REMOTE SENSING SURVEY OF DAMS ON THE WESTERN BORDER OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL PROJECT GEOMORPHOMETRY APPLIED TO DAMS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH AQUACULTURE

          !"!! ""#$ "%                                              !"#$%&'()&#& $#%*#&+ ,    - !  . /    .  0/ , 0(1'(&2+'%034 ,   5  6 - 3 " 3 7 ! 3-    5 2+22 - !  . /    .  0/, 1 REMOTE SENSING SURVEY OF DAMS ON THE WESTERN BORDER OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL PROJECT GEOMORPHOMETRY APPLIED TO DAMS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH AQUACULTURE Cassiane Jrayj de Melo Nelson Mario Victoria Bariani Michele da Silva Santos 2 SUMMARY CHAPTER I: SURVEY OF DAM AREAS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO BORJA/RS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PAMPA 6 3 ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED 11 4 EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP 29 5. REFERENCES 30 CHAPTER II: EVALUATION BY REMOTE SENSING OF THE SIZE OF DAM PROJECTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ITAQUI 32 1 INTRODUCTION 34 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 37 2.1 STUDY AREA 37 2.2 WATER RESOURCES 38 2.3 REMOTE SENSING 39 2.3.1 SATELLITES 41 2.4 SOFTWARE 41 3 METHODOLOGY 43 3.1 IMAGE ACQUISITION 44 3.2 IMPORTING THE IMAGES 47 3.3 IMAGE PROCESSING 51 3.4 AREA SPREADSHEET 55 4 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 59 4.1 TEMPORAL ANALYSIS 61 4.2 GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF DAMS 61 5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 65 6 REFERENCES 67 CHAPTER III: SURVEY OF DAMS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MAÇAMBARÁ, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL 71 1 INTRODUCTION 71 1.1 OBJECTIVES 73 2 ORGANISATION 103 3 3 ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED 103 4 EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP 93 5 REFERENCES 95 CHAPTER IV: SURVEY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS ON THE WESTERN BORDER OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, USING SPRING SOFTWARE 98 1 INTRODUCTION 102 1.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE 103 1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 103 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 105 2.1 FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE 105 2.2 REMOTE SENSING IN THE CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES 105 2.3 SPECTRAL BEHAVIOUR OF WATER 106 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 107 3.1 METHODS 107 3.2 STUDY AREA 107 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 109 3.3.1 SATELLITE USED FOR IMAGE ACQUISITION 109 3.3.2 WATER SHEET VECTORISATION USING SPRING SOFTWARE 112 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 129 5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 133 6 REFERENCES 135 4 CHAPTER I: SURVEY OF DAM AREAS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO BORJA/RS Saulo Goulart D'avila Cassiane Jrayj De Melo Nelson Mario Victoria Bariani This work is part of the internship report of the Cartographic and Surveying Engineering course of the Federal University of Pampa, Unipampa, executed by the academic Saulo Goulart D'avila under the supervision of the teacher Cassiane Jrayj de Melo. 1 INTRODUCTION According to Law No. 11.788 of September 25, 2018, which provides on the internship of students and gives other guidelines, internship is the supervised school educational act, developed in the work environment, which aims at the preparation for the productive work of students who are attending regular education in higher education institutions. The same is part of a pedagogical project, which aims to learn skills related to professional activity, in such a way as to provide the student's development before the labor market. The internship, as a supervised educational act, must be effectively monitored by the supervising teacher of the educational institution and by a supervisor of the granting party (BRASIL, 2008). 11 In short, the Laboratory conducts studies related to basic sanitation, agriculture, food production, health and research on topics of social interest in the academic field provided by UNIPAMPA. With this, the accomplishment of the internship in LABii proved to be of great value, considering that it contemplates several studies within the research area of the course, improving the understanding of software commonly used in professional practices. This internship was carried out at LABii, under the supervision of the teacher Cassiane Jrayj de Melo and the guidance of the teacher Nelson Mario Victoria Bariani . 12 3 ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED Surveying the area of the water sheet for a dam or agricultural weir is a first step towards the effective monitoring of the water reserves available for agricultural activities, and is of great importance in the management of water resources (ATTANASIO, 2004). In the modern geographic information systems (GIS) approach, the terrain can be seen as a large georeferenced matrix that contains specific information of each element of it, corresponding with a certain area (BLASCHKE AND KUX, 2007; FARR et. al., 2007; LIU, 2008) from this base matrix, other related variables can be calculated, which expand the understanding about the characteristics of the system (KENNIE AND PETRIE, 1990; KONECNY, 2003). This approach by means of field measurements is a high-cost activity, due to the need to move highly qualified technical personnel and expensive equipment to the region of the water mirror. This operation is subject to gross errors or increased uncertainty arising from the uncomfortable measuring situation, which ends up causing tension, hurry or insecurity in the technicians and assistants involved in it (CARVALHO et. al., 2011). To address this problem, the approach presented in this project is to use satellite images to estimate the area of the water mirror region. In this sense, the flowchart described in Figure 3 below was followed in order to provide a better understanding of all the activities developed during the internship and to fix the concepts and experiences acquired. 