BOVINE TRACEABILITY AND CERTIFICATION: IN SEARCH OF FOOD SECURITY

                                                     !"#$%&'()&#& $$()*&+ ,    -!./.  0/ (*12034/"*#3-56   *%7(  (  8-&*1(* 0  8 3 ,  9:8;!"8;! 9*1*)-!./.  0/  SUMMARY The global consumer trend is towards food safety: knowing the history of the food, its origin and the production system. Brazil, with the largest commercial cattle herd in the world, is a natural candidate to meet the demands of demanding markets such as the European Community. The Brazilian Bovine and Bubaline Traceability and Certification System (SISBOV), launched in 2002, is Brazil's response to the challenge of conquering these markets. This paper analyzes the systematics and current state of the system and its application to the particular case of the Escola Agrotecnica Federal de Alegrete. During the process, it was observed that the application of the system requires the regularization of compulsory records that are not always up to date on the properties. On the other hand, the idiosyncratic nature of rural people does not favor the implementation of new systems based on advanced information technologies, which require accurate data and permanent updating. The Brazilian system began with requirements "imported" from Europe, but has been reformulated to meet the real possibilities of producers who demand flexibility and simplicity. The current state of the certification process, difficulties, trends and prospects are analyzed throughout this work, and point to a current scenario in which the system is applied by large exporters, and a future scenario in which the training of small and medium-sized producers allows for greater expansion. 1 SUMMARY Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 2 1. INTRODUCTION Traceability is the control of animals that makes it possible to identify them individually or in batches. With this control, it is possible to have a history from birth to slaughter, recording important facts such as diseases, vaccinations, medication taken and weight, as well as controlling all stages of production, industrialization, transport, distribution and marketing. Traceability came about as a result of consumer concern about the health of products, which arose after several events that affected people's health in various countries. As a result of this awareness, supermarkets, as the main representatives of the distribution chains, began to put pressure on the other agents in the production chain, demanding greater control over the quality and health of food, so as not to run the risk of being sued by the inspection and consumer protection systems. Episodes such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), known as mad cow disease, in cattle in England, and outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in several countries, have led to increased concern about the quality of commercialized food. In addition, the expansion of world food trade, changes in eating habits and greater demand for highly processed products have resulted in changes in the food production sector. Countries where cases of the disease have occurred have had to sacrifice animals, with a consequent drop in domestic consumption and cuts in exports. The economic problems caused by this led several countries to pass stricter laws in order to standardize the production process on farms and create sanitary barriers, in addition to those instituted by international bodies, which practically replaced tariff barriers. Food safety has become an important topic on the agenda and consumers' concern about the product they consume has led to the need to guarantee the health, quality and origin of the product, as well as the 3 suitability of those who produce it. This is only possible if the entire production process is guaranteed, and for that you need to have all the information you need about the product. The guarantee is total control of the development of the animals, with a special focus on the issue of health, which requires an intensification of farm management and strict control of production. This process, which includes identification and certification of origin, is traceability. Since the 1980s, the issue of food safety and quality has been a growing concern for both the government and industry, as well as consumers. Animal traceability became increasingly important as consumers lost direct control over the production and sale of food. These systems require a transparent chain of support to maintain their credibility and guarantee information transfer functions. In the case of the beef production chain, the adoption of a systematic approach has made it possible to incorporate new technologies into production, particularly the use of information in the management of the enterprise. The amortization of these costs can come in two ways: through better remuneration for the product, according to the quality desired by the industry, or in the form of gains in production efficiency, which has not yet happened in Brazil. Brazil is a major beef exporter and the European Union's demand for traceability, which stipulated deadlines for the country to implement this system if it wanted to continue selling beef there, led the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) to publish Normative Instruction No. 1 in 2002, establishing the