Modelling and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Nigeria: A review

 Corresponding author: OZUE TI Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Modelling and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Nigeria: A review Thankgod Izuchukwu Ozue 1, *, Victor Eze Idigo 1, Vincent Chukwudi Chijindu 2, Ifeyinwa Chidum Dimson 1 and Chidimma Augusta Ikechukwu 1 1 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. 2 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 Publication history: Received on 06 December 2024; revised on 14 January 2025; accepted on 17 January 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2025.22.1.0013 Abstract The global shift towards eco-friendly energy solutions, propelled by the drive to mitigate climatic changes, has emphasized the need for innovative and sustainable approaches to rural/community electrification, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria with over 200 million people, faces significant energy challenges, especially in rural areas where access to electricity remains a daunting challenge. Earlier in the 2020s, only 43% of this rural population had moderate electricity access, unambiguously contrasting with 90% in urban areas. This discrepancy infringes on the economic development, educational opportunities, and quality of life of the area. Nigeria’s energy industry is principally reliant on conventional fuels such as natural gas, diesel, and coal which are finite and contribute to environmental degradation. In response to the inefficiencies and high costs of traditional grid extension, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) have appeared as a workable alternative. HRES interconnects various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass potentially enhancing power supply stability and sustainability in rural communities. This review explores the application and optimization of HRES in Nigeria, examining the potential for integrating various renewable sources and evaluating successful case studies. An in-depth review of academic and a few physical projects spanning 10 years (2015-present) were studied using data from published articles and reports. It was observed that the Islanded HRES configuration received more attention than the grid-tied maybe as a result of the location of such communities. The review also identifies upcoming research directions to further improve the deployment and efficacy of HRES in improving community electrification in Nigeria. Keywords: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems; Sizing; Islanded; Grid-Tied; Economic Consideration 1. Introduction The global energy landscape has undergone significant transformations in recent years. This shift is driven by the burning need to mitigate climatic changes by reducing greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and promoting the development of sustainable energy resources. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards fulfilling SDG7 (affordable and clean energy) and the UN sustainable energy mandate in achieving universal energy access by 2030 [1]. Interestingly, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), there are about 770 million people who do not have access to electricity globally [4]. The energy access gap (EAG) in sub-saharan Africa needs a socio-eco-technical transition where on-grid and off-grid RES will play a critical role [2, 3]. Amidst many dimensions of this transformation, rural and community electrification stands out as a critical challenge and potential opportunity, particularly in a sub-Sahara region like Nigeria. It is further known that Africa's most populous nation, Nigeria still struggles with severe energy challenges, particularly in rural and Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 70 satellite communities. Despite efforts to expand the national grid, many of these areas continue to face significant barriers to reliable electricity access. As a result, by the early 2020s, a substantial portion of these communities remain without dependable electricity, hindering economic growth, education, and overall well-being [5]. Nigeria's rural communities face significant electricity access challenges. In 2020, only 43% of these areas had access to electricity whereas 90% did in urban areas [26]. The country's electricity sector is plagued by erratic power supply, frequent outages, and limited access to reliable energy services, particularly in rural areas [6]. Giving that the International Energy Agency (IEA) report showed that approximately 80 million Nigerians, mostly in rural communities, remain without access to grid electricity, hindering economic development and quality of life [4]. Nigeria's energy sector relies heavily on finite conventional fuel resources, contributing to climate change. The country's energy mix is primarily composed of natural gas (70%), diesel (20%), and hydroelectric power (10%) [30]. Traditional grid extension methods are often inefficient and costly for rural communities. As a result, there is a growing consensus on the need for alternative solutions [6]. Hybrid renewable energy systems have emerged as a promising alternative for enhancing rural electrification [10]. By integrating multiple renewable technologies, such as solar PV, wind turbines, hydro turbines, and biomass generators, with or without storage, these systems provide a more stable and consistent power supply [20]. The benefits of hybrid renewable energy systems include enhanced reliability and stability of power supply, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, and improved