New records for Conotrachelus lobatus Champion, 1904 and C. scoparius Champion, 1904 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) inhabiting leaf litter in oak forests in central Mexico

the journal of biodiversity data NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 1189 Academic editor: Juan Pablo Botero Received: 27 March 2025 Accepted: 21 July 2025 Published: 27 November 2025 Copyright © The authors. This is an open‑access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International – CC BY 4.0) Abstract. Conotrachelus Dejean 1835, is a highly diverse genus with a poorly studied taxonomy, making spe‑ cies differentiation difficult. Additionally, there is limited information on its geographical distribution, partic‑ ularly for species that inhabit leaf litter. This study reports 46 new records of Conotrachelus lobatus Champion, 1904 and C. scoparius Champion, 1904 collected in oak forests in central Mexico. Regular bio diversity moni‑ toring and reporting on new records are essential for creating effective conservation strategies. Key words. Geographic range, oak acorns, weevils Robles-Herrera N, Jones RW, Hernández-Camacho N, Gómez-Nucamendi OL, Zamora-Ledesma S, Luna-Cozar J (2025) New records for Conotrachelus lobatus Champion, 1904 and C. scoparius Champion, 1904 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) inhabiting leaf litter in oak forests in central Mexico. Check List 21 (4): 1189– 1194. https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 INTRODUCTION With more than 1200 species described and many more species still awaiting description, Conotrachelus Dejean, 1835 is a hyperdiverse genus within the family Curculionidae (Pinzón‑Navarro et al. 2010a; Chamorro and Barclay 2018; Anderson 2021). Limited to the New World, this genus is distributed in both North to South America but has its greatest diversity in tropical regions (Pinzón‑Navarro et al. 2010a). Members of the genus are associated with more than 10 families of host plants, feeding on seeds or fruits, or forming galls on the stems (Schoof 1942; Florentine et al. 2002; Pinzón‑Navarro et al. 2010b; Chamorro and Barclay 2018). Some species of Conotrachelus are of economic interest because they attack important agricultural crops, such as apple, pear, guava, and avocado, among others (Mancera‑Silva et al. 2018). A small species group belonging to the Conotrachelus posticatus complex are associated with oak acorns (Chamorro and Barclay 2018). The larvae feed on the inside of the acorn, which affects the viability of the seed and the gen‑ eration of new plants, thus reducing the rate of forest regeneration; additionally, the feeding larvae damage the quality of the food resources of the animal species that depend on acorns (Galford et al. 1991; Williams and Hawkins 2020). According to Schoof (1942), C. posticatus Boheman, 1837 is associated with at least nine species of oaks in North America and seriously affects the viability of the acorns (Williams and Hawkins 2020). It has been speculated that C. lobatus Champion, 1904, C. scoparius Champion, 1904, and C. squamifrons Champion, 1904 are also associated with oak acorns because they are collected in oak forest. However, the identity of the host plants is generally unknown (Chamorro and Barclay 2018). In the genus Conotrachelus, the posticatus species complex consists of four morphologically very similar spe cies: C. posticatus, is distributed in Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama (Chamorro and Barclay 2018); C. squamifrons is reported from Guatemala and Panama (Chamorro and Barclay 2018); and C. lobatus and C. scoparius limited to Mexico (Chamorro and Barclay 2018). Except for C. posticatus, these species have been little studied since Champion (1904), so there are very few records of their distribution. Chamorro and Barclay (2018) provided new distributional and taxonomic data for the posticatus species complex, Muñiz (1998) recorded distributional data for the two species restricted to Mexico collected in necrotraps in the state of Morelos, and Salas‑Araiza et al. (2001) recorded a single individual of C. lobatus collected in light trap in the state of Guanajuato. Recently, Jones et al. (2022) recorded C. scoparius in the state of Querétaro where it was associated with leaf litter in oak forests; however, they did not provide more information about its local distribution. 