13 Figure 3. Flowchart of the activities developed. Source: Author, 2021. From the concepts developed and guidance of teachers responsible for supervising and guiding the internship, it was possible to obtain some satisfactory results to the intended line of research. To acquire the images, it was necessary to use the website of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), where after searching the image catalogue, the most current images available were chosen. 14 Figure 4: Acquisition of images from the INPE site Source: INPE, 2021. 15 Figure 5 presents the image of the Landsat 8 satellite, registered on 02 May 2020, whose composition is formed by bands 3, 4 and 5. 16 Figure 5: Use of Landsat 8 satellite images Source: Author, 2021. 17 In Figure 5, after applying the red, green and blue (RGB) primary colour system used for viewing remote sensing images, it is already possible to observe the existing dams on the São Borja municipal boundary, because when colours are applied to the bands, the points comprising the dams present darker shades in the image. Finally, the process of vectoring the sheets of water present in the area studied was initiated, as shown in Figure 6. 18 Figure 6: Beginning of dam vectorisation. 19 Vectorization is the formation of a polygon around the area of the dam, to which a class is applied, in this case hydrology, and blue coloring. This process was best exemplified in Figure 7, where it is possible to visualize the creation of a polygon on the dam named "01" and applied to it the class. 20 Figure 7. Vectorization of dam 01 Source: Author, 2021. 27 Figure 11. GMS location of dam 01. Source: Author, 2021. 28 The activities described here were performed from the synchronous practical classes of the disciplines of Geotechnologies Applied to the Preparation of Reports and Agricultural Expertise, General Topography and Topics in Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory, in addition to the need for monitoring of some video tutorials for understanding and practice of the same. All the activities were carried out remotely, using a computer to process the information. For the geoprocessing of images and preparation of vectorizations, Spring software was used, and for synchronous classes and periodic meetings the Google Meet and Whatsapp applications were used, in addition to the organization of activities, done in the Google Classroom environment. In order to complement the learning in this period of compulsory curricular internship, in the subject Topics in Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory activities were developed with Google Earth Engine, another important tool used in the acquisition and processing of images. It is also worth mentioning the knowledge acquired through the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, which is a watershed scale model, developed to quantify the impact of land management practices in large and complex watersheds. Furthermore, some concepts were recycled during the Geotechnologies and General Topography classes, being helped by the trainee in the corrections of the students' exams enrolled in these curricular components. 29 4 EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP The internship carried out in the Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory was of great value to the trainee, since it added much practical and theoretical knowledge studied during the course of Cartographic and Surveying Engineering, although the trainee had never worked with the Spring software, bringing new learning and huge benefits for the beginning of his professional journey. The orientations of the teachers responsible for the internship were very didactic, with practical classes, video recording and provision of selfexplanatory tutorials, which proved to be very efficient in the study of various concepts. With the activities developed and applied in the Compulsory Curricular Internship, knowledge beyond the classroom was acquired, despite the pandemic experienced by Covid-19. The completion of an internship at the end of the degree is of paramount importance, in view of the perception of a professional dynamic, which will be taken into future opportunities. However, I affirm that this internship adds a lot of practical and theoretical knowledge, with mentors and supervisors of great knowledge in the area. Overall, it is a very effective internship to the student, especially in the year 2021, an atypical year, given the pandemic situation. 30 5. REFERENCES ATTANASIO, C. M. Planos de manejo integrado de microbacias hidrográficas com uso agrícola: uma abordagem hidrológica na busca da sustentabilidade.2004. 193 f. Thesis (Doctorate in Forest Resources) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2004. Federal Law No. 11.788 of September 25, 2008. Dispõe sobre o estágio de estudantes [...] Brasília: Diário Oficial da União, 26 de set. de 2008. BLASCHKE, T.; KUX, H. (orgs.). Remote sensing and advanced GIS: new sensor systems, innovative methods. 2. ed. São Paulo, 2007. 304 p. CARVALHO, N. O.; FILIZOLA JÚNIOR, N. P.; SANTOS, P. M. C.; LIMA, J. E. F. W. Guia de Avaliação de Assoreamento de Reservatórios. AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA - Superintendência de estudos e Informações Hidrológicas, Brasília, DF, 2000. Available at: <www.aneel.gov.br/biblioteca/downloads/livros/GuiaAsso.pdf>. Accessed on: 21 September 2021. LABII. Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory. 2020. Teaching Laboratories Itaqui Campus. Available at: https://sites.unipampa.edu.br/dilab/laboratorios-de-ensino-campusitaqui/. Accessed on: 21 September 2021. 31 UNIPAMPA. Projeto político-pedagógico do curso de engenharia de agrimensura. 2015. Available at: http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br/bitstream/riu/118/4/PPC_Engenharia%20 de%20Agrimensura_2016.pdf. Accessed on: 21 September 2021. UNIPAMPA. Projeto Institucional UNIPAMPA. 2009. Available at: https://sites.unipampa.edu.br/pdi/files/2013/04/PROJETO_INSTITUCIO NAL_16_AG0_2009.pdf. Accessed on: 21 September 2021. 