Brazilian System of Identification and Certification of Bovine and Bubaline Origin (SISBOV). But it's worth remembering that Japan, following a similar path, began to require the same precautions. Brazilian producers need to understand that if they want to maintain and 4 identification elements and the entities that take part in the Unified Agricultural Health Care System (MAPA and Agriculture Agencies or Secretariats). For the rural producer, the rules have been tightened up to make it easier to operate and also to better meet the requirements of countries that demand identification and traceability. We now have ! Joining SISBOV is now voluntary, as we have already said. It will be compulsory if the farmer has imported animals or sends his steers to a slaughterhouse that exports to the markets of the European Union, Chile or other countries that require prior traceability. ! Those who already have animals registered with SISBOV, according to the previous rules, will have until December 31, 2007 to qualify for a new category: the Rural Establishment Approved in SISBOV (defined as: a rural property that has complied with the rules issued by Normative Instruction No. 17/06 and is interested in keeping cattle and buffalo included in SISBOV for any length of time); ! Until December 1, 2006, rural producers could still include new cattle and buffalo in the National Database (BND); as of January 1, 2009, the Approved Rural Establishment can only receive cattle and buffalo from another Approved Rural Establishment; ! Each Approved Rural Establishment can only be served by one Accredited Certifier; ! The entire bovine or buffalo population of the Approved Rural Establishment must be identified, from birth to slaughter; ! Purchased animals must be regularized within 30 days of purchase; ! And at weaning or up to 10 (ten) months of age is the deadline for inclusion in the BND of all animals born in the Approved Rural Establishment; ! The animal may be identified with a SISBOV standard earring in one ear and 11 a bottom. Both will contain a code of 15 (fifteen) numerical digits. If the earring is lost, identification will be guaranteed by the bottom until it is replaced. The producer can also identify the animal with the help of an electronic device placed in the ear, stomach or umbilical fold. The Normative Instruction also provides for the combined use of both devices; ! Animals registered with breed associations can take advantage of the genealogical registration number combined with the SISBOV number; ! Any movement of animals from an Approved Rural Establishment to a nonapproved one must be notified by the producer to the certifier within 15 (fifteen) days, and the latter must remove the animal from the BND no later than 3 (three) days after the notification; ! The inspection interval for rural establishments will be 180 (one hundred and eighty) days and for feedlots 60 (sixty) days. ! The documentation that must be filled in by the rural producer has been reduced. World Market and Regulations The trend in the world meat market is to look for quality products, without health risks, as a result of consumer demands. Opening up new markets, or maintaining them, will depend on whether or not Brazil adapts to the standards imposed by the world scene, especially the European Community. As this is a bloc of very important countries in the world economy, with great purchasing power, all the countries that export meat there are subject to the demands of the European Community. The requirement for meat traceability has caused a great deal of concern for exporting countries and, in particular, for Brazil due to the size of its herd, the conditions in which cattle are raised, the extent of Brazil's territory and the lack of use of technology by the vast majority of producers who are 12 not yet accustomed to using information technology or integrated management and control in their day-to-day activities. In order to meet this demand, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) published Normative Institution n* 1, of January 9, 2002 (BRASIL, 2002a ), which established the Brazilian System for the Identification and Certification of Bovine and Bubaline Origin (SISBOV) and Normative Instruction n* 21, of February 26, 2002 (BRASIL, 2002b), which established the guidelines, requirements, criteria and parameters for accrediting certifying bodies with SISBOV. In order to establish standards for the production of beef with a guarantee of origin and quality, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) published Normative Instruction No. 17 on July 14, 2006, with a new operational structure for the Traceability Service for the Bovine and Bubaline Production Chain (SISBOV). The new system is voluntary, with compulsory membership for marketing to markets that require traceability. New regulations With the new regulations comes the concept of a Rural Establishment Approved by SISBOV, which will have the following main requirements: >Producer5HJLVWUDWLRQ ! Property registration; ! Basic Production Protocol; ! SISBOV Adhesion Term; ! Register of inputs used on the property; ! Individual identification of 100% of the cattle and buffalo on the property; 13 ! Animal Movement Control; ! Supervision by a single certifier accredited by MAPA, and ! Periodic inspection by the certifier. According