21 (4) · https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 21 (4): 1189–1194 New records for Conotrachelus lobatus Champion, 1904 and C. scoparius Champion, 1904 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) inhabiting leaf litter in oak forests in central Mexico Nashiely Robles-Herrera1, Robert Wallace Jones1, Norma Hernández-Camacho1, Olga Lidia Gómez-Nucamendi1, Salvador Zamora-Ledesma1, Jesús Luna-Cozar1 1 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico Corresponding author: Jesús Luna-Cozar (jesu[email protected]) Check List 21 (4) · https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 Robles-Herrera et al. · Conotrachelus in central Mexico 1190 Although the species of Conotrachelus have been reviewed several times (Champion 1904; Fielder 1940, 1944, 1952; Schoof 1942), in addition to the contributions of Chamorro and Barclay (2018) for the posticatus complex, the separation of species is very complicated, especially for those species from Mexico and Central America. This is because the interspecific taxonomic distinction of Conotrachelus is based on the organization of informal species groups, which are supported by small morphological differences which are very subjective (Pinzón‑Navarro et al. 2010a; Anderson 2021). This lack of taxonomic knowledge, both in hyperdiverse groups such as Conotrachelus and in other groups of Neotropical arthropods, hinders the recording of species’ distribution at different spatial scales, which prevents an adequate understanding of biodiversity patterns and obstructs decision‑making for the conservation of vulnerable species, natural re‑ source management, or sanitary actions of economically important species (Dunn 2005; Novotny et al. 2007; Tänzler et al. 2012; Boieiro et al. 2024). For this reason, we document new distributional data for C. lobatus and C. scoparius collected in leaf litter in oak forests in central Mexico. METHODS The collections were based on random exploratory sampling by the second and third authors in oak‑as‑ sociated habitats from 2001 to 2024 in the Mexican states of Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Estado de México, and a systematic sampling of different levels of forest disturbance in the state of Querétaro (Jones et al. 2015, 2022). The collection of specimens was done by leaf‑litter sifting following Anderson and Ashe (2000) and Jones et al. (2022). The specimens were examined under a Carl Zeiss Stemi SV6 stereomicroscope. Multiple images of the habitus were taken with a Canon Rebel T6 camera at different focal lengths, then combined and processed with Adobe Photoshop 2025. The species were identified following taxonomic information in the descriptions by Champion (1904) and Chamorro and Barclay (2018). Voucher specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection of the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico (UAQ‑E). Distribution maps were generated using the R packages sf (Pebesma and Biband 2023), ggplot2 (Wickham 2016), and ggspatial (Dunnington 2023) through R v. 4.4.2 (R Core Team 2024). RESULTS Conotrachelus lobatus Champion, 1904 Figures 1, 2A New records. MEXICO — Guanajuato • San Luis de la Paz; 12 km E of San Luis Paz; 21°18′14″N, 100°14′47″W; 2080 m elev.; 25.IX.2011; R. Jones leg., leaf litter Berlese, 1 ♂, UAQE‑30657 • Xichú, 3 km W El Cantón; 21°12′30″N, 099°53′26″W; 2040 m elev.; 4.VIII.2011; R.W. Jones leg., leaf litter Berlese, 2 ♂, UAQE‑31204, 31208. Identification. This species falls into couplet f5 in Champion’s (1904) key. According to this key C. lobatus is distinguished by following combination of characters: head foveate between eyes; rostrum cylindrical, a little longer than the head and prothorax, with feebly 5 carinate; antennae in the male inserted close to the Figure 1. Conotrachelus lobatus male. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Hind tibia. D. Front femur showing the dense ventral cilia. Check List 21 (4) · https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 Robles-Herrera et al. · Conotrachelus in central Mexico 1191 tip and in the female at about 1/5 from it, funicle with articles 1 and 2 subequal in length. Prothorax bisinuate at the base; disc longitudinally carinate; surface densely, rugulosely punctate. Elytral slightly constricted be‑ neath the humeri and narrowing thence to the apex, elytral intervals 3, 5, 7, 9 uninterruptedly costate. Pros‑ ternum not tuberculate behind the anterior coxae. Mesosternum flat, protuberant and binodose in front; mesosternum, metasternum and ventral segments not pilose. Ventral segment nearly uniformly punctured. Femora moderately clavate, unidentate. Male with frontal femora densely ciliated ventrally along basal half, hind tibia with a spoon‑shaped lobe at apex. Tarsal claws with a moderately long tooth. Conotrachelus scoparius Champion, 1904 Figures 2B, 3 New records. MEXICO — Guanajuato • Dolores Hidalgo; km 85, Carr. 110; 21°05′18.6″N 101°10′41.4″W; 2600 m elev.; 12.V.2006; R. Jones, M. Pérez leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 3 ♂; UAQE‑30916, 30963, 30968 • León; Vergel; 21°23′20″N, 101°39′27″W; 2330 m elev.; 22.VII.2012; A. Obregón leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑31262 • same locality as preceding; 23.X.2012; J. Vadillo leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑31315 • San J. Iturbide; 1 km NE of El Peral; 20°57′58″N, 100°16′48″W; 2392 m elev.; 15.X.2012; A. Obregón leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑31214; ibid R. Jones leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 2 ♂; UAQE‑31215, 31231 • Tierra Blanca; 0.3 km SW of El Peral; 20°57′35″N, 100°17′21″W; 2535 m elev.; 11.III.2018; ND leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 4 ♂; UAQE‑30599, 30600, 30601, 30869 • 0.4 km SW of El Peral; 20°57′33″N, 100°17′29″W; 2580 m elev.; 11.III.2018; [collectors unknown]; leaf litter Berlese; 3 ♂; UAQE‑30597, 30865, 30867 • Cerro Zamorano; 20°56′01″N, 100°11′06″W; 3170 m elev.; 24.XI.2012; J. Vadillo leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 3 ♂; UAQE‑31199, 31201, 31293 • Xichú; 3 km W of El Cantón; 21°12′30″N, 099°53′26″W; 2040 m elev.; 4.VIII.2011; R.W. Jones leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 5 ♂; UAQE‑30849, 30852, 30854, 30958, 31211 — Querétaro • Figure 2. New records and the known distribution of Conotrachelus species in this study. New records are shown with red circles and old records with blue circles. A. Conotrachelus lobatus. B. Conotrachelus scoparius. Figure 3. Conotrachelus scoparius male. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Front tibia showing the long setae at apex. D. Front tibia showing the long setae at apex, detail. Check List 21 (4) · https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 Robles-Herrera et al. · Conotrachelus in central Mexico 1192 Amealco; Cañón Rio Galindo; 20°19′50″N, 100°12′54″W; 2373 m elev.; 27.VIII.2018; [collector unknown]; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30603 • same locality as preceding; 20°19′51″N, 100°12′56″W; 2370 m elev.; 25.XI.2017; ND leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30943 • Colon; El Zamorano; 20°55′36″N, 100°10′45″W; 3202 m elev.; 24.VI.2012; J.A. Obregón leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30656; Loc. El Zamorano; 20°55′13″N, 100°10′52″W; 3085 m elev.; 24.VI.2012; J. A. Obregón leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30655; Colón; Cerro Zamorano; 20°54′57″N, 100°11′59″W; 2688 m elev.; 10.XI.2019; R.W. Jones leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 4 ♂; UAQE‑30552, 30561, 30567, 30572 • Huimilpan; Cerro Cristo Dormido; 20°23′46″N, 100°19′41″W; 2440 m elev.; 18.XI.2017; ND leg.; leaf litter Ber‑ lese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30888; Parque Nacional Cimatario (Sur); 20°28′44″N, 100°18′58″W; 2230 m elev.; 26.X.2018; ND leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30999; 5 km SW of Humilpan; 20°20′32″N, 100°17′34″W; 2475 m elev.; 30.VIII.2018; Olga M. [surname unknown] leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30602 • Pinal de Amoles; Cruz de Palo; 21°08′02.6″N, 099°38′21.1″W; 2470 m elev.; 8.IV.2009; R. Jones, Y. Bizuet leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑ 11895 • same locality as preceding; 21°07′55.4″N, 099°37′44.2″W; 2470 m elev.; 8.IV.2009; R. Jones Y., Bizuet leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑11978 • Querétaro; 5.7 km SE of La Barreta; 20°48′23″N, 100°31′53″W; 2564 m elev.; 17.XI.2018; V. Martínez leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 1 ♂; UAQE‑30596 • same locality as preceding; 20°48′25.8″N, 100°31′53.1″W; 2493 m elev.; 13.IX.2018; R. Jones leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 4 ♂; UAQE‑30591, 30592, 30593, 30595 • same locality as preceding; 20°48′29″N, 100°31′49″W; 2456 m elev.; 25.V.2019; R. W. Jones leg.; leaf litter Berlese; 2 ♂; UAQE‑30563 , 30566. Identification. This species falls into couplet f5 in Champion’s (1904) key. This species is recognizable by the following combination of characters (Champion 1904): head feebly foveate and a little depressed between the eyes; rostrum cylindrical, a little longer than the head and prothorax, with 5 carinate almost to the tip; antennae inserted near to tip, funicle with articles 1 and 2 subequal in length. Prothorax bisinuate at the base; disc longitudinally carinate; surface coarsely, densely punctate. Elytral intervals 3, 5, 7, 9 uninterruptedly costate. Prosternum not tuberculate behind the anterior coxae. Metasternum broadly depressed, mesoster‑ num, metasternum and first ventral segment pilose, sparser on ventrite 1. Ventral segment nearly uniformly punctured; ventrite 5 foveate at the apex. Femora clavate, unidentate. Tibiae with long setae at apex. Tarsus ventrally clothed with long hairs at the base; claws with a moderately long slender tooth. DISCUSSION The new data presented here and our previous work demonstrate Conotrachelus lobatus has a wide geo‑ graphical distribution elevations of 1650–2080 m in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, and the Trans‑Mexican Volcanic Belt in the Mexican states of Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Morelos, and Guanajuato (Champion 1904; Muñiz 1998; Salas‑Araiza et al. 2001; Chamorro and Barclay 2018). However, this species is not frequently sampled; only 17 individuals have been recorded in previous studies between 1955–1973 in random sampling in Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit (Chamorro and Barclay 2018); Muñiz (1998) recorded three specimens in three years of sampling, and Salas‑Araiza et al. (2001) only one specimen. In this study, we recorded three specimens over more than 20 years of sampling. Currently, 27 individuals of this species have been recorded so far, of which 89% are males. Conotrachelus scoparius is distributed at elevations of 1158–3100 m in the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Trans‑Mexican Volcanic Belt, and the Central Mexican Plateau in the Mexican states of Morelos, Guanajuato, and Querétaro. For a considerable time, the only records of C. scoparius were based on two male individuals from Morelos: one from the type locality in Yautepec and another from San José de los Laureles (Champion 1904; Muñiz 1998; Chamorro and Barclay 2018). Here, we catalog the most individuals of C. scoparius to date. Female specimens are unknown. The scarcity of records of C. lobatus and C. scoparius indicates that these species are rare despite being broadly distributed. They inhabit oak forests of central Mexico, habitats that are increasingly becoming de‑ forested and fragmented (López‑Mendoza et al. 2022; Latorre‑Cárdenas et al. 2023; Mata‑Guel et al. 2023) and highlighting the potential vulnerability of these species. Therefore, conservation strategies for leaf litter arthropods depend on forest conservation through various actions involving government agencies and institutions responsible for biodiversity studies, as well as the cooperation of specialized taxonomists. This is to strengthen biological inventories and generate ecological, biological, and systematic knowledge to enhance and facilitate understanding of the importance of soil fauna in the ecosystem. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Viviana Martínez Mandujano, Irma Avilés Carrillo, Sofía Martínez Sánchez, and Olga Martínez Madero for their technical assistance in collecting of the specimens. Erick Daniel Velasco Esquivel for photo‑ graphing the species. We also express our gratitude to the reviewers and academic editor for their careful reading and review of our manuscript, and their insightful comments and suggestions. Check List 21 (4) · https://doi.org/10.15560/21.4.1189 Robles-Herrera et al. · Conotrachelus in central Mexico 1193 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Conflict of interest The authors declare that no competing interests exist. Ethical statement No ethical statement is reported. Funding This study was financially supported by the internal research program of the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro FNB202203. Author contributions Conceptualization: JLC. Data curation: NRH. Formal analysis: NRH, JLC. Funding acquisition: RWJ. Investiga‑ tion: NRH, JLC. Methodology: RWJ, JLC. 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