32 CHAPTER II: EVALUATION BY REMOTE SENSING OF THE SIZE OF DAM PROJECTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ITAQUI Rodrigo Haddad De Souza De Carvalho Michele da Silva Santos Cassiane Jrayj De Melo Roberto Dutra De Felice This research is part of the final work of the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology course of the Federal University of Pampa, Unipampa, carried out by the academic Rodrigo Haddad De Souza De Carvalho under the supervision of Professors Michele da Silva Santos and Cassiane Jrayj de Melo. SUMMARY This project is part of a larger project entitled: Geomorphometry Applied to Dams for the Assessment of Agricultural Production Integrated with Aquaculture, which aims to survey the areas and volumes of dams used for rice irrigation in the Western Border of Rio Grande do Sul, using satellite and radar images, and assess their use for aquaculture. Thus, the aim of this subproject is to use satellite images to carry out a historical survey of the areas of water sheet of dams inserted in the municipality of Itaqui in the years 1984 and 2020. Analysing the development of these areas to identify whether there has been growth or not. Identifying the reasons for this, for example, government incentives, access to credits and/or potentialities of the areas, such as characteristics of the relief and/or climate of the region. To this end, images from Landsat5 and Landsat8 satellites will be used and geoprocessed using GIS software. 33 Keywords: geomorphometry, satellite images, geoprocessing, GIS software. ABSTRACT The present project is part of a larger project entitled: Geomorphometry Applied to Dams for the Assessment of Agricultural Production Integrated with Aquaculture, which aims to survey the areas and volumes of the dams destined for rice irrigation on the West Frontier of Rio Grande do Sul, by means of satellite and radar images, and evaluate their use for aquaculture. Thus, the objective of this subproject is to use satellite images to make a historical survey of the water depths of dams inserted in the municipality of Itaqui in the years 1984 and 2020. Analyzing the development of these areas to identify whether there has been growth or not. Identifying the reasons for these, for example, government incentives, access to credits and / or potential of the areas, as characteristics of the relief and / or climate of the region. For this, images from the Landsat5 and Landsat8 satellites will be used and their geoprocessing using GIS software. Keywords: geomorphometry, satellite images, geoprocessing, GIS software. 34 1 INTRODUCTION Surveying the area of the water sheet for a dam or agricultural weir is a first step towards the effective monitoring of the water reserves available for agricultural activities, and is of great importance in the management of water resources (ATTANASIO, 2004). In the modern approach of geographical information systems (GIS), the idea of the increase in the number of dams arises, at the moment when new sheets of water are sighted on satellite images. Taking into consideration the area of the dams, it is possible to classify them, so that the size of the undertakings may be established in a correct manner and in accordance with their size characteristics, and they may be classified as small, medium or large. Observing the existing number of dams and considering the soil characteristics, the existing water slides are geared towards irrigation, originating in this region that has a Latosol. To obtain the best possible view of the area, images of the months between January and March were chosen, according to the INPE catalogue, 2020, which are the months of the harvests. The developments have been transformed over time, due to the high storage of water resources in the region and its original vegetation has been replaced by intense agricultural activity. For this maintenance of agricultural activities, fertilization techniques and simple soil conservation techniques are applied, thus favouring the incentive of rural credit, which according to EMBRAPA (2010), "is defined as the financial resources intended for the financing of normal expenses of the production cycles of agriculture and livestock, investment in goods and services, as well as expenses in the activities of commercialization and 35 industrialization of production. The execution of this approach by means of field measurements is a high-cost activity due to the need to move highly qualified technical personnel and expensive equipment to the water mirror region. This operation is subject to gross errors or increased uncertainty arising from the uncomfortable measuring situation, which ends up causing tension, haste or insecurity in the technicians and assistants involved in it (CARVALHO et. al., 2011). In the case of agricultural dams, the historical description of the development of the areas, as well as of their catchment basin and drainage network may contribute to the understanding of the water cycle and the substances dissolved in it, thus allowing for the planning of irrigation and aquaculture undertakings that may be implemented. To face this problem, the understanding of the development of these enterprises over these 37 years is necessary. The approach presented in this project is to use satellite images to estimate the area of the water mirror region over 37 years in the municipality of Itaqui, comparing the areas obtained in different years, checking whether there has been growth, decrease or stagnation of enterprises in the region. Discussing the results and seeking to understand the phenomenon identified, raising hypotheses based on literature and national and/or state legislation. These results should indicate the development of dam areas in the municipality of Itaqui in the years 1984 and 2020. To collect these data and site information, satellite geoprocessing tools offer these functions in less time, when compared to a field survey. All this information can be described in a single table, we thought it would be better to explain in 36 more detail the procedures carried out throughout the research and due to this addition of information in the part of the projects, the methodology of the work is larger than the part of the results. This project is an initial stage for the survey and assessment of agricultural dams in the Western Border of Rio Grande do Sul. 43 3 METHODOLOGY A survey of the area of dams in the municipality of Itaqui in the years 1984 and 2020 was carried out using remote sensing techniques. To this end, images were acquired from the Landsat5 and Landsat8 satellites for 1984 and 2020 through the INPE website. The images were imported into a geoprocessing software called SPRING (CÂMARA et al., 1996). Within the software, image processing was performed, such as: georeferencing by means of support points in common between both images, the contrast of the RGB bands for a coloration closer to the real, the clipping of the area under study (Municipality of Itaqui), vector editing for the representation of each dam displayed in the selected area and area calculations of each of the dams vectorized. With the data related to the areas in hectares and the planimetric coordinates of the dams, a spreadsheet was prepared using Microsoft Excel software. 