Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia's central Andean Region

Biodiversity Data Journal 13: e68286 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e68286 Taxonomy & Inventories Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region Ronald M Parra-Hernández , Yair G Molina-Martínez ‡ Asociación Tolimense de Ornitología – Anthocephala, Calle 45 # 9ª – 19, Limonar 5to Sector, Ibagué, Colombia § Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia Corresponding author: Ronald M Parra-Hernández ([email protected]), Yair G Molina-Martínez ([email protected]) Academic editor: Caio J. Carlos Received: 05 May 2021 | Accepted: 03 Apr 2023 | Published: 27 Nov 2025 Citation: Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y (2023) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region. Biodiversity Data Journal 13: e68286. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e68286 Abstract Background The information in this article corresponds to a compilation of data from scientific journals, ornithological collections and virtual libraries (xeno-song, eBird and Biomap), as well as our contributions during more than 15 years of studies in Tolima. Together, this information allows us to understand the diversity of birds in the region. In addition, this article includes data on localities and the altitudinal and geographical distribution of each species. The results indicate the presence of 800 bird species in Tolima, of which 24 are endemic, 69 are near-endemic and 82 are migratory. Furthermore, 42 species face some degree of threat, two are classified as having deficient data and four have been introduced. New information This list constitutes a reference for studies of birds of the Upper Magdalena Valley. It is a necessary tool for conservation plans in this region of the country. ‡ §,‡ © Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords bird diversity, distribution, habitat, species check-list Introduction Birds are one of our most well-studied animal groups (Hochkirch et al. 2022); however, at present, there is still a lack of information on the composition of birds in many regions of Colombia and in the face of alarming landscape transformation, pollution and other processes that affect bird communities, it is necessary to develop inventories, complete and accurate lists of avifauna (e.g. Acevedo-Charry 2017, Avendaño et al. 2018, Cordoba and Sierra 2018, Gómez et al. 2022). This information will improve the understanding of the ecology of the communities and their biogeography (e.g. Cohn-Haft et al. 1997, Acevedo-Charry 2017, Avendaño et al. 2018, Palacio et al. 2019, Gómez et al. 2022, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Programa de Evaluación 2022). In addition, it generates information on the species composition of a specific area, highlighting data on the presence of species of conservation concern (e.g. endemic and threatened), data necessary for the declaration of conservation areas, the development of local management plans for focal species, emblematic species declarations and environmental marketing (Marinho and Beech 2020, Gómez et al. 2022). Furthermore, the filtered, verified and technically supported species lists contribute to reinforce community-based tourism processes and their avitourism routes (Gómez et al. 2022). Many lists of birds from different regions of Colombia have already been published (e.g. Álvarez 2000, Álvarez et al. 2003, Losada-Prado et al. 2005a, Krabbe et al. 2006, ParraHernández et al. 2007, Donegan et al. 2010, Verhelst et al. 2011). However, only a few publications have been compiled for Colombia’s 32 Departments, with lists of birds available for only six Departments (Ayerbe et al. 2008,Calderón et al. 2011, ArbeláezCortés et al. 2011, Carrillo-Chica et al. 2018, Chaparro et al. 2018, Cárdenas et al. 2020). The Tolima Department is located on the eastern slopes of the Colombian Central Andes and has been a site of interest for researchers since the beginning of organised ornithology in the region. Notable events date back to the Royal Botanical Expedition led by José Celestino Mutis in the 18 century (1732), which contributed toward recognising and highlighting the great richness of species in this region of Colombia (Córdoba 2009). This research drew the attention of prestigious foreign ornithologists, tempting them to explore Colombia to identify new species. For example, Goudot (French) and Wirt Robinson (US Navy) studied birds in the north of Tolima, as well as in Ibagué (Wirt 1895). Important studies carried out in the Department include the expedition of the American Museum of Natural History led by Frank Chapman (Chapman 1912, Chapman 1917), the work carried out by Alden Miller in the Upper Magdalena Valley (Miller 1947, Miller 1952 ), publications by Meyer de Schauensee between 1948 and 1951 (de-Schauensee 1948, de-Schauensee 1949, de-Schauensee 1950, de-Schauensee 1951) and work by the brothers Nicéforo María and Olivares (Olivares 1960, Nicéforo and Olivares 1965, th 2Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Nicéforo and Olivares 1975, Nicéforo and Olivares 1976a, Nicéforo and Olivares 1976b), all of which provide valuable early records. Since the 2000s, the Zoology Research Group (Grupo de Investigación en Zoología - GIZ) at Tolima University, in association with the Corporación Autónoma del Tolima (CORTOLIMA), have undertaken rapid assessment surveys of local fauna as part of the on-going watershed land-use planning, resulting in many updates to the lists of birds of the Department. As a result of these accumulated efforts, 527 bird species are known from the city of Ibagué and its immediate surroundings (Parra-Hernández et al. 2007). Reinoso et al. (2009) compiled the first regional list of birds, which includes 671 species. However, the latter list lacks references to specimens and other important information, such as localities. Although Tolima has a lengthy ornithological history stretching back more than 100 years, no complete compendium of its regional avifauna has ever been published. This has hampered efforts to prioritise important species and sub-regions in Tolima that are worth conserving. The present work, thus, aimed to establish an annotated list of bird species found in the Department of Tolima, providing information about the habitat where they are found, altitudinal range, locality, bibliographical source, recording method, and catalogue number for specimens registered in national and foreign museums or significant collections. The voucher and museum number where the specimens are found are referenced in the observation section below. Materials and methods Study site The Department of Tolima is located in the centre of Colombia (2°52'59"N; 75°19'59"W and 4°24'18"N; 76°06'23"W) in an altitudinal range between 183 m a.s.l. to a zone of perpetual snow at 5220 m a.s.l. It is mainly located on the eastern slopes of the Central mountain range and a small portion of the western slopes of the Eastern mountain range, being part of the Magdalena River Valley. It covers 23,580 km that can be divided into three large areas: (i) a mountainous area formed by part of Central Andes with peaks over 5,000 m a.s.l.; (ii) a small portion of the Cordillera Oriental and an area covering the Cordillera Central’s piedmont (premontane area) where the majority of the Department’s human population live and carry out production activities; and (iii) an area covered by the plains of the Upper Magdalena River Valley, rising from 230 to approximately 1,000 m a.s.l. (Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi - IGAC 1996, Fig. 1). It has differing ecological zones, according to the Holdridge life zone classification scheme: tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, premontane wet forest, premontane rainforest, lower montane wet forest, lower montane rainforest, montane rainforest, montane rainforest and subalpine desert (paramo) life zones (Andean snowy) (Pomar and Vargas 1985). The coordinates of the sites that have been sampled in Tolima can be seen in Table 1. 2 Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 3 The landscape of Tolima has different types of human (anthropogenic) intervention: the lower lying areas with dry forest and tropical wet forest are widely suited for rice and Figure 1. Tolima Department Map, Colombia. Inset shows the location of Tolima in Colombia. The red points indicate localities considered in this study.  Figure 2. Non-parametric species richness estimators Chao 2 and ICE. Curves were based on bird species recorded at the Tolima Department, Colombia.  4Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y sorghum growing and, to a lesser extent, corn and livestock, while the mountainous areas ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m a.s.l. are used for growing fruit, coffee and yucca. Extensive areas of the higher sub-paramo and paramo areas are used for livestock grazing and potato growing (Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi - IGAC 2004, Reinoso et al. 2009, Lozano et al. 2011). Number Locality Municipality Coordinates Elevation (m a.s.l.) 1 Anaime Cajamarca 04°15'3"N; 75°33'35"W 3600 2 Anaime, La Estrella Cajamarca 04°25'31"N; 75°33'12"W 3400 3 Cristales Cajamarca 04°27'05"N; 75°31'38"W 2450 4 Carrizales Cajamarca 04°23'19"N; 75°30'50"W 2050 5 Planadas Cajamarca 04°25'15"N; 75°22'38"W 1400 6 Potrerillo Coello 04°14'41"N; 74°58'32"W 433 7 Qda. Martínez Rovira 04°17'22"N; 75°12'53"W 900 8 Pueblo Natagaima 03°37'16"N; 75°05'35"W 370 9 Pueblo Coyaima 03°47'45"N; 75°11'40"W 300 10 Nevado Ruiz Murillo 04°47'29"N; 75°18'22"W 5320 11 Nevado del Tolima Ibagué 04°39'06"N; 75°19'32"W 5000 12 La Cueva Ibagué 04°37'46"N; 75°19'29"W 3600-3800 Figure 3. The NMDS analysis joining the municipalities on the basis of composition of bird species in the Tolima Department, Colombia (59.2% of variance explained by these two dimensions).  Table 1. Representative localities in the department of Tolima with greater intensity of sampling. Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 5 Number Locality Municipality Coordinates Elevation (m a.s.l.) 13 Paso del Quindío Ibagué 04°33'3"N; 75°26'4.5"W 3480 14 Toche Ibagué 04°31'10"N; 75°24'32"W 2600 15 Dantas Ibagué 04°27'05"N; 75°31'18"W 2441 16 Ibanazca Ibagué 04°34'44"N; 75°19'36"W 2400-2800 17 Silencio Ibagué 04°36'02"N; 75°19'50"W 2400 18 El Playón Ibagué 04°35'22"N; 75°18'53"W 2400 19 Rio Chili Roncesvalles 04°08'77"N; 75°27'54"W 2100 20 Toche Ibagué 04°32'56"N; 75°24'44"W 2150 21 Clarita Botero Ibagué 04°28'40"N; 75°13'22"W 1400-1890 22 Piedecuesta Ibagué 04°26'50"N; 75°15'48"W 1850 23 Juntas Ibagué 04°32'20"N; 75°13'22"W 1800-1850 24 Mirador Ibagué 04°28'54"N; 75°12'9"W 1800 25 Laureles Ibagué 04°33'23"N; 75°22'02"W 1660 26 Cay Ibagué 04°27'59"N; 75°15'32"W 1600-1700 27 Vda. Chembe Ibagué 04°28'43"N; 75°09'56"W 1600-1800 28 Ambala Ibagué 04°28'54"N; 75°12'9"W 1400-2100 29 Santa Teresa Ibagué 04°26'50"N; 75°15'48"W 1400-1750 30 La Mariposa Ibagué 04°26'58"N; 75°11'23"W 1300 31 Santa Teresa Ibagué 04°26'50"N; 75°15'48"W 1345 32 R.N. Gaia Ibagué 04°27'41"N; 75°12'56"W 1340 33 J.B. San Jorge Ibagué 04°27'18"N; 75°13'30"W 1286 34 U. del Tolima Ibagué 04°25'49"N; 75°12'58"W 1070-1170 35 Boquerón Ibagué 04°24'12"N; 75°17'32"W 1154 36 Aeropuerto-P.Dep. Ibagué 04°25'49"N; 75°09'52"W 980 37 Lagunas Salado Ibagué 04°26'52"N; 75°06'51"W 950 38 Salado-Piscícola Ibagué 04°27'23"N; 75°08'58"W 965 39 Lagunas Picaleña Ibagué 04°24'19"N; 75°08'27"W 923 40 Totumo Ibagué 04°22'44"N; 75°11'00"W 900 41 Lagunas Llanitos del Combeima Ibagué 04°22'43"N; 75°10'45"W 890 42 Chucuni Ibagué 04°28'5"N; 75°04'25"W 750 6Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Number Locality Municipality Coordinates Elevation (m a.s.l.) 43 Laguna del Toro Ibagué 04°20'36"N; 75°06'27"W 890 44 Ventaquemada Ibagué 04°30'32"N; 74°59'32"W 740 45 BuenosAires Ibagué 04°18'30"N; 75°30'36"W 685 46 Rio Chipalo Alvarado 04°32'23"N; 74°58'39"W 780 47 Lagunas vía Doima Ibagué 04°23'44"N; 75°04'51"W 540 48 Doima Piedras 04°23'50"N; 75°02'1.9"W 630 49 M. de los Rodriguez Piedras 04°35'58"N; 74°49'44"W 270 50 Rio Coello Gualanday-Ibagué 04°17'02"N; 75°01'09"W 540 51 Corinto Prado 03°40'19"N; 74°52'35"W 385 52 Restaurante Los Lagos Guamo 04°04'50"N; 74°55'47"W 380 53 Nataima, SENA Chicoral 04°11'30"N; 74°57'38"W 390 54 Chicoral Espinal 04°13'20"N; 74°58'41"W 450 55 Casco Urbano Espinal 04°09'01"N; 74°53'30"W 323 56 Estación Saldaña Saldaña 03°56'1,9"N; 75°01'57"W 400 57 Chicuali San Luis 04°07'4"N; 75°06'6.1"W 437 58 Caso urbano San Luis 04°8'4.4"N; 75°05'19"W 437 59 Payande San Luis 04°16'56"N; 75°05'54"W 580 60 Cascadas de Payande San Luis 04°18'00"N; 75°06'03"W 480 61 Laguna Río Viejo San Luis 04°07'54"N; 75°05'32"W 365 62 El Puerto Prado 03°45'30"N; 74°54'29"W 393 63 Embalse-Corinto Prado 03°47'46"N; 74°53'26"W 390 64 Aco nuevo Prado 03°43'52"N; 74°49'35"W 430 65 La Virginia Prado 03°44'13"N; 74°52'2"W 280 66 Anchique Natagaima 03°34'58"N; 75°05'30"W 320 67 San Pedro Cunday 04°02'01"N; 74°36'44"W 1000 68 San Antonio Villahermosa 04°54'42"N; 75°13'44"W 2552 69 Buenos Aires Prado 03°44'1.6"N; 74°45'2"W 1455 70 La Colonia Villarrica 03°53'11"N; 74°33'48"W 1803-1972 71 Alto de la Cruz Villahermosa 05°01'5"N; 75°07'11"W 2188 72 Galilea Villarrica 03°48'40"N; 74°41'41"W 1750 Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 7 Number Locality Municipality Coordinates Elevation (m a.s.l.) 73 Alto de Bélgica Villarrica 03°57'16"N; 74°35'33"W 1965 74 Manzanita Villarrica 03°52'72"N; 74°57'8"W 1600 75 Alto Torres (Galilea) Villarrica 03°48'46"N; 74°41'57"W 1500 76 Las Catorce Cunday 04°03'18"N; 74°35'01"W 1703 77 La Arcadia Villarrica 03°55'11"N; 74°37'23"W 1130 78 San pedro Cunday 04°03'54"N; 74°38'38"W 1100 79 Varsovia Cunday 04°04'9"N; 74°35'54"W 900 80 Parroquia Vieja Cunday 04°01'57"N; 74°34'57"W 400 81 Valencia Cunday 03°55'46"N; 74°46'10"W 400 82 San José Dolores 03°31'38"N; 74°49'48"W 1485 83 San Andrés Dolores 03°31'38.4"N; 74°49"W 1500 84 San Pablo Dolores 03°38'50"N; 74°48'56"W 860 85 Casco Urbano Mariquita 05°11'28"N; 74°44'34"W 495-535 86 Casco Urbano Honda 05°12'17"N; 74°44'26"W 230 87 Honda Honda 05°14'58"N; 74°50'1.2"W 250 88 Vda. Portachuelo Icononzo 04°12'29"N; 74°33'55"W 1350 89 Puente Natural Icononzo 04°11'10"N; 74°30'00"W 850-1000 90 El Chorillo Ambalema 04°50'32"N; 74°47'15"W 253 91 Tajo Ambalema 04°48'30'N; 74°47'57"W 255 92 Laguna Coya CoyaimaPurificación 03°48'43" N; 75°1'40"W 320 93 Purificación Purificación 03°54'59"N; 75°10'0.4"W 340 94 La Argelia Venadillo 04°38'22" N; 74°53'3"W 310 95 Potrerito Venadillo 04°41'49"N; 74°59'22"W 700 96 Alto del Bledo Lérida 04°41'49.5"N; 74°59'22"W 951 97 Laguna EL Hato Armero-Guayabal 05°4'26"N; 74°50'0.5"W 290 98 Casco urbano Guamo 04°1'42"N; 74°58'17"W 330 99 La Siberia Chaparral 03°53'11"N; 75°41’2"W 1872 100 Desembocadura río Amoya, Guaní Chaparral 03°40'23"N; 75°23’1"W 540 8Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Number Locality Municipality Coordinates Elevation (m a.s.l.) 101 Cuevas Tuluni Chaparral 03°38'32.3"N; 75°27’26"W 605 102 Caserío Tuluni Chaparral 03°38'58"N; 75°27’24"W 665 103 Finca Santa Ana, Maito Chaparral 03°44'21"N; 75°32’42"W 830 104 Pueblo Venadillo 04°42'45"N; 74°55’32"W 535 105 La Sierra Venadillo 04°46'40"N; 74°57’47"W 460 106 Uniminuto Lerida 04°51'18"N; 74°55’01"W 380 107 Piedecuesta Falan 05°07'27"N; 74°58'16"W 859 108 Puerto Yuca Falan 05°09'12"N; 74°54'25"W 680 109 Ciudad Perdida Falan 05°07'00"N; 74°56'31"W 780 110 Vía La Victoria Mariquita 05°14'05"N; 74°53'19"W 415 111 El Rano Mariquita 05°17'18"N; 74°51'42"W 365 112 Cataratas de medina Mariquita 05°13'44"N; 74°53'28"W 560 113 Caimital Honda 05°12'09"N; 74°45'35"W 463 114 Cruce San Felipe Armero-Guayabal 05°07'39"N; 74°53'53"W 460 115 Balneario Borbón Armero-Guayabal 05°04'14"N; 74°50'42"W 460 116 Granja UT Armero-Guayabal 04°55'23"N; 75°00'34"W 430 117 Vda. La Mejora Casabianca 05°02'01"N; 75°05'6"W 1700-2000 118 Pueblo Casabianca 05°04'49"N; 75°07'13"W 2109 119 Cofradia Venadillo 04°43'35"N; 74°53'57"W 300 120 Limones Venadillo 04°40'13"N; 74°51'45"W 270 121 Zona rural Venadillo 04°40'20"N; 74°48'52"W 360 122 Guaimaral Santa Isabel 04°41'38"N; 75°6'20"W 2100 123 El Resguardo Las Mercedes Rio Blanco 03°17'31"N; 75°52'02"W 2294 124 Anamichu Rio Blanco 03°28'6"N; 75°39'48"W 725 125 Alto de Letras Herveo 05°02'41"N; 75°19'56"W 3600 126 Pueblo Herveo 05°04'44"N; 75°10'32"W 2250 127 Pueblo Fresno 05°09'14"N; 75°01'59"W 1260 128 La Cascada Anzoátegui 04°39'00"N; 75°14'32"W 3640 129 Palomar Anzoátegui 04°39'4.5"N; 75°13'4"W 2800 Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 9 Notes:(v; co; ph ML616044311; au ML616044279). There is a historical record of an specimen from C. saltuarius collected by Fray Diego García in Chiminá Feligresia (Mariquita) (López 2002). Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Honda, Melgar Notes:(v; ph https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/64474746). Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Ambalema, Coyaima, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph) EL. New report - ten individuals were observed and photographed during November 2004 in the lagoon of Coya between Purificación and Coyaima, registered by Parra and Rojas (2011). This record corresponds to the first verifiable record of the presence of this species in the valley Magdalena later in the municipality of Ibagué by W. Yate who made an observation in 2007. D. Juez made an observation on 21 January 2018 in Mariquita. On 15 November 2008, K. Certuche recorded 12 individuals in Venadillo; one individual was recorded in Hacienda Pajonales – Ambalema on 12 May 2016 (Y. Tolosa); and two individuals were recorded in Ibagué on 12 November 2017. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Coyaima, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Suárez, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC156277; ph ML118594121) Oressochen jubatus (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML118593401) F. New record - a couple of individuals were observed in Aparco, a peri-urban area of the municipality of Ibagué, during the months of September and October 2018. The birds were initially identified by H. Arias and later by us and other observers (Fig. 4c). The individuals did not belong to any resident of the area; however, we do not rule out that they are the product of an escape or that they are migrants. Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué, Piedras, San Luis 16 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(ph ML57130461) Rint. New record - on 8 July 2006, five individuals were observed by the Grupo de observación de Aves (GOAT) at Hacienda Gascoña (Piedras). On 11 July 2007, an individual was observed in the lagoon complex of Salado (Ibagué). On 7 June 2017, we photographed two individuals in Aparco, located towards the peri-urban area of the municipality of Ibagué. These records a b c d e Figure 4. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department. a: Aythya affinis; b: Cairina moschata c: Oressochen jubatus d: Phoenicopterus ruber e: Podiceps occipitalis. Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 17 correspond to repopulation of this species, as its numbers had declined in past decades (Fig. 4b). a b c d e f Figure 5. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Tigrisoma lineatum (photograph of W. Figueroa); b: Cochlearius cochlearius, a specie unusual; c: Ixobrychus exilis, new registration high valley of Magdalena; d: Agami agami (photograph of Y. Tolosa - Proyecto Bosque Seco, Cortolima); e: Plegadis falcinellus, new registration high valley of Magdalena (photograph of F. Espinosa); f: Mycteria americana, a specie unusual. 18 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y a b c d e f Figure 6. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Rosthraumus sociabilis (photograph of W. Figueroa); b: Circus bufoni, new registration high valley of Magdalena; c: Spizaetus tyrannus (photograph of J. W. Molano); d: Aramus guararauna (photograph of W. Figueroa); e: Porzana carolina, a migratory specie (photograph of F. Suarez); f: Pardirallus maculatus. Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 19 a b c d e f Figure 7. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Himantopus mexicanus; b: Tringa melanoleuca; c: Vanellus resplandes (photograph of C. Guevara); d: Phaetusa simplex; e: Rhynchops niger; f: Columbina minuta. 20 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Merganetta armata Gould, 1841 Distribution:Cajamarca, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Río Blanco, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa Notes:(v; co AMHN 111392; ph ML79620011) Spatula discors (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Coyaima, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Piedras, Purificación Notes:(v; ph ML24395711) Mb Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v, ph) Mb New record - an individual was registered and recorded in the lagoon complex of Picaleña (Ibagué) on 13 May 2017 by D. Carantón and teammates during the Global Big Day (GBD). The record corresponds to a sporadic case of this migratory species being observed perched and flying over the lagoon. Anas platyrhynchos (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML123176141) INT. New record - two individuals were photographed on 7 May 2017 in the lagoon of Aparco, on the outskirts of the Municipality of Ibagué. The individuals correspond to feral species of neighbouring farms observed around some lagoons in this zone. Anas andium (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co SIB 6790; ph ML123178761) Aythia affinis (Eyton, 1838) Distribution:Ibagué, Prado Notes:(v; ph ML68427311) M New record. Initially, five individuals were observed on 11 February 2011 and then a group of eight was photographed on 10 January 2013, at Hacienda el Escobal (900 m a.s.l.). In the Municipality of Ibagué Initially, five individuals were observed on 11 February 2011. Later, a group of eight was Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 21 photographed on 10 January 2013 at Hacienda El Escobal (900 m a.s.l.) in the Municipality of Ibagué (Fig. 4a). The individuals were observed on the water mirror in groups comprising females and non-reproductive males, located with native species of ducks (Anatidae) and cormorants. The records coincide with other observations made on those days in Bogotá (Colombia), suggesting an unusual migration route of this species during some seasons. These records are the first for this migratory species in the Upper Magdalena Valley. These observations, like those for other migratory ducks that arrive sporadically in the Municipality of Ibagué, suggest an alternative route for this species. Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Coyaima, Armero - Guayabal, Murillo, Planadas, Purificación Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 562; ph) Oxyura jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Herveo, Murillo Notes:(v; ph ML106506211). New record - different individuals of this species were recorded in Tolima, especially in the upper area of the Department. This species was registered regularly in Murillo (pers. commun., Y. Rincón). On 11 September 2016, D. Carantón registered a group of 10 individuals (pers. commun., D. Carantón) in Anzoátegui. Chamaepetes goudotii (Lesson, 1828) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0177; ph ML115212621) Penelope montagnii (Bonaparte, 1856) Distribution:Cajamarca, Fresno, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co SIB 126311; ph ML45290981) Aburria aburri (Lesson, 1828) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ambalema, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; au) NT. A few records of this species in Tolima were made by chance in Roncesvalles in 2005 by W. Yate. Similarly, it was observed in the Reserva Natural 22 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Bella vista (Ibagué) in May 2007 (Molina-Martínez 2014). M. Olaya registered this species in the municipality of Planadas on 5 May 2018 (pers. commun., M. Olaya). Although this species was observed in high areas of the Department, it may go unnoticed and the few records correspond to casual or auditory observations. Ortalis columbiana Hellmayr, 1906 Distribution:Alpujarra, Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicalá, Chaparral, Coello, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Gualanday, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Iconzo, Lerida, Libano, Melgar, Mariquita, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, San Luis, Suárez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au XC424477; co MLS 574; ph ML123182221). This endemic species was registered in almost all of the lower areas of the Department, occurring in groups of 4 - 18 individuals in dry and premontane forests. Crax alberti Fraser, 1852 Distribution:Honda Notes:(co MLS 525) CR. Historical record of a specimen collected by Kerr in Honda. This species is probably extinct in the region. Colinus cristatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alpujarra, Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ataco, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Coyaima, Casabianca, Cunday, Espinal, Guamo, Falan, Flandes, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Piedras, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, San Luis, Suarez, Venadillo, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; ph ML72669811; co MHN-ICN 4397, MLS 595) Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould, 1858 Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Ibagué Notes:(v; au XC96070, ML98610951) E NT Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Ambalema, Ibagué Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 23 Notes:(v; ph) INT. New record - in Ibagué, an individual was observed in June 2015 over the lagoon complex of Picaleña. Recently, J. Sanabria photographed a colourful individual in the same locality. These sightings were probably the result of escapes or a consequence of accidental movements (Parra-Hernández et al. 2015, Fig. 4dFig. 4 e). Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph ML123896681) Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué, Libano, Prado Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0286; ph ML123183561) Podiceps occipitalis Garnot, 1826 Distribution:Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; ph) New record - these records correspond to the first observations of this species in the Department of Tolima made in the Municipality of Roncesvalles. Recently, W. Yate photographed three individuals which were observed on 7 April 2005 at Laguna Los Patos at 3200 m and an individual was observed on 9 January 2018 at Laguna Carrizales at 3600 m on the Cucuanita path (Fig. 4e). A photographic record was made of nesting on the border with the Department of Quindio, in the lagoon of Muñeco (ML 106896191). Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Anzoategui, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Coyaima, Casabianca, Honda, Ibagué, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Piedras, Planadas, Prado, Saldaña, San Antonio, San Luis, Roncesvalles, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villahermosa Notes:(v; ph ML123183941) INT Patagioenas speciosa (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Honda, San Luis Notes:(v; co AMHN 94801) 24 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Patagioenas fasciata (Say, 1823) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ataco, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Herveo, Falan, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Rioblanco, Roncesvalles, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; ph ML123189671) Patagioenas cayennensis (Bonnaterre, 1792) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Guamo, Mariquita, Natagaima, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; au co MHN-ICN 4382; ph ML123915061) Patagioenas plumbea (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Chaparral, Falan, Guamo, Libano, Melgar, Villarrica Notes:(co CZUT-0372). New record - an uncommon species in Tolima, it was observed in Melgar's Victoria Reserve on 6 August 2016, captured in Villarica, in the Galilea Forest, on 20 August 2004 (Parra-Hernández 2006) and photographed on 5 May 2019. There are also records from the Combeima River Canyon by P. Flores on 19 August 2017 and from the Municipality of San Luis (Guamo) on 5 May 2018 by D. Juez. Patagioenas subvinacea (Lawrence, 1868) Distribution:Casabianca, Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ph ML83880261) This species is occasionally observed in Tolima. We recorded it in Laguna Venta Quemada - Alvarado on 16 November 2004. Two individuals were observed in Complejo Lagunar Piedras (Gascoña) on 17 January 2017 and in Las Catorce on 24 August 2004. Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) Distribution:Ibagué, Mariquita Notes:(v; ph ML 218086841) Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Lerida, Ortega, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luís, Villarrica Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 25 Uropsalis segmentata (Cassin, 1849) Distribution:Ibagué, Cajamarca Notes:(v; ph) Some recent records were made in Ibagué, Silencio on 23 July 2013 (W. Figueroa photographed ML 370281651, ML 370281661, ML 370281671) and Toche at Finca La Leona by M. De Freitas on 2 August 2018 and Salento-Toche Road by C. Sanchéz on 30 August 2019. Uropsalis lyra (Bonaparte, 1850) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co ANSP 154700; ph ML51940921) Hydropsalis cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Honda, Ibagué, Melgar, Piedras, Planadas Notes:(ca; co NHMA 73169; ph) Systellura longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel. Notes:(v; au; co MHN-ICN 27016, CZUTOR 0657) Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Chaparral, Ibagué, Villahermosa Notes:(co MHN-ICN 4440; ph ML83559451) ICN Cypseloides cherriei Ridway, 1893 Distribution:Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0436; ph) DD EL. Ibagué, Tolima. coordinates; 4°25'58"N; 75°13'01"W. altitude 1250 m a.s.l.; date 4 August 2006, Collector. RM. Parra. CZUTOR 0436. This unusual species in the Department was observed by chance for the first time on 4 August 2006 in the Municipality of Ibagué (Parra-Hernández et al. 2008) and later in Ibagué on 7 June 2015 (Fig. 8e). 32 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Streptoprocne rutila (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Alpujarra, Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Palocabildo, Piedras, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, Rio Blanco, San Antonio Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 10164, CZUTOR 0128) Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Coello, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Herveo, Icononzo, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Natagaima, Piedras, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarica Notes:(v; co SIB 126381, CZUT OR1183; ph ML98402401) WD Chaetura cinereiventris Sclater, 1862 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Coello, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Melgar, Murillo, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v) Chaetura spinicaudus (Temminck, 1839) Distribution:Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, San Antonio Notes:(v) Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Valle de San Juan Notes:(v; ph ML 503924801) Chaetura brachyura (Jardine, 1846) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; ph ML115462101) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 33 Aeronautes montivagus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Chaparral, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; ph ML43402911) Panyptila cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Cajamarca, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v) Florisuga mellivora (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Alvarado,Carmen de Apicala, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Falan Fresno, Honda, Icononzo, Ibagué, Fresno, Libano, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Saldaña, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 249, CZUTOR 096; ph ML123215381) Eutoxeres aquila (Bourcier, 1847) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Icononzo, Libano, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0047; ph ML57129811) Glaucis hirsutus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Coyaima, Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Piedras, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Rovira, Saldaña, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; co; CZUTOR 0277; ph ML123219681) Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier, 1847) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Libano, Mariquita Notes:(ph ML2600159). This hummingbird was captured by F. Espinosa in the vereda Coralito (Líbano) on 12 March 2016 (record from eBird) and was observed on one occasion near the Morales River in Falan in March 2017. 