to the new rules, all cattle and buffalo in SISBOV Approved Rural Establishments (ERAS) must be individually identified and registered in the National Database, with a record of all the inputs used on the property during the production process. This is a major step forward, since, as of 2009, cattle and buffaloes will only be allowed to enter SISBOV-approved rural establishments if they come from another establishment under the same conditions. The system will allow information to be updated between the Animal Health Executive Body in the states and the Certifier of the Rural Establishment Approved in SISBOV, accredited by MAPA. SISBOV SISBOV defines 'the set of actions, measures and procedures adopted to characterize the origin, health status, production and productivity of national livestock and the safety of food from this economic exploitation'. Its aim is to 'individually identify, register and monitor all cattle and buffalo born in Brazil or imported (BRASIL, 2002 ).a The system applies to all farms and meatpacking plants that process products, by-products and residues of economic value throughout the country, and to entities accredited by MAPA as certifiers. It requires the registration of animals and properties that will characterize cattle, buffalo and rural properties in the interests of certification of origin, internal/external transit control, health programs and production systems. 14 Identification The identification process includes permanent marking on the animal's body or the application of internal or external devices that allow the individual identification and monitoring of animals, approved and authorized by the Secretariat of Agricultural Defense (DAS/MAPA). An individual identification document must accompany the animal throughout its life, from birth to slaughter, natural or accidental death, recording any movements that have taken place as a result of transfers or emergency sacrifices'. Database The database of the new SISBOV is computerized and official, and its information is managed by DAS/MAPA. It contains up-to-date information on animals, rural and agro-industrial properties, all identified, registered and registered with SISBOV by accredited entities. Control of the identification and movement of registered animals is carried out by the accredited certifying bodies, but the management of the SISBOV National Database is restricted to government use: "Not even the bodies can have access to certain data" (PORTOCARRERO, MARCIO, 2008). Certifier Certification represents a set of procedures whereby an impartial and independent certification body recognizes and/or certifies that a product meets pre-established requirements. It must be carried out by an independent body, which certifies through a traceability system that acts as a quality tool and provides basic control guidelines. Certified production does not guarantee that a product is traceable, but a traced product must go through a system certification process (IBA, 2003). 15 In order for farmers to implement SISBOV in their production and have their herd certified, they need to choose an accredited certification company and register their property. Once this is done, he must inform the company of the number of animals that will be tracked so that it can request the appropriate number of earrings from the National Database. The certifying companies are also responsible for collecting data on the date of birth and sex of the animals, as well as aptitude, breed, movement of animals in and out, transfers, death, feeding, health and reproductive management of the herd, in order to guarantee that the certified product complies with the requirements specified by MAPA (LOPES, 2005). Importance of Traceability Since the 1980s, the issue of food safety and quality has been a growing concern for public authorities, industry and consumers alike. The traceability of animals and their by-products has become increasingly important as consumers lose direct control over the production and sale of food. Product traceability systems require a transparent chain of support to maintain their credibility and guarantee their information transfer functions, and must contain a reliable and verifiable mechanism to preserve the identity of specimens throughout the food chain (MCKEAN, 2001). In recent years, traceability systems used to identify animals, record their movement and trace the origin of livestock products have undergone remarkable development. Today, it is essential to harmonize systems that are proven to improve coherence between the countries involved in trade transactions, with the aim of obtaining better guarantees and facilitating international exchanges of animals and animal products (MACDANIEL and SHERIDAN, 2001). Traceability systems can be subdivided into four categories, according to 16 their application: in the country of origin, in the retailer, in the industry, and in the country of origin. or the identification of the animal from the farm to the sale of the final product. Although the use of computers and information technology can increase the speed and accuracy of the data collection and manipulation processes, there must be independence between the systems and, at the same time, they must be compatible (MACKEAN, 2001). The marketing and use of beef for human consumption are lost in