44 3.1 IMAGE ACQUISITION In order to acquire the images, one must enter the INPE website. Once inside the site, one should click on the tab that says image catalogue. In this tab, it is possible to search for images of various types of satellite and according to the date and place desired. In the case of the work in question, these were Landsat5 and Landsat8 images from the years 1984 and 2020. We can see some steps taken in this acquisition, in some images below. Figure 1. Image acquisition. Source: INPE, 2021. 45 Figure 02. Registration for acquisition. Source: INPE, 2021. After having the images on the computer, one must have the software to import and work them. In this case, the software used was SPRING, version 5.5.6, which in turn can be acquired through INPE's own website, in the downloads part. See below, some parts of how to download the software, as well as its initial interface. 46 Figure 03. Spring download. Source: INPE, 2021. Figure 04. Spring version. Source: INPE, 2021. Figure 05. Sprig's initial screen. 47 Source: SPRING, 2021. 3.2 IMPORTING THE IMAGES With the images already obtained and the software properly stored and installed on the computer, they were uploaded into the program, after setting up the initial data. We first imported the boundary of the municipality of Itaqui, so that the study area was delimited. After that, we imported the satellite images obtained and made its configuration of the bands, RGB, so that they were in the coloration closest to the real. 48 Figure 06. Itaqui Boundary. Source: Author, 2021. 49 Figure 07. Importing the Landsat images. Source: Author, 2021. 50 Figure 08. Imported and cropped Landsat. Source: Author, 2021 51 3.3 IMAGE PROCESSING The processing was carried out by the functions available in the software itself. First, a category was created in the information plan, called DAMS. With the category already created, the entire water body was vectorized in the format of a dam. After this vectorisation, we filled the polygon with the colour blue and used the function of class measures, so that the areas of the dams in hectares could be extracted. 52 Figure 09. Information Plan. Source: Author, 2021. 59 4 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS With the information available in the spreadsheet and the respective satellite images from the years 1984 and 2020, in the municipality of Itaqui, it was possible to carry out a survey of the dam areas. Taking into account the main characteristics that have led to the development of these areas in the region, a comparison was made over this period of time in the study area. It was possible to observe the area of the water sheet in each dam. For the purposes of current licensing, we decided not to vectorize the older dams (1984), Landsat 5, and to vectorize only the current dams (2020), Landsat 8. A total of 99 dams were vectorized, which are those belonging to the 2020 image. And there were altogether 56 dams, which belonged to the image of 1984. In the spreadsheet prepared, the most precise location of each dam is displayed, containing the numbering of each blade of water present in 2020. It shows their respective plane coordinates X and Y in meters, as well as their area in hectares, which makes it possible to observe which is the predominant size of dam projects in the region. See the table below: 60 Table 1 - Spreadsheet of the Itaqui dams. 61 4.1 TEMPORAL ANALYSIS It can be seen that in the vector image of 2020, when compared with the superimposed image of 1984, we left a small artificial shift, resulting from a slight deviation in the georeferencing, so that it was possible to see the two dates of the images and compare them, as well as the decrease in their area and even the creation of new dams, some of them artificial. The boundary of the municipality of Itaqui is represented by the orange lines, as shown above, so no dams were vectored outside this boundary. Figure 16. Comparison of landsat 5 map with landsat 8 and vectorisation. Source: Author, 2021. 4.2 GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF DAMS Soon, as the city and its developments grew, some parts that did not have water sheets before became dams. Some areas that did have this sheet 62 of water dried up. This led to an increase in the number of artificially created dams to meet the demand in the fields, due to their high concentration of water resources in the region. 63 Figure 17. Growth of dams 1. Source: Author, 2021. 64 Figure 18. Growth of dams 2. Source: Author, 2021. 65 5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS This work is part of a larger project called Geomorphometry Applied to Dams for the Assessment of Agricultural Production Integrated with Aquaculture. The proposed objective was to analyse the development of the areas of water sheet of dams over 37 years in the municipality of Itaqui, using remote sensing techniques. It presented in a simple and objective way the steps, methodologies and some possible products to be generated in the process of satellite image processing, allowing a quantification of the areas of water sheeting for the years 1984 and 2020. We may note that for licensing purposes, the counting of dams by each classification has a greater proportion of medium-sized enterprises, with a frequency of 70%. This gives greater reliability to the information obtained from the areas, without the need for the involvement of teams in the field. It is hoped, therefore, to be able to contribute to the expansion of these techniques in both academic and professional