sustainability of rural electrification efforts [12]. Optimal sizing of HRES involves a complex interplay of technical, economic, and social factors. Technically, integrating different renewable energy sources requires careful consideration of their variability, resource availability, and operational characteristics [7]. For instance, solar energy, which is abundant in Nigeria, has a different generation profile compared to wind or biomass. Optimizing these system components involves designing configurations that maximize energy production while minimizing costs and operational challenges. Economic optimization requires evaluating the cost-effectiveness of various HRES configurations, considering initial investment, maintenance, and operational costs. Furthermore, social factors such as community acceptance and local capacity building are essential for the effective implementation and sustainability of these hybrid renewable energy systems. This review will delve into various aspects of HRES optimization application in Nigeria. It will explore different types of renewable energy sources, their potential for hybridization, and application types. Next, it will examine case studies of successful HRES applications, highlighting their fundamental objectives and practices. The review will also highlight technical component models and economic challenges associated with HRES, offering insights into strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Finally, it will discuss future research directions to further advance the deployment of HRES in Nigeria 2. Methods The materials used for this study were collected relying on two major sources: the project-based data source referred to as the primary data source and the academic-published data source referred to as the secondary data source. The primary data source includes online reports on mini-grid projects by the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), World Bank-sponsored project reports and mini-grid development companies reports available online. Also, the secondary data source consists of online academic publications, and climatic data on microgrids with Nigeria as a case study. 2.1. Renewable Resources Renewable energy is crucial for sustainable development in Nigeria, meeting the needs of both rural and urban areas [11]. Given the pressing issues associated with climatic changes and increasing carbon footprint, renewable energy system development and utilization should be a top priority. Both developed and developing countries are now embracing renewable energy to achieve energy sustainability [34]. Nigeria is endowed with vast and diverse renewable energy resources. The country's green energy potential is substantial, with estimated day-to-day energy generation of 9.34 x 105 MWh from biomass, 1.20 x 105 MWh from solar, 8.4 x 104 MWh from hydro, and 4.4 x 104 MWh from wind [31]. Regardless of the vast potential associated with RES in Nigeria, their utilization remains remarkably low. Notably, the country's renewable energy capability surpasses that of conventional energy resources by approximately 1.5 times. Numerous local researchers have led studies to evaluate the viability and availability of renewable energy resources in Nigeria, highlighting their potential for widespread adoption. 2.1.1. Solar Energy Resource Among Nigeria's renewable energy options, solar energy stands out as the most promising due to its virtually boundless potential [9]. The nation’s geographical location within a high sunshine belt, at latitude 9.081999 and longitude Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 71 8.675277, makes it an ideal location for harnessing solar energy. The country receives well-distributed solar radiation, with varying intensities across regions, ranging from the southern to the northern parts with the south having the least [34], as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 Solar radiation map of Nigeria. (source: NiMET, 2018) The nation is positioned to harness significant power from limitless energy surges from the sun [14]. Figure 2 depicts the practical potential of usable energy from the PVs across the regions in the country. The solar PVs could potentially produce 3.3kWh per sqm in the coastal region to about 5.4kWh per sqm in the northern Sahel region [38]. The increase in power moving north was a result of an increased clearness index and longer sun hour. Figure 2 Solar PV power output potential across the region in Nigeria (ESMAP World Bank, 2020) Nigeria receives an estimated 4.851 x 1012 kWh of solar energy daily, corresponding to approximately 1.082 million tons of crude oil per day [18]. In contrast, the country's daily domestic oil consumption is roughly 297,000 barrels, which translates to around 47,219 tons. This striking comparison reveals that Nigeria's solar energy potential can comfortably meet, andeven exceed, its domestic oil demand [31]. 2.1.2. Biomass Resources Another form of renewable energy source is biomass obtained from biological materials of plant and animal origin [7]. They could be used directly for heating or changed into gaseous and liquid fuels by utilizing different processes. Biomass energy originates from the sun, captured through photosynthesis, where plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates. The energy stored in biomass can be harnessed through direct and indirect methods. Direct applications Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 72 include burning biomass for heat or electricity generation, while indirect methods involve processing biomass into biofuels [20]. As a vital component of the Earth's carbon cycle, biomass performs a crucial part in the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The availability of biomass in communities depends on factors such as vegetation type and parameters like tree height, stem diameter, and density. 