history, transcending the domestication of the ox itself. In Brazil, in recent decades, there have been few initiatives to change the profile of beef and none to establish or strengthen the habit of consuming this product. Possibly, the complexity of the beef production chain, the predominant conservatism in several of its segments and the wide variety of production systems have contributed to this. A global analysis of these factors revealed that the transformation of this chain involves the coordinated action of various factors, implementing guidelines aimed at achieving political, development and research support (EUCLIDES FILHO et al., 1999). As well as opening doors to the European market, the implementation of traceability will enable MAPA to have more detailed information about the national herd and, above all, to assure consumers of the health and nutritional status of the animals - in accordance with pre-established quality standards. Traceability should also show the efficiency of each stage of the production system, thus providing the answer to various problems such as mad cow disease - caused by the consumption of animal feed. Not to mention that, by proposing to control the life of the animal, the system will also make it easier to locate disease outbreaks (JUSTINO, 2002). 17 The importance of traceability for public health and consumer protection Since the 1950s, UK consumers have been accustomed to cheap food with guaranteed sanitary conditions. In the 1980s and 1990s, a series of episodes caused not only alarm, but also a loss of public confidence in producers and the government. As a result, the sector underwent a process that led to the application of new control methods at all stages of production. Animal feed factories, livestock production, slaughterhouses and the use of or disposal of animal by-products are now controlled with a rigidity that was inconceivable before the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) at the end of the 1980s (PETTITT, 2001). Consumers all over the world are more demanding with regard to the quality of all the food they eat. There is great concern about mad cow disease in Europe, hamburgers contaminated by Echerichia coli in the United States, chickens and pigs contaminated by dioxin in Belgium, contaminated coca-cola in France, cheeses with Listeria also in France and outbreaks of foot-andmouth disease in Argentina, southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and England (FERREIRA and MEIRELLES, 2002). These new interests in animal health (i.e. bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and food safety (i.e. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and other zoonoses) make the establishment of a retrospective system (information tracking) a logical approach to ensuring consumer confidence in beef (MCALLISTER et al., 2001). In Europe, traceability has become a major issue for consumers and, by delegation, for the many retailers who supply the market. Retailers have organized the food chain so that it is possible to guarantee and audit the supply of products of the highest quality and which do not pose a risk to consumer health (PETTITT, 2001). 18 Importance of traceability of animals and animal products in epidemiology Epidemiology studies the cause of a disease and all the factors that can influence it. It also studies its effects and considers its distribution in space, in time and in the herd (taking into account, of course, its different strata), while looking for the main events and circumstances capable of explaining and influencing its occurrence (CORTES, 1993). The demand for global and integrated food safety policies from consumers in industrialized countries has made the traceability of animals and their derivatives a priority issue for the governments of these countries (CAPORALE et al., 2001). According to PIRES (2000), traceability plays an important role in disease eradication campaigns, since the management of health campaigns will be more agile and will receive information on the animals involved from the various herds involved. Knowing which animals are involved will enable immediate and targeted sanitary action to be taken within the entire cattle population. The importance of traceability in beef production management The modern vision of agriculture lies in the integration of property along the production chain, evolving technology and the optimization of the riskreturn ratio (JANK, 1997). The adoption of a systematic vision in the beef production chain has made it possible to incorporate new technologies into the production system, with the use of information technology in the management of the enterprise standing out. Electronic identification and traceability allow the farm's data system to be fed with reliable data, an indispensable requirement for planning activities 19 and better coordination between the links in the chain (MACHADO and NANTES, 2000). The costs of this technology can be amortized in two ways: through better remuneration for the product, according to the quality desired by the industry, or in the form of gains in production efficiency, based on computerized production management. The electronic identification of animals and the traceability of information within farms make it possible to feed a computerized data system, making management processes more flexible (MACHADO and NANTES, 2000). 