circles, in order to obtain increasingly faster and more accurate results based on the use of software and digital images of the terrain. Currently, there is a wide variety of these products available on the market. It is up to those responsible for the studies to evaluate the products to be acquired as needed. We should highlight the issue of floods, which are one of the biggest problems faced in the city of Itaqui, through these data, one can get help in prevention mechanisms of such a calamity. It demonstrates how viable an analysis is with a low cost and a good precision in the information, thus achieving part of the objective in question. It ends up becoming extremely important for the region, due to the large amount of information that can be extracted 66 and this makes that, if there should be more academic work in this same area, so that there is a complementation with information that was not obtained through this work. 67 6 REFERENCES MENDES, Angelise Vieira et al. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN SOURCES WITH THE USE OF GEOPROCESSING TOOLS. 2008. 51 f. Monograph (Specialization) - Graduate Program in Geomatics, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2008. SILVA, Emanuel Araújo et al. Use of orbital images in algebraic geoprocessing of the microregion of Campanha Ocidental, Rio Grande do Sul. Floresta e Ambiente, [S.L.], v. 21, n. 3, p. 277-285, sep. 2014. FapUNIFESP (SciELO). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.069013. BRAZILIAN WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM, XVII, 2007, SP. CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERSHEDS USING GEOPROCESSING [...]. SP: [s. n. ], 2007. 16 p. BARIANI, Cassiane Jrayj de Melo Victoria; BARIANI, Nelson Mario Victoria. Application of SRTM data for the characterization of urban watersheds. Geografia Ensino & Pesquisa, [S.L.], v. 20, n. 2, p. 135, 14 Sep. 2016. Universidad Federal de Santa Maria. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236499417040. BARIANI, Cassiane Jrayj de Melo Victoria et al. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ANTROTOPIC ACTIVITIES THROUGH THE INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND 68 LIMNOLOGICAL VARIATORS IN ITAQUI, RS. 2012. 113 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia e Geociências, Mestrado em Geografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2012. CERETTA, Juliana Vargas et al. Rural development and local economy: evolution and differentiation of agrarian systems and the emergence and consolidation of rizicultura in the municipality of Itaqui. 2013. 28 f. Monografia (Doutorado) - Curso de Tecnologa em Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Taquara, 2014. ATTANASIO, C. M. Planos de manejo integrado de microbacias hidrográficas com uso agrícola:uma abordagem hidrológica na busca da sustentabilidade.2004. 193 f. Thesis (Doctorate in Forest Resources) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2004. BLASCHKE, T.; KUX, H. (orgs.). Remote sensing and advanced GIS: new sensor systems, innovative methods. 2. ed. São Paulo, 2007. 304 p. CÂMARA, G.; SOUZA, R. C. M.; FREITAS, U. M.; GARRIDO J. SPRING: Integrating remote sensing and GIS by object-oriented data modeling. Computers & Graphics, v. 20, n. 3, p. 395-403, May./Jun., 1996. 75 Figure 2: Mosaic of photos of activities developed in the Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory 76 In short, the Laboratory conducts studies related to basic sanitation, agriculture, food production, health and research on topics of social interest in the academic field provided by UNIPAMPA. With this, the accomplishment of the internship in LABii proved to be of great value and significance, since it contemplates several studies within the research area of the course, improving the understanding of software commonly used in professional practices. This internship was conducted at LABii and was supervised by the teacher Cassiane Jrayj de Melo and the laboratory technician Roberto Dutra Felipe. 3 ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED Surveying the area of the water sheet for a dam or agricultural weir is a first step towards the effective monitoring of the water reserves available for agricultural activities, and is of great importance in the management of water resources (ATTANASIO, 2004). In the modern geographic information systems (GIS) approach, the terrain can be seen as a large georeferenced matrix that contains specific information of each element of it, corresponding with a certain area (BLASCHKE AND KUX, 2007; FARR et. al., 2007; LIU, 2008) from this base matrix, other related variables can be calculated, which expand the understanding about the characteristics of the system (KENNIE AND PETRIE, 1990; KONECNY, 2003). Carrying out this approach by means of field measurements is a high-cost activity due to the need to move highly qualified technical staff 77 and expensive equipment to the water mirror region. This operation is subject to gross errors or increased uncertainty arising from the uncomfortable measuring situation, which ends up causing tension, haste or insecurity in technicians and assistants involved in it (CARVALHO et. al., 2011). To address this problem, the approach presented in this project is to use satellite images to estimate the area of the water mirror region. In this sense the flowchart described in Figure 3 below was followed in order to provide a better understanding of all the activities developed during the internship and to fix the concepts and experiences learned. 78 Figure 3. Flowchart of the activities developed. 79 From the concepts developed and orientations, it was possible to obtain some satisfactory results in the line of research intended at this stage. Figure 4 presents the images from the Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor for the composition, false colour, from this image bands 3, 4 and 5 (BGR) were used. 80 Figure 4. Use of images from the OLI sensor on board the Landsat8 satellite. 81 In this figure 4 it is already possible to observe the water dams because when colours are applied to the bands the points comprising the dams present darker shades in the image. Next, there is the result of the application of the mosaic (Figure 5) from the SRTM images obtained from the study area. 82 Figure 5: Creation of the mosaic of SRTM images and clipping of the boundary of the municipality of Maçambará. 