6205 dated April 29, 2024, confirms their approval of the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA (see Annex 2). It is worth noting that this ESIA study is based on the preliminary design provided by the BOT Contractor and NEPCO. However, this ESIA will need to be updated, if necessary, by the BOT Contractor to reflect any changes in the project description or components made during the detailed design phase. 1.4. Purpose and Structure of the Report This document constitutes the ESIA study which aims to: 1. Establish the national environmental, health and safety, legal and institutional framework, under which the Project should be implemented; 2. Describe the Project and its associated facilities and activities and present the alternative options that were assessed; 3. Describe baseline environmental and social conditions within the Project area of influence; 4. Identify and assess the significant environmental and social impacts associated with construction and operation of the project; 5. Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) aimed at preventing, mitigating, reducing or offsetting the identified environmental and social impacts during the life of the Project, and that includes an environmental and social monitoring program for the Project; and 6. Conduct public consultation including disclosure of relevant information about the Project and the ESIA study in accordance with national and EIB requirements. The structure is presented in Table 1-2. Table 1-2: ESIA Report Structure Section Contents 1. Introduction Presents background of the Project, the Project’s proponents, the need for the Project and the ESIA objectives and structure 2. Project Description Provides a detailed description of the Project and its components 3. Legal and Administrative Framework Identifies the public entities that will be involved in the various aspects of Project construction and operation and the laws, regulations and standards governing the environmental and social performance of the Project and presents the alternatives considered for the Project 4. Methods Defines the Project area of influence, presents the methods used to collect data on the physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions within this area and describes the methodology used for impact assessment 5. Stakeholder Engagement Describes all stakeholder engagement activities conducted to date and the main findings 6. Environmental and Social Baseline Presents all relevant information collected on environmental and social conditions within the Project area of influence setting the current baseline 7. Impact Assessment and Mitigation Describes the anticipated positive and negative environmental and social impacts likely to result from the Project and proposed mitigation measures 8. Environmental and Social Management Plans for the AAWDCP – RE Component Presents the ESMP developed to ensure that the project’s environmental and social impacts are avoided, minimized or, if necessary, offset. It also presents the Monitoring Program in addition to a framework for all required Plans Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 12 Section Contents 9. Annexes All related annexes Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 13 2. Project Description According to the BOT Contractor, the RE Site will be designed, constructed, and configured to exhibit high efficiency, availability, and reliability with minimum energy generation costs and be suitable for continuous operation at maximum output under climatic conditions particular to the RE Sites. In addition, all components of the RE facilities shall be designed to ensure that the failure of any component shall not compromise the ability of the Project to meet the Contract Capacity Requirements. Facilities shall comply with all relevant local and international laws, regulations, and permitting requirements. These facilities shall adopt a “zero feed-in” scheme and shall be connected directly to each project Site at the main point of common coupling to the grid through feeders/transmission lines (e.g., 400kV/132kV/33kV). The maximum power production from these RE Facilities shall not exceed at any moment the loads consumed by the Project. In other words, there will be no feed-in to the national grid. 2.1. Project Components and Locations The RE Site at Al-Quweira is located within the ASEZ, approximately 60 km northeast of the SWRO facility in the Aqaba Governorate. The site spans an area of approximately 500 hectares and is owned by the Government of Jordan and has been allocated to the Project. Al-Quweira site which is designated to supply electricity to the SWRO Plant and the pump stations within Aqaba Governorate during daylight hours (Figure 2-1). Figure 2-1: Al-Quweira Location It is important to consider the following points to conform to Cabinet Resolution No. 8333 dated 25/8/2022 (currently under discussion to amend): − The amount of self-generated RE shall not exceed at any time the total project consumption, i.e. no feed-in to the grid. − Exporting self-generated energy to the national grid is not allowed (Zero Feed In). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 14 − The BOT Contractor must bear the electrical losses resulting from the transfer of energy from the renewable energy generation plant to the consumption centres, in compliance with the request of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), to place the meter next to the load. Once the RE Facilities solution is defined by the Project Company and the connection points are approved by the National Electric Power Company (NEPCO), the ultimate design responsibility will rest entirely with the BOT Contractor. However, the ESIA team has received a general layout from the BOT Contractor, as shown in Figure 2-2. It should be noted that the current design remains preliminary and may be subject to further changes to reflect updated assumptions. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 15 Figure 2-2: Al-Quweira RE SiteGeneral Layout Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 16 The RE Site consists of the components described below such that Table 2-1 provides details of the PV capacity, inverter capacity, and connection value for the site: 1. Modules: The module proposed for the construction of the photovoltaic plant is the Trina Vertex NEG21C, with a power of 710Wp 2. Mounting Structure: The modules will be installed on tracker structures 3. Inverters: The electrical concept of the solar plant will utilize string inverters. The inverters will be mounted on special rails, they will be distributed throughout the site, close to the central road, allowing easy access for any maintenance work. 4. Power Transformers Station 5. Meteo Station: The design includes 6 weather stations, 18 pyranometers in an array of planes and 18 pyranometers in the horizontal plane. The weather station and the pyranometers in the horizontal plane will be installed near a transformer station, and the pyranometers in the plane of array will be installed in the plane of the modules on a structure near a transformer station. 6. Client Substation: The Client Substation will be located at the entrance of the site and will be accessible from an existing pathway. It will cover 2.4 hectares. 7. Access Roads: The project will be equipped with roads to facilitate the maintenance of the plant's equipment 8. Water Tanks: Water tanks have been planned for the project, with a ratio of approximately 60m³ of water per 40 hectares of land, which corresponds approximately to 12 tanks of 60m³ for the 500hectare site. 9. Drainage System: A drainage system will need to be considered for the entire project. Table 2-1: RE Site Details Key Data Installed PV Capacity (kWp) 314.76 Installed PV Inverter Capacity (MVA) 287.1 Connection Voltage (KV) 132 2.1.1. Over Head Transmission Lines In addition to the proposed RE Site, a preliminary suggestion has been made for the OHTLs with a power of 132 kilovolts from Al-Quweira Site to the SWRO. The OHTL will be designed and built by NEPCO and financed Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 23 2.4. Water and Energy Use during construction Water tanks will be used in the project for construction purposes, and the machinery will be connected to the national electricity grid. Construction vehicles will be powered mainly by heavy fuel. This will be confirmed during the detailed design phase, as will the amount of water and energy required for various uses. 2.5. Project Schedule MWI has signed a preliminary agreement with the BOT Contractor, a joint venture between Meridiam and Suez in January 2025. While a preliminary design of the project components is ready, the final financiers have not yet been determined; and as a result, a project schedule has not been prepared. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 24 3. Legal and Administrative Framework The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) include the legal and institutional frameworks related to the Project's environmental and social considerations. This includes relevant national institutions, legislation and international agreements, as well as EIB environmental and social standards. 3.1. Relevant Institutions Table 3-1 lists the relevant institutions involved in the project, highlighting their overall mandates and the specific roles they play concerning the project. Table 3-1: Relevant Institutions and Their Mandates for the Project Entity Overall Mandate Relevant Mandate MWI Manage and regulate water resources, formulate national water policies, and ensure the development and sustainability of water infrastructure. Oversee water-related projects, allocate water resources, and ensure policy compliance during project implementation. Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) Manage the Aqaba region's economic development and facilitate investment. Grant environmental approval for the project, monitor compliance with environmental legislation. Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) Maintain and improve environmental quality, develop policies and strategies, enforce environmental legislation, and promote public awareness and cooperation. Issues policies and standards that the project would need to abide by. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Ensure sustainable development of energy and mineral resources through policies, strategies, and oversight. Facilitate energy supply for project operations and approve RE components. Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities / Department of Antiquities (DoA) Protect and document antiquities and manage heritage sites in Jordan. Ensure compliance with regulations concerning cultural and archaeological heritage in case of any within the Study Area and intervene in case of a chance find. Ministry of Health (MoH) Safeguard public health through health policies, strategies, and regulation of healthcare services. Monitor public health concerns, including the impact of any project-related public health risk. Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) Develop and maintain public infrastructure, focusing on road networks and public buildings. Provide oversight and ensure infrastructure development meets technical and safety standards, including mitigation of environmental impacts such as air pollution and noise. Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation Coordinate and implement social and economic development plans in collaboration with international partners. Maximize benefits from foreign assistance and ensure alignment with development plans, such as the rehabilitation of irrigation networks. Ministry of Local Administration / Relevant Municipalities Oversee local governance and municipal affairs, ensuring sustainable development and effective oversight. Coordinate with municipalities to address public concerns and provide access to essential services during project implementation. Ministry of Labor Ensure the health and safety of workers and regulate employment standards in Jordan. Monitor occupational health and safety standards during the construction phase of the project. Ministry of Agriculture Manage rangelands, forests, soil resources, and wildlife; oversee agricultural research and consultation. Issue approvals for dealing with flora and fauna and manage impacts on agricultural areas during project implementation. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 25 Entity Overall Mandate Relevant Mandate Public Security Directorate / Traffic Department Ensure public safety, prevent crimes, manage prisons, and regulate traffic. Oversee traffic management and enforce safety measures on roads used during project implementation. Ministry of Social Development Promote social welfare, support vulnerable groups, and provide social services. Address social issues arising from project activities, ensuring community welfare and support. Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) Develop and manage infrastructure and assets in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone. Support infrastructure development relevant to the project and ensure compliance with investment and development agreements. Municipalities of AlJafer, Qatar Wa Rahmeh, and Al-Quwaira Provide municipal services, including water distribution, sanitation, and public health management. Facilitate local coordination for project activities, including solid waste management and minimizing disruptions to municipal services. International Financing Institutions (IFIs) including EIB and USAID Provide financial and technical support for development projects. Provide project financing and oversee fund utilization and promote project sustainability through compliance with funding conditions including environmental and social standards. 3.2. National Legislation Table 3-2 summarizes the key national policies and legislation relevant to the project, including specific provisions applicable to its implementation. Table 3-2: Relevant National Policies and Legislation Legislations Relevant Provisions Strategies and Policies National Water Strategy (20232040) Sets long-term water management goals, including sustainability, resource protection, and efficient water use. Jordan's Climate Change Policy Outlines measures for climate adaptation, mitigation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Jordan Renewable Energy Strategy 2020-2030 Continue to generate electric power in the Kingdom, depending on natural gas, renewable energy, and committed projects. Continue to work on increasing the participation of renewable energy projects in covering the Kingdom’s needs of electric power, to increase from (2.400) MW in 2020 to (3.200) MW in 2030. Laws Aqaba Special Economic Zone Law No. 32 of 2000 Article 10-b: assigns the responsibility of protecting the environment, water resources, natural resources, and biological diversity. Article 11-c: The Authority shall also assume the protection of the environment in the Region according to the provisions of this Law, the Regulations issued pursuant thereto and any pertinent legislation in force Agriculture Law No. 13 of 2015 and its amendment Article 33-a: It is prohibited to cut down or burn forest trees and shrubs, strip them of their bark or leaves, or remove them in any form without obtaining a license from the minister, except in cases and circumstances specified by the minister. Article 33 and 34, certain types of trees cannot be cut except with the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture. Article 56: forbids the hunting and trading of wild animals and birds except in accordance with instructions issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. Water Authority Law No. 18 of 1988 and its amendment No. 22 of 2014 Article 12 Prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water sources, including rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater, to protect water quality Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 26 Legislations Relevant Provisions Article 26: If WAJ and the Landowner do not agree on the amount of compensation to be paid in exchange for the expropriation of real estate, land, and related rights, or for water or sewage projects, either party may submit a request to the competent court to determine this amount according to the provisions of the applicable Expropriation Law. They may also agree to refer the dispute to arbitration according to the provisions of the applicable Arbitration Law. General Antiquities Law No. 21 of 1988 and its Amendments Article 9 prohibits the destruction or damaging of antiquities. Article 13 prohibits licensing of any structure including buildings or walls unless it is at least 5 to 25 m away from any antiquities. Public Health Law No. 47 of 2008 Article 4 states that the Ministry of Health is responsible for protection of public health and for monitoring water quality to ensure its safety and adequacy for human consumption. Labor Law No. 8 of 1996 and its Amendments Article 73 prohibits employment of juveniles under 16 years under any circumstance Article 74 prohibits juveniles under 18 to be employed in hazardous or exhausting occupations or those harmful to health. Article 82 states that the employees working in any establishment shall abide by the provisions, instructions and decisions related to health and safety precautions. Social Security Law No. 1 of 2014 Article 6 requires the provision of social security and worker insurance for all workers with certain exceptions (seafarers, domestic workers, and agricultural workers). It covers occupational injuries and diseases, retirement and disability and death benefits. Prevention of Human Trafficking Law No.9 of 2009 Prohibits trafficking in persons, creation of offences, prosecution and punishment of offenders, protection of victims of trafficking in persons, and other related matters. Traffic Law No. 49 of 2008 Article 24 states that driving vehicles that are spilling or leaking oils or oil derivatives or any dangerous materials on the road or that are emitting smoke or any other polluting materials while in motion, at non permissible rates, shall be impounded. Article 31 imposes imprisonment or a fine for throwing or pouring vehicle loads such as stones, solid waste, liquid materials, on the road, and the responsible entity shall bear the cost of removing these materials. Article 35 imposes a fine for driving a vehicle that emits smoke or any other polluting materials. Protection of Architectural and Urban Heritage Law No. 5 of 2005 The Law aims to conserve, protect, and maintain Jordanian heritage sites. Article 11 of the law, destruction or damage of any heritage site is strictly forbidden. Municipalities Law No. 41 of 2015 Article 5 authorizes the municipalities to prepare and implement sustainable development programs with the participation of local communities and the private sector. Furthermore, it authorizes the municipalities to coordinate with the concerned authorities in order to manage and organize water distribution among the population and prevent the pollution of springs, canals, basins and wells. Law on Securing the Right to Information Access No. 47 of 2007 Article 8 requires public access to information and ensures the prompt disclosure thereof in the manner set forth in this Law. Civil Defence Law No. 18 of 1999 Article 8 states that in case of emergency and disaster cases, and after an authorization from the Prime Minister, the Minister of Interior may regulate and limit the use of water and electricity resources, their tools and all their supplies in coordination and cooperation with the authorities responsible for managing and running them. Solid Waste Management Framework Law No. 16 of 2020 Article 11-B states that waste must be sorted and collected within sites in a manner that reduces environmental risks and for a specific period of time in accordance with applicable legislation. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 27 Legislations Relevant Provisions Article 28-b states that any entity that disposes of construction waste on roads, pavements or any location that causes damage to public health will be fined. General Electricity Law No. (64) of 2002 Article 43 establishes the conditions under which licensed entities may undertake electricity-related activities, including the extension, installation, or placement of power lines and electrical equipment across, under, or above streets, roads, pathways, open spaces, or properties, excluding heritage sites. The article also requires a notice to be published in two local newspapers at least five days prior to commencing these activities to ensure transparency and compliance with proper procedures. Article 44-45 outlines the general framework for land acquisition in relation to electricity projects. It emphasizes the need for fair compensation to affected parties for any damages or land use, and provides mechanisms for resolving disputes, including referral to courts if agreements cannot be reached. Law No. 12 of 2024 – Amending Law for the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law for the Year 2024 Provides legal and regulatory framework for renewable energy in Jordan. It aims to facilitate the development, implementation, and management of renewable energy projects in the country Regulations Regulation No. 21 for 2001 for the Protection of the Environment in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Article 4 A requires a permit to engage in an economic activity related to the disposal of solid waste, waste dumps, sewage stations, and oil reception facilities. Article (6) A states that any activity may be suspended if it causes or threatens to cause environmental pollution in the Zone, or results in deterioration of the quality of water resources. Articles 8 – 24 describes ASEZA’s Process of conducting an ESIA Study within the zone. Hazardous Waste and Materials Management Regulation No. 68 of 2020 Article 8 lists the prohibited actions related to hazardous substances and waste, such as import, circulation, throwing on the ground, in water, or in the air. Non-Hazardous Solid Waste Management Regulation No. 44 of 2022 Establish a solid waste management system that would protect the environment and public health. It also strives to benefit from material found in or resulting from this waste in an environmentally safe manner. Regulation for the Prevention of Health Nuisances within Municipal Areas No. 8 of 2014 Prohibits any party from causing any nuisance to anybody or from damaging public health. These nuisances include bad odours, noise, solid and liquid waste or any other practice deemed harmful to public health or sanity. In addition, it states penalty of violators and waste collection fees. Regulation for the Classification of Birds and Wild Animals Species Forbidden from Hunting No. 43 of 2008 This regulation classifies all bird species that are not allowed to be hunted in Jordan into three appendices based on their conservation status and their number in the country. Regulation for Obligatory Employment of Jordanian Workforce from Surrounding Communities in Development Projects No. 131 of 2016 Requires the obligatory employment of local communities within development projects to include fresh graduate engineers, technicians, labourers, etc. and specifies requirements for training as well as giving priority to local contractors. The number of job opportunities is specified based on the investment amount of the development project. Regulation No. 29 of 2005 on Natural Protected Areas and National Parks Article 9: it is prohibited for any individual to undertake any activities within the boundaries of a nature reserve or national park, including the exploitation of natural resources in any form, without obtaining prior approval from the competent authority responsible for managing the nature reserve or national park. Such approval must be granted according to the principles and conditions specified in regulations issued by the minister for this purpose. Air Protection Regulation No. 28 of 2005 Framework legislation to protect public health and the environment from pollution resulting from human activities by controlling air pollutants emitted from stationary and mobile sources. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 28 Legislations Relevant Provisions Soil Protection Regulation No. 25 of 2005 Article 3e states that: “the MoEnv, in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture, is responsible for studying the sites of development projects and their impact on land and natural resources.” Wadi Rum Development Regulation No. 21 of 2001 Article 9-a: It is prohibited, under legal liability, to undertake any activities, actions, or behaviours that could lead to the destruction or harm of the natural environment, its components, or its aesthetic value within the designated area of Wadi Rum, which include: These include constructing buildings outside designated zones, unauthorized entry or exit, hunting or harming wildlife, damaging geological formations essential for habitats, defacing natural features, removing or damaging structures, polluting soil, water, or air, and engaging in actions that harm the area's environment, such as lighting fires or improper waste disposal. Additionally, driving vehicles off designated roads is strictly prohibited to preserve the natural landscape and ecosystem Groundwater Monitoring Regulation No. 85 of 2002 and its Amendments of 2022 Article. 10 obligates anyone who is granted a license to extract underground water to refrain from causing any water pollution or depletion. Article 16 states that of any areas were found to be polluted or depleted, WAJ’s Board of Directors shall take a decision to set the appropriate measures that will put an end to such pollution or depletion including the rationalization or reduction of the extraction rate, to an extent that would allow the halt of pollution or depletion, and the restoration of the natural balance to the aquifer or to the underground water basin Instructions Instructions for the Protection of Workers and Institutions from Occupational Hazards issued by Article (79) of Labour Law No.8 of 1996 Provide a framework for identifying and managing occupational hazards to ensure worker safety and compliance with national and international standards. It categorizes hazards into physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial risks, outlining preventative measures such as risk assessments, safety protocols, proper training, and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE). The instructions also emphasize the importance of maintaining safe workplace facilities, monitoring health risks, and implementing measures to prevent accidents and occupational illnesses. Instructions for the Protection of Workers against the Risks of the Work Environment No. 8 of 1996 Instructions concerning the protection of employees and establishments from dangers in the work environment. Instructions for Reduction and Prevention of Noise for 2003 Specify the maximum allowable level of noise for the different types of areas, both during the daytime and at night Initial Medical Examination of Workers in Institutions of 1999 Outlines the instructions for preliminary medical examinations in workplaces, established to ensure the health and safety of workers in various sectors. It mandates conducting medical evaluations before hiring employees, especially in industries or roles where health risks are significant, such as construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and chemical industries. Instructions for Protecting Wild Birds and Wild Animals and Regulating Their Hunting and Trade No. 2 of 2021 Article 5 states that wild animals and wild birds are hunted in the areas and seasons specified by the Minister in the schedule based on a recommendation from the competent committee. Instructions for the Management of Electrical and Electronic Waste for the Year 2021 These instructions aim to ensure the safe and environmentally responsible handling, collection, storage, transportation, and disposal of such waste. Standards Ambient Air Quality Standards (JS 1140/2006) Provides definitions of ambient air pollutants and the maximum allowable concentration for each of those pollutants. The standards specify the maximum allowable limits of concentration of ambient air pollutants, beyond which, responsible parties should take action. Maximum Allowable Limits of Air Pollutants Emitted from Specifies the maximum allowable limits of air pollutants emitted from the stationary sources. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 29 Legislations Relevant Provisions Stationary Sources (JS 1189/2006) 3.3. International Standards and Commitments Table 3-3 lists the international Standards relevant to this project, including the international commitments under which Jordan is a signatory. Table 3-3: Project relevant International Standards and Commitments Category Relevant Institutions, Laws or Standards International Standards and Commitments EIB Environmental and Social Standards • Standard No. (1): Assessment and management of environmental and social impacts and risks • Standard No. (2): Pollution prevention and abatement • Standard No. (3): Biodiversity and ecosystems • Standard No. (4): Climate-related standards • Standard No. (5): Cultural heritage • Standard No. (6): Involuntary Resettlement • Standard No. (7): Rights and Interests of Vulnerable Groups • Standard No. (8): Labour Standards • Standard No. (9): Occupational and Public Health, Safety and Security • Standard No. (10): Stakeholder Engagement USAID Environmental Procedures • 22 CFR 216 Agency Environmental Procedures ILO Core Labour standards • C87 – Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 • C138 – Minimum Age Convention (Minimum age specified: 16 years), 1998 • C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 2000 • C029 – Forced Labour Convention, 1966 • C098 – Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1968 • C100 – Equal Remuneration Convention, 1966 • C111 – Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1963 • C105 – Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1958 • C155 – Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 • C187 – Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 EU Directives • Directive 85/337/EEC - Directive on EIA • Directive 2006/54/EC – Equal opportunities • Directive 2002/14/EC – Informing and consulting employees • Directive 2000/78/EC – Equal treatment • Directive 89/391/EEC – OHS‐ Framework & Directive • Directive 2009/104/EC – Use of work equipment • Directive 92/58/EEC – Safety and/or health signs • Directive 89/656/EEC – Use of personal protective equipment • Directive 89/654/EEC – Workplace requirements • Directive 2009/161/EU – Occupational exposure limit values • Directive2012/18/EU – Major‐accident hazards • Directive 90/269/EC – Manual handling of loads • Directive 96/62/EC - Air quality framework directive • Directive 2002/49/EC - Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise • Directive 2008/98/EC - Waste Framework • Directives relating to Public Participation • Directive 2003/04/EC – Access to Environmental Information • Directive 2003/35/EC – Providing for Public Participation • Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the Conservation of Wild Birds Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 30 Category Relevant Institutions, Laws or Standards • Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora • EU Noise Directive (2002/49/EC). International Conventions and Agreements • Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, 2003 • Ramsar Convention of Wetlands of International Importance, 1971 • Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1988 • Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1992 • UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), 1996 • Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety, 2003 • Convention on the Protection of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterfowls, 1996 • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 • Stockholm Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2004 • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – 1994 • Jordan is a member of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and has ratified seven of the core conventions in addition to 13 other conventions. 3.4. Project Ownership The AAWDC Project will be owned by the Government of Jordan through MWI, the Project Promoter. Since the AAWDC Project is planned to be implemented through a BOT scheme, the BOT contractor will operate the project for an agreed duration, approximately 26 years, after which it will be transferred to the Jordanian Government. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 31 4. Methods 4.1. Defining the Project Area of Influence The Project Area of Influence (PAI) has been defined in line with EIB Environmental and Social Standards of 2022, which states that the ESIA shall include “a description of the location of the project, with particular regard to the environmental sensitivity and any relevant social aspects of the geographical area likely to be affected.” Reference is also made to the definition of the ‘Study Areas’ as provided in the Guidance for Preparing Environmental Impact Assessments issued by the Jordanian Ministry of Environment in October 2014: ‘Study areas should encompass the area in which impacts may occur [areas of potential effect (APE)] for each technical parameter (described in Section 3.7, Existing Environment). The size of the study area may vary depending on the resource area and type of impact (direct, indirect, induced or cumulative), and should include both primary (direct impacts) and secondary (indirect or secondary impacts) study areas when appropriate.’ Physical Environment The project will influence the physical environment including air, water and soil quality, such that the PAI during construction is considered as the footprint of the RE facility, OHTL and adjacent areas that may be directly affected by construction activities. During operation, the PAI encompasses the facility's footprint and the areas where the OHTL is located. Biological Environment The PAI for terrestrial ecology encompasses the designated land plot for the RE site, along with all biogeographic regions, vegetation types, and habitats surrounding the project. It extends 2 km from each side of the OHTL corridor/alignment for literature review purposes and 100 m for field activities within the projectspecific PAI.This study assumes the construction corridor to be 50m in total width to accommodate heavy machinery movement/operation. Accordingly, the PAI for the assessment of project impacts, which shall be subject to additional field surveys is identified as a corridor of 100m for the OHTL (i.e., 50m from each side of the centreline of the route). This 100m corridor PAI will also cover the campsites, storage sites and machinery parking areas. Socioeconomic Environment The PAI for the socioeconomic environment includes residential areas and communities, businesses and farms near the RE Site and along the OHTL corridor. It also includes all roads connecting residential, commercial and production areas that may be affected by the movement of construction machinery or temporary closures for project activities. Cultural Heritage The construction works including excavation and movement of machinery might influence cultural heritage and archaeological sites along the OHTL. As such, the PAI is defined as areas where excavation works will take place. 4.2. Establishing Baseline Conditions This section describes the literature review undertaken to date, information gaps identified, and site visits and surveys that have been undertaken for establishing the environmental and social baseline conditions in the ESIA study. 4.2.1. Physical Environment Establishing the physical environmental baseline for the project’s study area has been conducted through a combination of literature review, field investigations and site visits. The desktop research was done during the Constraints Mapping Phase covering the following topics: − Topography Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 32 − Climate conditions − Geology and soils − Water resources (groundwater and surface water) − Air quality − Earthquake 4.2.1.1. Review of Literature and Desktop Research The ESIA team established baseline data utilizing available secondary sources, including the AAWDC Project ESIA. The ESIA Team conducted hydrological and hydraulic modelling (2D modelling) to establish flood risk assessment. The areas of the project prone to flooding were identified through the mapping of flood zones and by defining risk categories. Flood risk maps showing the different risk categories (Low, Moderate, High) were established based on flooding depths and flow velocities. The findings from this hydrological assessment contributed essential information to the team understanding of the baseline conditions and were integrated into the ESIA. Approach − Identify and gather literature relevant to the project area. − Synthesize key findings related to topography, geology, hydrology, and climate. − Conduct flood risk mapping through hydrologic and hydraulic modeling. − Evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the information obtained from literature sources. Integration into Baseline Conditions: − Summarize critical insights derived from the literature review, emphasizing physical environment parameters. − Utilize relevant data and observations to enhance the current understanding of the baseline physical conditions. 4.2.1.2. Site Visits The ESIA team has conducted several visits to the sites to observe the surrounding environment and identify any additional nearby environmentally sensitive receptors or significant environmental issues. Approach − Schedule and execute on-site visits specifically focused on assessing physical characteristics of the surrounding areas. − Conduct interviews with local experts to gather data on topography, geology, hydrology, and climate. − Document notable physical features and variations within the project area Integration into Baseline Conditions: − Incorporate qualitative and quantitative insights gained from site visits into the baseline assessment. − Validate and supplement information obtained from the literature review with on-the-ground observations. − Highlight any unique physical features or challenges observed during site visits. 4.2.2. Biological Environment 4.2.2.1. Review of Literature Information on the natural environment in the target areas was obtained through a comprehensive review of available literature of the ecology and biodiversity across the different project components. In addition to the identification of the location of the project components in relation to biogeographical regions and vegetation types, the desktop literature review identified the location of the different project components in relation to areas and species of conservation importance, including protected areas, Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Approach Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 39 Term Descriptor Impact Evaluation Definition Cumulative Combined impacts that act together with other impacts arising from other projects including future developments, to disturb the same environmental receptor or resource. Once the nature of the impact has been defined, the adverse impacts, irrespective of their type, are further evaluated per their significance based on the criteria provided below. More specifically, for each predicted adverse impact, the magnitude (at the indicated spatial scale), the probability of occurrence, the duration (time scale) and the extent (spatial scale) are assessed based on the respective rating definition per criterion. These criteria are used to determine the significance of each identified impact through following Steps 1 to 5 below. As for Beneficial impacts, no further analysis is undertaken, and they are described qualitatively and with measures proposed to enhance them. Step 1 Step 1 assesses the magnitude and probability of each impact in line with the rating definitions in Table 4-2. Table 4-2: Step 1 - Assessing Magnitude and Likelihood Term Descriptor Rating Definition Magnitude High Major alteration of natural properties, functions, processes. Medium Notable alteration of natural properties, functions, processes. Low Negligible alteration of natural properties, functions, processes. Likelihood High Definite or highly probable (estimated greater than 90% chance of the impact occurring). Medium Fair chance of occurring (estimated 10% to 90% chance of the impact occurring). Low No chance or unlikely to occur (estimated less than 10% chance of the impact occurring.) Step 2 Once the impact is rated for magnitude and probability, Step 2 uses the matrix in Table 4-3 to determine the impact intensity. Table 4-3: Step 2 – Assessing Intensity Intensity Rating Magnitude High Medium Low Likelihood High High High Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Medium Low Low Step 3 Step 3 assesses the duration (temporal scale) and extent (geographic scale) of each impact in line with the rating definitions in Table 4-4. Table 4-4: Step 3 - Assessing Duration and Extent Criterion Descriptor Rating Definition Duration Long-term Continuous or regular (once per day) over Project life, with effects of long duration (> 10 years after construction). Medium-term Effect of medium duration (2 to 10 years after construction). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 40 Criterion Descriptor Rating Definition Short-term Effect restricted to construction and/or up to 2 years after construction. Extent Regional Far-range impact; beyond a 5 km radius of Project site(s) Local Medium-range impact within a 5 km radius of Project site(s) Site Onsite specific impact within 100m radius from Project site(s) Step 4 Once the impact has been rated for duration and extent, Step 4 uses of the matrix in Table 4-5 to determine the impact scale (temporal and geographic). Table 4-5: Step 4 – Assessing Scale Scale Level Duration Long-term Medium-term Short-term Extent Regional High High Medium Local High Medium Low Site Medium Low Low Step 5 After determining the impact’s intensity, duration and extent, the fifth and final step is to determine its significance based on the matrix in Table 4-6. Table 4-6: Step 5 – Impact Significance Assessment Scale Level Intensity High Moderate Low Scale High Critical High Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Medium Low Negligible Impact Significance Impacts are rated as either Critical, High, Moderate, Low or Negligible. Table 4-7 describes the implications of each significance rating as adopted for this Project. Table 4-7: Description of Impact Significance Results Significance N Negligible: • No measurable impact. Issues identified as negligible can be scoped out. L Low: • No considerable adverse alteration of the existing environment • Low priority mitigation or mitigated through best practices M Moderate: • Results in considerable adverse alteration of the existing environment • Impact is a priority for mitigation to minimize or prevent the significance of the impact H High: • Results in considerable adverse alteration of the existing environment • Project cannot be safely implemented without mitigation measures; compensation or Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 41 offsetting may be necessary C Critical: • Results in critically adverse alteration of the existing environment • Project cannot be safely implemented. Alternatives including the “no project” alternative need to be investigated in depth for reducing the level of impact significance It should be noted that there is no universally applied definition of significance whereas whether an impact is assessed to be significant or not depends also on factors such as the project size and design, and the sensitivity of the environment (receptors) at the selected project site(s). As a result, a narrative description of each assessed impact is followed by the table below summarizing the impacts and evaluating their significance in line with the methodology described above. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impact Residual Impact Nature Type Magnitude Likelihood Intensity Duration Extent Scale Significance 4.4. Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan Based on the findings of the environmental and social impact assessment, the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was developed to address impacts that were assessed as having Medium or High Significance. The ESMP was structured to provide the following information: • Identification of environmental and social issues; • Identification of impacts; • Suggested mitigation / management measures; • Allocation of responsibility; and The ESMP included an Environmental and Social Monitoring Program that will help in signalling potential problems that might result from the project and allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures, ensuring that environmental protection is achieved through early detection of negative environmental impacts. Environmental and social monitoring is required for both the construction and operation phases of the project. The main objectives of monitoring are: • To assess the changes in environmental and social conditions; • To monitor the effective implementation of mitigation measures; and • To warn significant deteriorations in environmental quality and social conditions for further prevention action. The Monitoring Program comprised a number of parameters. The monitoring results will feed into the decisionmaking process as a trigger for the implementation of corrective actions, in order to maintain compliance with environmental laws and regulations, ensure environmental protection and workplace safety, as well as ensure appropriate application of the mitigation measures and the management plans. It is important to note that Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 42 environmental monitoring is a dynamic process. The proposed locations, parameters and frequencies will be subject to continuous changes, based on the results of the first monitoring round(s). An ESMP has already been developed for the AAWDC Project and includes a framework of the plans that will need to be further developed by the developer. The ESMP for this Project will be based on that ESMP and include, as a minimum, frameworks for the following: • During Construction: o Spill Prevention and Management Plan o Waste Management Plan o Health and Safety Plan o Traffic and Transport Management Plan o Labour Employment Plan o Cultural Heritage Management Plan o Chemical Substances Management Plan o Code of Conduct o Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan o Chance Finds Procedure • During Operation: o Spill Prevention and Management Plan o Waste Management Plan o Health and Safety Plan o Chemical Substances Management Plan o Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan o Decommissioning Plan The ESMP included requirements for documentation and reporting on environmental and social issues throughout the life of the project. These include: • Regular Reporting • Incident Reporting • Training and Awareness . Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 43 5. Stakeholder Engagement 5.1. Scoping Session As part of the stakeholder engagement process for the project, a public consultation session was held on 20/12/2023, as mandated by the national environmental approval process and in alignment with the EIB Standard 10 on Stakeholder Engagement. The participants in the session included representatives from ministries, NGOs, and the local community within the project area. The meeting took place at the Movenpick Hotel in Aqaba and was also accessible online via MS Teams. The session lasted three hours, from 10:30 am to 01:30 pm. Invitations were extended to approximately 78 agencies and institutions, resulting in the participation of 77 individuals who attended the session in person and 58 participants online. The session allowed for questions and discussions about the Project and ensured that feedback was obtained from participants. It is worth mentioning that during the initial preparation phase of the scoping session, three renewable energy sites were under consideration. At a later stage, an agreement was reached between the MWI and the EIB to undertake the ESIA on Al-Quweira RE Site as the preferred location. The session commenced with welcoming words from the Chief Commissioner of Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority, Minister Nayef Al Fayez, followed by a welcome address from Engineer Fawaz Al-Karasneh (Director of the Licensing Department) from the Ministry of Environment. Engineer Issa Al-Wer, the Project Manager from MWI, provided a concise overview of the AAWDC Project and its RE component. Subsequently, the Technical Team from CDM Smith delivered a technical presentation on Project components. The ESIA Team then presented information on the three proposed sites, the legal and institutional framework governing the project, ESIA objectives and processes, high-level baseline data, and the methodology for establishing baseline conditions and impact assessment and management. The presentation also covered the main anticipated environmental and social risks associated with the construction and operation of the project. The summary below provides an overview of the session’s proceedings, while Annex 3 contains detailed information on the session, including the presentation, letters of invitations, list of participants, agenda, questionnaire, and photographic documentation. 5.1.1. Discussions during Scoping Session Table 5-1 presents all the questions and comments that were raised during the session and the responses made. Table 5-1: Main Concerns Raised during the Session and Responses Name Agency Question / Comment Response Ali Abu Khalil AqabaGovernorateWadi Araba Is this project an alternative to the RedDead Project, is it an independent project, or do they have any connection? The project is a national Jordanian initiative and has no connection to the Red-Dead Project. Khalid Khasawneh Jordan Atomic Energy Commission Taking into consideration the integration of renewable energy projects, what is the potential cost of the water reaching Amman? As the price of water will be determined by the developer, this is currently not known because we have not yet reached the Financial Proposal evaluation stage and are still in the Technical Proposal evaluation stage. Mohammad AlQatati GEOTECK Where will the intake and the SWRO Plant be located? As mentioned, it will be in the industrial shore, and this area is small, fully utilized, and crowded with facilities. There is no space in the proposed area to create a new intake, and constructing a station close to the shores is challenging. The location has been determined by the ADC and ASEZA. It has been thoroughly studied from all technical and environmental aspects. Environmental approval for the site has been granted. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 44 Name Agency Question / Comment Response Ameen Othman National Electricity Company Renewable energy is intermittent throughout the day and across seasons. Will there be battery banks or storage? - The project does not include provisions for power storage and there will be no feed-in to the grid, noting that detailed design will be developed by the winning BOT Contractor in collaboration with NEPCO - 20-30% of the project’s electricity will rely on renewable energy. Mohammad Aytani National Electricity Company - In response to Engineer Amin Othman’s question: Since there is no battery storage, 20% of the renewable energy will be available during the daytime, and during the night, the entire supply will come from the national grid. - The site selection is based on discussions with NEPCO, which has a technical role. There have been discussions on this matter with NEPCO, but Wadi Araba has not been proposed as one of the options, and this should be taken into consideration ultimately. - Communication has been established with NEPCO, and they are aware of the proposed sites. - The MWI, the Ministry of Energy, and NEPCO have agreed on all requirements. - The transmission line between the RE sites is separate from the national grid under NEPCO. Areas that do not rely on the RE sites will be connected to the national grid within Aqaba Governorate. Maryam Khlouf ASEZA What is the difference between the desalination, AAWDCP, and solar energy projects? All of them are part of the same project. The AAWDCP includes a desalination plant, conveyor, intake, and RE sites. However, the RE sites have a separate ESIA because their locations were not determined during the study period of AAWDCP (SWRO and the conveyor). Amro Halalat The Jordan Maritime Authority The environmental approval was granted for the preliminary design of the project. Will there be any further development by the BOT Contractor on the SWRO Plant and the project? It is possible that this could have environmental impacts or affect maritime navigation, considering site is crowded. The BOT Contractor has the right to make improvements to the project, but any changes made by the developer require approvals from the relevant authorities. Sultan Hassan Development Affairs What activities have been accomplished during the approximately five-month period between the ESIA disclosure session for AAWDCP and the scoping session for RE Sites? - The ESIA has been approved, - The technical proposals have been evaluated. - The sites for the renewable energy project were identified and studied. Amjad Obeidat Aqaba Regional Affairs Manager There is a film shooting area that overlaps with 16 dunums of the proposed site in Al-Quwaira. Please take this overlap into consideration. - This will be taken into consideration during the site selection phase. Nour Khreis The Royal Society for The Conservation of Nature - The location of Wadi Araba is within the sanctuary of Qatar PA and not inside it. - Al-Quewira RE Site is located within the buffer zone of Wadi Rum PA - Wadi Araba RE Site is located within Wadi Araba KBA - According to Mr. Amjad Obeidat, only the OHTL is within the Buffer zone. However, the Consultant will investigate this further (refer to Section 4.2.2) for preliminary results of the investigations).). Ya’qoub Bani taha Jordanian Engineers Association Which of the three proposed energy sites is the most environmentally and technically suitable? - Al-Quwaira site is the best from a technical perspective. - By the end of the ESIA, it will be determined which site is Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 45 Name Agency Question / Comment Response environmentally better based on the approval of the MoEnv and ASEZA. - From a biological perspective, Mudawara site is the best. Ja’far Al-Omary ASEZA The solar panels have negative impacts on birds, as they attract them, assuming the surface is water. This depends on the design. Modern solar panels are designed to minimize reflections. The panels can affect small migratory birds, causing them to burn if they get too close to the panels. Bird collisions with OHTL are a danger to bird life. However, the proposed OHTL is close to an existing OHTL and no cases of collisions with existing OHTL have been recorded Tasneem Ramadan ASEZA - Wadi Araba site is within a bird migration area (Europe – Africa) and vice versa. What are the precautionary measures to avoid harming them and changing the direction of migration? - Are there precautionary measures to protect energy sites from sudden floods, as a flash flood occurred in Shamiyya Area and reached the airport, where Wadi Araba RE Site is near the airport? - Will aircraft take-offs and landings affect the OHTLs? - There is a distance between the OHTLs site and the airport. - There is no permanent bird migration route in that area. - The Consultant has conducted a preliminary hydrological assessment of the site during the constraints mapping and no major concerns were identified. Ali AbuElbeh National Electricity Company - Regarding the questions about the impact of OHTL on birds: Highvoltage towers do not affect birds unless the size of these birds is large, such as the American eagle. Small birds are not affected by them. - The phenomenon of corona is not permanent; it exists only during high humidity. Noted Mohanad Na’imat the National Security and Crisis Management Center Is it feasible to construct a new RE Site that would only contribute 20-30% of the total project’s energy output using clean energy? At the beginning of the project, there was no component for RE. However, the Prime Minister’s Office committed to 3.2 kg of CO2eq emissions per cubic meter, a condition by funders and donors. Ra’ed Al-Khalafat ASEZA What is the number of job opportunities that the project will provide? This will be determined by the BOT Contractor, but it will be significant during both construction and operation. Figure 5-1 below presents photographic documentation from the session. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 46 Figure 5-1: Photos from the Scoping Session 5.1.2. Results of the Questionnaire during Scoping Session Following conclusion of the session, a questionnaire in Arabic and English was distributed both in person and online to the participants. The initial nineteen questions in the questionnaire aimed at gathering feedback regarding the perceived significance of environmental and social impacts during both the construction and operation phases. Additionally, two questions were included to allow participants to express any additional concerns or suggestions they may have. Respondents were also encouraged to share their feedback on the scoping session itself. In total, 37 individuals responded to the questionnaire. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Issues Table 5-2 presents the results of the questionnaire in terms of perceived significance of environmental and social impacts. Over 60% of the respondents believed that the following issues were of Moderate to High significance for the project during construction: • Flora and Fauna loss or alteration (62%) • Job opportunities (56% rated this as High significance) • Change of land use/land cover (Over 50%) • Unknown artifacts may be uncovered during excavation (56%) During the operation phase, the impact on birds and mammals from solar panels and transmission lines was rated as having moderate significance by over 55% of the respondents. However, the only impacts rated as positive during the operation phase were: • Job opportunities (40.5%) • Improve air quality (11%) • Disposal and recycling of end-of-life components (11%) • Impact of overhead transmission lines on neighbouring communities (11%) • Impacts on visual landscape of solar panels and transmission Lines (5.5%) Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 47 Table 5-2: Questionnaire Results for Both Construction and Operation phase Impact Significance (%) Low Moderate High Positive During Construction 1 Contamination of surface and groundwater 37.84 45.94 16.21 0 2. Exhaust from machinery and excavation affect local air quality 21.62 51.35 27.03 0 3. Energy consumption for generating electricity in the Site 18.92 43.24 37.84 0 4. Flora and Fauna loss or alteration 29.73 62.16 8.12 0 5.Job opportunities 2.70 40.54 56.76 0 6.Change the land use / land cover 13.51 51.35 35.13 0 7.Affect cultural heritage 62.16 21.62 16.22 0 8.Workers and local community health and safety 35.13 48.65 16.22 0 9.Unknown artifacts may be uncovered during excavation 24.33 56.76 18.92 0 During Operation 10. Improve air quality 54.05 21.62 13.51 10.81 11. Impact on birds especially from solar panels 40.54 40.54 18.92 0 12. Job opportunities 5.41 24.32 29.73 40.54 13. Disposal and recycling of end-of-life components 18.92 37.84 32.43 10.81 14. Impact of overhead transmission lines on neighbouring communities 29.73 40.54 18.92 10.81 15. Worker health and safety during maintenance of solar panels and transmission lines 48.65 45.94 5.40 0 16. Reduced importance pf archaeological Sites located along the transmission lines 44.44 41.67 13.89 0 17.Impacts on visual landscape of solar panels and transmission Lines 27.78 38.89 27.78 5.56 18. Impact on birds and mammals from solar panel and transmission line operation 30.56 55.56 13.89 0 19. Reduced importance of archaeological and cultural heritage sites 62.16 29.73 8.11 0 Other Concerns and Suggestions As mentioned earlier, the questionnaire consisted of two open questions to allow the participants to make suggestions and raise additional concerns. Table 5-3 presents the respondents’ concerns and suggestions, respectively. The table also indicates how these concerns have been/will be taken into consideration during the various Project phases. Table 5-3: Stakeholder Concerns and Suggestions in the Questionnaire No. Concerns Response 1. Limited employment opportunities for the local community The ESMP will highly encourage the BOT contractor to engage local communities in project activities to mitigate social tensions. 2. Deviation from the specified project implementation timeline due to various obstacles. The project is considered a national priority due to Jordan’s need for potable water, particularly with the depletion of the Disi Basin. At this stage, the BOT proposals are being evaluated and any deviation from the Project will require approval from the relevant authorities. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 48 No. Concerns Response 3. Restriction of renewable energy lands from being utilized for alternative purposes. The proposed sites will be owned by the MWI and will exclusively serve the purpose of this project. 4. The proposed sites are in close proximity to residential areas, particularly in Quweira. Al-Quweira site is approximately 5.5 km away from Al-Quweira village. 5. AlQuweira site is situated within the buffer zone, posing potential impacts on site selection due to land use considerations This issue has been addressed and will be investigated further in the ESIA. 6. Susceptibility of the transmission line and its facilities to potential attacks. The RE Sites will be enclosed with fencing, and only individuals with authorized permission will be allowed to enter the premises. Security concern noted. 7. Concerns regarding the consequences of a significant malfunction on the transmission line (line break), potentially affecting human elements and the surrounding environment. Noted. 8. Environmental impact from the sea intake and discharge station on the marine ecosystem. These concerns were thoroughly examined in detail in the AAWDCP ESIA. 9. The impact on maritime navigation traffic due to the proximity of the station and its lines to the marine piers These concerns were thoroughly examined in detail in the AAWDCP ESIA. 10. Increased salinity levels in the Gulf of Aqaba/Jordanian side due to prolonged exposure to brine, impacting the marine environment. These concerns were thoroughly examined in detail in the AAWDCP ESIA. 12. Possibility of concentrating salts in specific areas These concerns were thoroughly examined in detail in the AAWDCP ESIA. Suggestions 1 Utilizing renewable energy lands for alternative purposes, such as agriculture. Whenever possible, this will be recommended in the ESIA. However, the RE facilities (not OHTL) will be fenced for security purposes and no access into them will be allowed. 2 Selecting lands situated away from populated areas. The three proposed sites are situated at a considerable distance from populated areas. 3 Ensuring general safety conditions during both the construction and operation phases. The ESIA Study will include a framework for an ESMP during construction and operation to ensure development and implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan, emphasizing the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by workers. The ESMP will also include a monitoring program that will include an OHS component. 4 Recommending the study of hydrogen energy generation (air condensation), involving only two containers and a few solar cells to produce significant energy. This method is considered the energy of the future and does not pose disposal challenges associated with solar cell waste. Selection of the technology to be used for renewable energy generation will be made by the BOT Contractor. 5 Possibility of providing emergency water pipes with a diameter to be determined later for emergency uses (scenario for multiple areas in the south of Aqaba). These concerns were thoroughly examined in detail in the AAWDCP ESIA. 5.2. Disclosure Session In accordance with ASEZA requirements, a stakeholder disclosure session was held on 12 May 2025 at the Hyatt Regency in Aqaba. The session was attended by over 42 participants, including representatives from EIB, MWI, ASEZA, RSCN, MPWH and the local community. Full details of the session are provided in Annex 4. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 55 6.1.3. Geology The geology of the Study Area is defined by the Ram Group and the Basement Complex defined as follows: Ram Group, which consists mainly of siliciclastic formations and a marine carbonate/siliciclastic wedge, which unconformably overlie the Neoproterozoic basement terrain (Aqaba Complex and Araba Complex). This sequence forms a cohesive unit of fluvial medium - to coarse-grained sandstones that vary in colour, mineralogy, sedimentary structures, and hardness, along with associated siltstones. These sandstones, collectively referred to as the Ram Group, form the backbone of the Ram area, reaching a thickness of up to 1,000 meters and comprising four formations, listed from oldest to youngest: Saleb, Umm Ishrin, Disi, and Umm Sahm Formations. The Ram Group shapes a rugged topography of steep-faced cliffs and mesas, interspersed with sand-filled wadis in the Southern Desert region (Powell, Abed, & Le Nindre, 2014; Jordan Journal of Natural History , 2018). Basement Complex: The Precambrian basement is categorized into two primary complexes: the older Aqaba Complex (800–600 Ma), consisting predominantly of granitoids, exposed near Aqaba and extending eastward and northward, and the younger Araba Complex (600–540 Ma), characterized by abundant volcanic rocks, metasedimentary rocks (mainly conglomerates), and minor granitoids. Extensive erosion of the Precambrian rocks occurred during the Ram unconformity, preceding the deposition of the overlying Paleozoic sandstones (Jordan Journal of Natural History , 2018). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 56 6.1.4. Climate According to the BOT Contractor’s design report, the mean temperature in the Project area is approximately 22.42°C, with a maximum temperature of 42.5°C and a minimum of 2.3°C. Figure 6-3 illustrates the average temperatures and precipitation within the Project area, showing that monthly precipitation is minimal throughout the year, with a slight peak in January at approximately 10 mm (Meteoblue, 2024). Figure 6-3: Average Temperatures and Precipitation (Meteoblue, 2024) Figure 6-4 shows the wind rose within the Project Area. Most winds are predominantly north to northnortheasterly, with speeds of 5-20 km per hour (Meteoblue, 2024). Figure 6-4: Wind Rose of Al-Quweira (Meteoblue, 2024) Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 57 6.1.5. Water Resources 6.1.5.1. Surface Water The surface water basins identified within the PAI are as follows (Figure 6-5): • Southern Wadi Araba Basin: Spanning from the southern end of the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba, it covers an area of 5,670 km². The basin receives limited rainfall, with an annual average of 32.7 mm, resulting in an annual surface runoff volume of approximately 1.7 MCM. Rainfall is used for agricultural purposes, supplementing crop irrigation and supporting the maintenance of natural vegetation (AlAddous, Bdour, Alnaief, Rabaiah, & Schweimanns, 2023). • Wadi Yutum Basin is situated in the southern desert of Jordan, covering a catchment area of 2,323 km². It receives an average annual rainfall of 73 mm and has a flood flow rate of 0.53 MCM/year (AlAddous, Bdour, Alnaief, Rabaiah, & Schweimanns, 2023; Shatanawi, et al., 2024). Figure 6-5: Surface Water Basins 6.1.5.2. Groundwater Basins The project area is located within the Disi Groundwater Basin (Figure 6-6), which spans approximately 4,234 km² in southern Jordan. It is a non-renewable aquifer with an annual extraction estimated at 144.95 MCM. The groundwater is primarily used for domestic and agricultural purposes, making it a vital resource for the region. The Jordanian portion of the aquifer is estimated to hold approximately 100,000 MCM of water in storage (AlAddous, Bdour, Alnaief, Rabaiah, & Schweimanns, 2023; Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2014). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 58 Figure 6-6: Groundwater Basins 6.1.6. Hydrology Precipitation in the region is typically low and seasonal, occurring primarily during the winter months. Surface water is often in the form of ephemeral streams or wadis that are active only during significant rainfall events. The site is situated in an area with flat to gently sloping terrain, which limits natural drainage and may lead to surface water accumulation in low-lying areas. Consequently, the implementation of efficient stormwater management systems is critical to mitigate flooding risks and facilitate effective runoff conveyance during heavy rainfall events. Based on a topographic analysis of the project area, the site exhibits a gentle slope from north to south. 6.1.6.1. Rainfall Analysis Daily rainfall data was collected from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation for two adjacent stations: Ras EnNaqb Gage Station (ED0002) and Quweira Gage Station (ED0004). Rainfall data were available for ED0002 from 1994 to 2018, while rainfall data were available for ED0004 from 2013 to 2024. The locations of the gage stations with respect to the catchment area are shown in Figure 6-7. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 59 Figure 6-7: Rainfall Gage Stations Representing Catchment Precipitation Statistical analyses were carried out on the maximum-day precipitation during the available historical period. Standard probability distributions were fitted to the available data, and projections of maximum daily rainfall were developed for return periods from 2 to 100 years, as shown in the following table. Table 6-1: Projections of maximum daily rainfall Return Period (year) Maximum Daily Rainfall (mm) ED0002 ED0004 2 35.45 18.12 5 53.07 29.69 10 64.57 39.12 20 75.55 49.84 50 89.82 66.69 100 100.62 81.99 6.1.6.2. Site Topography Based on the topography outlined in Section 6.1.1, a minimal gradient suggests limited natural drainage potential, which may influence surface water runoff and the design of drainage systems for the project. 6.1.6.3. Catchment Delineation Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 60 The catchment areas and stream networks delineated using Global Mapper are presented in Figure 6-8 Figure 6-8: Quweira Site Contributing Catchment Areas The analysis revealed four catchments with a total drainage area of approximately 300 square kilometres that contribute flood flows towards the project. The areas of these catchments are listed in Table 6-2 and their characteristics are detailed in Table 6-3. Table 6-2: Areas of drainage catchments Catchments ID Catchment Area (km2) CAT-1 282.7 CAT-2 1.1 CAT-1 9.3 CAT-2 6.2 Total 299.3 Table 6-3: characteristics of the catchments Catchment ID Total Area (km2) Max Stream Length (m) Max Elevation Min Elevation Average Stream Slope (%) CAT-1 282.7 59100 1648 804 1.43 CAT-2 1.1 1529 820 805 0.98 CAT-1 9.3 6831 901 804 1.42 CAT-2 6.2 2847 856 803 1.86 6.1.6.4. Hydrological Modelling There are several possible parameters to be determined in a hydrologic analysis, but most often they include peak flow, runoff volume or the complete hydrograph. The peak discharge is the primary design variable for the design of storm water runoff facilities such as open channels, culverts, storm inlets and pipe systems. Where the duration and storage elements are of concern to the designer, runoff volumes and storm hydrographs become necessary. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 61 Rainfall-runoff modeling has been used to derive the flood hydrographs, which would be generated under the design storm event. The estimation of storm water runoff is based on the Curve Number (CN) Method, developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS), now the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). This method defines empirical relationships between soil type, land use, antecedent moisture conditions and runoff. The method is discussed in the following paragraphs. Rainfall Excess Calculation of the amount of rainfall that exceeds the losses is carried out using the Autodesk SSA software based on the above-mentioned Curve Number method. Accordingly, the calculation of losses and rainfall excess (runoff depth) is summarized in the following table. The calculation has been based on the 100-year 24-hour precipitation projection for Gage Stations ED0002 and ED0004. Table 6-4: Computation of Losses and Rainfall Excess for 100 yr return period Catchment ID Precipitation Depth (mm) Total Losses (mm) Runoff Depth (mm) CAT-1 92.8 35.87 56.94 CAT-2 92.8 31.06 61.74 CAT-1 92.8 31.06 61.4 CAT-2 92.8 31.06 61.4 Temporal Distribution The total 24-hour precipitation depth of the design storm is converted to a temporal pattern, which will place the peak intensity within the storm duration. The method used to set the temporal pattern is the SCS Type II hypothetical storm. The SCS Type II cumulative curve is commonly used in arid areas to construct the temporal distribution of the design rainfall depth. Rainfall – Runoff Transformation The unit hydrograph theory, which is based on the property of proportionality and the principle of superposition, has been used to convert the runoff depths to runoff hydrographs. For this project the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method will be used as the synthetic unit hydrograph. Autodesk SSA was used to estimate the peak flows and flow hydrographs for 1 in 100-year return period. Figure 6-9 shows the hydrographs generated for the four catchments. Figure 6-9: 100-year, 24-hour flood hydrographs for Quweira Catchments 6.1.6.5. Flood Assessment Flow Depth 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Flow (cm/s) Time(hrs) CAT-1 CAT-2 CAT-3 CAT-4 Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 62 The following figure provides a detailed depiction of water depths across the catchment areas. The flow depth is represented on a colour scale, with the cyan colour indicating shallow depths, transitioning through blue and yellow for intermediate and deep inundations. Within the project area, the flow depth varies, with deeper water (blue to yellow regions) predominantly concentrated in the central portion. White streak lines illustrate the direction of water movement, which align with the terrain's natural slopes and converges into defined channels. The analysis highlights zones within the project site that experience significant water depths, signalling potential flood risks. These conditions are influenced by variations in topography, particularly in the central area, and may pose challenges to critical infrastructure, including solar panels, manholes, cable ducts, and associated facilities. Identifying these high-risk zones is essential for a comprehensive flood risk assessment, pinpointing vulnerable locations, and devising targeted mitigation strategies to minimize the impact of waterrelated hazards on project infrastructure Figure 6-10: Quweira 100-year return period storm - flood depth map Flow Velocity The following figure highlights flood velocities which are critical considerations for utilizing the area as a photovoltaic farm. High-velocity zones are marked in yellow, moderate-velocity zones are marked in blue, while the cyan-coloured zones indicate low velocities. The blue and yellow regions indicate concentrated water flow at potential drainage pathways. These areas pose significant challenges due to erosion risks, potential structural instability, and increased maintenance requirements, thus requiring particular attention to design mitigation measures. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 63 Figure 6-11: Quweira 100-year return period storm - flood velocity map 6.1.6.6. Conclusion The analysis of flood depths and flood velocities define the site vulnerabilities based on the existing (predevelopment) conditions. Deep water flooding and high velocities have been noticed along the drainage paths, especially along the main northeast to southwest water course. These results are influenced by the natural topography and the very large catchment area. It should be emphasized that appropriate drainage designs and flood protection infrastructure will be required in order to mitigate these adverse conditions. It is advisable that development along the floodway of the main wadi and in the low lands be avoided; with site grading and flood mitigation infrastructure, the wadi course will still continue to pass through the middle of the site, and therefore appropriate channelization to limit its flood extent and impact on the site will be required. 6.1.7. Seismicity The Gulf of Aqaba is a tectonically active region that forms an echelon strike-slip fault system along the plate boundary between Nubia-Sinai and Arabia. It occupies the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform fault (DSTF), with its main pull-apart basins which developed along this fault (Abdelazim, ElGabry, Gobashy, Khalil, & Hussein , 2023). The Gulf of Aqaba is considered the most seismically active area in Egypt and the Middle East region (Abdelazim, ElGabry, Gobashy, Khalil, & Hussein , 2023). The earthquake hazard in Aqaba is classified as medium as shown in Figure 6-12. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 64 Figure 6-12: Earthquake Susceptibility in Aqaba Governorate (Think Hazard, 2024) 6.2. Biological Environment The PAI extends from Al-Quwaira to Aqaba in southern Jordan, encompassing a diverse range of landscapes and ecological zones, to facilitate the display of results, the PAI map was divided into six adjacent parts (Figure 6-13). This region is characterized by its arid desert environment, interspersed with rocky terrain, sandy plains, and occasional vegetated patches. It includes key ecological features such as wadis (seasonal watercourses), outcrops, and hills, which provide suitable habitats for various flora and fauna. The PAI is located within two biogeographical zones; the Irano-Turanian and the Sudanian region, which are represented by two vegetation types; Sand Dune and Acacia (Vachellia) & Rocky Sudanian vegetation (Figure 6-14): 1The Irano-Turanian region in Jordan extends across the lower half of the Jordan Valley and reaches Ras An Naqab in the south. Annual rainfall in this region ranges between 150 and 250 mm, and altitudes vary from 400 to 700 m. The soil is primarily loess and/or calcareous, supporting sparse and scattered vegetation. Common plant species include Retama raetam, Ziziphus lotus, Artemisia herbaalba, Noaea mucronata and Anabasis syriaca. 2The Sudanian region in Jordan spans altitudes ranging from the lowest point on Earth at 420 m below sea level to 150 m above sea level. This region experiences minimal annual rainfall, varying between 50 and 100 mm. Temperatures in the Sudanian region range from 10–29°C in cooler months and 20– 35°C during warmer periods. The soils are diverse, consisting of alluvial, saline, sandy, and granitic types (Al-Eisawi, 1996). The vegetation is dominated by species adapted to arid conditions. Notable plant species include Vachellia tortilis, Ziziphus spina-christi, Balanites aegyptiaca, Moringa peregrina, Ochradenus baccatus, Haloxylon persicum and Calotropis procera Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 71 Figure 6-20: Fauna results map Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 72 Regarding reptile species, Uromastyx aegyptia and Laudakia vulgaris were recorded along the OHTL site. Observations of Uromastyx aegyptia were limited to inactive burrows, likely due to low temperatures during the survey period. This species is globally classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2022-2) (IUCN, 2023). No herpetofauna were recorded at the Al-Quwaira RE Site (Figure 6-21 and Figure 6-22). Figure 6-21: Inactive Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard burrow (left) and Short-Toed Rock agama (Right). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 73 Figure 6-22: Reptile results with Uromastyx aegyptia burrow locations Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 74 6.2.1.3. Avifauna A total of 28 avifauna species were recorded across the PAI (Table 6-6, Table 6-7 , Figure 6-23 and Figure 6-24). A total of 24 of these species were recorded through the OHTL site and nine at Al-Quwaira site. Most species were not classified as threatened, except for the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), which was observed feeding on goat carcasses discarded at the Al-Quwaira RE Site. This species is listed as Endangered (IUCN, 2021). No sightings of the Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor) were recorded in either site. Three inactive raptor nests were observed, though the species responsible for these nests could not be identified. It is worth noting that the optimal period for conducting Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor) surveys is during the summer months. Conducting the survey in the current season (November/December) is not expected to yield extensive data, except for identifying possible burrow sites for the lizard species, making it less advisable. However, due to the time constraints of the study, the survey was carried out in December. Table 6-6: Bird species recorded at OHTL Family Common Name Count Scientific Name Status IUCN Status Regional status Phasianidae Sand Partridge 7 Ammoperdix heyi Resident LC LC Columbidae Rock Dove 5 Columba livia Resident LC LC Columbidae Laughing Dove 3 Spilopelia senegalensis Resident LC LC Columbidae Eurasian Collared dove 73 Streptopelia decaocto Resident LC LC Podicipedidae Little Grebe 8 Tachybaptus ruficollis Passage migrant, summer visitor, Resident - LC Accipitridae Longlegged Buzzard 1 Buteo rufinus Resident LC LC Falconidae Common Kestrel 2 Falco tinnunculus Resident, Passage migrant LC LC Corvidae Fan-tailed Raven 8 Corvus rhipidurus Resident LC LC Sturnidae Tristram's Starling 26 Onychognathus tristramii Winter visitor LC - Hirundinidae Eurasian Crag Martin 8 Ptyonoprogne rupestris Passage migrant, Winter visitor LC LC Motacillidae White Wagtail 1 Motacilla alba Passage migrant, Winter visitor LC - Sylviidae Graceful Prinia 2 Prinia gracilis Resident LC LC Phylloscopidae Common Chiffchaff 1 Phylloscopus collybita Passage migrant, LC - Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 75 Family Common Name Count Scientific Name Status IUCN Status Regional status Winter visitor Pycnonotidae Whitespectacled Bulbul 1 Pycnonotus xanthopygos Resident LC LC Nectariniidae Palestine Sunbird 1 Cinnyris osea Resident LC LC Passeridae Spanish Sparrow 27 Passer hispaniolensis Resident LC LC Fringillidae Trumpeter Finch 2 Bucanetes githagineus Resident LC LC Muscicapidae European Stonechat 2 Saxicola rubicola Passage migrant LC - Muscicapidae Whitecrowned Wheatear 8 Oenanthe leucopyga Resident LC LC Muscicapidae Mourning Wheatear 1 Oenanthe lugens Resident LC LC Muscicapidae Blackstart 7 Oenanthe melanura Resident LC LC Meropidae Arabian Green Beeeater 3 Merops cyanophrys Resident LC LC Alaudidae Crested Lark 4 Galerida cristata Resident LC LC Alaudidae Desert Lark 25 Ammomanes deserti Resident LC LC Table 6-7: Birds recorded at the Al-Quwaira site Family Common Name Count Scientific Name Status IUCN Status Regional status Accipitridae Steppe Eagle 4 Aquila nipalensis Passage migrant, Winter visitor Endangered Endangered Alaudidae Crested Lark 1 Galerida cristata Resident LC LC Alaudidae Greater HoopoeLark 1 Alaemon alaudipes Resident LC LC Columbidae Rock Dove 38 Columba livia Resident LC LC Corvidae Fan-tailed Raven 1 Corvus rhipidurus Resident LC LC Muscicapidae Whitecrowned Wheatear 1 Oenanthe leucopyga Resident LC LC Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 76 Family Common Name Count Scientific Name Status IUCN Status Regional status Muscicapidae Isabelline Wheatear 1 Oenanthe isabellina Passage migrant, Winter visitor, summer visitor LC LC Muscicapidae Eastern Blackeared Wheatear 2 Oenanthe melanoleuca Passage migrant, summer visitor LC LC Muscicapidae Blackstart 3 Oenanthe melanura Resident LC LC Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 77 Figure 6-23: Steppe Eagle (top left), Crested Lark (top right), Spanish Sparrow (center-left), White crowned wheatear (center-right) ) Eastern Black-eared Wheatear (bottom left), Eurasian Collared-dove (bottom right) Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 78 Figure 6-24: Avifauna results map Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 79 6.2.1.4. Limitations At the beginning of the southern route, the team was unable to enter the border area and the customs checkpoint. As a result, the survey was limited to the area from the opposite direction, maintaining a distance of 200 meters from the starting point. While following the route, the team encountered several difficulties in reaching the proposed line due to the rugged terrain and the accumulation of rocks in the wadis. Additionally, barriers and bulldozing activities in the area further hindered access to the corridor, as did the soil and rock barriers created by farmers. Some sections of the track also intersected with the main highway. 6.2.1.5. Recommendations Conduct a follow-up survey during the hotter season to reassess the status of Uromastyx aegyptia burrows across the project area. This seasonal survey will help confirm whether active populations are present, as the species is more likely to be active and visible in higher temperatures. The results will ensure accurate population assessments and guide the implementation of mitigation measures to protect this Vulnerable species. 6.2.2. Protected Areas and Key Biodiversity Areas Al-Quweira RE Site and its OHTL corridor are not located in any area of biodiversity importance. However, they are adjacent to the northern borders of Hisma Basin Rum KBA/IBA and Wadi Rum Protected Area (5 km), which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The OHTL corridor does not pass through any area of conservation importance either, but it passes just outside from the north-western border of Wadi Rum Protected Area buffer zone (Figure 6-25). Figure 6-25: Wadi Rum Protected Area and its Buffer Zone (Source: RSCN) 6.2.3. Critical Habitat Assessment The Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) aligns with the EIB Environmental and Social Standards, more specifically with Standard 4 on Biodiversity and Ecosystems. Standard 4 focuses on the protection and Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 80 conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, with particular attention to critical habitats. The standard ensures that EIB-financed projects do not have significant adverse impacts on biodiversity and promote the sustainable use of natural resources. Key criteria for identifying critical habitats include areas of high biodiversity value, habitats listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, and habitats supporting significant populations of species of conservation concern. This standard applies to all projects financed by EIB in EU, EFTA, Candidate and potential Candidate countries were these projects “shall comply with applicable national and EU environmental legislation”. 