2.1.3. Storage Technologies Used in HRES To enhance the reliability of renewable energy (RE) systems, backup systems in the form of storage devices are integrated to mitigate the impacts of fluctuating RE sources like wind and solar [13]. This can include standby diesel generators or other energy storage devices (ESDs). These ESDs play a crucial role in HRES by storing excess energy through periods of abundance and utilizing it during peak demand [16[. Typically, off-grid systems are equipped with Energy Storage Systems (ESS) that are coupled to the main system using power electronic devices [33]. ESS play a vital role in stabilizing energy output, enhancing system flexibility, and offsetting peak demand. They can also rapidly respond to generator failures, ensuring a reliable energy supply [34]. Typically, ESS operates in three modes: charging, storage, and discharging. These systems can be categorized into various types, as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 Classification of Energy Storage 2.2. Size Optimization Model 2.2.1. System Configuration The configuration of HRES under consideration is depicted in Figure 4. This system integrates RESs typically: solar PV modules and a wind turbine (WT). The battery bank used as an ESS serves as a backup power source, whereas a diesel generator was positioned as a reverse power supply. A power converter was used to facilitate the conversion of direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) and vice versa [17]. The primary load represents the energy demand of the community. Notably, the converter is assumed to incorporate an energy management system (EMS), which optimizes power flow between the load demand and the various energy sources [18]. Figure 4 Used Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) Configuration Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 73 The mathematical model of each component of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is described in detail in the subsequent section. 2.2.2. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System Performance Model The output power of a Solar PV system is influenced by several factors, including solar irradiance, seasonal variations, ambient temperature, PV module type, and inclination angle. According to [23], the solar panel output power (PPV) can be determined using a simplified simulation model, as represented by the following equations: 𝑃𝑃𝑉 =𝑁𝑃𝑉𝜂𝑃𝑉𝐴𝑚𝐺𝑡 …………..(1) 𝜂𝑃𝑉 =𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑓𝜂𝑝𝑐[1−𝛽(𝑇𝑐−𝑇𝑐,𝑟𝑒𝑓)] ………….(2) 𝑇𝑐=𝑇𝑎+(𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇−𝑇𝑎,𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 𝐺𝑡,𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 )𝐺𝑡 ……………..(3) where 𝑇𝑎,𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇= 20 and 𝐺𝑡,𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 = 800 are nominal temperatures at NOCT and Solar irradiance at NOCT (W/m2); 𝑁𝑃𝑉 is the number of PV panels; 𝜂𝑃𝑉 is the panel conversion efficiency; 𝐴𝑚 represent the overall surface area of the PV module in square-meter; 𝐺𝑡 represent actual global irradiance (W/m2); Ta represents ambient temperature; 𝜂𝑝𝑐 is the power condition efficiency (if MPPT is used) and NOCT represent standard PV operational temperature (℃). 2.2.3. Battery Model Battery serves as a storage medium for electrical energy in the form of chemical energy. During periods of insufficient renewable energy, the stored energy in the battery is utilized to power the load. According to the [16], the capacity of the battery can be estimated using the following equation: 𝐶𝐵=𝐸𝐿𝑆𝐷 𝑉𝐵𝐷𝑜𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇𝑐𝑓𝜇𝐵 ……….. (6) where VB represents the battery working voltage (V); EL represents the load demand in (kWh); Tcf represents the temperature correction factor; SD represents the number of autonomy days; DODmax represents the depth of discharge (%); and µB represents the efficiency. Furthermore, the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery is defined as the ratio of available capacity to the rated capacity, typically measured in ampere-hours (AH) [17]. This relationship is mathematically represented as follows [19]: 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 =𝑁𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑚(1−𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 100 ) 𝐿𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚,𝑎𝑣𝑒 ………(7) 𝐿𝑇𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 =𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝐹𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑓 𝑍𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑡 ) …………(8) 𝑆𝑂𝐶 =𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝐶 100 ……….. (9) where σ represents the self-discharge rate an hour, and EGen is the energy produced. Equation (10) is used to estimate the SOC during battery charging, while Equation (11) is used to estimate the SOC during the battery discharging. The battery optimally operates between the allowable discharge limit, denoted as SOClow, and the allowable maximum charge limit, denoted as SOCmax. 𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑡)=𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑡−1)(1−𝜎)+[𝐸𝐺𝑒𝑛(𝑡) −𝐸𝐿(𝑡) 𝜇𝑖𝑛𝑣 ]𝜇𝐵 …………(10) 𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑡)=𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑡−1)(1−𝜎)+[𝐸𝐿(𝑡) 𝜇𝑖𝑛𝑣 −𝐸𝐺𝑒𝑛 (𝑡)]𝜇𝐵 ………(11) 𝑆𝑂𝐶 =1−𝐷𝑂𝐷 …………..