83 In this image (Figure 5) it is observed that there was a process until arriving at the final result, for that first it was necessary to download the images that contained the city, afterwards the mosaic was accomplished and finally, with the limit of the city of Maçambará it was possible to obtain the result of SRTM images with the clipping of the city. Finally, the process of vectorization of the water laminas present in the studied area was initiated; this process can be analysed in Figure 6. 84 Figure 6: Beginning of dam vectorisation. 91 The procedure shown in Figure 9 was the same in all the vectorizations, where from this information we could analyze the size of each dam. Another possibility that was worked on during the internship was the location of the dams (Figure 10), this was possible from the activation of the GMS command in the upper toolbar. 92 Figure 10. Location with the GMS coordinates of the dams in the municipality of Maçambará, RS. 93 All the activities described here were performed from the synchronous practical classes of the disciplines of hydrology, topography and remote sensing applied to agricultural and environmental monitoring, where from the guidance provided in online class it was possible to understand and practice. The activities were performed remotely, and were based on the use of computers for information processing. For geoprocessing Spring was used, and for communication and periodic meetings Google Meet or Whatsapp applications were used. The activities were organised in the Google Classroom Institutional environment of Unipampa. 94 4 EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP The internship conducted in the Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory was of paramount importance to the trainee, since she had never worked with Spring software, bringing enormous benefits, especially for being in the last semester and starting the professional journey. The guidance provided by the teacher Cassiane was very didactic, always seeking the best means to demonstrate the various uses of Spring in the academic and professional sphere, conducting practical classes, recording videos and providing self-explanatory tutorials, which were of great value and proved to be very efficient when conducting research and studying various concepts. With the activities developed and applied in the Compulsory Curricular Internship, held at LABii was acquired knowledge that goes beyond the classroom, and, although the pandemic experienced by Covid19, only in the internship was possible to have a more appropriate access to the professional field that the Cartographer and Surveyor can act and thus allowing to know a portion of what concerns the use of Spring software. It is valid to know that there is a need to carry out an internship at the end of the degree, because it perceives a professional dynamic, which I will take to future opportunities, which from the activities developed here made me capable, making this experience has been well used. However, as it is an interdisciplinary laboratory with such a capacity for research and extension, it would be even more valuable if it were to 95 return in person and applied in practice by going to the places of interest and collecting local information, however, at the present time it was not possible. As for this however, I believe that in the future, there will be numerous chances to apply in person what has been developed here. 96 5 REFERENCES ATTANASIO, C. M. Planos de manejo integrado de microbacias hidrográficas com uso agrícola: uma abordagem hidrológica na busca da sustentabilidade.2004. 193 f. Thesis (Doctorate in Forest Resources) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2004. Federal Law No. 11.788 of September 25, 2008. Dispõe sobre o estágio de estudantes [...] Brasília: Diário Oficial da União, 26 de set. de 2008. BLASCHKE, T.; KUX, H. (orgs.). Remote sensing and advanced GIS: new sensor systems, innovative methods. 2. ed. São Paulo, 2007. 304 p. CARVALHO, N. O.; FILIZOLA JÚNIOR, N. P.; SANTOS, P. M. C.; LIMA, J. E. F. W. Guia de Avaliação de Assoreamento de Reservatórios. AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA - Superintendência de estudos e Informações Hidrológicas, Brasília, DF, 2000. Available at: <www.aneel.gov.br/biblioteca/downloads/livros/GuiaAsso.pdf>. Accessed on: 25 Apr. 2021. LABII. Integrated Interdisciplinary Laboratory. 2020. Teaching Laboratories Itaqui Campus. Available at: https://sites.unipampa.edu.br/dilab/laboratorios-de-ensino-campusitaqui/. Accessed on April 24, 2021. 97 UNIPAMPA. Political-pedagogical project of the engineering course of Surveying. 2015. Available at: http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br/bitstream/riu/118/4/PPC_Engenharia%20 de%20Agrimensura_2016.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2021. UNIPAMPA. Projeto Institucional UNIPAMPA. 2009. Available at: https://sites.unipampa.edu.br/pdi/files/2013/04/PROJETO_INSTITUCIO NAL_16_A G0_2009.pdf. Accessed 23 April 2021. 98 CHAPTER IV: SURVEY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS ON THE WESTERN BORDER OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, USING SPRING SOFTWARE Saulo Goulart D'avila Rafael Aquino de Oliveira Cassiane Jrayj De Melo Nelson Mario Victoria Bariani This research is part of the conclusion work of the Cartographic and Surveying Engineering course of the Federal University of Pampa, Unipampa, carried out by the academic Saulo Goulart D'avila under the supervision of Professor Cassiane Jrayj de Melo. SUMMARY The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of remote sensing tools in the identification and determination of the area of existing freshwater reservoirs in the municipalities of Alegrete, Itaqui, São Borja and Uruguaiana, all belonging to the western border of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. For this, images of the satellite LANDSAT 8, sensor OLI, and geoprocessing of them in GIS software were used, with subsequent characterization of the reservoirs, being possible to define the geographic positioning, as well as, to calculate the area