1 All projects located in countries other than the abovementioned “shall comply with national legislation and this Standard which reflects the core principles and essential procedural elements laid down by EU legislation and policies, as well as international good practices to the extent that they relate to the protection and conservation of biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services that EIB considers relevant to achieve no loss of biodiversity and a Net Positive Impact on biodiversity, where required”.1 The standard requires an assessment process involving the identification of ecologically appropriate areas of analysis (EAAA) 2 and the application of the mitigation hierarchy to avoid, minimize, and offset impacts on these habitats. In addition, the standard emphasizes the importance of stakeholder consultation, data collection, and monitoring to ensure effective biodiversity management throughout the project's lifecycle. It aims to align EIB projects with international best practices and EU legislation, promoting a balance between development and environmental conservation. By adhering to this standard, the EIB aims to contribute to the protection of global biodiversity and the sustainable use of ecosystem services, ultimately supporting broader environmental and social objectives. Paragraph (16) of the standard explains that ‘Critical Habitat’ is the most sensitive of the high-value biodiversity features and is defined as comprising one of the following: A. A highly threatened and/or unique ecosystem; B. A habitat of priority and/or significant importance to critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable species, as defined by the IUCN Red List of threatened species and in relevant national legislation; C. A habitat of priority and/or significant importance to a population, range or distribution of endemic or restricted-range species, or highly distinctive assemblages of species; D. A habitat required for the survival of migratory species and/or congregator species; E. Biodiversity and/or an ecosystem of significant social, economic or cultural importance to local communities and indigenous groups; F. A habitat of key scientific value and/or associated with key evolutionary processes. The sections below aim to determine whether these criteria apply to any of the habitats within the RE Site or the OHTL Corridor and are thus considered “Critical Habitats” as defined by EIB. 6.2.3.1. Critical Habitat Assessment Results for the RE Site Criterion A: Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystem The RE Site is located in the Irano-Turanian biogeographical region biogeographical region, which is defined as Syrian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion (WWF, 2018). The Syrian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion is located in the Temperate Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands Biome in the Palearctic Realm According to Olson & Dinerstein (2003), the ecoregions in which the RE Site is located is not considered to be in any of the listed threatened ecoregions of the world. Additionally, the field assessments of the primary habitats across RE Site suggest that none of the habitats encountered meet the Criterion. The Project area thus does not qualify for Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystem criteria (Table 6-8). Table 6-8: Summary of assessment of habitats in the project site against Criterion a of EIB S4 Definition Assessment Risk of significantly decreasing in area or quality The general development in the region might decrease the extent and the quality of some shrub patches, but, given the 1 EIB Environmental and Social Standards – Standard 4; https://www.eib.org/attachments/publications/eib_environmental_and_social_standards_en.pdf#page=31&zoom=100,93,96 2 features that may require additional studies or targeted mitigation Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 87 Class Scientific Name Common English Name Local Status (Project Site) Notes on triggering Criterion ii (Y/N) Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon Extant (passage) No, the species is not congregatory and is known to migrate on broad fronts without concentrating along bottlenecks (del Hoyo et al, 1994) Chlamydotis macqueenii Asian Houbara Extant (Nonbreeding) No, an extremely rare species that has not been recorded in the area in decades Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Extant (passage) No, a rare passage migrant that is only recorded in wetlands Calidris falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Extant (passage) No, a rare passage migrant that is only recorded in wetlands Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Extant (passage) No, an uncommon passage migrant that is only recorded in wetlands Streptopelia turtur European Turtle-dove Extant (breeding) No, the Project Site is located along the southernmost breeding range of the species is known to be present in densely vegetated areas, mainly arboreal species and therefore could present, in very small numbers at the Project Site Reptilia Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard Extant (Resident) Yes, the species is known to be present along the rocky and gravel wadis in the southern part of the OHTL. Burrows the species were recorded during the field surveys. Based on the above, two species still stand out as species that require consideration as globally Vulnerable species that are known to be present in the Project Site. PBF Criterion iii: Significant biodiversity features identified by a broad set of stakeholders or governments Available data shows that none of the globally threatened species; Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU), are present in significant numbers in the Project Site and its vicinity, however two species are confirmed to be present in the Project Site (Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard and Sooty Falcon). Literature and the recent ecological assessments have not shown that any of the species discussed reach the thresholds of any of the criteria and therefore the area does not qualify as Critical Habitat because migratory species do not use it as a stop-over during migration in significant numbers while resident species are not known to be present in significant numbers in any part of the Project Site and its vicinity. PBF Criterion iv: Ecological structure and functions that are vital to maintaining the viability of biodiversity As is the case for migratory birds reaching Critical Habitat thresholds, migratory birds qualifying as Priority Biodiversity Features do not appear to stop over within the Project area. Therefore, the Project area does not include ecological functions essential for the viability of the migratory bird species and does not qualify under Criterion iv. Regarding the Vulnerable species listed, none of which are believed to be present in significant numbers at the Project Site and its vicinity due to the reasons listed in Table 6-10. Therefore, the study area does not qualify under Criterion iv. 6.2.3.4. Conclusion The Teams’ findings indicate that no endangered species were observed at the project site that would trigger the designation of a Critical Habitat. but it is located close to one IBA/KBA, an established protected area (Wadi Rum Protected Area) and Aqaba proposed Reserve (as shown in Figure 6-27). Although the Project Site is not believed to host significant numbers of any globally threatened species since most of the species are known to be recorded there on passage and the habitats at the Project Site does not support congregatory species or bottlenecks for Migratory Soaring Birds (MSBs. However, two globally threatened species have been confirmed or are likely to be present at the Project site: • Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard: Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 88 − The presence of this species was confirmed during field surveys through the identification of its burrows, although direct sightings were not recorded due to the timing of the survey, which fell outside the species’ active season. − The population size within the project area is currently unknown, and further research is necessary to determine its population size and its significance. − It is recommended to conduct targeted surveys during the spring and summer months when the species is more active. • Sooty Falcon − While the species was not observed during the field surveys, the nearby mountains of Aqaba are known breeding grounds for the Sooty Falcon. − To confirm the presence and assess the breeding population of the species, surveys should be carried out during its breeding season, which extends from May to September. In Natural Habitat, no net loss is required where feasible. No net loss is required, and preferably a net gain, for priority biodiversity features. Based on this, the Project should aim to avoid all impacts on – and thus achieve no net loss for any of the globally threatened species identified to be present at the Project Site and special efforts should be made to avoid and minimise negative impacts on the species and its habitats. Based on all of the above and building on the comprehensive literature review and recent ecological assessments undertaken, it can be concluded that no endangered species were observed at the project site that would trigger the designation of a Critical Habitat. Saying that, it would still be highly recommended undertaking the surveys mentioned earlier to assess the populations of both globally threatened species that are known to be present at the Project Site. 6.3. Socio-Economic Conditions 6.3.1. Population and Demographics The nearest village to the RE site is Al-Quweira village, located about 5.6 km away. However, the OHTL corridor passes through three built up areas which are Rashadeyeh, Um El-Basateen and Rea’ Sa’adeh as shown in Figure 6-29. In addition, the villages of Ain Hawara, Mezfer and Al-Quweira are located near the OHTL corridor but are not crossed by it. Table 6-11 provides detailed information on the population in those areas (Department of Statistics, 2023; Irada, 2023). Table 6-11: Population within the Project Area (Department of Statistics, 2023) District Town Male Female Total Households Aqaba District Mezfer 164 144 308 60 Re'a Sa'adeh 325 2 327 - Al-Quweira District Ain Hawara 5 5 10 2 Al-Quweira 7,689 6,597 14,286 2,592 Rashdyah 2,286 1,845 4,131 772 Em El-Bsateen 128 613 255 358 The Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development (Aqaba Development Centre) reported that by the end of 2022, the Syrian refugee population in Aqaba Governorate had reached 950 individuals. Of these, 150 were residing in Al-Quweira district, while 800 were in Aqaba district (Irada, 2023). The average household size in Quweira district is 5.4 persons per household compared to 4.9 for Aqaba Governorate, both of which are higher than the national average of 4.8 persons. The demographic dependency ratio in Aqaba Governorate is 75.2% and 73.2% for Al-Quweira District, which is also higher than the national rate of 61.4%. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 89 Figure 6-29: Built Up Areas Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 90 In terms of age distribution more than half of the population falls within the age group of 15-64 years, at 57.1% for Aqaba Governorate and 57.7% for Al-Quweira District , which is lower than the national level of 61.4% as shown in Table 6-12 (Irada, 2021). Table 6-12:Demographic and Household Data in Aqaba Governorate and Al-Quweira District (Irada, 2021) Administrative Divisions Average Household Size (Persons) Number of Households Demographic Dependency Ratio (%) Population Distribution by Age Group (%) Under 15 years (15-64) Years Over 65 years Aqaba Governorate 4.9 43,604 75.2 40.6 57.1 2.4 Al-Quweira District 5.5 4713 73.2 39.6 57.7 2.7 6.3.2. Economic Activities The unemployment rate in Aqaba Governorate in 2023 was reported as 18.5%, lower than the national average of 22%. Female unemployment rate, at 33.2% was more than double that of males (18.5%) (Ministry of Labour, 2023). Underserved areas in Aqaba faces higher levels of poverty and unemployment than the city of Aqaba, with a rate of 31.1% for Al-Quweira in 2010, the most recently available data. Many young people favour secure government jobs over entrepreneurship or private sector work, especially in rural areas, limiting the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. Employment opportunities with adequate wages are scarce (Irada, 2023) At the Aqaba Governorate level, labour force concentration was highest in specific sectors, based on the most recent data available for 2017–2019. These are the public administration, defence, and social security sector, accounting for the largest share (24.6% of the workforce), followed by the transportation and storage sector (23.2% of the labor force), the wholesale and retail trade, vehicle, and motorcycle repair sector (10.6%),and education sector (10.1%). Additionally, the transformative industries sector employed 6.9% and the tourism sector accounted for 3.9% of Aqaba’s workforce (Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, 2019). No detailed information was available at the village and district levels, noting that it is assumed that the majority of the labour force employed in the private sector, especially the services industry, is in the city of Aqaba. Table 6-13 shows the average annual expenditure and income for individuals and families in Aqaba Governorate and Al-Quewira District for 2013, the latest available data (Irada, 2021). Compared to the national averages, Aqaba Governorate's average family expenditure (10,077.4 JD) is slightly below the national average (10,251.6 JD), while its income (9,446.5 JD) is higher than the national average (9,258 JD). In contrast, Al-Quweira District reports significantly lower averages, with family expenditure at 6,446.5 JD and income at 6,480.6 JD, both well below the national figures, noting that the average income in both Aqaba and Al-Quweira are higher than the average expenditure while the opposite is true for the national average. Table 6-13: Average Annual Expenditure and Income in Aqaba Governorate (Irada, 2021) (Irada, 2023). Administrative Divisions Average annual expenditure (Jordanian Dinar) Average annual Income (Jordanian Dinar) Per Family Per Person Per Family Per Person Aqaba Governorate 10,077.4 1,909 9,446.5 1,817.5 Al-Quweira District 6,446.5 1,053.3 6,480.6 1,095.1 Jordan 10,251.6 2,021.2 9,258 1,857.2 6.3.3. Poverty Based on the latest available information dating back to 2010, the poverty rate in Aqaba Governorate in 2010 was 19.2%, higher than the national average of 14.4% at the time. The poverty gap rate stood at 4.3%, with 26,104 individuals classified as poor, accounting for about 3% of the total poor population in Jordan. Aqaba Governorate has three identified poverty pockets, including Al-Quweira District, where the project is located, and where the poverty rate is 31.1% (Department of Statistics, 2010). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 91 6.3.4. Education Aqaba's education sector includes a range of public, private, and military schools serving diverse student populations. The governorate has 87 public schools enrolling 37,652 students, comprising 24 boys' schools, 10 girls' schools, and 53 mixed-gender schools (Irada, 2023). In higher education, Aqaba district hosts four universities that offer a range of academic programs. Public institutions include the University of Jordan (Aqaba Branch) and Al-Balqa Applied University (Aqaba College). In the private sector, Aqaba University of Technology and Aqaba University of Medical Sciences (Irada, 2023). Al-Quweira District lacks higher education institutions, such as colleges or universities, with its education sector solely focused on school-level education. It is home to 13 public schools, serving 3,490 students across 144 classrooms, and one private school, which accommodates 140 students in 6 classrooms. In addition to these, the district also has 7 kindergartens (Irada, 2021). 6.3.5. Health The healthcare sector in Aqaba district comprises a range of public, military, and private facilities. In the public sector, Aqaba has two comprehensive health centres, four primary health centres, and one subsidiary health centre. Laboratory services are available at eight facilities, most of which are located in Aqaba, including one military and one private laboratory. The district is served by 71 pharmacies, meeting the pharmaceutical needs of the community. Additionally, Aqaba has nine maternal and child health centres. The healthcare workforce includes 38 general practitioners and 60 specialists, all based in Aqaba, serving the health needs of the district's residents (Irada, 2023). The healthcare infrastructure in Al-Quweira District is distributed across public, military, and private sectors, providing essential services to the community. The public sector includes 1 comprehensive health center, 1 primary health centre, 4 secondary health centres, 2 laboratories, 6 pharmacies, 1 dental clinic, 6 general medicine clinics, and 5 maternal and child centres. The military sector offers a single comprehensive health centre, secondary health centre, laboratory, pharmacy, and maternal and child center. The private sector is minimal, consisting of 2 pharmacies and 1 general medicine clinic (Irada, 2021). 6.3.6. Land Use At Al-Quwaira RE site (Figure 6-30), grazing by livestock and camels is widespread. Vehicle off-road tracks are a common feature, reflecting regular human activity and movement in the area. Additionally, the western part of the site shows evidence of older cultivated activities, suggesting localized agricultural use in the past. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 92 Figure 6-30: Land Use within the RE Site The OHTL corridor experiences more intensive land use (built up areas, roads, agricultural lands). It is crossed by high - and medium-voltage power lines and a gas pipeline, highlighting its role in supporting infrastructure. The corridor also includes high grazing activity by the local community and is notably impacted by waste dumping through the presence of stockpiles and wastewater (Figure 6-31). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 93 Figure 6-31: Land Use within the OHTL Corridor The RE Site is located inside ASEZA’s Buffer Zone for Wadi Rum Protected Area, more specifically within the “Medium Development: Limited to Non-consumptive Tourism” land use zone. A small part of the OHTL corridor passes through the same zone and crosses south-westward into another land use zone that is Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 94 defined as “Low Development Except Within Regulated Urban Settlement” ( Figure 6-33). Additional discussions are required with ASEZA to determine the type of activities permitted within these zones. However, it should be mentioned that during the field visit, it was found that an operational solar energy park was located inside this Medium Development Zone. The facility is called AlQuweira 103 Mwp PV Power Plant and it is located around 2 km away from RE Site (Figure 6-32), also known as the Sheikh Zayed Solar Power Complex which is owned by the MEMR (Global Energy Monitor, 2018). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 95 Figure 6-32: PV Plant near Al-Quweira RE site Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 96 Figure 6-33: Land use of Wadi Rum Protected Area Buffer Zone, Source: ASEZA Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 103 Table 6-15: Key Indicators for Water Sector in Al-Quweira District Indicator AL-Quweira District Number of artesian wells 4 Number of dams and their storage capacity - Number of operational pumping stations 7 Percentage of the population served by the water network 100% Sewage networks / length in kilometres - Number of technical stations - 6.3.7.2. Roads Aqaba Governorate is connected by a network of main and secondary roads that connect several areas within the governorate and link it to the rest of Jordan (Irada, 2021) as shown in Table 6-16 and Figure 6-41. Table 6-16: Roads Network in Aqaba Road Types Al-Quweira District Main Roads 127 km Secondary Roads 8 km Local Roads 22 km Agricultural roads 27 km Total 184 km Figure 6-41: Main and Agricultural Roads in the Project Area 6.3.7.3. Wastewater Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 104 The Aqaba wastewater management capabilities were enhanced in 2021 with the establishment of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (Figure 6-42), designed to handle up to 28,000 m³/day. This facility incorporates advanced technology for wastewater recycling, odour and temperature control, electricity generation, and biogas utilization. (Irada, 2023) Al-Quweira District rely on septic tanks for wastewater collection and disposal due to their limited population sizes. (Irada, 2023) Figure 6-42: Nearest wastewater Treatment Plant 6.3.7.4. Solid Waste The Al-Quweira district dumpsite has been officially closed under the Ministry of Local Administration's Solid Waste Management Plan. The nearest alternative is the Aqaba landfill (Figure 6-43), located 50 kilometres from the RE site (Alghad, 2023). Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 105 Figure 6-43: Nearest Landfill 6.3.8. Gender Aspects Al Quweira district has witnessed progress in gender equality with attention given to improving women’s education and their integration into the labour market in various fields. Women within Al-Quweira district generally prefer to work in the health and education sectors. The district has the Princess Basma Center, with branches extending throughout the district, offering various activities and training for the women’s sector, in addition to charitable and cooperative associations, with women participating in their membership (Irada, 2021). The main challenges facing the women sector in Al-Quewira District and Al-Aqaba are (Irada, 2021) (Irada, 2023): • Limited availability of targeted programs and institutions dedicated to addressing and activating women's sector issues. • Persistent negative societal attitudes towards women's participation in the workforce, particularly in the private sector. • A strong preference among women for employment in the public sector, especially in fields such as education, healthcare, and administration. • Low participation of women in establishing cooperative associations. • A tendency among private sector employers to prioritize hiring men over women. • Elevated unemployment rates among educated women within the district. • The disparity in wages between men and women, especially in private sector institutions. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 106 • Limited engagement of women in establishing small, medium-sized, or home-based businesses of their own. • A noticeable preference by private sector institutions to employ men instead of women. • Low interest among women in founding cooperative associations, with a stronger inclination towards charitable sector work. • High unemployment rates among women in Aqaba Governorate. ASEZA has recently launched the "Nashmiyah Project" initiative, which aims to empower women and support them in achieving self-reliance. The initiative specifically targets the most disadvantaged women who endure severe financial and psychological challenges, along with substantial social pressures (Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority ). 6.4. Cultural Heritage No significant archaeological sites have been identified within the RE Site. However, several archaeological sites are found along the OHTL corridor, most of which are of low significance. No such site is located close enough to the OHTL corridor to be affected by it. Some sites feature scattered flint and pottery fragments, with protection zones ranging from 5 to 50 meters, as stipulated by the Antiquities Law No. 21 of 1988 A total of 13 sites were recorded inside/near the OHTL corridor through a literature review. Figure 6-44 and Table 6-17 present these sites, along with their characteristics and significance. Figure 6-44: Archaeological Sites near the OHTL . Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 107 Table 6-17: Archaeological Sites Located within the PAI and their Properties No Site Name Coordinates (Long Lat) Date Current Situation Note Threatened Not Threatened 1. MERSED 35.27829 29.6961 Roman/ Nabataean Good preserved Tower Scatter Sherd/Flint Surface Scatter Not Protected Not Excavated 2. NN/RAS AN-NAQB HIGHWAY SURVEY MILESTONE 35.2721 29.70332 Unspecified/Unknown Period Washed Away Milestone and Latin Inscription Not Protected Not Excavated 3. Qeimara 35.32484 29.76926 - - - - - 4. NN/RAIKES SITE A2 35.29794 29.71954 Unspecified/Unknown Period Washed Away - Not Protected Not Excavated 5. Jurf 35.20493 29.63296 Roman/ Nabataean Very poor Condition The settlement, Fortified/ Sherd/Flint Surface Scatter Not Protected Not Excavated 6. KHALIDI 35.23075 29.65642 Roman/ Nabataean/ Byzantine Very poor Condition tombstones, Greek inscriptions, Caravansera, Castrum Not Protected Excavated 7. KHALDI (TOWER) 35.22869 29.65912 Roman/ Nabataean Very poor Condition Tower and Scatter sherd 8. KHALDI (CISTERNS) 35.23075 29.66093 Nabataean Very poor Condition Water Structure, Cistern Not Protected Not Excavated 9. KITHARA 35.13375 29.54363 Roman/ Byzantine Good Condition Castrum and Sherd/Flint Surface Scatter Not Protected Excavated 10. Qatra 35.13478 29.54182 Modern Mostly Washed Away Village Not Protected Partly demolished Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 108 A site visit was conducted to investigate the sites identified in Table 6-17. The site visit found that five sites were categorized as "Washed Away Sites," indicating that they have been removed and no longer exist. Six sites fall under the "Very Poor Condition" category, as they still exist but are in a severely deteriorated state. Lastly, two sites were classified as "Good Preserved Sites," meaning they are still well-preserved. In addition, three points along the corridors cross the Jordan Hijaz Railway (JHR), under the jurisdiction of the Jordan Hijaz Railway Corporation (JHRC). The JHR was constructed in the 1900s by the Ottomans and is considered part of the country's cultural heritage. The railway, however, is not operational. The coordinates of the points are listed in Table 6-18. Table 6-18: Coordinates of the Intersections between Corridors and JHR Cross Point No. Coordinates (Lat Long) 1 29°38'15.48"N 35°12'11.82"E 2 29°33'28.57"N 35° 8'53.01"E 3 29°32'46.97"N 35° 8'18.67"E Table 6-19 shows the types of the presented archaeological sites in the project area Table 6-19: Types of Represented Sites Found During Field Operations No Type Site Name 1 Settlement Sites Jurf; Qatra 2 Tomb KHALIDI 3 Water Installations RAKHEMTEIN; KHALDI (CISTERNS) 4 Flint Scatter MERSED; Jurf; KHALDI (TOWER); KHALDI (CISTERNS); 5 Inscription HADBET AL-HAMRA; KHALIDI 6 Burial, Cairn/Tumulus HADBET AL-HAMRA; RAKHEMTEIN 7 Castrum KITHARA 8 Tower MERSED; RAKHEMTEIN; KHALDI (TOWER) The two sites that were found in good, preserved condition during the fieldwork but are not threatened directly or indirectly by the project activities are: ➢ Mersed dated to Roman-Nabatean periods. The site is located on top of a high mountain served as a watch tower during the Nabataean and Roman eras possibly constructed during the building of the Via Nova Triana (The Roman Road). ➢ Kithara dated to Roman-Byzantine periods. The site is far from the OHTL corridor, it was previously negatively impacted in 1985 by the construction of the Aqaba Phosphate railway line. Recently, the site was partly excavated and documented as caravanserais. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 109 7. Environmental and Social Impacts 7.1. Environmental and Social Impacts During Construction 7.1.1. Physical Environment 7.1.1.1. Soil Impact The project will be implemented at several locations having different soil characteristics. Therefore, the soil quality and morphology may be significantly disturbed during construction activities such as those needed for installing the OHTL towers and related infrastructure. Potential impacts include soil compaction, which reduces water infiltration, root penetration, soil aeration, and blockage of natural drainage patterns caused by the movement of heavy machinery, vehicles, and workers on-site. Soil erosion is another concern, often resulting from vegetation clearing (particularly in areas around the towers, and part of the RE site), removal of the topsoil layer, and land grading during site preparation. This erosion can lead to the loss of fertile topsoil and sedimentation in nearby water bodies, further degrading land quality. Improper housekeeping practices during construction, such as the disposal of waste on land, could exacerbate soil contamination and pollution. Soil contamination may also occur due to accidental spills of oils, fuels, or chemicals from construction equipment and machinery, or from improper disposal of construction-related wastewater. Additionally, if vegetation is not promptly restored, soil ecosystems may face long-term degradation, reducing the area's overall soil productivity and ecological balance. Mitigation Measures Soil disturbance and contamination risk can be reduced by applying the following measures: • Schedule construction activities to reduce the amount and duration of soil exposed to erosion by wind, rain, runoff, and vehicle movement. • Preserve existing vegetation to the extent possible and ensure revegetation when possible. • Immediately remediate any localized erosion during excavation and drilling activities (if any). • Prepare and abide by a Pollution Prevention Management Plan and a Waste Management Plan. • Reinstate the project area to its original condition after completion of the works. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.1.1.2. Water Resources Impact Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 110 Contamination of surface and groundwater may occur as a result of seepage from domestic or construction wastewater, accidental spills of fuels, oils, or chemicals, and diversion of contaminated rainwater runoff from the construction site. In flood-prone areas, improper management of generated wastewater, combined with inadequate handling and storage of hazardous materials, could lead to the infiltration of pollutants into the soil, potentially affecting underlying groundwater resources. The presence of the Disi Groundwater Basin, a nonrenewable and strategically vital aquifer. However, the basin is protected by an impermeable geological layer, which limits direct contamination. Water is also needed for different processes in the construction activities, such as concrete mixing, cleaning of tools and the used machinery, dust suppression, ground works activities and for potential testing of the newly constructed supplies. The construction phase will also require the consumption of water for domestic usages by the workers. If conservation measures are not in place, water consumption at the construction site may thus be overused causing overexploitation of water resources. Mitigation Measures In an effort to reduce the project’s impacts on water quality during construction, the contractor must implement the following mitigation measures: • Prepare and abide by a Spill Prevention and Management Plan • Abide by measures for proper disposal of wastewater. • Abide by Waste Management Plan • Schedule works during dry season if possible. Several mitigation measures can be implemented by the contractor to reduce natural resource depletion and consumption. These measures include: • Reduce water wastage whenever possible • Whenever possible, use dry-cleaning instead wet cleaning • Regular site inspection to detect water leakages • Raise awareness among workers on water conservation measures Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.1.1.3. Energy Resources Impact Energy consumption during the construction phase will mostly be from generators installed at the construction sites offices for energy supply and construction vehicles including for supply of construction material. Fuel and oils are needed for the generators and for operation and maintenance of machinery engines and vehicles on and off site. If generators and engines are left running without being used in any activity, overconsumption and depletion of fuel is expected. This impact will last for the duration of the construction works. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 111 Mitigation Several measures can be implemented by the Contractor to reduce energy consumption at the site. These measures include: • Regularly maintain the generators, vehicles, and construction machinery • Shut down lighting at site offices during the night • Switch off machinery and equipment when not in use • Raise awareness among site staff on energy conservation Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.1.1.4. Air Quality Impacts The machinery and vehicles used during the construction phase will produce exhaust emissions and gases that can temporarily affect local air quality. Exhaust gas emissions will also result from the power generators that will be utilized during the construction phase. In general, these exhaust gases contain particulate matter, Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides, and Sulphur Oxides, Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. In addition, VOC might be released from storage of fuel and other chemicals. Excavation activities, site preparation, and other earthwork activities along with the movement and transportation of heavy machinery on the site, generate particulate emissions such as dust that can affect local air quality. The significance of dust emissions is highly dependent on the wind conditions during the construction phase. Open burning of solid waste or other material on site, if allowed, could release emissions accompanied by toxins. The improper storage and disposal of solid waste along with the improper discharge of wastewater will lead to odour emissions. Mitigation To minimize impact on air quality during construction, the Contractor should undertake the following activities: • Implement the dust suppression measures. • Regularly maintain all vehicles and construction machinery • Prepare and abide by Spill Prevention and Management Plan • Abide by measures for proper disposal of wastewater • Abide by Waste Management Plan Summary of Impact Assessment Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 112 Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.1.2. Biological Environment Impacts During construction of the RE site and its associated OHTL, several biodiversity impacts are anticipated due to various project activities. The removal of natural habitats from the sites will result in the permanent loss of land usable by native plants in areas that will be covered by solid surfaces or landscaped areas. The construction of OHTL infrastructure may require the clearing of vegetation, which could disturb wildlife and potentially affect threatened species, including the Vulnerable Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia) and Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor). Nesting sites of seabirds in the landing area may also be impacted, leading to a loss of breeding grounds. Construction activities, such as excavation, levelling, and vegetation removal, may disturb avifauna and other wildlife, causing temporary habitat loss and triggering behavioural changes in response to sediment plumes, noise, vibrations, and increased human presence. Additionally, the use of heavy machinery and increased human activity during construction may result in disturbances to fauna, including avifauna, which could cause stress, displacement, and altered feeding or breeding behaviours. There is also a potential risk of hunting and active taking of wildlife by construction workers or others present on-site. This could pose a significant threat to local fauna, particularly to vulnerable or endangered species, such as the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia) and Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor), that rely on the project area. Hunting or capturing wildlife can lead to population declines, disrupt ecological balance, and violate local and international conservation laws. Mitigation • Use existing roads and infrastructure where possible to avoid creating new access routes. • Conduct vegetation clearance in phases to reduce the area affected at any given time. • Rehabilitate disturbed areas not covered by permanent infrastructure with native vegetation. • Conduct additional pre-construction ecological surveys to identify sensitive species, nesting sites, and critical habitats during other seasons to form a holistic understanding of the ecology of the area. • Implement monitoring programs during construction to track wildlife activity and adapt practices accordingly. • Restrict noisy or vibration-inducing activities to periods when wildlife activity is minimal • Use low-noise machinery and install vibration dampening equipment to minimize disturbances. • Prepare and abide by Spill Prevention Plan • Avoid and strictly prohibit wildlife persecution, hunting, and all forms of animal and plant collection and active taking. • Strictly prohibit tree cutting by the project staff and workers and apply fines and charges on non-compliance by the staff. • Conduct a follow-up survey during the hotter season to reassess the status of Uromastyx aegyptia burrows across the project area. • Conduct a survey for Sooty Falcons (Falco concolor) during the summer months Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 119 Mitigation The contractor shall be responsible for the protection of public health from any danger associated with construction activities, traffic management within project area and the safe and easy passage of pedestrians, Therefore, a Health and Safety plan should be developed and implemented, in addition to a Site Security Management Plan To protect the rights of workers, the contractor should adopt human resource policies and procedures that are in accordance with national laws and the International Labour Organisation’s Core Labour Standards to which Jordan is a signatory. The BOT contractor shall ensure the workers’ health and safety against possible accidents and injuries as a result of different construction activities. As such the following mandatory mitigation measures shall be incorporated into the Health and Safety Plan and implemented: • Workers shall wear personal protective equipment (PPE) including hard hats, safety glasses, slip resistant boots, and masks; • First aid kit shall be available at each working site; • At least one onsite worker trained in basic first aid shall be present onsite. If number of workers in one site exceeds 50 and less than 500, appoint a full-time nurse and a part time doctor. • Chemicals stored onsite shall be labelled and handled properly; • All electrical tools and equipment shall be maintained and checked regularly for any defect; • The contractor shall conduct training and awareness meetings including safety toolbox talks, correct use of PPE, health and safety procedures, and handling hazardous material containers and related wastes. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.1.3.9. Solid Waste Improper solid waste disposal could lead to various detrimental environmental impacts including pollution of water and soil resources within and beyond the project area. A detailed description of the sources of solid waste during project construction shall be provided by the contractor. Impacts Solid Waste Solid waste will be generated from the implementation of the proposed project, for example inter alia piles of sand and dirt due to excavation, debris, cement and their resulting empty bags. In addition, domestic waste will be generated from workers on site. Inappropriate waste handling and improper disposal practices of construction waste may result in soil, ground and surface water contamination due to leaching and runoffs, leading to a reduction in overall soil and water quality. In addition, these materials could be directly discharged into nearby wadis within the project area thus polluting surface water especially during the wet season. Hazardous Waste Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 120 Hazardous waste generated during the construction project can pose significant environmental risks if not properly managed. Such waste may include fuels, oils, chemical containers, and solvents used in construction activities. Improper handling or disposal of these materials can lead to soil and surface water contamination through spills, leaks, or runoff, especially during the wet season. Inadequate waste management practices could result in long-term degradation of soil and water quality, emphasizing the need for stringent hazardous waste handling, storage, and disposal measures. Mitigation • Waste segregation and labelling • Prepare and abide by a waste management plan • Prepare and abide by a spill prevention and response • Dispose the hazardous waste through licensed facilities Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.1.3.10. Wastewater Generation Major construction activities that lead to the generation of wastewater include: • Domestic wastewater • Washing of machinery; • Maintenance of heavy machines and vehicles that generate wastewater contaminated with oil and grease; • Excavation of the site thus generating runoffs contaminated with suspended solids, especially during rainy days; • Storm water runoff that contains high amounts of oil, grease and suspended solids This wastewater may pollute nearby water bodies and soils if not discharged and managed properly. In addition, the implementation of the proposed project will require a high number of daily workers who will generate a significant amount of domestic wastewater. Disposal of the generated domestic wastewater may cause water and soil contamination if not disposed of correctly. Mitigation To ensure that generated solid waste and wastewater during the construction phase do not have a negative impact on the surrounding environment, the following measures should be adopted by the Contractor: • Prepare and abide by a Waste Management Plan • Ensure that constructed septic tanks during the construction phase are well contained and impermeable to prevent leakage of wastewater into soil and groundwater; and ensure that septic tanks are emptied and collected by wastewater contractor at appropriate intervals to avoid overflowing • Hire a private contractor for the collection of generated wastewater from the site to an authorized WWTP, such that the tankers must have a GPS system installed to track their movement • Prohibit illegal disposal of wastewater to land Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 121 • Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of wastewater generated onsite, collected by contractor, and discharged into authorized WWTP. The numbers within the records are to be consistent to ensure no illegal discharge at the site or other areas. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.1.3.11. Cultural Resources Impacts None of the listed archaeological sites within this zone are located near areas where project excavation or construction activities will occur. As such, no adverse impacts on such cultural heritage and archaeological sites and resources are expected to occur during the Project Activities. However, due to the presence of archaeological sites within the area, unknown artifacts may be uncovered during excavation activities. On the other hand, the OHTL will cross Al Hijaz Railway, which is considered as cultural site, at three points. NEPCO must take necessary precautions to avoid any disturbances to these sites. In addition, construction activities considered to be a source of vibration and dust resulting from the drilling operations vehicles movements that may affect nearby sites. Construction activities associated with the RE Site and OHTL, including excavation, drilling, and vehicle movement, pose potential risks by generating vibration, dust, and noise, which could affect the integrity of archaeological features and the visual and environmental setting of the area. Mitigation Mitigation measures for the impacts on archaeology and cultural heritage during construction include the following: • Ensure all chance finds of cultural heritage are reported immediately to DoA, excavation stopped, and contractor awaits instructions from DoA. • Ensure coordination between the Contractor and DoA. • Leave a 15-m buffer zone around each site. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impact Residual Impact Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Moderate Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 122 Parameter Assessed Impact Residual Impact Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Site Site Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 123 7.2. Environmental and Social Impacts During Operation 7.2.1. Physical Environment 7.2.1.1. Soil Impacts Areas around maintenance pathways, access roads, and equipment pads may be subject to soil compaction due to repeated vehicular and personnel movement during the operational phase. Compacted soil reduces water infiltration, alters soil structure, and impairs vegetation regrowth, potentially leading to long-term degradation of soil quality. Additionally, accidental spills or leaks of maintenance fluids such as oils, lubricants, or chemicals from equipment used for maintaining the PV panels or OHTL can result in localized soil contamination. Improper disposal of operational waste, including batteries or damaged equipment, may further exacerbate soil pollution, posing risks to soil health and potentially affecting the surrounding environment. Mitigation Measures Soil disturbance and contamination risk can be reduced by applying the following measures: • Prepare and abide by a Pollution Prevention Management Plan and a Waste Management Plan. • Reinstate the project area to its original condition after completion of the maintenance works. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.2.1.2. Water Resources Impacts During the operation phase, water will primarily be used for cleaning the PV arrays, which is expected to occur approximately 12 times a year, potentially contributing to the depletion of local water resources. Mitigation Measures Priority must be given to the use of dry-cleaning methods, which do not entail the use of water and involve robots mounted on module rows or dry brushes. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 124 Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Intensity Medium Low Duration Long-term Long-term Extent Local Local Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.2.1.3. Energy Resources The operational phase of the project offers significant positive impacts on the energy sector, primarily by contributing to the generation of clean, renewable electricity. This reduces reliance on conventional fossil fuelbased power generation, thereby lowering GHG emissions and contributing to climate change mitigation especially within the SWRO Site. The project can help stabilize electricity costs for the project over time, as solar energy has minimal operational costs compared to fluctuating fossil fuel prices. The operation of the RE Site also involves auxiliary energy demands for activities such as panel cleaning, equipment maintenance, and the functioning of monitoring systems. Though this energy usage is minor compared to the total energy generated, it should be factored into the project’s overall energy balance. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Nature Beneficial Type Direct Magnitude Medium Likelihood High Intensity High Duration Long-term Extent National Scale Medium Significance High Positive Impact 7.2.1.4. Air Quality The operation of the PV plant and OHTL primarily has positive impacts on air quality by reducing GHG emissions and pollutants associated with fossil fuel-based energy production especially within the SWRO Site. Minimal emissions are expected from vehicles used during maintenance activities. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Nature Beneficial Type Direct Magnitude Medium Likelihood High Intensity High Duration Long-term Extent national Scale Medium Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 125 Parameter Assessed Impacts Significance High Positive Impact 7.2.2. Biological Environment Impacts During the operation phase, impacts on the biological environment are expected to be lower than during construction but still present important considerations. Routine maintenance activities, human presence, and vehicular movement may cause minor disturbances to local fauna. While these disturbances are likely to be short-term and of low significance, they could still affect both site-level and local ecosystems by disrupting natural behaviours or temporarily displacing wildlife. The presence of permanent infrastructure, such as the PV plant structures, OHTL towers, and any abandoned piles of construction waste or materials, could obstruct the natural movement of wildlife. These barriers may disrupt ecological linkages and movement corridors. Such disruptions can have cascading effects on the local ecological balance. A significant concern during operation is the risk of collision and electrocution for large-sized birds, such as the Endangered Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), which may interact with OHTL infrastructure. Raptors and other bird species that use the towers for perching or hunting are particularly vulnerable. Bird fatalities from collisions with wires or electrocution can contribute to population declines and impact avifauna at both local and regional levels. Additionally, the potential for illegal hunting or active taking of wildlife by operational staff or visitors poses a risk to the region’s biodiversity. This is especially critical for vulnerable species like the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia), which is already under pressure from habitat loss and human activities. Such illegal activities can further threaten the ecological integrity of the area. Mitigation Measures • Limit human activity and vehicular movement to designated areas to minimize disturbances to wildlife. • Schedule maintenance activities during daylight hours to reduce disruption to nocturnal species. • Remove any abandoned construction waste, materials, or piles that could obstruct wildlife movement corridors. • Install bird diverters, reflectors, or other visual markers on OHTL wires to reduce collision risks for large bird species. • Avoid and strictly prohibit wildlife persecution, hunting, and all forms of animal and plant collection and active taking. • Design and implement an extensive terrestrial biodiversity monitoring program as part of project requirements to assess environmental conditions before, during, and after the completion of the construction works so that the ‘new’ baseline conditions before operation commences are determined. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Scale Medium Low Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 126 Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Significance Moderate Low 7.2.3. Socio-Economic Environment 7.2.3.1. Economic Activities Impacts The operation and maintenance of the PV plant and OHTL will create direct employment opportunities for local communities, primarily for security staff (guard) and O&M personnel responsible for monitoring and maintaining the facilities. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Nature Beneficial Type Direct Magnitude Low Likelihood High Intensity Medium Duration Long-term Extent Site Scale Medium Significance Moderate Positive Impact 7.2.3.2. Land Acquisition, Land Use and Aesthetics Impacts The presence of OHTL towers may reduce the value of nearby lands, which could affect property owners and land use in the surrounding areas. The reduction in land value could be particularly significant in residential areas or regions with high tourism potential. The project’s visible infrastructure, including the PV arrays and OHTL towers, may also significantly impact the aesthetic value of the landscape. This is particularly important in areas of high scenic or cultural value where the visual presence of the infrastructure may detract from the natural beauty of the region. Mitigation • Engage with local tourism authorities and residents to identify ways to mitigate aesthetic concerns. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 127 Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.2.3.3. Infrastructure and Public Services Impacts Periodic maintenance activities may lead to localized wear and tear on access roads due to the movement of vehicles and equipment. The use of public utilities, such as water and sanitation services for operational staff, may place minor, localized pressure on these systems, particularly in areas with limited capacity. Mitigation • Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan to minimize disruptions to local road networks. • Scheduled maintenance of the OHTL infrastructure • Provide clear signage and alternative routes for vehicles and pedestrians in affected areas. • Coordinate with local authorities to ensure timely notification of road closures or diversions. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood Medium Low Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Local Local Scale Low Low Significance Low Negligible 7.2.3.4. Public Health and Safety Impacts During the operation and maintenance phases of the PV plant and OHTL, there are potential public health and safety concerns that need to be addressed. One notable issue is the phenomenon of corona discharge from OHTL, which occurs when the electric field strength around the conductors exceeds the breakdown strength of air. This can result in audible noise, electromagnetic interference, and the production of ozone and other ionized particles. While these effects are typically localized and within regulatory safety limits, prolonged exposure to high levels of ozone or electromagnetic fields could raise health concerns among nearby residents, particularly in areas where OHTL passes close to residential zones or public spaces. Additionally, maintenance activities involving heavy machinery and vehicles could pose safety risks to nearby communities, especially where access roads overlap with public roads or residential areas. The risk of electrical hazards, such as electrocution or fires, exists if unauthorized access to OHTL infrastructure occurs or if tampering takes place. Mitigation Measures to be implemented to safeguard local community members and the public should include the following: • Conduct routine monitoring of electromagnetic fields to ensure compliance with safety standards and address any community concerns. • Prepare and abide by Health and Safety plan. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 128 • Place clear and visible signage warning of potential electrical hazards and restricting access to operational areas. • Develop and implement Emergency Response Plans to handle incidents such as fires, electrocution, or spills promptly and effectively. Summary of Impact Assessment Parameter Assessed Impacts Residual Impacts Nature Adverse Adverse Type Direct Direct Magnitude Medium Low Likelihood High Medium Intensity Medium Low Duration Short-term Short-term Extent Regional Local Scale Medium Low Significance Moderate Low 7.2.3.5. Occupational Health and Safety Impacts During the operation and maintenance phases of the PV plant and OHTL, potential occupational health and safety impacts primarily arise from working with high-voltage equipment, heavy machinery, and at heights. Workers may face risks such as electrical hazards, including electrocution and arc flashes, especially during maintenance of OHTL infrastructure. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and corona discharge effects, such as noise and ozone generation, may also pose health risks. Additionally, working at heights on transmission towers increases the likelihood of falls, while handling hazardous materials like oils and cleaning agents introduces risks of chemical exposure or spills. One of the primary occupational health and safety risks in this Project is working at heights, particularly during maintenance of transmission towers and OHTL. Workers face a heightened risk of falls, which can result in severe injuries or fatalities Climbing transmission towers, handling heavy tools at elevated positions, and working on elevated PV panels increase the likelihood of slips, trips, and falls. Noise from machinery and equipment, along with physical strain from repetitive tasks or working in extreme weather conditions, could further impact worker health. Mitigation The following mandatory mitigation measures shall be incorporated into the Health and Safety Plan and implemented: • Workers shall wear personal protective equipment (PPE) including hard hats, safety glasses, slip resistant boots, and masks; • First aid kit shall be available at each working site; • At least one onsite worker trained in basic first aid shall be present onsite. If number of workers in one site exceeds 50 and less than 500, appoint a full-time nurse and a part time doctor. • The contractor shall conduct training and awareness meetings including safety toolbox talks, correct use of PPE, health and safety procedures, and handling hazardous material containers and related wastes. • Require two-person teams for all high-altitude maintenance tasks to ensure safety and emergency support. • Restrict work at heights during adverse weather conditions Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 135 • Maintaining a site diary and GRM register (including actions taken to resolve the issue and close-out dates). • Providing status of CESMP (including issue and response to corrective action requests), consultation activities and GRM implementation in the monthly progress reports. For ensuring effective integration and implementation of the Project ESMP and associated monitoring programs during the construction and operation phases, the BOT Contractor (through his EPC Contractor) shall designate an ESHS Manager, who will follow up on ESHS matters through the lifespan of the Project and ensure that the Project ESMP is being implemented through the developed undertake the review and approval of the Construction and Operation ESMPs to be developed by the BOT Contractor, supervise and inspect their implementation and communicate with the Contractors and Operator to this effect, and report on Project related ESHS aspects. The ESHS Manager shall demonstrate the following proposed qualifications: • BSc in engineering degree, preferably with postgraduate degree in environmental science or engineering, proven track record in construction related environmental and health and safety aspects for public infrastructure projects, ability to manage multiple sites will be an advantage, excellent communication skills, excellent understanding of the Jordanian legislation and IFI policies and standards for environmental protection and health and safety requirements, very good command in English and Arabic. • Minimum of 10 years total working experience in environmental, social health and safety assessment and/or management, preferred in construction and operation of water supply projects, at least 5 years of senior level specific experience in monitoring, control and reporting of construction and operation related environmental and health and safety aspects; experience in design, review and supervision/inspection of ESHS Management Plans. The EPC Contractor will likely hire a Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) whose mandate would be to ensure that high quality construction is achieved and that all works are carried out in full compliance with the detailed engineering design, the technical specifications, and all other relevant provisions of the Project contract documents. The CSC will be responsible for the day-to-day supervision of works and the approval of the materials and workmanship related to the works according to the provisions of the Project contract documents. Further, the CSC will have the mandate to check the on-site conditions and verify that the construction works, plant and materials, as well as the health and safety and environmental protection controls conform to the provisions of the Project contract documents and applicable laws and regulations in accordance with the Construction ESMP. After the commissioning of the Project, the BOT Contractor will assign an Operator for the AAWDC Project – RE Component who will be responsible to develop and implement the Project’s Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan (OESMP) for the RE Site. The BOT Contractor will be responsible to ensure proper operation and maintenance of the Project related facilities comprising the monitoring of operational condition and performance of Project facilities, as well as the monitoring of the implementation of the OESMP based on regular site audits. 8.3.4. National Electric Power Company For the OHTL component and its towers, the implementation is under NEPCO’s responsibility. As such, NEPCO is fully accountable for ensuring compliance with the ESMP framework and ensuring that all subcontractors also adhere to the same standards. To achieve this, NEPCO must prepare a CESMP (for the OHTL) before the commencement of construction activities, addressing all issues outlined in the ESMP framework: • Develop site-specific management strategies, implementation plans, and monitoring plans to address identified environmental and social risks; • Include the following sub-plans in the CESMP: o Spill Prevention and Management Plan o Waste Management Plan o Dust Suppression Measures o Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 136 o Traffic and Transport Management Plan o Site Security Management Plan o Health and Safety Plan o Code of Conduct o Chance Finds Procedure In addition to the CESMP, NEPCO must clearly define the roles and responsibilities of its personnel concerning environmental and social management. At a minimum, NEPCO must: • Appoint a qualified health, safety, and environmental officer with relevant experience to work fulltime at the site; • Conduct induction training for all construction workers to ensure they understand and comply with the ESMP requirements; • Coordinate closely with MWI and the Supervision Engineers to ensure alignment with Project environmental and social goals; and • Report regularly on ESMP implementation progress, incidents, and corrective actions taken to address non-compliance. NEPCO shall ensure that the training plan and CESMP are reviewed and approved by MWI, represented by the Supervision Engineer, before construction activities commence. NEPCO will also be responsible for ensuring the proper operation and maintenance of the project-related facilities, including monitoring the operational condition and performance of project infrastructure. NEPCO shall also be responsible for the implementation and continuous monitoring of the OESMP, conducting regular site audits to assess compliance with environmental, safety, and operational requirements. 8.3.5. International Financing Institutions Should financing for the AAWDC Project be provided by IFIs (EIB, USAID, etc.), including the RE Component, this means that said institutions will seek to ensure the economic viability, efficiency, and sustainability of the investments financed under the Project. To fulfil this, the IFIs may undertake various intermediate steps in the Project implementation cycle comprising coordination of implementation, granting No-Objection at various Project execution milestones (e.g., procurement), and ex-ante and ex-post control evaluations. The IFIs, under their respective mandates, may also monitor the implementation of the CESMP and OESMP by the BOT Contractor through site inspections and subsequent reporting to their Boards. 8.3.6. Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority The role of ASEZA, into the implementation of the AAWDC Project – RE Component will be to review and approve the Project ESIA study and ESMP, to review and approve the Project related license/permit applications and to monitor/inspect the Project construction and operation activities for compliance against environment license/permit conditions. 8.4. Training and Awareness of the Project Promoter Managed by MWI, a capacity building program tailored to the needs of its personnel in support of its role as Project Promoter. This capacity building program will be built on existing gaps in capabilities and will target to improve the technical qualifications of the MWI personnel involved in planning, environmental permitting, environmental and social aspects management, implementation, operation and maintenance procedures for water supply and desalination projects and, thus, enhance the scale, quality, effectiveness, and responsiveness of the respective procedures. The key target groups of the capacity building support will be all key MWI departments comprising the Planning, Procurement, O&M, ESHS and PR sectors, which will be involved in the implementation of the AAWDC Project including the RE Component. It is considered that provided training will result in establishing a pool of trainers within MWI on these aspects. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 137 The envisaged training methodologies and the number of staff to be trained will be decided by MWI. However, the applied approach to the capacity building will be mainstreamed on two key premises, as follows: • Focus on transfer of knowledge and not (only) information: The intention of capacity building support is to make relevant knowledge accessible to the professionals responsible for making the decisions in an organized manner and to increase their competence to apply this knowledge. It is noted that knowledge is not the same as information. Information can be stored in manuals and/or to the Project dedicated website if one is established. When information is used effectively, it becomes knowledge. Hence, the process of associating information from one training module with information from another training module in such a manner that the association gives the full dimensions of a complicated situation is (building) knowledge. Knowledge in this way is the basis for decision making. • Good decisions are based on knowledge and the competence to take the best action in a given situation: Professionals can be trained on how to source knowledge within and outside their working area. Knowledge is then the basis for taking this best action. Professionals acknowledge that there is a best action for a given setting irrespective of the contextual environment. It is also considered that the tailored capacity building program for the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) shall combine layers of information for the given seawater abstraction – desalination – water conveyance – RE Component project situation with information on available technologies and approaches. The MWI trainees shall perceive provided training as a source of aid to select the most suitable technology or approach. The training program will aid them in comparing and contrasting different solutions, including planning for construction, construction, operation and maintenance and management by also incorporating the geographical dimension, time scale, environmental and social, and health and safety impacts whenever applicable. Subsequently, the envisaged work approach for the development of the tailored capacity building program for the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) will be as follows: a. Determination of the training objectives, which constitutes the most important element of the design of the training program since these objectives provide a clear guidance on how the training should be developed according to the identified needs. b. Determination of the conditions under which the training will take place. c. Selection of appropriate benchmarks against which the training performance will be measured. d. Preparation of targeted training material in the light of the “Training of Trainers” approach. Whereas in consideration of the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) implementation needs, the curriculum of the tailored capacity building program will comprise the following key thematic areas: 1. Key operational practices within MWI • Investment strategy and planning • Operation and Maintenance • Service delivery 2. Key operational processes within MWI • Project management • Procurement and construction planning • Contract administration (monitoring of natural and financial progress of investments) • Improved operation of electrical supply for the RE Site • Communication and stakeholders’ management • Environmental and social safeguards management and monitoring related to the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) The execution of the tailored capacity building program in terms of timing, locations, participants, etc. is to be considered and defined by the MWI. To this effect, the work will comprise the organization of all necessary administration issues, such as renting of conference rooms and audio-visual equipment, provision of interpretation facilities, reproduction of training material for trainees, provision of catering facilities, etc. All these elements will be arranged and communicated prior to the anticipated start-up of any training session. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 138 While the capacity building program will be a combination of introductory workshops, theory sessions, on-thejob training with hands-on instructions, and closing workshops on the training impact and results. A system for tracking the progress and performance of trainees will be also developed as part of the capacity building program. More specifically, to assess the quality, impact, and effectiveness of the training after implementation, interim surveys of the trainees will take place at the end of each part of the training. These surveys can be undertaken by means of evaluation questionnaires addressed to the trainees, which will be linked to preselected benchmarks assisting the quantitative assessment of performance. The selected performance indicators can be then graphically represented, while the qualitative assessment can be based on the analysis of observations on behalf of the trainers relating to the execution of the training program and reasoning provided by the trainees. The following training approaches may be affected: Training-of-Trainers (ToT) A key training approach for the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) may be to select a number of middle management staff at MWI, who will then receive highly targeted training on areas in their respective field of competence and responsibility. The selected staff will, in return, be expected to carry out training sessions to their colleagues, thereby facilitating the transfer of know-how throughout the MWI organization. An obvious advantage of the ‘training-of-trainers’ is that the know-how acquired from the training is swiftly transferred to other colleagues, thereby reducing the risk of institutional memory loss in case the trained staff decides to leave his/her position or the company altogether. Further, in a sense the ‘training-of-trainers’ approach is based on the well-known saying, “give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”, as the actual outcome of the training provided will become clear when the trained staff will be asked to take charge of their own training sessions. To ensure that the trained staff will be in a position to efficiently transfer their acquired knowledge it is not sufficient to only provide specific training on technical issues, but the entity assigned with the provision/execution of the training will need to also provide them some insight on how to efficiently carry out a training session and also provide them with some suitable training tools/material. Under the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component), in close coordination with the MWI and in consultation with the trainees, it will be ensured that the needed training tools/material are prepared so that the various technical components of the Projects are effectively covered. On-The-Job Training This represents continuous Project-Driven Know-How Transfer. The second key approach to training and capacity building for the MWI staff shall be built into the individual Project implementation activities. This offers considerable benefits and opportunities to spread best-practice and know-how. Success very much depends on the manner in which interaction with MWI is handled at the level of Project implementation activities. 8.5. Regulatory ESHS Requirements and IFIs E&S Principles and Standards ESHS legislation and other relevant regulatory requirements in Jordan comprising also the IFI’s E&S principles and standards are detailed in Chapter 3. Applicable legislation and standards include national, EIB and USAID requirements. To ensure legal compliance throughout the Project contract duration, the BOT Contractor shall undertake the following activities: • Review these laws, regulations, and standards every [Twelve (12) months] along the Project contract duration to make sure that there are no changes (i.e., legal amendments, modifications, updates), which may affect this Project ESMP; • Communicate the legal review results to the Project Promoter for advice; and • Revise accordingly its Construction and Operation ESMPs. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 139 8.6. Project ESMP Communication Requirements 8.6.1. Internal Communication Internal communication related to the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) shall include as a minimum: • Monthly ESHS meetings between the BOT Contractor / NEPCO and the Project Promoter. These meetings can be dedicated to ESHS issues or ESHS issues can be one part of the agenda. Additional ESHS meetings will be organised when needed. • Monthly ESHS aspects inspections undertaken by the Project Promoter. The results of said inspections shall be communicated to the BOT Contractor / NEPCO for necessary actions • ESHS Semester Report. The ESHS Semester Report shall be part of the Semester Progress Report prepared by the BOT Contractor / NEPCO through his EPC Contractor / Supervision Consultant and communicated to the Project Promoter. The Semester Report shall be a collation of monthly inspections findings and associated corrective actions taken by during Construction. This report shall be also prepared by the Operator of the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) during operation. • Toolbox talks on ESHS aspects undertaken . 8.6.2. External Communication Consultations with / Grievances by the Public Queries and/or grievances on ESHS management from local communities, business community, local representatives, the press, and any other external parties shall be handled according to the Community Grievance Procedure included in the Project’s Stakeholder Engagement Plan. Consultations with / Grievances by the Workforce As for worker grievances, they can be made and shall be addressed through the BOT Contractor / NEPCO’s Employee Grievance Procedure. 8.7. Project ESMP Documentation, Monitoring and Auditing 8.7.1. Project E&S Records Maintaining up-to-date documentation and records is critical for complying with specific regulatory requirements where required, but also for ensuring that the health and safety plan can be adequately understood, efficiently operated, effectively evaluated, and systematically improved. Project related ESHS records, being part of the Project ESMP shall be maintained by the BOT Contractor and NEPCO’s ESHS Manager to facilitate internal and external auditing and review by key Project stakeholders. These ESHS records shall consist of: 1. This Project ESMP and any review records. 2. Minutes of Meetings related to ESHS meetings held between the BOT Contractor / NEPCO and the Project Promoter. 3. Monthly/Semester ESHS site inspection reports. 4. Incidents and near miss investigation reports. 5. Incidents and near misses review and lessons learnt reports. 6. Emergency drill records undertaken. 7. Record of induction, training and toolbox talks. 8. Copies of any ESHS Project related correspondence including any nonconformities notification. 9. Internal and external ESHS audits records. Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 140 10. Consolidated annual ESHS report for all Project sites. 8.7.2. Accident and Incident Reporting and Investigation All significant ESHS accidents or incidents and high potential near misses shall be recorded by the BOT Contractor (through his EPC Contractor) or NEPCO (through the supervision consultant) and reported to the Project Promoter. ESHS accidents or incidents and high potential near misses shall be thoroughly investigated by the BOT Contractor / NEPCO and action taken to prevent recurrence. The Project Promoter shall be informed of any damage caused to people, or the property of individuals, other than the Contractor’s personnel, within 8 hours of the event, regardless of the value of the damage. 8.7.3. Internal and External Audits The AAWDC Project (Including the Re Component) related ESHS performance at site level shall be regularly monitored through the following means: • Weekly site inspections undertaken by BOT Contractor (through his EPC Contractor) and NEPCO (through the supervision Consultant). • Ad hoc site inspections by the Project Promoter. • Internal reviews of the Project ESMP. • External audit visits by local competent authorities or IFIs. 8.7.4. Nonconformity, Corrective and Preventive Actions Non-conformities are defined as deviations from the requirements of the applicable regulations, the contract ESHS provisions, and the Construction/Operation ESMPs. Non-conformities detected during ESHS inspections or during internal and external audits shall be addressed by the BOT Contractor/NEPCO through appropriate measures adapted to the severity of the situation. 8.8. Project ESMP Review Reviews shall take place on [Annual basis] along the AAWDC Project (including the RE Component) duration, or after any significant changes that might affect the ESHS performance, to ensure the ESMP’s continued suitability and effectiveness in satisfying the Project’s ESHS objectives and targets. The review shall consider the results of internal and external audits, lead and lag indicators, resources, changing circumstances along Project implementation and opportunities for continuous improvement. Lead indicators, which shall be used to report against, are those that focus on positive efforts towards preventing injury and illness. Lead indicators under this ESMP shall include: • Percentage of completed ESHS inductions and training executed. • Number of inspections / audits performed in a given time frame. • Number of "near miss" environmental incidents and hazards reported and addressed . • Percentage of completed corrective actions. Whereas lag indicators, which shall be used to report against, are those providing direct measures of harm. Lag indicators under this ESMP shall include: • Environmental (and health and safety) incident reports. • Community compensation claims as a result of an environmental incident reported and addressed. • Lost time injuries reported and addressed. • Worker compensation claims reported and addressed. The review procedure shall involve the following steps: Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 141 1. At the end of each calendar year along the Project duration, the BOT Contractor / NEPCO shall undertake an internal review of the Project ESMP to verify that its provisions are incorporated into the Construction/Operation ESMPs and are properly implemented and maintained. 2. When changes are made to legislation, standards, codes of practice, agreements, and guidelines, these shall be appended to the Project ESMP. 3. The review shall include all ESHS Management provisions and procedures to ensure they remain relevant and current and that are appropriate to Project’s ESHS risks and the legislative requirements. 4. Corrective actions identified from all audits (internal and external) shall be included in the review. 5. All changes made to provisions and procedures as a result of the review shall be documented in a Review and Revision record. 8.9. Environmental and Social Management Plan – Structure and Requirements 8.9.1. General Considerations for the Structure of Construction/Operation ESMPs The ESMPs to be developed by the BOT Contractor (for the RE Site) and By NEPCO (for the OHTL) during the construction and operation phases of the AAWDC Project – RE Component shall integrate the environmental and social mitigation/management provisions, the provisions for Project monitoring plans. The CESMP and OESMP for the Project shall be guided through the ISO 14001:2015 standard, developed under the Plan-Do-Check-Act approach and be structured as shown in Table 8-2. Table 8-2: Structure and Content of BOT Contractor’s CESMP and OESMP No. Thematic Area / Chapter Content 1. Environmental policy ➢ Declaration of ESHS policy signed by the Managing director of the BOT Contractor (for the RE Site) and NEPCO (for the OHTL) and defining the commitment of the Contractor/Operator in terms of (i) ESHS management for its construction/operation sites and (ii) compliance with the Project ESIA study, Project ESMP, and applicable national regulations and IFI’s E&S standards. 2. CESMP/OESMP ➢ Target and content of the CESMP/OESMP (including H&S) ➢ Preparation and updating schedule ➢ Quality assurance and validation 3. ESHS resources ➢ Human resources: − ESHS manager − ESHS supervisors/officers − Person in charge of relations with stakeholders − Medical personnel ➢ Logistics & communications: − ESHS vehicles − IT stations − In situ noise, air, and water measuring equipment − Analysis laboratory used ➢ Reporting: − Weekly inspections − Monthly inspections − Accident/Incident inspections (environment and H&S) 4. ESHS regulations ➢ Definition of standards for the applicable national ESHS regulations and the ESHS recommendations of EIB, USAID, International Labour Organization (ILO) and other IFIs, applicable to the execution of the Project works and the subsequent operation of the Project facilities: − Environment − Noise and Vibration Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 142 No. Thematic Area / Chapter Content − Soil Erosion − Air Quality − Solid Waste − Hazardous Materials − Wastewater Discharges − Contaminated Land − Occupational Health and Safety − Community Health and Safety − General Site Hazards − Disease Prevention − Traffic Safety − Discharge standards − Minimum wage − Day and/or night traffic restrictions − Other ➢ Definition of ESHS standards for the industry applied 5. ESHS operational inspection resources ➢ Site tracking procedure: − Frequency − Personnel − Assessment criteria ➢ Nonconformity handling and detection procedure: − Distribution of information − Notification depending on the level of importance allocated to nonconformities − Tracking of the closing of the nonconformity ➢ Management of data on tracking and nonconformities: − Archiving − Use as a performance indicator 6. Project Areas ➢ Description of Project Areas, where the term “Project Area” during construction means: (i) the land where Project works will be carried out; or (ii) the land necessary for the implantation of construction facilities (work camp, workshops, offices, storage areas, concrete production plants) and including special access roads; or (iii) quarries for aggregates, rock material and riprap; or (iv) borrow areas for sand and other selected material; or (v) stockpiling areas for backfill material or other demolition rubble; or (vi) any other location, specifically designated in the Contract as a Project Area, and (vii) The term “Project Area” encompasses any individual Project Area or all Project Areas, while the term “Project Area” during operation means all the sites where the Project water abstraction, treatment, and conveyance facilities are sited: − Number − Location on a topographical map − Activities − Opening & closing schedule − Access ➢ Reference to the Appendix: an ESMP for each Project Area 7. Health and safety plan ➢ Identification and characterisation of health and safety risks during either of Project construction/operation phases, including the exposure of personnel to chemicals, biological hazards, and radiation. ➢ Description of working methods to minimise hazards and control risks. ➢ List of the types of work for which a work permit is required ➢ Personal protection equipment ➢ Presentation of the medical facilities at Project Areas: − Healthcare centre, medical equipment and allocation of medical staff − Medical treatments that can be carried out onsite Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 143 No. Thematic Area / Chapter Content − Ambulance, communications − Referring hospital ➢ Evacuation procedure for medical emergencies ➢ Description of the internal organisation and action to be taken in the event of an accident or incident 8. Training plan During both construction and operation phases: ➢ Basic training for nonqualified staff ➢ Health and Safety inductions ➢ Health & safety training 9. Labour Conditions ➢ Description of Human Resource Policy for construction works/operation activities of direct and indirect workers 10. Local Recruitment ➢ Local labour requirements (during both Project construction and operation phases): − Job descriptions and the levels of qualifications required − Recruitment procedure and deployment schedule − Initial training to be provided by the Contractor/Operator for each job description ➢ Location and management of the local recruitment office(s) 11. Project machinery and vehicle traffic ➢ Description of the fleet of vehicles/machinery used for the execution of the Project works and emission levels and safety requirements ➢ Deployment (Project Area & schedule) and maintenance sites for each vehicle and machine ➢ Mapping of itineraries, travel times, and areas with speed limits ➢ Dust suppression: − Mapping or road sections where dust reduction initiatives apply − Water points identified or to be created for refuelling tanker trucks − Capacity of the tanker trucks used and calculation of the number of trucks required − Width of the track to determine if one watering run or equivalent is adequate (narrow track) or if two runs are required (wide track) − Number of watering or equivalent operations proposed per day depending on weather ➢ Similar arrangements as relevant and appropriate for the Project operation phase. 12. Dangerous substances ➢ Inventory of dangerous substances per Project Area and per period (during both Project construction and operation phases) ➢ Transport and storage conditions and chemical incompatibility during both Project construction and operation phases 13. Effluents ➢ Characterisation of effluents discharged to the receiving environment (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Facilities for the treatment or pre-treatment of effluents including sufficient run-off (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Measures for reducing the sediment content of rainwater runoff (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Measures for monitoring the efficiency and performance of facilities for reducing sediment content of rainwater runoff (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Resources and methods for monitoring effluent and rainwater runoff quality (during either of Project construction/operation phases) 14. Noise and vibrations ➢ Estimation of the frequencies, duration, days of the week and noise levels per Project Area (during either of Project construction/operation phases) 15. Waste ➢ Inventory of waste per Project Area and per period (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Collection, intermediate storage, handling, and treatment methods for ordinary or inert waste (during either of Project construction/operation phases) ➢ Storage and handling methods for dangerous waste (during either of Project construction/operation phases) Economic Resilience Initiative – Infrastructure Technical Assistance [ESIA – AAWDCRE Component] Tetra Tech, [June 2025] | 144 No. Thematic Area / Chapter Content 16. Clearing and revegetation ➢ Methods & schedule for clearing vegetation and earthwork activities ➢ Methods, species and schedule for the revegetation of Project Areas disturbed by the works 17. Biodiversity ➢ Schedule for adequate fauna and flora management (during both Project construction and operation phases) ➢ Measures for minimizing impact on fauna and flora species based on the Project ESIA study (during both Project construction and operation phases) ➢ Measures for monitoring the efficiency and performance of the plan in place ➢ Measures for limiting invasive alien species ➢ Measures for monitoring the efficiency and performance of the plan in place 18. Prevention of erosion ➢ Location of zones suffering from erosion ➢ Methods and schedule for the implementation of anti-erosive actions, including topsoil storage 19. Documentation of site condition ➢ List and cover of viewpoints ➢ Imaging method ➢ Archiving photographs 20. Rehabilitation ➢ Method and schedule for Project Area rehabilitation 21. Appendices ➢ Project Area-ESMP in number and location specified in Section 6 “Project Areas” above (during both Project construction and operation phases): − Marking out of the Project Area perimeter on a map − Definition of zones for vegetation clearing, zones for the storage of usable timber, zones for burning of green waste, etc. − Definition of on-site activities: construction, storage areas, accommodation areas, offices, workshops, concrete making units − Layout of activity areas on the Project Area: construction works, production/operation areas, rehabilitation and closure − Zones for the storage of topsoil, spoil from earthworks, materials − Access routes and checkpoints − Project Area occupancy schedule − Organisation of Project Area preparation − Liquid discharge outlet points − Proposed sampling points for monitoring water quality − Atmospheric emission outlet points − Location of the storage site for dangerous products − Location and mapping of waste treatment facilities when handled by an external service provider − Any other information relating to the environmental management of the Project Area ➢ Emergency Response Plan (during both Project construction and operation phases): − Description of facilities − Characterisation of hazards − Emergency situations − Organisation structure - roles and responsibilities − Emergency procedures − Human and material resources − Triggering of the plan − Reporting ➢ Pollution Prevention and Management Plan ➢ Traffic Management Plan ➢ Waste Management Plan ➢ Labour Management Plan ➢ Code of Conduct ➢ Environmental Monitoring Plans