34 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Phaethornis striigularis Gould, 1854 Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Casabianca, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Libano, Honda, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 1651; ph ML26340841) Phaethornis anthophilus (Bourcier, 1843) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Armero - Guayabal, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coello, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Piedras, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, Saladaña, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 1634, CZUTOR 74; ph ML70659211) Phaethornis guy (Lesson, 1833) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Anzoategui, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Heerveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Falan, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 32327, CZUTOR 23; ph ML99294501) Phaethornis syrmatophorus Gould, 1851 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 532; ph ML22279521) Phaethornis longirostris (Delattre, 1843) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita Notes:(v) Doryfera ludoviciae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1847) Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0283; ph) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 35 Schistes albogularis Gould, 1851 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Falan, Libano, Herveo, Ibagué, Planadas, San Antonio, Villahermosa Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0786; ph ML 376971311, ML 337952211) Colibri delphinae (Lesson, 1839) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; au-XC424028; ca; co MHN-ICN 32372; ph) Colibri cyanotus (Bourcier, 1843) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Falan, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Libano, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0633; ph ML123222211) Colibri coruscans (Gould, 1846) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Murillo, Notes:(v; au XC336002 ca; co CZUTOR 020; ph ML58016731) Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier, 1843) Distribution:Falan, Honda Notes:(v) Registered by W. Figueroa. Some records with photo at the border with Caldas (ML 198143691). Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Espinal, Ibagué, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, San Luis Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 7896, CZUTOR 0325; ph) Anthracothorax nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Carmen de Apicala, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Gualanday, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Melgar, Murillo, Prado, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 174, CZUTOR 0781; ph ML123222801) 36 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Heliangelus exortis (Fraser, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 1272; ph ML99048711) Discosura conversii (Bourcier & Mulsan, 1846) Distribution:Falan Notes:(v; ph ML99183441). New record - this is a rare hummingbird in the Department. Individuals have been observed since June 2006 in the path Piedecuesta (Municipality Falan) in the canopy, usually solitary and rarely in small groups of three individuals (Fig. 9b). Lophornis delattrei (Lesson, 1839) Distribution:Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Prado Notes:(v; co MLS 1969, ph ML197470921) Lophornis stictolophus Salvin & Elliot, 1873 Distribution:Icononzo, Prado Notes:(v, co) Adelomyia melanogenys (Fraser, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Planadas, Santa Isabel, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 1422; ph ML120532001) Aglaiocercus kingii (Lesson, 1832) Distribution:Cajamarca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Villarricallahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 245, CZUT OR0981; ph ML115213621) Opisthoprora euryptera (Loddiges, 1832) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué Notes:(ca; co SIB 6540) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 37 Lesbia nuna (Lesson, 1832) Distribution:Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 26170; ph ML115213241) a b c d e f Figure 9. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Saucerottia cyanifrons (near endemic); b: Discosura conversii; c: Calliphlox mitchellii d: Capito hypoleucus (endangered and endemic); e: Thamnophilus multristriatus; f: Myiarchus apicalis, an endemic species (photograph of William E. Figueroa). 38 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Ramphomicron microrhynchum (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel a b c d e f Figure 10. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Pitangus lictor; b: Pipreola aureopectus, a new registration in the high valley of Magdalena; c: Pseudopipra pipra d: Cantorchilus nigrocapillus, a new registration in the high valley of Magdalena; e: Campylorhynchus zonatus f: Stilpnia vitriolina, a semi-endemic species. Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 39 Notes:(v; co SIB 126768, CZUTOR 745; ph) a b c d e f Figure 11. Noteworthy bird species recorded in Tolima Department, Colombia. a: Ixothraupis guttata; b: Sporophila angolensis (photograph of W. Figueroa); c: Sporophila funerea; d: Sporophila crassirostris; e: Atlapetes flaviceps, an endangered and Colombian Central Andes endemic species; f: Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus, an endangered and Colombian Central Andes endemic species. 40 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Oxypogon stubelii Meyer, 1884 Distribution:Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0670, ph ML118814161) CE Chalcostigma herrani (De lattre & Bourcieri, 1846) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co CZUT OR1274; ph ML123901711) Metallura tyrianthina (Loddiges, 1832) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Prado, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co ISB 166025, CZUTOR 101; ph ML123902171) Metallura williami (De Lattre & Bourcieri, 1846) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CM 70714, CZUTOR 238; ph ML32218831) Haplophaedia aureliae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0365) Eriocnemis vestita (Lesson, 1839) Distribution:Cajamarca, Murillo, Planadas Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 26157) A reg. H. Arias. Eriocnemis derbyi (De lattre & Bourcier, 1846) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co; CZUTOR 1242; ph ML22278111) CE NT Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 41 Pardirallus maculatus (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Ibagué, Espinal, Guamo, Purificación Notes:(v; au; co MLS 4756; ph ML123235741) ICN. This is an uncommon species of the rice fields of Tolima. An individual was observed on 26 October 2010 by D. Carantón in the Lagoon La Esmeralda (Ibagué). We registered this species in 2017. A tired individual was observed in the courtyard of a house where there had previously been an urban wetland in the City of Ibagué (Molina-Martínez 2014). Some individuals were observed near irrigation channels in Espinal in 2013 and two individuals were observed on 28 September 2015 in the Totumo (Fig. 6f). Aramides cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Coyaima, Cunday, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co MHN-ICN 21836; ph ML118594601) Porzana carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué, Espinal, Piedras Notes:(co MLS 8509; ph) There were a few records of this species in Tolima on 13 March 2015 on the route to Piedras. P.G. Nell recorded two individuals in April 2018 (Fig. 6e). Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein, 1818) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Espinal, Ibagué, Mariquita, Honda, Piedras, Prado Notes:(v; ph ML123236601) Fulica americana Gmelin, 1789 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Honda Notes:(v) Pluvialis dominica (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v) 48 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Anzoátegui, Ambalema, Chaparral, Coyaima, Guamo, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v, au XC384415, ML97062611; co AMHN 35233; ph ML123242991) WD Vanellus resplendens (Tschudi, 1843) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML122237191) Alcaraván registered this species in the páramo zone in specific areas near the Tolima and Ruiz peaks. A photographic record was made by C. Guevara in 2018 (Fig. 7c). Anarhynchus collaris Vieillot, 1818 Distribution:Ibagué, Ortega, Piedras, Venadillo Notes:(V; au ML111647501; ca; co MLS 8322; ph ML111647251) Himantopus mexicanus (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Ibagué, Purificación Notes:(v; ph ML24395601). New record - an uncommon species in the Department, it has only been registered in the lagoon complex El Escobal. The first record of this species was made on 2 March 2008 by the Tolima Bird Observer Group (GOAT). It has been subsequently observed in the same place on a regular basis alone or in groups of eight individuals (October 2018) (Fig. 7a). Hesperoburhinus bistriatus (Wagler, 1829) Distribution:Alvarado, Doima, Ibagué, Natagaima, San Luis Notes:(v; ph ML123242151). This species is difficult to see and has always been observed in a solitary way. For the first time, it was observed in the desert of Natagaima bordering Aipe (Huila) on 20 March 2004. Later, on 22 June 2006, it was observed in Piedras in an arid area adjacent to the rice fields. Between 2017 and 2018, we regularly registered several individuals in Ventaquemada (Alvarado). Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein, 1812) Distribution:Espinal Notes:(co AMHN 111327) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 49 Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; ph https://www.flickr.com/photos/proaves/3577733780) Calidris minutilla (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Alvarado, Doima, Ibagué, Piedras Notes:(v; ph ML124781241) M Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:Migrant species with sporadic records in the Department of Tolima. Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; ca; ph) M. This sporadic species was registered on one occasion at El Toro Lagoon Complex and photographed on 5 January 2005 (Parra-Hernández et al. 2007). Gallinago jamesoni (Jardine & Bonaparte, 1855) Distribution:Ibagué, Santa Isabel Notes:(co ANSP 154802) Gallinago nobilis Sclater, 1856 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Planadas, Santa Isabel Notes:(V; co ANSP 154803; ph ML62591231) Gallinago delicata (Ord, 1825) Distribution:Ibagué, Murillo Notes:(v Three collection records at the border of the Municipality of Natagaima with the Department of Huila; co MVZ 93749). 50 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Doima, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Melgar, Piedras, Prado, Purificación Notes:(v; ph ML111644551; ca; co CZUTOR 0201) M Tringa solitaria Wilson, 1813 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Cajamarca, Guamo, Falan, Ibagué, Honda, Purificación Notes:(v; co MHN, ICN 1187; ph ML123934521) M Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Alvarado, Doima, Ibagué, San Luis Notes:(v; au ML 222194951; ph ML 183616821) M. This is a migratory species that is sporadically observed in some areas of the Department. We found a record of an individual on 13 October 2004 in Villacafe sector (Ibagué), the rice fields of Saldaña, Piedras and Roncesvalles. It was recently (October 2018) observed by J. Poveda in Murillo (Fig. 7b). Tringa semipalmatus (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Melgar Notes:(co MCZ 347551) Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Piedras Notes:(v; ph ML 182836571) M Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Guamo, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ca; co MLS 2918, CZUTOR 440; ph ML123244611) WD Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Ambalema, Ibagué, Honda Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 51 Notes:(v; ca; co; ph ML123250951). This species has been observed in the Magdalena River Basins (Honda, Ambalema and Girardot) and large lagoons in the Department. It usually forms groups of up to 12 individuals. At Laguna El Escobal (Picaleña, Ibagué), a small group was initially seen in 2008, which spread to other municipal water bodies and Piedras (Fig. 7e). Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ibagué, Libano, Alvarado Notes:(v; ph) M. Photographic record in the black lagoon (Caldas), less than 200 m from the limits with the Tolima (ML 206785451). Sternula superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Venadillo Notes:(v) Several records near Honda Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Honda, Suarez Notes:(v; ph ML123250851). This species has been observed in the Magdalena River Basins (Honda, Ambalema and Girardot) and large lagoons in the Department. It usually forms groups of up to 12 individuals. At Laguna El Escobal (Picaleña, Ibagué), a small group was initiallyseen in 2008, which spread to other municipal water bodies and Piedras (Fig. 7e). Eurypyga helias (Pallas, 1781) Distribution:Chaparral Notes:(ph ML99634321) An individual photographed by D. Ceballos and an individual was photographed. Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué, Lerida Notes:(v; ph ML118594791). New record - this species is occasionally observed in Tolima. This species has been observed below 1,000 m a.s.l. in a casual way since 2005 (Fig. 5f) in the Municipalities of Piedras, Ibagué, Alvarado and Venadillo. 52 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML68428501) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Chaparral, Ibagué, Honda, Libano, Mariquita, Roncesvalles, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph ML123251401) Pelecanus occidentalis (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Prado Notes:(v; ph ML350019381) Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Ibagué, Falan Notes:(v; ph). New record - an individual was observed on 5 January 2005 at the edge of the Lagoon El Toro. On 21 February 2015, D. Quintero registered an individual in the Sports Park. On 7 November 2010, a record was made by T. Rasmussen in Laguna del Hato. An observation was made in Vereda Chenche Aguafría on 7 December 2015 by C. Martínez. In 2015, an individual was photographed at the Prado Reservoir by W. Figueroa (Fig. 5a). Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué, Prado Notes:(v; ph ML123261191) EL. New record - an individual was photographed in Laguna El Toro (Municipality of Ibagué) on 5 December 2012 (Fig. 5b). On 14 May 2016, two individuals were spotted in Llanitos of Combeima by A. Buitrago (annotated record in Ebird). Agamia agami (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ambalema, Piedras, Venadillo Notes:(ph ML55849831). On 9 June 2014, an individual was photographed by J. Drucker in the Jabirú Reserve (Guayabal). On 2 September 2012, O. Marín registered an individual in the Village of Tavera (Venadillo Municipality). On 23 November 2015, Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 53 K. Certuche observed an individual in Venadillo and F. Espinosa photographed an individual in the same locality (pers. commun., F. Espinosa, Fig. 5d). Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Piedras Notes:(ph ML118752031). New record - an individual was photographed at Finca Gascoña (Piedras) on the high pastures bordering a lagoon in the morning hours on 13 October 2018 (Fig. 5c). This record is the first of this species in the Upper Magdalena Valley. Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Ataco, Chaparral, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Pi Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph ML63999381) Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué, Venadillo, Honda Notes:(v; ph ML27837881). The first record of this species was made on 28 February 2005 at the lagoon complex of Salado (Ibagué) (Parra-Hernández et al. 2007). Later, different records were made towards the north of Tolima. In Pajonales (Ambalema), an individual was registered on 12 May 2016 by Y. Tolosa. Another record was made in Venadillo on 18 January 2015 (pers. commun., D. Garzón). Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Doima, Ibagué, Piedras Notes:(v; ph ML123255131) Mb Egretta tricolor (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal Notes:(v) Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Alvarado, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, San Luis Notes:(v; ph ML118593561) 54 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ambalema, Honda, Ibagué, Natagaima Notes:(ph ML124779931) Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Piedras, Purificación, Ibagué, San Luis, Saldaña, Espinal, Flandes, Carmen de Apicala, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Honda Notes:(co USNM 444273; ph ML123259071) Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Cajamarca, Coyaima, Cunday, Coyaima, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; co MLS 2947, MHN ICN 4372; ph ML123241141) WD Butorides virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Ibagué, Honda, San Luis Notes:(v; co AMHN 94799; ph ML123240481). This is a casual species in the Department of Tolima. On 5 May 2017, an individual was observed in the rice fields of Ambalema; another individual was sighted on 10 January 2013 in the lagoon complex of Picaleña (Ibagué). Nick Bayly de Selva recorded an individual on 24 November 2012 in the paddy fields of Prado. Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Ambalema, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cajamarca, Coyaima, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Piedras, Planadas, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 78, CZUT OR1150; ph ML123255851) WD Ardea alba Linnnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Ambalema, Chaparral, Coyaima, Espinal, Ibagué, Falan, Mariquita, Libano, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph ML63999471) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 55 Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Ibagué, Melgar, Mariquita Notes:(v; ph ML 246484781) Migrant species with sporadic records in the Tolima. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ambalema, Coyaima, Coyaima, Espinal, Ibagué, Piedras, Prado, Purificación Notes:(v; co ICN 163; ph ML118593081) Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML24371311). New record - an individual was spotted during the morning hours of 13 February 2016 in the sector of Picaleña, Laguna El Escobal, over 900 m a.s.l., foraging alone, but then together with other aquatic bird species. These sightings correspond to occasional sightings of the tropical dry forest (Fig. 5e) and are the first records of this species in the Upper Magdalena Valley. Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Libano, Mariquita, Venadillo Notes:(v) Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Casabianca, Coyaima, Coyaima, Ibagué, Falan, Honda, Mariquita, San Luis, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co ICN 181787; ph ML123263751) Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Ataco, Melgar, Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML 221533741). Common in beaches of the Magdalena River. New record - on 13 April 2016, an individual was observed and photographed by H. Cruz in the Municipality of Melgar. This person also observed two individuals in Las Villas (Ataco) on 4 December 2017 (pers. commun., H. Cruz). S. García registered an individual in the Rio Viejo Wetland on 18 January 2018. 56 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Platalea ajaja (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Natagaima, Ambalema, Venadillo . Notes:(v; ph ML645648414) Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero - Guayabal, Alvarado,Chaparral, Coello, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Honda, Natagaima, Piedras, Purificación, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; co MLS 220; ph ML123266381) Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa Notes:(v; ph ML118451711) NT Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ambalema, Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Falan, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Prado, Santa Isabel, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; ph ML123267051) Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; ph ML123881471) M WD Cathartes burrovianus Cassin, 1845 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Coyaima, Doima, Ibagué, Mariquita, Piedras, San Luis Notes:(v; ph ML118594551) EL Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado,Coyaima, Ibagué, Falan, Melgar, Piedras, Prado, Purificación, Venadillo Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 57 Buteo platypterus (Vieillot, 1823) Distribution:Ataco, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Luis, San Antonio Notes:(V; ca; co MHN-ICN 13329, CZUTOR 0221; ph ML84679171) M Buteo albigula Philippi, 1899 Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML115212321) Buteo brachyurus Viellot, 1816 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Ibagué, San Antonio, San Luis Notes:(v; ph ML107748731) Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838 Distribution:Cunday, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Lerida, Murillo, San Antoni Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 8367; ph ML47562641) M Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin, 1788 Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v) M. New record - this is an unusual species that was observed on 25 January 2010, migrating at a low altitude of 900 m a.s.l. in a dry forest zone of the Municipality of Ibagué near the canyon of the Combeima River. Individuals were flying low and were identified by the red tail and black subterminal on the tail. Tyto furcata (Temminck, 1827) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Alvarado,Espinal, Herveo, Honda, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Prado, Purificación, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 1334; ph) Megascops albogularis (Cassin, 1849) Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles, Murillo, San Antonio 64 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(v; au ML 233621091; co) Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Natagaima, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, San Antoni, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co MPUJ 733, CZUTOR 213, MLS 1360; ph ML27840031) Lophostrix cristata (Daudin, 1800) Distribution:Chaparral Notes:(v) M. Moreno Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham, 1790) Distribution:Ambalema, Honda, Villahermosa Notes:(au; ca) Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Espinal, Ibagué, Purificación Notes:(v; co MLS 7773) Strix virgata (Cassin, 1849) Distribution:Cajamarca, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, San Antonio Notes:(v; au ML81694 co ANSP 155086, CZUTOR 0178; ph ML79778021) Strix nigrolineata Sclater, 1859 Distribution:Coyaima Ibagué, Purificación, Saldaña Notes:(co MLS 1411; ph ML 240304101) Strix albitarsis (Bonaparte, 1850) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué Notes:(v; co ANSP 155084) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 65 Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte, 1855) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué Notes:(au ML 198292011; ph ML 37878561) Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Honda, Ibagué Notes:(co ANSP 154698) Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Coyaima, Ibagué, Guamo, Honda, Saldaña, San Luis, Saldaña Notes:(v; co MLS 8324; ph ML98822281) Aegolius harrisii (Cassin, 1849) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v) Asio clamator (Vieillot, 1807) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Planadas, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 1424, CZUT-OR1343) Asio stygius (Wagler, 1832) Distribution:Ibagué, Espinal, Guamo, Fresno Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 3169, CZUTOR 251; ph ML24063731) Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; A photographic record at the border with caldas in Nevado del Ruiz ML 133046581). 66 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Pharomachrus auriceps (Gould, 1842) Distribution:Ibagué, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(V; au; co SIB 5959; ph ML78998721) Pharomachrus antisianus (d'Orbigny, 1837) Distribution:Ataco, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, San Antonio Notes:(co MHN-ICN 9128) Trogon melanurus Swainson, 1838 Distribution:Honda, Icononzo Notes:(co) Trogon chionurus Sclater & Salvin, 1870 Distribution:Honda, Mariquita Notes:(v; co AMNH-SKIN 94848) Several searches at the border with the Department of Caldas between Victoria and Albania. Trogon viridis Linnaeus, 1766 Distribution:Honda Notes:(co AMHN 94848) Trogon rufus Gmelin, 1788 Distribution:Honda Notes:(co) Trogon collaris Vieillot, 1817 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Honda, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au ML 99165581; co ANSP 154666; ph ML99188281) Trogon personatus Gould, 1842 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Murillo, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 67 Notes:(v; au XC421113; co ANSP 35272; ph ML115212921) Baryphthengus martii (Spix, 1824) Distribution:Ambalema, Falan, Honda, Mariquita Notes:(v; co MHNP 1889) Momotus subrufescens Sclater, 1853 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Lerida, Libano, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC384417; ca; co MLS 261, CZUTOR 717; ph ML99192751) Momotus aequatorialis Gould, 1858 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ataco, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Lerida, Libano, HerVenadilloo, Honda, Ibagué, Rio Blanco, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Venadillo, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC425859; co MLS 267, CZUTOR 474; ca; ph ML72670341) Megaceryle torquata (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Roncesvalles, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; co MLS 2543, CZUTOR 812; ph ML120513441) Chloroceryle amazona (Latha, 1790) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Guamo, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Prado, Purificación, San Luis Notes:(v; au; co MLS 2553, CZUTOR 202; ph ML110076711) Chloroceryle aenea (Pallas, 1764) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Espinal, Honda Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 2587) 68 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Gualanday, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Ortega, Prado, Purificación, San Luis Notes:(v; au; co MLS 2571, CZUTOR 0105; ph ML98326261) Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, 1816 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Espinal, Guamo, Gualanday, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Natagaima, Mariquita, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC420247; co MLS 2701, CZUTOR 262; ph ML123187971; ca;) Notharchus hyperhynchus (Sclater, 1856) Distribution:Ambalema, Coyaima, Espinal, Honda, Prado, San Luis Notes:(co MLS 2732) Notharchus tectus (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Espinal, Mariquita, Honda Notes:(co NHMA 73190) Nystalus radiatus (Sclater, 1854) Distribution:Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Melgar, Purificación, Saldaña, Venadillo Notes:(v; co MLS 8274; ph ML123875481) Hypnelus ruficollis (Wagner, 1829) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Falan, Libano, Mariquita, Natagaima, Honda Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0944; ph ML123914791) Malacoptila mysticalis (Lafresnayi, 1850) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Prado, San Antonio Notes:(v; ca; co AMHN 94885; ph ML123915971) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 69 Monasa morphoeus (Hahn & Kuster, 1823) Distribution:Honda Notes:(co MCZ 124974) Capito hypoleucus Salvin, 1897 Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Libano, Mariquita Notes:(v; co AMHN 94855; ph ML99183031) EN E. This endemic species is permanently registered in the north of Tolima in Líbano, Falan, Fresno and Mariquita. It is frequently identified by its song and is commonly observed in pairs, especially in established secondary forest and with the presence of yarumos (Cecropia sp.) (Fig. 9 d). Eubucco bourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Ataco, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Icononzo, Planadas, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MHN-ICN 24913, CZUT OR0887; ph) Ramphastos ambiguus (Swinson, 1823) Distribution:Ataco Notes:(co MHN – ICN; ph ML 99154131) Ramphastos vitellinus Litchtenstein, 1823 Distribution:Honda, Mariquita Notes:(co AMNH 94859) Aulacorhynchus albivitta (Gold, 1833) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ataco, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Dolores, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au-XC95833; co MHN-ICN 11286, CZUTOR 688; ph ML123892881) Aulancorhynchus haematopygus (Gould, 1835) Distribution:Ataco, Falan, Ibagué, Honda, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 919; ph ML 158776161) 70 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Andigena hypoglauca (Gould, 1833) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au; co ML 126300; ph ML85221791) NT Andigena nigrirostris (Waterhouse, 1839) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC426296; co ML 126303; ph ML115212081) Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Honda Notes:(v; co AMHN 94862; ph ML28756191) Picumnus olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424740ca; co MLS 3249, CZUTOR 142; ph ML123909111) WD Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson, 1827) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ataco, Chaparral, Dolores, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC96320; co MHN-ICN 1568; ph ML123912431) Melanerpes pulcher Sclater, 1870 Distribution:Honda, Falan, Libano Notes:(v; co AMHN 94899) Melanerpes rubricapillus (Cabanis, 1862) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ambalema, Ataco, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ca; co MLS 315, CZUTOR 129; ph ML123938441) WD Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 71 Dryobates fumigatus (d'Orbigny, 1840) Distribution:Ataco, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Planadas, San Antonio Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 1665; ph ML85278961) Dryobates kirkii (Malherbe, 1845) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coyaima, Dolores, Espinal, Ibagué, Gualanday, Guamo, Falan, Honda, Lerida, Mariquita, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 3198, CZUTOR 98; ph ML98795211) Dryobates dignus (Sclater & Salvin, 1877) Distribution:Espinal, Herveo, Ibagué, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph ML99043281) Dryobates nigriceps (d'Orbigny, 1840) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co ANSP 155073; ph ML98890091) Campephilus pollens (Bonaparte, 1845) Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ph ML25981251) Campephilus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; co AMHN 94901; ph) Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Cunday, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Piedras, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424647; co AMHN 94902 ph ML47582601) 72 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Colaptes rubiginosus (Swainson, 1820) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Falan, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML98598481; co; ph ML123911261) Colaptes rivolii (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au-XC96279; ca; co CZUTOR 058; ph ML123901241) Colaptes punctigula (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ataco, Coyaima, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC420375; ca; co CZUTOR 490, MLS 397; ph ML123907681) Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Mariquita, San Luis, Venadillo, San Antonio Notes:(v; au-XC335012 co MLS 436, MHN-ICN 13236; ph ML123896221) Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, San Antonio Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 600; ph). There are a few records of this species in the Department. An adult was collected (CZUT-OR - 600) on 18 February 2007 in the mature forest on the Ambala, in the north-western hills (Molina-Martínez 2014). On 19 February 2017, an individual was identified by vocalisation in La Mariposa (Ibagué). Other records from other authors were made in Ibagué and Líbano (registered in eBird). Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué Notes:(au ML58233971) EL. Probably all over Tolima below 1000 m a.s.l. A few records have been made in Tolima. On 10 February 2007, an individual was Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 73 Notes:(v; au XC421089, ML120515771; co AMHN 94914, CZUTOR 552) CE. The antbird, which is relatively common in the Department, usually displaces T. doliatus at altitudes above 1100 or 1200 m a.s.l. It is typically located between 1300 and 2100 m a.s.l. (Fig. 9e). Thamnophilus atrinucha Salvin & Godman, 1892 Distribution:Ambalema, Chaparral, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC424615, CZUT-OR1414; co MLS 3684; ph ML24068471) Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater, 1869 Distribution:Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Mariquita, San Luis Notes:(v; co AMHN 94923) Thamnophilus unicolor (Sclater, 1859) Distribution:Cunday, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(au ML66936501; co CZUTOR 0561; ph ML44331801) Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck, 1823) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ibagué, Honda, Libano, Piedras, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Villahermosa Notes:(au-XC421232; ca; co CZUTOR 1443) Epinecrophylla fulviventris (Lawrence, 1862) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; au, co ML 141938061) Myrmotherula pacifica Hellmayr, 1911 Distribution:San Luis, Mariquita Notes:(v) Some records in eBird on the border with Caldas in the Guarino River Basin. Myrmotherula axillaris (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Mariquita, Prado 80 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(v) Myrmotherula schisticolor (Lawrence, 1865) Distribution:Falan, Villahermosa, Ibagué Notes:(v; ca) Formicivora grisea (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ambalema, Cunday, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Falan, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au-XC386651; co MLS 3776, CZUTOR 278; ph ML123886091) Drymophila striaticeps Chapman, 1912 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; au ML96502701; co; ph) Cercomacroides parkeri Graves, 1997 Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Libano Notes:(v; au XC198035) Cercomacroides tyrannina (Sclater, 1855) Distribution:Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Prado, Rio Blanco, Venadillo Notes:(v; au-XC157409; co CZUTOR 0420) Cercomacra nigricans Sclater, 1858 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Espinal, Melgar, San Luis, Mariquita Notes:(v; au; co MHN-ICN 12503, WFVZ SS-25947; ph) Pyriglena maura (Ménétriés, 1835) Distribution:Planadas Notes:(au) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 81 Myrmeciza longipes (Swainson, 1825) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424466; ca; CZUTOR 0108; ph ML65475771) Poliocrania exsul (Sclater, 1859) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Falan Notes:(v; au) Sipia palliata (Todd, 1917) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; au; ph ML26341731, ML 151083641). New record - individual observed by H. Arias in Ibagué. Like many species in its group, it is difficult to see and identify. There are some records from Tolima, Falan, Líbano and Ibagué at about 1200 to 1400 m a.s.l. On 24 March 2017, F. Espinosa photographed this species in Líbano. In Falan, it was observed by A. Pinto on 24 July 2016. In Ibagué, the first record was made by H. Arias and W. Figueroa in the Village of Chembe at 1350 m a.s.l. (pers. commun., W. Figueroa). Hafferia immaculata (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Ibagué, Fresno, Honda, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au; ca; co CUMV 7147; ph ML25604801) Grallaria squamigera Prevost & Des Murs, 1842 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 1310; au ML97306261) Grallaria alleni Chapman, 1912 Distribution:Ibagué Notes:au ML 176339131 Grallaria guatimalensis (Prevost & Des Murs, 1842) Distribution:Planadas, San Antonio 82 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(au ML 513615651, ML 513615661; ph ML 261346921) Grallaria ruficapilla Lafresnaye, 1842 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au XC424625, co; ph ML78998811) Grallaria nuchalis Sclater, 1860 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; au XC420919, ML97303881; co SIB) Grallaria rufocinerea Sclater & Salvin, 1879 Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(au) CE VU Grallaria hypoleuca Sclater, 1855 Distribution:Casabianca, Villahermosa Notes:(au ML 246568861) New record - this species was registered only in one place (Casabianca) in the Department on 26 December 2016. Its presence was strengthened by auditory identification on 5 May 2018 by F. del Castillo. Grallaria saturata Domaniewski & Stolzmann, 1918 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au-ML116201201; co SIB; ph ML119865521) Grallaria quitensis Lesson, 1844 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au XC96374; co SIB; ph ML45289051) Grallaria milleri (Chapman, 1912) Distribution:Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué Notes:(v; au XC424621; ph ML78998821) E EN Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 83 Grallaricula flavirostris (Chapman, 1924) Distribution:Villahermosa Notes:(au ML 158190801; co; ph) Grallaricula lineifrons (Chapman, 1924) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 1255; ph ML28900731) New report - the first photographic record of the species was made by J. Sanabria on 8 August 2013 at Laguna Las Mellizas, Roncesvalles (Moreno and Losada 2016) at over 3100 m a.s.l. More recently, it has been registered in Toche (Ibagué) and photographed by J. Sanabria and H. Arias. The species is usually heard in the area that divides Tolima and Quindío in areas with bamboo shrubs and secondary forest in low strata. Grallaricula cucullata (Sclater, 1856) Distribution:Libano Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0560; ph) Grallaricula nana (Lafrenaye, 1842) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Falan, Ibagué, Murillo Notes:(v; au; co SIB; ph ML78998841, ML97311561) Acropternis orthonix (Lafresnaye, 1843) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; au XC96366; co SIB 126283) Myornis senilis (Lafresnaye, 1940) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Fresno, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas Notes:(v; au XC96508, ML 96567561; co SIB 126726) Scytalopus opacus Zimmer, 1941 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph ML115352241) 84 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Scytalopus atratus Hellmayr, 1922 Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles, Cajamarca, Fresno, Libano, Murillo, Herveo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au XC424490; co) Scytalopus latrans Hellmayr, 1924 Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Cajamarca, Roncesvalles, Anzoategui, Libano, Murillo, Casabianca, Herveo Notes:(au XC424624; co SIB 126324) Scytalopus rodriguezi Krabbe et al., 2005 Distribution:Planadas Notes:(au ML 156858411) Scytalopus spillmani Stresemann, 1937 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué Notes:(au XC424619; co SIB 126327) Chamaeza turdina Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Distribution:Dolores, Villarrica Notes:(v) Chamaeza mollissima Sclater, 1855 Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(au; ca) Sclerurus obscurior (Hartert, 1901) Distribution:Villahermosa Notes:(v; ph ML 158144061) Sittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Falan, Libano Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 85 Notes:(v) Dendrocincla tyrannina (Lafrenaye, 1851) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0527; ph) Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Prado, San Antonio Notes:(v; ca; co MPUJ 764, CZUTOR 0263; ph ML26003081) Glyphorynchus spirurus (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Villahermosa Notes:(v; au) Dendrocolaptes picumnus Linchtenstein, 1820 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0521; ph) Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Lesson, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0584; ph ML104274931) Xiphorhynchus susurrans (Jardine, 1847) Distribution:Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Honda, Lerida, Purificación Notes:(au XC424400, ML82108, CZUT OR0386; co MLS 341) Xiphorhynchus triangularis (Lafresnaye, 1842) Distribution:Cajamarca, Cunday, Ibagué Notes:(v; co MLS 3353) 86 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Dendroplex picus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Cunday, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au-XC420237; co MLS 3289, CZUTOR 664; ph ML104428621) Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, 1820) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Natagaima, Rio Blanco Notes:(v; au XC424480; co MLS 3375, CZUTOR 0778; ph ML123826951) Campylorhamphus pusillus (Sclater, 1860) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué Notes:(ca, au XC16569; ph) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii (DesMurs, 1849) Distribution:Chaparral, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, San Antonio, San Luis Notes:(v; ca; au-XC420378; co MLS 3369, CZUTOR; ph ML105911441) Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger (Des Murs, 1849) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cunday, Honda, Ibagué, LIbagué, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0654; ph ML123925381) Xenops mexicanus (Sclater, 1857) Distribution:Casabianca, Chaparral, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, San Antonio Notes:(v; ca; co CUMV 6984; ph ML102226081) Xenops rutilans (Teminck 1821) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0149; ph ML99043111) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 87 Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co ISB 126315; ph ML22276301) Premnornis guttuliger (Sclater, 1864) Distribution:Cunday, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0582) Lochmias nematura (Lichtenstein, 1823) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Planadas, Rio Blanco Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 26880, CZUTOR 516; ph) Cinclodes excelsior Sclater, 1860 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co; ph ML58185941) Cinclodes albidiventris Sclater, 1860 Distribution:Herveo, Ibagué Notes:(v) Anabacerthia striaticollis Lafresnaye, 1841 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cunday, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0054; ph ML99052401) Syndactyla subalaris (Sclater, 1859) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co CZUT OR0994) Dendroma rufa (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Villahermosa Notes:(v; au) 88 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Clibanornis rubiginosus (Sclater, 1857) Distribution:Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; au XC376596, ML61689491). New report - this bird is difficult to observe, but recognisable by its song. It was observed in a tangled area over 900 m a.s.l. in the Convention (Líbano) on 11 June 2017 (record from eBird). In the Municipality of Ibagué, it was registered for the first time by O. Humberto on 15 November 2008 in the north-western hills. We recorded the song of an individual in this municipality in the Gaia Nature Reserve in April 2017 (XC404392). Thripadectes flammulatus (Eyto, 1849) Distribution:Ibagué, Rio Blanco Notes:(v; au ML78998871) Thripadectes holostictus (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 084) Thripadectes virgaticeps Lawrence, 1874 Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; ca; ph ML76072981) Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Icononzo, Rio Blanco, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC24100; ca co CZUT 0590; ph ML109878071) Premnoplex brunnescens (Sclater, 1856) Distribution:Chaparral, Falan, Ibagué, Planadas, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 437; ph ML234221281) Margarornis squamiger (d'Orbigny & Lafrenayi, 1838) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Natagaima, Cajamarca, Cunday, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Murillo, Prado, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co AMHN 132229, CZUTOR 506; ph ML51937281) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 89 Pseudotriccus ruficeps (Lafresnaye, 1843) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 1250) Pogonotriccus ophthalmicus (Taczanowsky, 1874) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Herveo, Murillo, San Antonio Notes:(v; ca; co AMHN 112285; ph ML123897501) Pogonotriccus poecilotis (Sclater, 1862) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co AMHN 112242) Phylloscartes superciliaris (Sclater & Salvi, 1868) Distribution:Villahermosa Notes:(v) Mionectes striaticollis (Orbingy & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Herveo, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarricallahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 040; ph ML79638951) Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence, 1868 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Dolores, Falan, Honda, Icononzo, Mariquita, Libano, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0414) Mionectes oleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Chaparral, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Prado, San Antonio, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MPUJ 855, CZUTOR 258; ph ML123920351) 96 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, 1846 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Mariquita, Prado, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co; MLS 5003, CZUTOR 0319; ph) Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi, 1844 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 1006; ph ML123905261) Leptopogon rufipectus (Lafresnaye, 1846) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Rio Blanco Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 0765; ph ML78849961) CE Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix, 1825) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Falan, Gualanday, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Saldaña, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC335916ca; co MLS 4658 CZUTOR 417; ph) Lophotriccus pileatus (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ibagué, Herveo, Fresno, Icononzo, Libano, Murillo, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC421235; ca; co MLS 4732, CZUTOR 882; ph ML23232981) Atalotriccus pilaris (Cabanis, 1847) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coello, Cunday, Coyaima, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Gualanday, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Prado, Purificación, San Antonio, San luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 4734, CZUTOR 294; ph ML65473221) Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Chaparral, Coello, Coyaima, Doima, Falan, Ibagué, Honda, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Purificación, Venadillo Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 97 Notes:(v; co CZUT OR1359; ph ML75626401) Hemitriccus granadensis (Hartlaub, 1843) Distribution:Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Falan, Libano, Murillo Notes:(v; co ANSP 153871) Poecilotriccus ruficeps (Kaup, 1852) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Santa Isabel, San Antonio Notes:(v; co AMHN 112218; ph ML115221431) Poecilotriccus sylvia (Desmarest, 1806) Distribution:Ambalema, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Chaparral, Coyaima, Falan, Ibagué, Honda, Falan, Guamo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Purificación, San Luis, Suarez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 8288, CZUTOR 727; ph) Todirostrum cinereum (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dloes, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Ortega, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Saldaña, Valle de Sa Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424491; ca; co MLS 4715, CZUTOR 350; ph ML72671281) Todirostrum nigriceps (Sclater, 1855) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Purificación, Falan, Honda, Mariquita, Melgar Notes:(v; ph) Myiotriccus ornatus (Lafresnaye, 1853) Distribution:Anzoategui, Honda, Villarrica Notes:(v; co; ph ML 156434011) 98 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Nephelomyias pulcher (Sclater, 1861) Distribution:Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v, ph ML 79689091) Hirundinea ferruginea (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Chaparral, Ibagué, Icononzo, Melgar, Natagaima Notes:(v; co SIB A348; ph). New record - there are a few recent records of this species in Tolima. On 19 March 2015, Y. Tolosa and companions registered it in the canyon of the Combeima River (Ibagué). It was also registered in Chaparral (Vega Chiquita) by M. Moreno on 1 December 2013 and in Toche (Ibagué) by P. Kaestner and F. Espinosa in October 2018. Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC428187; co SIB 126321; ph ML115221451) Zimmerius chrysops (Sclater, 1859) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC157385; ca; co MPUJ 751, 908; ph ML123928791) Euscarthmus meloryphus Wied-Neuwied, 1831 Distribution:Ambalema, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coello, Doima, Ibagué, Falan, Honda, Mariquita, Natagaima, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0389; ph) Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822) Distribution:Alvarado, Anzoategui, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coello, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 99 Notes:(v; au XC424613; ca; co MLS 4916, CZUTOR 337; ph ML123883711) WD Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868 Distribution:Cunday, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Prado, Rovira, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; ph ML 123919531) M Elaenia chiriquensis Lawrence, 1865 Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Doima, Dolores, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Falan, Fresno, Libano, Mariquita, Prado, Rovira, Valle de San Juan Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0252; ph ML98988291) Elaenia frantzii Lawrence, 1865 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Dolores, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Herveo, Libano, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au-XC424585; co CZUTOR 0039; ph ML97745681) Elaenia pallantagae Sclater, 1862 Distribution:Alvarado, Ibagué, Honda, Rovira, Planadas Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0136; ph ML123919531) Tyrannulus elatus (Latham, 1790) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Prado, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Saldaña, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC424041; co MLS 4984, MHN-ICN 8628; ph ML123883491) Myiopagis gaimardii (d'Orbigny, 1840) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coyaima, Doima, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Venadillo Notes:(co MLS 8004) 100 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Cunday, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Honda, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 4964, CZUTOR 368; ph ML123886491) Capsiempis flaveola (Lichtenstein, 1823) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ataco, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Doima, Icononzo, Gualanday, Espinal, Falan, Herrera, Honda, Mariquita, Melgar, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC365770; ca; co MLS 5027, CZUT OR1426) Mecocerculus poecilocercus (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(au ML25990061; co CZUTOR 0742; ph) Mecocerculus stictopterus (Sclater, 1859) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Saldaña, Santa Isabel, Vilahermosa Notes:(v; co SIB 6702; ph ML99049501) Mecocerculus leucophrys (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au XC96385; co CZUTOR 1265; ph ML32219331) Mecocerculus minor (Taczanowsky, 1879) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0233; ph ML96881941) Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Cunday, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Venadillo Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 101 Notes:(v; au XC424614; co AMHN 132239; ph ML123883071) Phyllomyias plumbeiceps (Lawrence, 1869) Distribution:Ibagué, Falan, Villarrica, Planadas Notes:(v; au) Acrochordopus zeledoni (Lawrence, 1869) Distribution:Ibagué, Honda Notes:(au ML58939131 ph ML58939041) This unusual species in the Department was observed for the first time on 21 May 2017 in Charcorrico (Parra-Hernández and Arias-Moreno 2019). Tyranniscus cinereiceps (Sclater, 1860) Distribution:Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0041) Tyranniscus nigrocapillus (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Cajamarca, Cunday, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Melgar, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0595; ph ML 22279311) Tyranniscus uropygialis (Lawrence, 1869) Distribution:Herveo, Ibagué, Melgar, Planadas, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co SIB, MHNICN 26179) Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck, 1824) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Lerida, Planadas, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC335017; ca; co MPUJ 505, CZUTOR 0197; ph ML123884401) 102 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Nesotriccus murinus (Spix, 1825) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coyaima, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Guamo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Guamo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC420171; ca; co MLS 5026, CZUT OR1483; ph ML105911651) Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis (Sclater & salvin, 1873) Distribution:Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 1084; ph ML70968771) Serpophaga cinerea (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Casabianca, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, San Antonio, Venadillo, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au XC423025; co; ph ML123893531) Uromyias agilis (Sclater, 1856) Distribution:Cajamarca, Chaparral, Herveo, Ibagué, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; au ML97304141; co MHN-ICN 5754, CZUT OR1270) CE Legatus leucophaius (Viellot, 1818) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Ataco, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Prado, Rovira, Santa Isabel, Venadillo, Villarrica, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC424493; ca; co MLS 447; ph ML24062881) Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Anzoategui, Ambalema, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Coello, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Saldaña, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Suarez, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC424597; ca; co MLS 454, CZUTOR 447; ph ML123874091) WD Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 103 Philohydor lictor (Lichtenstein, 1823) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Ibagué, Mariquita, Piedras, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ph ML123874341). New record - this flycatcher is observed in riparian forest and adjacent semi-open areas, lagoon complexes and streams below 1000 m a.s.l. in different areas of the Department (Fig. 10a). Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Coyaima, Coello, Doima, Espial, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, San Luis, Suarez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0789; ph ML ML123874571) Megarhynchus pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ambalema, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Planadas, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Suarez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC424865; ca; co MLS 8147, CZUTOR 33; ph ML123872011) Myiodynastes hemichrysus (Cabanis, 1861) Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Prado, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; co ANSP 153606; ph ML123878341) Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater, 1859 Distribution:Alvarado, Anzoátegui, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas,Venadillo Notes:(v; co AMHN 112316) M Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Anzoategui, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coyaima, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, 104 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Saldaña, San Luis, San Antonio, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Suarez, Venadillo, Villarica Notes:(v; au XC424489; ca; co MLS 4427; ph ML123878031) M Myiozetetes cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Prado, Planadas, Venadillo, Villarrica, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC439770; co MLS 4451, CZUTOR 290; ph ML123873881) Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Gualanday, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Natagaima, Mariquita, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co MLS 4479, CZUTOR 272; ph ML72671421) WD Myiozetetes granadensis Lawrence, 1862 Distribution:Coyaima Notes:(co AMHN 71870) Conopias cinchoneti (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Chaparral, Ibagué, Planadas, Rio Blanco Notes:(v) an individual Photographed by J. Sanabría in Juntas (Ibagué) on 27 Aug 2016 ML 343821781. Empidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal. Ibagué, Lerida, San Luis Notes:(v) M Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Ambalema, Ataco, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Ibagué, Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 105 Hylophilus flavipes Lafresnaye, 1845 Distribution:Anzoategui, Ambalema, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Doima, Carmen de Apicala, Chicoral, Coyaima, Chaparral, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Gualanday, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, Santa Isabel, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(au XC424394; ca; co MLS 5795, CZUTOR; ph ML123831561) Vireolanius eximius Baird, 1866 Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Mariquita, Palocabildo Notes:(v; au) Pachysylvia decurtata (Bonaparte, 1838) Distribution:Ibagué, Mariquita, Melgar, Falan Notes:(v; co WFVZ SS-42967) Pachysylvia semibrunnea Lafresnaye, 1845 Distribution:Ataco, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au-XC424034; co CZUTOR 282; ca; ph) Vireo flavifrons Vieillot, 1808 Distribution:Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, San Luis Notes:(v; co) M Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin, 1851) Distribution:Ibagué, Falan, San Luis Notes:(v; ca; co; ph) M Vireo leucophrys (Lafresnaye, 1844) Distribution:Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Melgar, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au XC424496; ca; co CZUTOR 055; ph ML79639131) 112 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:ArmeroGuayabal, Chaparral, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Casabianca, Chaparral, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Piedras, Planadas, San Luis Notes:(v; ca; co MPUJ 740, CZUTOR 611; ph ML117807641) M Vireo flavoviridis (Cassi, 1851) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coyaima, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Lérida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 5437; ph ML123890351) M. There are a few records for this species in the Upper Magdalena Valley. We captured an individual on 6 September 2015 in the Municipality of San Luis (record from eBird). It is regularly observed in Falan between October and January. Vireo altiloquus (Vieillot, 1808) Distribution:Falan, Prado Notes:(v) M Cyanolyca armillata (Gray, 1845) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; co SIB A6826; ph ML78850691) Cyanocorax affinis Pelzeln, 1856 Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Carmen Apicala, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Gualanday, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Suarez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424495; co MLS 5222; ph ML123879711) Cyanocorax yncas (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ataco, Cajamarca, Falan, Icononzo, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 113 Notes:(v; au XC421112; co ANSP 154818; ph ML115213281) Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Alpujarra, Ambalema, Anzoátegui, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Natagaima, San Luis, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Saldaña, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; co ISB 126317, CZUTOR 385; ph ML123830491) WD Oreochelidon murina (Cassin, 1853) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Cunday, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, San Antonio, Roncesvalles, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co SIB 126292, CZUTOR 002; ph ML123830221) Oreochelidon flavipes (Chapman, 1922) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo Notes:(v; co ANSP 154234) Atticora tibialis (Cassin, 1853) Distribution:Casabianca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Falan, Fresno Notes:(v; ph ML123829391) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Guamo, Falan, Fresno,, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Suarez, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 008; ph ML123827941) WD Progne tapera (linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Espinal, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica 114 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(v; ph ML 197917961) M Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Ambalema, Ibagué Notes:(ph ML718291) Progne chalybea (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ambalema, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Ortega, Prado, Rovira, Saldaña, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; CZUT OR1452; ph ML123827721) M Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Doima, Coyaima, Cunday, Guamo, Ibagué, Honda, Libano, Mariquita, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(co; ph ML104428641 v) Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alvarado, Falan, Guamo, Ibagué, Lerida, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(v; co; ph) M Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Cajamarca, Doima, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Honda, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, Villarrica Notes:(v; co; ph ML123827241) M Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Doima, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, San Luis Notes:(v) M Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 115 Microcerculus marginatus (Sclater, 1855) Distribution:Casabianca, Cunday, Dolores, Icononzo, Falan, Fresno, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0356; ph ML123824371) Troglodytes musculus Vieillot, 1809 Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Anzoategui, Ambalema, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Ortega, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Saldaña, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424026; co MLS 5449, CZUTOR 331; ph ML123824591) WD Troglodytes solstitialis Sclater, 1859 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au ML28984741; co SIB 126390; ph ML114073211) Cistothorus platensis (Latham, 1790) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au-XC96379; co CZUTOR 1268; ph ML123901131) Campylorhynchus zonatus (Lesson, 1832) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Libano, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph ML99192301) This is a moderately common bird in the north of Tolima (Falan, Líbano and Fresno) that has been recorded in open areas, bushes and near houses, frequently vocalising (Fig. 10e). Campylorhynchus griseus (Swainson, 1838) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, ArmeroGuayabal, Coyaima, Doima, Dolores, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Guamo, Libano, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Suarez, Villarrica 116 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(v; au; co MHN-ICN 11931; ph ML123873491) Pheugopedius spadix Bangs, 1910 Distribution:Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Libano Notes:(au ML119598531) Pheugopedius fasciatoventris (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Ambalema, Alpujarra, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Gualanday, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Ortega, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Saldaña, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424398; ca; co MLS 5365, CZUTOR 269; ph ML123888071) Pheugopedius mystacalis (Sclater, 1860) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au XC424587, ML58032291; co 511; MLS 8314 ph) Pheugopedius sclateri (Taczanowski, 1879) Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Prado, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co AMHN 154524, CZUT OR1005; ph ML107748361) Cantorchilus nigrocapillus (Sclater, 1860) Distribution:Casabianca, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Mariquita, Santa Isabel Notes:(au; ph ML72672001) New record - this uncommon species of the Department is mainly observed and identified by its song. It is distributed from the north of the Department to the Municipality of Ibagué and seen at heights of about 800 to 1300 m a.s.l. (Fig. 10d). Cantorchilus leucotis (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Lerida, Libano, Gualanday, Guamo, Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 117 Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, San Luis, Rovira, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424616; ca; co MLS 5316, CZUTOR 0332; ph) Cinnycerthia unirufa (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Santa Isabel, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au ML103814321; co CZUTOR 1249) Cinnycerthia olivascens Sharpe, 1882 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo Notes:(v; au; co MHN-ICN 37880, CZUTOR 192; ph ML23813041) Henicorhina leucosticta (Cabanis, 