20 During the technical inspection carried out by the certifier's field supervisor at the breeding establishment, all the animals must be inspected and all the information on the production system recorded in the Record Book, which is kept by the farmer, must be checked. The inspection will check the SISBOV identification codes on the identification elements of the cattle and buffalo present in the ERAS in order to ensure that all the animals are identified. In ERAS with up to 300 animals, the check will be carried out on the entire herd. In ERAS with up to 600 animals, 300 N°s will be collected and all animals will be observed; above 600 animals, 300 animals will be scanned and 600 will be counted, distributed randomly in all batches. In the case of unidentified cattle and buffalo that have not yet reached 10 months of age, the supervisor will record the number of these animals in a specific field of this report. It is mandatory that all the information in the production system is checked by the field supervisor. Technical inspections will take place at most every 180 days in each ERAS and every 60 days in the case of confinement, and are the sole responsibility of the certifying body. The final follow-up to the ERAS survey cannot be carried out either, as the application of the identifiers has not been completed. 27 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Evolution of SISBOV Having initially been created under pressure from major buyers such as the European Union and later Japan, it is only natural that the Traceability System was launched with requirements in line with those requested by the applicants. However, the practical application of the system has been hampered by the difficulties encountered by producers in implementing it on their farms. Because of this situation, the Ministry (MAPA) has continued to study intensively the most appropriate ways to put the system into practice, a process that continues today. Recent news released by Farsul's press office, close to the closing date of this report, indicates some modifications following the trend of making it easier for producers: increasing the inspection period from 180 to 360 days; replacing zero tolerance with a statistical sample with 95% certainty, among others. This situation can be understood by looking at some of the initial factors in the process. After Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy appeared in England, the local herd had to be slaughtered. As a result, the European Union laid down rules for member countries that had to be met by the new herds. These new animals had to be imported, which automatically transferred the requirements to the countries that wanted to supply them. As Brazil has the largest commercial herd in the world, it is only natural that the Federal Government urgently launched regulations to meet these requirements. However, the certifying companies, seeing a market link in the application of the system, ended up favoring the creation of a complex system, rushing to offer their services, signing contracts with Breeders' and Ranchers' Associations throughout Brazil, even without knowing what should actually be done (Lirani, 2004). 28 The result of this situation was the creation of doubts and uncertainties, in other words a general mistrust in the production chain about the implementation process and its real benefits. Today, Brazil has realized that it is not necessary to apply traceability along the lines of the European Union, but rather to adapt to its reality and the demands of the markets. Take the example of Australia, which serves the demanding Japanese market. It has implemented an electronic system where the customer in the supermarket gondola can find out information about the product they are taking, including the animal's feed and even data such as its age at the time of slaughter. Producers' situation and organization The traceability system requires a series of procedures and supports that do not fit in with the traditional habits and customs of cattle farmers. This requires an improvement in the organization of the production system, which is not always easily accepted by cattle farmers. For example, field visits revealed a lack of organization in the production system itself, and in routine procedures such as GTAs (Animal Transit Guides) and the corresponding invoices. We believe that this is the reason why the Traceability System has evolved towards voluntary adherence by livestock farmers. This leaves out, for the time being, those ranchers who don't feel motivated to take on the task of joining the system, and limits the number of cattle tracked. Let's focus our analysis, for example, on the total beef production in the western border region. According to data obtained from the Frigorifico Mercosul in Alegrete, 90% of production is destined for foreign markets (Israel, Lebanon, the European Union, among others). On the other hand, the production of small (up to 200 animals) and medium-sized producers (from 200 to 400 animals) practically matches that of large producers. So we can 29 see that a large part of the beef exported comes from small and medium-sized producers. This shows how important it is for the traceability process to reach small and medium-sized producers From the point of view of