of the mirror of water of each one of the found reservoirs. According to the Law 12.334/10 - National Policy on Dam Safety, the dams are any structure in a permanent or 99 temporary water course for the purpose of containment or accumulation of liquid substances or mixtures of liquids and solids, comprising the dam and associated structures. This work is part of the project: Geomorphometry Applied to Dams for the Assessment of Agricultural Production Integrated with Aquaculture, which aims to survey the areas and volumes of dams for rice irrigation in the Western Frontier of Rio Grande do Sul, using satellite and radar images, and assess their use for aquaculture. In the region under study 1,867 reservoirs were identified, demonstrating the potential of the use of these remote sensing tools in the identification and classification of these water resources for various purposes, constituting a useful tool for quantifying the water available in reservoirs, so that this resource is used in the best possible way. Keywords: geomorphometry, satellite images, geoprocessing, GIS software. 100 ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of remote sensing tools in the identification and determination of the area of freshwater reservoirs existing in the municipalities of Alegrete, Itaqui, São Borja and Uruguaiana, all belonging to the western border of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. For this, images from the LANDSAT 8 satellite, OLI sensor, and geoprocessing of the same in GIS software were used, with subsequent characterization of the reservoirs, making it possible to define the geographic positioning, as well as to calculate the area of the water mirror of each of the reservoirs. According to Law 12,334/10 - National Policy on Dam Safety, dams are any structure in a permanent or temporary course of water for the purpose of containment or accumulation of liquid substances or mixtures of liquids and solids, including the dam and the associated structures. The present work is part of the project: Geomorphometry Applied to Dams for the Evaluation of Agricultural Production Integrated to Aquaculture, which aims to survey the areas and volumes of the dams intended for rice irrigation in the West Frontier of Rio Grande do Sul, through satellite and radar images, and evaluate their use for aquaculture. In the region under study, 1,867 reservoirs were identified, demonstrating the potential of using these remote sensing tools in the identification and classification of these water resources for different purposes, constituting a useful tool for quantifying the water available in reservoirs, so that this resource is used in the best possible way. 107 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS This chapter is reserved for the presentation of the materials and methods used for the development of all stages of the proposed study. 3.1 METHODS I highlight the division of this work into two stages, with identification and quantification of freshwater reservoirs, and subsequent classification by area size in hectares. 3.2 STUDY AREA The study area includes part of the municipalities belonging to the western border of Rio Grande do Sul, namely: Alegrete (780,400 hectares), Itaqui (340,600 hectares), São Borja (361,600 hectares) and Uruguaiana (571,600 hectares), totalling an area of 2,054,200 hectares. In the region in question the pampa biome prevails, composed of grasses, undergrowth and shrubby-arboreal forest with a predominance of litholic soils, with rock outcroppings. The study area belongs to the Campanha region, with an average altitude of 100 meters. The relief, where the basalt predominates, is flat to gently undulated (BRASIL, 1973). The region's climate is classified as subtropical (RIBEIRO, 2009), with rainfall distributed throughout the year, without a dry season. There is a predominance of hot summers and mild winters with average 108 monthly temperatures ranging from 23º C to 27º C in the hot season and from 14º C to 15º C in the cold season. The winter presents alternative periods of warm weather with intrusions of polar masses coming from the south and moderate speed winds (minuano), occurring frontal rains and storms (REBOITA, 2018). Figure 2. study area Source: Atlas Bank, 2021. 109 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 3.3.1 SATELLITE USED FOR IMAGE ACQUISITION The satellite from which the images were acquired is the LANDSAT 8, sensor OLI. According to the INPE website, the series began in the second half of the 1960s, from a project developed by NASA and dedicated exclusively to the observation of the Earth's natural resources. This programme was initially called ERTS and in 1975 was renamed LANDSAT. LANDSAT 1 was the first satellite developed to act directly in natural resources research, launched in 1972 and named ERTS1 or LANDSAT 1. It was the first remote sensing satellite in the world and carried two instruments on board, the RBV and MSS cameras. It operated for five years and acquired more than 300,000 images, with repeated coverage of the Earth's surface. Since then, 8 satellites of the series have been launched, all with multispectral images. In the catalogue of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), you will find: MSS images with 80 m spatial resolution, for the LANDSAT 1, 2 and 3 satellites (1972-1992). TM images of 30 m spatial resolution on the LANDSAT 5 satellites (1984-2011), and the LANDSAT ETM sensor 15 to 30 m resolution, on the LANDSAT 7 satellite (since 1999), and the OLI sensor and TIRS 15 to 30 m multispectral data from LANDSAT 8 (since 2013). The images from LANDSAT 8, sensor OLI, are orthorectified and all the products of the catalogue are in GeoTIFF format. Moreover, they have a spatial resolution of 30 meters, providing sufficient resolution to distinguish features such 110 as urban centres, farms, forests and other land uses (NASA, 2013), and about 10 scenes were chosen for each of the municipalities studied, all with a low percentage of clouds, for better visualization of the existing reservoirs. To acquire the images, it was necessary to use the website of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), where after searching the image catalogue, the most current images available were chosen. Figure 3. Acquisition of images from the INPE site Source: INPE, 2021. Figure 4 presents the image of the LANDSAT 8 satellite, referring to the territory of São Borja, registered on 02 May 2020, whose composition is formed by bands 3, 4 and 5. 