1847) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Alvarado, Doima, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Honda, San Luis, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0973; ph) Henicorhina leucophrys (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Dolores, Falan, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, San Luis, Villarrica, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424623, ML98610431; ca co CZUTOR 0186; ph ML115221401) Cyphorhinus thoracicus Tschudi, 1844 Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Falan, Ibagué, Icononzo, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au ML94669671; co AMHN 112564) Ramphocaenus melanurus Vieillot, 1819 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML81658; co CZUTOR 1232; ph ML105060121) 118 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Polioptila plumbea (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Gualanday, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; au-XC96416; ca; co MLS 5730; ph ML123888531) Donacobius atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Doima, Espinal, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Prado, Mariquita, Purificación, Venadillo Notes:(v; co AMHN 122541; ph ML109227211) Cinclus leucocephalus Tschudi, 1844 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Fresno, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 1421; ph ML79639151) Myadestes ralloides (d'Orbigny, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Vllahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC421234, ML98601161; ca; co CZUTOR 080; ph) Catharus aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850) Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Fresno, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, San Antonio Notes:(v; au XC423639; ca; ph ML96501551) Catharus fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845) Distribution:Cajamarca, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0468) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 119 Catharus fuscescens (Stephens, 1817) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; co) M Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) Distribution:Anzoategui, Falan, Ibagué, Planadas Notes:(v; ca; ph ML82022581) M Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC376479; co CZUT OR 0314; ph ML72672881) M WD Turdus leucops (Taczanowski, 1877) Distribution:Herrera, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; ca; co CZUT-Or 523; ph) Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Cunday, Guamo, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424618; ca; co MLS 5585, CZUTOR 231; ph ML123824851) Turdus ignobilis Sclater, 1858 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Anzoátegui, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Ortega, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Saldaña, Valle de San Juan, Suarez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC420238, ML82139; ca co MLS 7988, CZUTOR 67; ph ML72672871) 120 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Turdus fuscater d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; ca; co SIB 126400, CZUTOR 95; ph ML58185661) Turdus serranus Tschudi, 1844 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 559, CZUTOR 43; ph) Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808) Distribution:Ambalema, Ataco, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Saldaña, Suárez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co MLS 556, MHN-ICN 11186; ph ML72672141) Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coello, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Ortega, Purificación, San Luis Notes:(v; au; CZUTOR 0457; ph ML63999191) INT. El Salado, Ibagué, Tolima coordinates 4°27'22"N; 75°8'4"W. Date 22 Feb 2007, at 950 m a.s.l. Collector: R. Parra y Moreno (ICN 36229). This species was registered for the first time in Tolima in May 2004 and has expanded its distribution throughout the Department, especially in dry forest (below 1000 m a.s.l.), covering the lower area of the Department from Natagaima to the south to the Municipality of Guayabal to the north. It is usually observed as groups of up to hundreds of individuals flying over areas of rice crops and rarely areas of fruit trees, above 1400 m a.s.l. (Fig. 13b). Lonchura atricapilla (Vieillot, 1807) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(ph ML63695581) INT. Apparently non-established population. New record - this species was registered for the first time in February 2015 in the Municipality of Ibagué in the lagoon of the airport. In 2013, it was photographed in the Lagoon of Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 121 Cacicus cela (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Espinal, Ibagué, Prado, San Antonio, Villarrica, Villahermosa Notes:(v; co MLS 3115; ph) EL Cacicus chrysonotus (Bonaparte, 1838) Distribution:Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Prado, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML28985441; AMHN 113190; ph ML78850951 v) Icterus icterus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Fresno Notes:(v; ph ML20580021) M. New record - this species was introduced to the Department through the release of individuals in the San Jorge Botanical Garden. Some recent photographic records were made by H. Arias (Oyuela et al. 2016). However, the establishment of the species remains unknown. Icterus mesomelas (Wagler, 1829) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Falan, Libano, Prado, Purificación, San Antonio, San Luis Notes:(v; ph) A photographic record at the border with caldas in Manzanares (ML 98958131). Icterus auricapillus Cassin, 1848 Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Ataco, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, San Antonio, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Rio Blanco, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0243 ph) Icterus chrysater (Lesson, 1844) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0646) 128 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Icterus galbula (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Palocabildo, Piedras, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph ML 123872681, ML 183462121) M Icterus nigrogularis (Hahn, 1819) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Ambalema, Casabianca, Coyaima, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Hinda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Lerida, Libano, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Saldaña, Suárez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUTOR 0204; ph ML104430081) Molothrus oryzivorus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Ambalema, Cajamarca, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Piedras, Rovira, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Suárez, Venadillo Notes:(v; co ANSP 154724; ph ML108866981) This species has been occasionally observed between 1800 and 2000 m a.s.l. in the north-western hills and in the Juntas sector, where it is usually seen in groups of up to eight individuals moving in the middle and canopy of scattered forests and trees. Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Anzoategui, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Venadilloo, Ibagué, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, San Luis, Aanta Isabel, Saldaña, Suárez, Venadillo Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 10348; ph ML107832711) Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, 1838 Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Doima, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Herveo, Honda, Espinal, Mariquita, Melgar, Guamo, Falan, Fresno, San Luis, Fresno, Murillo, Icononzo, Natagaima, Ortega, Palocabildo, Plandas, Santa Isabel, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ph ML123872441). New record - this species has greatly expanded its distribution throughout the Department over the last 12 years, expanding to 3000 m a.s.l. It usually colonises parks and peri-urban areas where it congregates in groups Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 129 of up to 80 individuals, forming colonies. It has sometimes been observed to displace native species (Fig. 12c). Quiscalus mexicanus (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Doima, Fresno, Ibagué, Guamo, Lerida Notes:(v; au; ph ML54189111) New record - this bird was recently registered in the Department on 11 April 2017 in Espinal, perhaps due to wandering or as a form of extension of its territory (Fig. 12a). Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (Tarragon, 1847) Distribution:Ataco, Ibagué, San Antonio Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 12414, ph ML 231125651) E EN Gymnomystax mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Melgar Notes:(v) F. A group of 3 individuals seen in Girardot. Stiles registered some individuals in Melgar as a result of escapes from captivity. Chrysomus icterocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Alvarado, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Doima, Falan, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado, Purificación, Saldaña, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC386427; ca; co MLS 6393, CZUTOR 790; ph ML104430071) Parkesia noveboracensis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ambalema, Alvarado, Chaparral, Coello, Doima, Espinal, Fresno, Herrera, Honda, Ibagué, Mariquita, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0814; ph) M Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeu, 1766) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Libano Notes:(v; ca; ph) NT M 130 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 869 ph ML123891411) M Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert, 1783) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Doima, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Libano, Melgar Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0829) M Leiothlypis peregrina (Wilson, 1811) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Melgar, Planadas, San Antonio, San Luis, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph) M Oporornis agilis (Wilson, 1812) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ibagué Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0826; ph) M Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Ibagué, Gualanday, Natagaima, Rovira Notes:(ca; ph) Old collection record at the border with the Department of Huila, near the Municipality of Natagaima (MVZ 120643). Geothlypis philadelphia (Wilson, 1810) Distribution:Anzoategui, Coello, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Herveo, Icononzo, Honda, Libano, Melgar, Murillo, Planadas, San Luis, Villarrica Notes:(co MLS 7991, CZUTOR 658; ph) M Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Casabianca, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Palocabildo, Planadas Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 131 Notes:(v; ca; co AMHN 122634; ph ML105057001) M Setophaga cerulea (Wilson, 1810) Distribution:Anzoategui, Casabianca, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Honda, Libano, Mariquita, Planadas, Villahermosa Notes:(v; ca; ph ML78622221) M VU Setophaga pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Alpujarra, Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, Prado, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0910; ph ML123402031) Setophaga castanea (Wilson, 1810) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Chaparral, Coello, Doima, Guamo, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lérida, Libano, Mariquita, San Luis, Suárez Notes:(v; co ICN 5504; ph ML123876761) M Setophaga fusca (Statius Muller, 1776) Distribution:Alpujarra, Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Herrear, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUT 0176; ph ML75625721) M Setophaga petechia (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Alpujarra, Ambalema, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Gualanday, Guamo, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 0651; ph ML120505951) M Setophaga pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Falan, Ibagué, Mariquita Notes:(v) M 132 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Setophaga striata (Forster, 1772) Distribution:Armero-guayabal, Falan, Ibagué, Libano, Melgar, San Luis, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 8148; ph) M Myiothlypis luteoviridis (Bonaparte, 1845) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 8148; ph ML28985161) Myiothlypis nigrocristata (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Cajamarca, Dolores, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML97306301; co SIB 126932, CZUT OR1292; ph ML30789631) Myiothlypis fulvicauda (Spix, 1825) Distribution:Ambalema, Anzoategui, Alpujarra, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Coello, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Guamo, Gualanday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Suárez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC386649; co MLS 6191, CZUTOR 162; ph ML78852941) WD Myiothlypis cinereicollis (Sclater, 1864) Distribution:Icononzo Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 0889) Myiothlypis coronata (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC96367; ca; co SIB 6699, CZUTOR 517; ph ML118162511) Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 133 Basileuterus deltattrii (Swainson, 1838) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Ataco, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Gualanday, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Melgar, Murillo, Ortega, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Rovira, Saldaña, San Antonio, San Luis, Suárez, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424472; ca; co MLS 6167, CZUTOR 066; ph ML123877111) WD Basileuterus tristriatus (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Cajamarca, Chaparral, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0631; ph) Cardellina canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Anzoategui, Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Herrera, Herveo, Honda, Icononzo, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Planadas, Rovira, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 7965, CZUTOR 754; ph ML49802591) M Myioborus miniatus (Swainson, 1827) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC423751, ML98601881; ca; co AMHN 112678, CZUTOR 381; ph ML98938771) Myioborus ornatus (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML25994911; co SIB 126818, CZUTOR 698; ph ML115221341) CE Mitrospingus cassinii (Lawrence, 1861) Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Fresno, Mariquita 134 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Notes:(v; ph ML 151085161) A photographic record by H. Arias. Piranga flava (Vieillot, 1822) Distribution:Anzoategui, Alpujarra, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0150; ph ML57899841) Piranga rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alpujarrra, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Ataco, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Falan, Guamo, Herrera, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Rovira, Saldaña, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ca; co MPUJ 803, CZUTOR 338; ph ML24063011) M Piranga olivacea (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Cajamarca, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Lerida, Planadas, Prado, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Venadillo, Piedras Notes:(v; ph ML26004701) M Piranga rubriceps Gray, 1844 Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, San Luis Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 26877) Piranga leucoptera Trudeau, 1840 Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Villarrica Notes:(co ANSP 154568; ph ML97066551) Driophlox gutturalis (Sclater, 1854) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Mariquita Notes:(v; co MPUJ 787; au ML123804151) E NT Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 135 Driophlox cristata (Lawrence, 1875) Distribution:Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Libano, Palocabildo, Planada, San Antonio, Rio Blanco Notes:(v; au XC420538; co CZUTOR 1449; ph ML123927431) E Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Palocabildo, Planadas, Santa Isabel, Roncesvalles, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MHN-ICN 2831, CZUTOR 895; ph ML25603971) M Cyanoloxia cyanoides (Lafresnaye, 1847) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Venadillo Notes:(ca; co CZUTOR 858, AMHN 95107, ph) Spiza americana (Gmelin, 