(12) Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 74 2.2.4. Biomass Generator Mathematical Model Biomass is agricultural waste material obtained from plant processing wastes and animal waste products [21]. A thermochemical or biochemical conversion system can be used to generate electricity from biomass. The thermochemical processes comprise gasification, pyrolysis, and combustion can be used to produce electricity from biomass. The most commonly known biochemical process for the conversion of organic waste to energy is the production of biogas via fermentation and subsequent conversion to electricity through the use of biomass plants (BP). In a BP, methane-rich biogas is fired inside an internal combustion (IC) engine for the production of alternating current (AC) power. The size of a BP to be installed in a given location depends on the availability of the feedstock and the volume of gas production to feed the engine. The mathematical sizing of a Biomass Power (BP) plant is determined by the equation proposed in [6]. The mathematical model for the biomass generator is represented by equation (13). 𝐸𝐵𝐺 =𝐵𝑉𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝐶𝑉𝐵𝐺𝜂𝐵𝐺∆𝑡 𝐻𝐵𝐺 ……………….(13) 2.3. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Analysis 2.3.1. Islanded Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (IHRES) Extensive research has been conducted on the operating modes of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES), with islanding being a crucial mode of operation, particularly for isolated or off-grid communities [22]. Also, communities with difficult terrain pose serious challenges to conventional grid infrastructure deployment, economic and environmental impact. Table 1 presents a summary of works that utilize IHRES to provide electricity for the community while reducing cost and ecological impact. Table 1 Summary of works on IHRES Reference & Publication Date Location Hybrid Proposal Optimization Method Project Decision Metrics Impact Category Challenges Mas’ud A. A. et al (2024) Bauchi, Yola, Minna, Jos, Anyingba, Port Harcourt PV-WTBESS HOMER LCOE Economic Cost of RE, AgroImpact. Ijeoma M. W. et al (2024) Market Square, Port Harcourt PV-BESSDPG HOMER LCOE, Emission Economic Fuel Cost and Excess Energy Evacuation Araoye T. O. et al (2024) Nsukka Community BPG-DPG HOMER, GA NPC, COE, Emission Economic, Environment Biomass Availability, Diesel Cost Araoye T. O. et al (2023) Agu-Amede Community PV-BPGDPG-BESS HOMER NPC, COE Economic Biomass Availability Afolabi T. (2023) Olooji, Ogun State PV-WTDPG-BESS PSO, FLC, MATLAB LCOE, LPSP Economic Low wind region Owoeye K. SK. Et al (2022) Edem Uruah, Akwa Ibom PV-WTDPG-BESS HOMER TCC, NPC, COE, Emission Economic, Environment Fuel Cost and Load Variation Mohammed H. et al (2022) F. M. Maitumbi, Niger State PV-DPGBESS HOMER NPC, LCOE, Emission Economic, Environment Fuel Cost, Quality of Simulation Load data Kenu E. S. et al (2022) Jakpa, Delta State PV-WTGPG-BESS HOMER LCOE, NPC Economic Excess Energy, Funding Gbadamosi S. L. et al (2022) Ilumoba, Ekiti State PV-WTDPG-BESS AIMMS LCOE, Emission Economic, Social Cost of Generation not clear Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 75 Osalade A. et al (2022) Kajola Village, Ekiti State PV-BGGBESS HOMER NPC, COE Economic Biomass availability Alagbu E.E. et al (2022) Electronic Development Institute (ELDI), Awka. PV-BESS Technical Component Sizing Technical Project Cost clearly defined Ekpo A. A. et al (2021) Ikot-Inyang, Akwa Ibom PV-WTDPG-BESS HOMER NPC, LCOE, Emission Economic ROI considered Oladeji A. S. et al (2021) Nigeria PV-SHPBESS HOMER LCOE, LLPI, EMR Economic, Environment High Project Cost and Environmental Yimen N. et al (2020) Kano PV-DPGBESS GA, MATLAB TAC, COE Economic, Environment Fuel Cost, Quality of Simulation Load data Opedare I. et al (2020) Abdusalam Abubakar PG Hall, University of Ibadan PV-DPGBESS HOMER NPC, COE, Emission Economic, Environment Fuel Cost, Excess Energy, ROI 2.3.2. Grid-Tied Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (GHRES) Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) offer substantial potential in addressing the myriad challenges associated with the existing electricity delivery model and architecture. These challenges include but are not limited to, the high cost of grid extension, environmental concerns, ensuring the sustainability of energy resources, and maintaining energy security [37]. While a significant body of research has focused on the islanded mode of operating HRES, a smaller but notable subset of studies has explored the benefits of integrating HRES with the conventional grid (National Grid Supply) for communities with access to the national grid. This integrated approach aims to unlock energy affordability, particularly in areas where non-renewable resources are costly. Some of the key strategies adopted by these researchers are summarized in Table 2. Table 2 Summary of works on GHRES Reference & Publication Date Location Hybrid Proposal Optimization Method Project Decision Metrics Impact Category Challenges Ismaila Z. et al (2023) Saki, Oyo State & Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos State PV-BESS HOMER LCOE Economic, Environment Initial High Cost, Unreliable grid and Technical, Olatomiwa L. et al (2023) Ejioku, Okuru-Ama, DamarePolo, Agbalaenyi, Kadassaka and Doso PV-WT-DPGBESS HOMER NPC, COE Economic, Environment Unreliable, epileptic grid condition not considered 2.3.3. Project-based HRES The deployed mini-grids in Nigeria served as the primary data source for this work while all consulted projects were not explicitly listed here due to want of space. With all the potential benefits accrued to distributed HRES, funding, and technical management have been the fundamental issue faced in the deployment of the system especially in rural communities. Some of the projects already in use were captured in Table 3 highlighting the basic concept, funding structure, and challenges [35]. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 76 Table 3 Few Running HRES projects across Nigeria Project Name Developed Location Hybrid System Configuration Financing Sources Project Action Challenges Nasarawa Solar Hybrid Mini grids (20212024) Husk Power Systems 35 Communities in Nasarawa State PV-DPG-BESS (Offgrid) Equity, Debt, Grant Electrification Intervention Unreliable Supply, Small Storage backup, High operational cost 112.8kwp, 119.5kwp, 67.2kwp and 134.4kwp Hybrid Solar Mini grid (2024) Darway Coast Nig. Ltd. Agbokim, Etomi, Abia and Bendeghe in Etun LGA, Cross River PV-DPG-BESS (Offgrid) Debt, Grant Electrification Intervention Unreliable supply, Operational Cost to Demand satisfaction Solar Hybrid Mini grids (2015-2024) GVE Group Over 15 Communities across Nigeria PV-DPG-BESS (Offgrid) Debt, Grant Electrification Intervention Operational performance, Small Storage unit capacity. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Multi-Use of HRES 3.1.1. Area-Based Application This section categorizes existing research on the diverse applications of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) across various sectors of society. These applications are grouped into four categories: Community, Health, Education, and Commercial. The goal is to promote eco-friendly benefits. Figure 5 illustrates that community-based HRES accounts for over half of the research, indicating that community initiatives are crucial for implementing hybrid renewable energy solutions. This emphasis on grassroots projects may aim to enhance local energy resilience and sustainability. Moreover, the commercial sector also showed a notable presence in the data indicating that businesses are increasingly adopting hybrid renewable energy strategies, likely to reduce costs, improve sustainability, and meet corporate social responsibility goals. This smaller percentage reflected in both Health and Education HRES shows a limited focus on integrating hybrid renewable energy sources specifically within health facilities. Figure 5 HRES works based on Location 3.1.2. System Configuration Application In this paragraph, various works were done using one of the two major configuration modes in HRES application in any kind of energy source combination be it PV-WT-DGP, PV-BESS, BGG-DGP, etc. It was observed in Figure 6 that works on "Islanded HRES" (Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems) was significant with 88% and "Grid-Tied HRES" with a score of 12%. furthermore, it signifies that more works were focused on electricity provision for rural dwellers with notably no access to the National grid. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 22(01), 069-080 77 Figure 6 HRES System Configuration based Mode of Operation 3.1.3. System Optimization Methods Optimization techniques for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) can be broadly categorized into two methods: deterministic and stochastic. This section analyzes and classifies the techniques used in existing works into these two groups, as illustrated in Figure 7. The figure highlights the optimization methods employed in HRES, clearly distinguishing between deterministic and stochastic approaches. Interestingly, the analysis reveals that a significant majority (75%) of HRES implementations rely on deterministic optimization techniques. This high percentage suggests a preference for approaches that offer clear, replicable solutions for planning and operating HRES, providing a sense of certainty and reliability in the decision-making process. Figure 7 HRES System-based Optimization methods category used 4. Conclusion Hybrid Renewable Energy system modeling and optimization did provide insight into the renewables integration with conventional generating sources in mitigating the existing challenges associated the conventional grid framework. Global warming, and carbon footprint reduction were some of the attractive environmental benefits of the adoption of a cleaner energy source. Optimal sizing of HRES provides energy efficiency and economic utilization of all available energy resources especially renewables as the world promotes energy sustainability and clean energy towards an improved healthy environment. Renewable energy sources are clean and abundant, but their intermittent nature and the complexity of extracting them pose significant challenges. To address this issue, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) combine multiple energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on hybrid renewable energy, focusing on system configuration, economic impact, and environmental benefits. The key findings are: • Simulation Software: Tools like HOMER, combined with meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, are crucial in designing and optimizing hybrid power systems, enabling tailored solutions for specific projects. • Economic Indicators: The study reveals significant variations in economic indicators like NPC (Net Present Cost) and LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy), attributed to geographical location, climate, and system configuration.