the country as a whole, the large-scale implementation of the traceability process will require training for producers, as their level of education makes it difficult to implement new and extensive programs such as SISBOV, requiring a long period of time for everyone to understand the new regulations. Make sure that farmers and employees really understand the importance and necessity of traceability. This is in addition to the conservative characteristics of livestock farmers, which make them resistant to change or the use of new technologies in the production system. It is also common to see shortcomings in production systems. Producers generally don't keep their animal declarations up to date in the registry of the Sanitary and Zootechnical Inspectorate. This means that there is a lack of knowledge about the population of calves and other animals on the farm, which will become a prerequisite once the process of introducing traceability on the farm has begun. The animals must first be fully registered with the Inspectorate, a laborious procedure that would not normally be included in the work of the certifiers. The certifiers require this stage to be carried out by the producer... Errors in procedures The Traceability System is, of course, subject to imperfections in the procedures, which could lead to the consumer receiving unreliable information about the products. Total counterfeiting - the exchange of earrings - between animals is unlikely, due to the earring closure system, which becomes unusable after a single use. It is common, however, for producers to falsify some information, such as the actual application of vaccines, since not everyone considers them to be beneficial to animal health, as is the case with 30 foot-and-mouth disease, for example. Another aspect of the problem may be the lack of computerization of the records at the Health Inspectorate. The system used until the beginning of 2008 consisted of information storage sheets. This was incompatible with the traceability system's up-to-date database. At this point there is also a difference in the deadlines demanded by the traceability system and the requirements of the veterinary inspectorate, which can lead to the latter missing information on animals that are already registered in the traceability system. Traditional marketing systems and their effects on the application of SISBOV The traditional municipal fairs and exhibitions have one more element to consider when making transactions. Cattle farmers interested in exporting should only buy animals that are already included in the system. Cattle farmers who don't export but are interested in a traced animal will end up paying an additional price due to the cost of implementing traceability on their properties. The system therefore brings a different element to trade transactions. Influence of the European Union's Interest The interest of the large European market has strongly stimulated Brazil's progress in implementing traceability. Some businessmen claim that European countries are putting up a non-tariff barrier to Brazilian cattle, driven by protectionism, and that their interest in implementing the system in Brazil is not genuine. Negotiations are progressing in search of a balance between pressure and agreements to accept the current conditions that Brazilian cattle farmers can offer. 31 6.CONCLUSION Based on the research carried out, it can be concluded that SISBOV (Sistema Brasileiro de Identificapao e Certificapao de Origem Bovina e Bubalina) was a way found by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) to register and identify the Brazilian cattle and buffalo herd in order to guarantee traceability and maintain beef exports to the European Union, while at the same time strengthening animal health control and food safety. The fact that the identification system of European countries is used as an example means that it is not transferable to Brazil, as it was developed for different realities. In Europe, farms are smaller and have a smaller area than in Brazil. And the herd is much smaller than the Brazilian herd (80 million European goats compared to 205 million Brazilian goats in 2007). This makes identification in this location easier due to the smaller number of goats and heavy government subsidies. In Brazil, the tendency is to make it easier for cattle farmers to adopt the system, and to give them flexibility so as not to create a frustrating feeling that would lead producers to give up on the system and on exporting 32 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES CARTILHA DO NOVO SERVIQO DE RASTREABILIDADE DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DE BOVINOS E BUBALINOS (SISBOV) - Brasilia: SDC/ABIEC/CNA/ACERTA, 2006; IEA, INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA AGRICOLA Available at: 'http://www.iea.sp.gov.br/out/verTexto.php?codTexto=2509' accessed on: May 30, 2008 POTOCARRERO, MARCIO; SECRETARIO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO AGROPECUARIO E COOPERATIVISMO - News of 03/09/2007 - Available at: 'http://www.pecuaria.com.br/info.php?ver=2223' accessed on: 30 mai. 2008; REZENDE, E. H. S.; LOPES, M. A. Identification, certification and traceability in the beef and buffalo meat chain in Brazil. Lavras: UFLA, 2004. 39p. 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