1789) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Doima, Espinal, Ibagué, Prado Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 7928; ph ML93079531) M Sericossypha albocristata (Lafresnaye, 1843) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; au; ph ML115221181) Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye, 1842 Distribution:Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co ANSP 154329, MHN-ICN 26192; ph ML75396161) 136 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Chlorophanes spiza (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Doima, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Planadas, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(co CZUTOR 0779; ph ML98660361) Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater, 1855) Distribution:Cunday, Mariquita Notes:(co MLS 7059) Hemithraupis guira (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Ibagué, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Venadillo, San Antonio Notes:(v; co MLS 783; ph ML26346071) Hemithraupis flavicollis (Vieillot, 1818) Distribution:Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Prado Notes:(v; ph ML105244441) Conirostrum leucogenys (Lafresnaye, 1852) Distribution:Alpujarra, Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Carmen de Apicala, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Mariquita, Natagaima, Piedras, Prado, San Luis, Venadillo Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 3280; ph ML123930841) Conirostrum sitticolor Lafresnay, 1840 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ca; co SIB 128819) Conirostrum albifrons Lafresnaye, 1842 Distribution:Anzoátegui,Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 137 Notes:(v; co MLS 7327, CZUTOR 639; ph ML99156451) Sporophila nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823) Distribution:Anzoategui, Ambalema, Alpujarra, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Natagaima, Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Planadas, Purificación, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Saldaña, San Luis, Suárez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424592; ca; co CZUTOR 0153; ph ML120513811) Sporophila schistacea (Lawrence, 1862) Distribution:Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424593; ca; co MPUJ 770, CZUTOR 431; ph) Sporophila plumbea (Wied-Neuwied, 1831) Distribution:Doima, Ibagué, Melgar Notes:(v; co MHN-ICN 8384) Saltator maximus (Statius Müller, 1776) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Prado, Purificación, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Suarez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC423701; ca; co MPUJ 767, CZUTOR 139; ph ML104593371) Saltator atripennis Sclater, 1857 Distribution:Cjamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; au ML98604791; co CZUTOR 0714; ph ML72672701) 144 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Saltator olivascens Vieillot, 1817 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Falan, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Suárez, Venadillo Notes:(v; au XC423696; co CZUTOR 0458; ph ML79096071) Saltator striatipectus Lafresnaye, 1847 Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Casabianca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Gualanday, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Saldaña, San Luis, San Antonio, Suárez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424605; co MLS 7223, CZUTOR 17; ph ML72672601) WD Saltator cinctus Zimmer, 1943 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Herveo, Ibagué, Roncesvalles, Murillo Notes:(v; au ML97304231; ph ML112810901) NT Saltator grossus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Ibagué, Honda Notes:(co AMHN 95117) Pitylus according to Hilty. Emberizoides herbicola (Vieillot, 1817) Distribution:Falan, Ibagué, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; ph ML36345521) Pseudospingus verticalis (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 0507) Cnemoscopus rubrirostris (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 145 Notes:(v; au ML28985231; co ANSP 154499; ph ML35761591) Kleinothraupis atropileus (Lafresnaye, 1842) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué, Melgar, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 0078; ca; ph ML86905801) Sphenopsis frontalis (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Cajamarca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0078; ph ML78851321) Sphenopsis melanotis (Sclater, 1855) Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 1343; ph ML22279441) Thlypopsis superciliaris (Lafresnaye, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Cunday, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 134; ph ML30789701) Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski & Berlepsh, 1885 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; ph ML115351201) CE Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Anzoategui, Armero-Guayabal, Ambalema, Alvarado, Ataco, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Santa Isable, Saldaña, Suárez, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC420337; ca; co CZUTOR 0007; ph ML99158481) WD 146 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Tiaris olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Casabianca, Chaparral, Cunday, Dolores, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Planadas, San Antonio, Rio Blanco, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424595; ca; co CZUTOR 1080; ph ML72672731) Asemospiza obscura (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Alvarado, Cajamarca, Doima, Dolores, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Lerida, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co SIB 32349, CZUTOR 376; ph ML123929121) Melanospiza bicolor (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Natagaima, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Suárez, Valle de San Juan, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424872; ca; co MLS 7283, CZUTOR 164; ph ML58280511) WD Chlorochrysa nitidissima (P. L. Sclater, 1874) Distribution:Ibagué Notes:(v; ph ML 309203161, au ML 278463171) This unusual species in the Department was observed for the first time on 13 and 17 October 2019 in the Reserva Forestal Protectora Regional Bellavista (Loaiza-Hernández et al. 2021). It was subsequently registered by H. Arias in the same area on 8 November 2020. Schistochlamys melanopis (Latham, 1790) Distribution:Ambalema, Cajamarca, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Chaparral, Coyaima, Espinal, Falan, Ibagué, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, San Luis, Rovira, Villarrica Notes:(v; co MLS 7788, MHN-ICN 2256; ph ML72672311) Iridosornis rufivertex (Lafresnaye, 1842) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 147 Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 051; ph ML115212771) Pipraeidea melanonota (Vieillot, 1819) Distribution:Anzoategui, Chaparral, Falan, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC425943; ca; co CZUTOR 0012; ph ML98969251) Dubusia taeniata (Boussonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles Notes:(v; co ANSP 154566; ph ML78999011) Anisognathus lacrymosus (Du Bus, 1847) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; co SIB 126378, CZUTOR 0497; ph ML23812291) Anisognathus igniventris (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(au XC96370, ML 97306911; co SIB 126312; ph ML58239201) Anisognathus somptuosus (Lesson, 1831) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Chaparral, Cunday, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au ML99165821; ca; co CZUTOR 0643; ph ML111847321) Buthraupis montana (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoategui, Casabianca, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ca; co CZUT OR1262; ph ML104874401) 148 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Tephrophilus wetmorei (Moore, 1934) Distribution:Cajamarca, Ibagué Notes:(v; ph https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/64883347) VU Sporathraupis cyanocephala (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Falan, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co MLS 6867, CZUTOR 82; ca; ph ML86906821) Chlorornis riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoategui, Casabianca, Falan, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Villahermosa Notes:(v; au; co ANSP 154571; ph ML22276061) Cnemathraupis eximia (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co SIB 165714, CZUT OR1277; ph) Chalcothraupis ruficervix (Prevost & Des Murs, 1846) Distribution:Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Ibagué, Libano, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 1082; ph ML79639281) Stilpnia heinei (Cabanis, 1851) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Ibagué, Libano, Palocabildo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0563; ph ML86961901) Stilpnia vitriolina (Cabanis, 1851) Distribution:Ambalema, Armero-Guayabal, Anzoátegui, Ataco, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 149 Mariquita, Melgar, Murillo, Natagaima. Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, Rovira, Saldaña, San Antonio, Valle de San Juan, San Luis, Suárez, Santa Isabel, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; ca; co MLS 6668, CZUTOR 130; ph ML123826151) CE WD. This tanager is relatively common in low to middle areas of the Department (300 to 1600 m a.s.l.) and is usually seen near crops and areas of stubble in almost all of the Department (Fig. 10f). Stilpnia larvata (Du bus, 1846) Distribution:Falan, Fresno, Honda, Lerida, Mariquita Notes:(co; ca; ph ML 176289291) Stilpnia cyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Distribution:Ambalema, Anzoategui, Alvarado, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Chaparral, Coyaima, Cunday, Cajamarca, Dolores, Espinal, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Valle de San Juan, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au XC424606; ca; co MLS 6612, CZUTOR 236; ph ML123825321) WD Tangara vassorii (Boissonneau, 1840) Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Herveo, Ibagué, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villarrica, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUT 0048; ca; ph ML123812521) Tangara nigroviridis (Lafresnaye, 1843) Distribution:Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Herveo, Ibagué, Falan, Libano, Murillo, Planada, San Antonio Notes:(v; co CZUTOR 110; ph ML98502581) Tangara labradorides (Biossonneau, 1840) Distribution:Cajamarca, Casabianca, Falan, Herrera, Herveo, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel Notes:(v; co MLS 6583, CZUTOR 109; ph ML91993621) 150 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y Tangara inornata (Gould, 1855) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Anzoategui, Cajamarca, Doima, Falan, Fresno, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Venadillo, Notes:(ca; co MPUJ 823; ph ML123826071) Tangara gyrola (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Anzoategui, Armero-Guayabal, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Doima, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Herrera, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Palocabildo, Planadas, Rio Blanco, Roncesvalles, Rovira, San Antonio, San Luis, Venadillo, Villahermosa, Villarrica Notes:(v; au; co CZUTOR 021; ph ML123825391)WD Tangara xanthocephala (Tschudi, 1844) Distribution:Cajamarca, Chaparral, Dolores, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Villahermosa, Notes:(v; ca; co CZUTOR 0295; ph ML120521791) Tangara parzudakii (Lafresnaye, 1843) Distribution:Chaparral, Ibagué, Libano, Murillo, Planadas Notes:(v; ph ML35761761) Tangara arthus Lesson, 1832 Distribution:Anzoátegui, Cajamarca, Casabianca, Chaparral, Herrera, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Libano, Murillo, Planadas, Roncesvalles, San Antonio, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co MLS 6572, CZUTOR 574; ph ML120522071) Thraupis episcopus (Linnaeus, 1766) Distribution:Armero-Guayabal, Alvarado, Anzoátegui, Ambalema, Ataco, Casabianca, Carmen de Apicala, Chaparral, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Falan, Fresno, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Murillo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, San Luis, Suárez, Venadillo, Villarrica Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 151 Notes:(v; au XC424378; ca; co MPUJ 816, CZUTOR 555; ph ML123826351) WD Thraupis palmarum Wied-Neunied, 1821 Distribution:Alvarado, Ambalema, Anzoategui, Armero-Guayabal, Ataco, Chaparral, Carmen de Apicala, Casabianca, Chicoral, Coyaima, Cunday, Dolores, Espinal, Guamo, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Falan, Fresno, Lerida, Libano, Mariquita, Melgar, Natagaima, Palocabildo, Planadas, Prado, Rio Blanco, San Antonio, San Luis, Santa Isabel, Suárez, Venadillo, Villarrica Notes:(v; ca; co 761 MPUJ, CZUTOR 284; ph ML123826361, ML26004341) WD Ixothraupis guttata (Cabanis, 1850) Distribution:Casabianca, Falan, Fresno, Herveo, Honda, Ibagué, Icononzo, Libano, Planadas, San Antonio, Villahermosa Notes:(co MLS 6564; ph ML123799381) This is a rare tanager in Tolima, with a few records made in the north below 1800 m a.s.l. (pers. commun., Y. Poveda). It was recently photographed in the Municipality of Planadas by R. Parra and in San Antonio by D. Vejarano (Fig. 11a). Analysis This study identified 800 species recorded in Tolima, representing 40% of all birds present in Colombia (Avendaño et al. 2017, Ayerbe 2018, Asociación Colombiana de Ornitología 2020). Seventeen probable species were also noted (Table 4). Bird species richness recorded in this study represents 96.7% (827) of the total number of species expected according to the Chao 2 species richness estimator and 97.2% (823) of total species expected according to the ICE species richness estimator. These results indicate that the survey was representative and that the sampling effort was sufficient to record the majority of species in the study area; however, the accumulation curves show an upward trend (Fig. 2). The recorded species belong to 71 families and 454 genera, highlighting the presence of 82 migratory species, 24 species endemic to Colombia and 69 near-endemic to Colombia, four species with deficient data, two species considered to be regionally extinct (Crax alberti and Harpia harpyja), 42 species with some degree of threat (six critically endangered, 21 vulnerable, eight endangered and seven near threatened) and three introduced species that have become established in Colombia (the common pigeon Columba livia, the tricolored munia Lonchura malacca and the chestnut munia Lonchura atricapilla). The families having the greatest number of species were Tyranidae (102 species, 12.8%), Thraupidae (92 species, 11.6%), Trochilidae (68 species, 8.6%) and Furnariidae (42 species, 5.3%). 152 Parra-Hernández R, Molina-Martínez Y NDMS showed a similarity in species composition amongst municipalities related mainly to their altitude, forming a scattering of points from lower to higher elevation zones (Fig. 3). On the right side of the scatter plot are grouped the largest number of municipalities, which are principally located in lowlands with a predominant habitat of tropical dry forest. To the left are grouped nearby municipalities (e.g. Casabianca, Herveo, Villahermosa, Líbano, Falan and Fresno) that share similar altitudinal ranges, share some species typical of the middle Magdalena and high levels of species richness. At the extreme end are grouped the highland municipalities including Andean forests and páramos (Roncesvalles, Murillo, Santa Isabel, Anzoátegui, Planadas and Cajamarca). Around 88% of species records have additional support in the form of audio recordings, photos or museum specimens. Taxon Locality Elevation (m a.s.l.) Habitat Source Observation Anatidae Anas georgica (Gmelin, 1789) Ib-Pie 500 alp D Recorded in census of aquatic birds by K Certuche and C Diaz (GOAT) Subspecie in CR state Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) Gi 300 alp A X Close to Tolima in Nilo Cundinamarca near Melgar (Piscilagos) Columbidae Paraclaravis mondetoura (Bonaparte, 1856) Li, Vi 1000-3000 fe, g,sf A Visually recorded Cuculidae Coccyzus lansbergi (Bonaparte, 1850) Ib >1000 rf Ebird Photographic record of the migratory raptor census by Fello Beltrán (Trópicos Colombia-Conservación de rapaces migratorias) at the counting station located at Hacienda el Escobal on 10 March 2021. Scolopacidae Calidris subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) < 2600 dfv Z56 Migrant species Trochilidae Table 4. Species with a probable presence in Tolima. Birds of the Tolima Department of Colombia’s central Andean Region 153