111 Figure 4: Use of LANDSAT 8 satellite images Source: Author, 2021 112 In Figure 4, after applying the red, green and blue (RGB) primary colour system used for viewing remote sensing images, it is already possible to observe the existing dams on the São Borja municipal boundary, because when colours are applied to the bands, the points comprising the dams present darker shades in the image. 3.3.2 WATER SHEET VECTORISATION USING SPRING SOFTWARE SPRING is the most advanced remote sensing and GIS image processing system, with an object-oriented data model that can integrate the representation of raster and vector data in a single environment. It is a product of (INPE / DPI), with the assistance of the following organizations: EMBRAPA / CNPTIA, IBM Brazil, TECGRAF, PETROBRÁS / CENPES. The SPRING project has received strong support from CNPq through the RHAE and PROTEM / CC projects. Its main features are: Integrated GIS for environmental, socioeconomic and urban planning applications. A cross-platform system, including support for Windows 95 / 98 / NT / XP and Linux. Free software widely accessible to the GIS community with a fast learning curve, besides being a mechanism for knowledge dissemination developed by INPE and its partners, introducing new algorithms and methods. The SPRING version used in this study was 5.5.6, which in turn can be acquired through INPE's own website, in the downloads section. See 113 below, the step-by-step how to download the software, as well as its initial interface. Figure 5: SPRING download. Source: INPE, 2021. Figure 6. SPRING version. Source: INPE, 2021. 114 Figure 7. SPRING's initial screen. Source: SPRING, 2021. From then on, the process of vectorization of the water sheets present in the area studied was started, as shown in Figure 8. 115 Figure 8. Start of dam vectorisation. Source: Author, 2021. 116 Vectorization is the formation of a polygon around the area of the dam, to which a class is applied, in this case hydrology, and blue coloring. This process was best exemplified in Figure 9, where it is possible to visualize the creation of a polygon on the dam named "01" and applied to it the class. 123 Figure 12. GMS coordinates of dam 01. Source: Author, 2021 124 The same procedures were adopted for the other municipalities that comprise this work. Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 show the distribution of water reservoirs in the studied municipalities. 125 Figure 13. Alegrete/RS municipal boundary and their respective dams. Source: Author, 2021 126 Figure 14. Municipal boundary of Itaqui/RS and their respective dams Source: CARVALHO, R. H. S., 2021 127 Figure 15. Municipal boundary of São Borja/RS and their respective dams Source: Author, 202 128 Figure 16. Municipal boundary of Uruguaiana/RS and their respective dams Source: OLIVEIRA, R. A., 2021. 129 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The study showed that the methodology used was appropriate for the identification and measurement of the existing freshwater reservoirs on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul. Using images from the LANDSAT 8 satellite, OLI sensor, which has a spatial resolution of 30 m, it was possible to identify 1,867 reservoirs (Table 1), where the municipalities of Alegrete/RS and Uruguaiana/RS stand out, with 755 and 660 reservoirs, respectively, whose sum corresponds to 75.78 % of the total number of dams in the municipalities studied. Table 1. Number of vectorizations carried out per municipality Municipalities No. of reservoirs Alegrete 755 Uruguaiana 660 Sao Borja 353 Itaqui 99 Source: Author, 2021 As for the classification of reservoirs proposed for the area studied, they were classified by area size in hectares, with the classification of these reservoirs into small (<= 5 hectares), medium (5 hectares < area <= 50 hectares) and large (50 hectares < area), as shown in the graphs below. 130 Figure 17. Classification of dams in Alegrete/RS by area size Source: Author, 2021. In the survey carried out in Alegrete/RS, 247 reservoirs were classified as small (32.7% of the total), 474 reservoirs classified as medium (62.8% of the total) and 34 reservoirs classified as large (4.5% of the total). Figure 18. Classification of dams in Uruguaiana/RS by area size 131 Source: Author, 2021. In Uruguaiana/RS, 175 reservoirs were classified as small (26.5% of the total), 359 reservoirs classified as medium (54.4% of the total) and 126 reservoirs classified as large (19.1% of the total). Figure 19. Classification of the dams in São Borja/RS by area size Source: Author, 2021. 132 In São Borja/RS, 89 reservoirs were classified as small (25.2% of the total), 238 reservoirs were classified as medium (67.4% of the total) and 26 reservoirs were classified as large (7.4% of the total). Figure 20. Classification of dams at Itaqui/RS by area size Source: Author, 2021. Finally, in Itaqui/RS, 1 reservoir was classified as small (1% of the total), 69 reservoirs classified as medium (69.7% of the total) and 29 reservoirs classified as large (29.3% of the total). In view of the above, it can be noticed that 27.42% of the total reservoirs have 5 or less hectares of area, 61.06% of the reservoirs have an area bigger than 5 hectares and smaller or equal to 50 hectares, while the reservoirs with more than 50 hectares of area correspond to 11.52% of the total. It is worth mentioning that the smallest surface area found is 0.54 hectares and the largest surface area is 2,091.88 hectares, both belonging to the municipality of Uruguaiana/RS. KS OmniScriptum Publishing Brivibas gatve 197 LV-1039 Riga, Latvia Telefax: +371 686 204 55 [email protected] www.omniscriptum.com Buy your books fast and straightforward online - at one of world’s fastest growing online book stores! Environmentally sound due to Print-on-Demand technologies. Buy your books online at www.morebooks.shop Kaufen Sie Ihre Bücher schnell und unkompliziert online – auf einer der am schnellsten wachsenden Buchhandelsplattformen weltweit! 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