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B. King 2 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Editors-in-chief: Historical and Natural Sciences Lienara Adzhyieva Social, Pedagogy Sciences & Humanities Heyder Guliyev Economic, Management & Marketing Sciences Badri Gechbaia Medicine Gulnara Kiliptari ISSN: 2613-5817; E-ISSN: 2613 – 5825; UDC: 0 (0.034); DOI: 10.36962/PIRETC PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION & TRAINING CENTER ©Publisher: NGO International Center for Research, Education and Training. R/C: 80550594 MTÜ Rahvusvaheline Teadus-, Haridusja Koolituskeskus. ©Publisher: NGO Azerbaijan International Diaspora Center in Georgia. Management Board Member and founder of organization: Seyfulla Isayev. ©Editorial office: Harju maakond, Kesklinna linnaosa, Vesivärava tn 50-301, 10152, Tallinn, Estonia. ©Typography: NGO International Research, Education & Training Center. The Baltic Scientific Journals. 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Non-profit Associations and Foundations Register as of 21.05.2018 3 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sadagat Ibrahimova, Gunay Ismayilova EVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY'S PRICING STRATEGY AND ENHANCEMENT OF ITS COMPETITIVENESS IN THE MARKET ………………………………………………………..………. 04-09 K.R. Daniyarova K.R, Zh.N. Sarkulova, A.B. Tokshilykova, B.M. Kalieva B.M, M.H. Zhankulov, R.N. Zhienalin SIGNIFICANCE OF GLYCOCALYX IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS ………………………………………………………..…………………………...……….. 10-15 Marat Sarkulov, Tair Sarkulov ACUTE URINARY RETENTION. FIRST AID …………………………………………………….…….. 15-17 Nizami Seyidaliyev, Azad Ibrahimov, Xalıq Xalilov, Mina Mammadova, Aytan Zeynalova THE IMPACT OF COMPLEX AGROTECHNICAL MEASURES ON THE GENERAL GROWTH DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND INTRODUCED COTTON VARIETIES ……….………….. 18-26 Nizami Seyidaliyev, Elkhan Allahverdiyev, Elvin Safiyev EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER STANDARDS ON SOYBEAN PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL FERTILITY …………………………………………………………………………………..… 27-37 Tinatin Gogichadze, Ekaterine Mchedlishvili, Natalia Chiladze, Lasha Tchelidze, Saba Mosidze FUSOGENIC ACTIVITY AND CARCINOGENICITY: EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT FOR THE TWO-SYNKARYON THEORY ……………………………………………………………...……… 38-40 Inji Mammadzada, Yashar Hajiyev COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS AND TRADITIONAL NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS ……………………………………………………………….…. 41-50 4 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 EVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY'S PRICING STRATEGY AND ENHANCEMENT OF ITS COMPETITIVENESS IN THE MARKET 1Sadagat Ibrahimova, 2Gunay Ismayilova 1Email: [email protected], ORCID: [0000-0002-1317-4806] 2Email: [email protected] 1,2Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the study of pricing strategy in enterprises and the analysis of market competition. Price plays a decisive role in the country’s economy, especially in the business activities of manufacturing enterprises. It influences both the formation of production, the determination of its volume, and the financial results and profitability of enterprises. Therefore, an appropriate pricing policy is an integral part of market management strategy and emphasizes the relevance of this topic. The purpose of the article is to identify the main features of pricing policy for enterprises under modern conditions and to analyze the factors influencing pricing. For this purpose, the main research works of local and foreign specialists were reviewed, and various principles, methods, and strategies of pricing policy were analyzed. In the context of globalization and increasing competition in markets, attention has been paid to the importance of pricing strategy for enterprises. In the analysis of prices, not only internal management factors but also market conditions and external influences were taken into account, which made it possible to study modern pricing positions. In addition, the conducted research highlights the main functions of pricing policy, the regulation of profitability, market positioning, and ensuring competitiveness. Keywords: modern market, price strategy, price policy, marketing, pricing. XÜLASƏ Məqalə müəssisələrdə qiymət strategiyasının öyrənilməsinə və bazar rəqabətinin təhlilinə həsr edilmişdir. Qiymət ölkə iqtisadiyyatında, xüsusən də istehsal müəssisələrinin biznes fəaliyyətində həlledici rol oynayır. O, həm istehsalın formalaşmasına, həcmin müəyyənləşməsinə həm də, müəssisələrin maliyyə nəticələrinə eləcə də, gəlirliliyinə təsir göstərir. Buna görə də düzgün qiymət siyasəti bazarın idarəetmə strategiyasının tərkib hissəsidir və bu mövzunun aktuallığını vurğulayır. Məqalənin məqsədi müasir şəraitdə müəssisələr üçün qiymət siyasətinin əsas xüsusiyyətlərini müəyyən etmək və qiymətqoymaya təsir edən amilləri təhlil etməkdir. Bu məqsədlə yerli və xarici mütəxəssislərin əsas tədqiqatları nəzərdən keçirilmiş, qiymət siyasətinin müxtəlif prinsipləri, metodları, strategiyaları, təhlil edilmişdir. Qloballaşma və bazarlarda rəqabətin artması şəraitində müəssisələr üçün qiymət strategiyasının vacibliyinə diqqət yetirilmişdir. Qiymətlərin təhlili zamanı təkcə daxili idarəetmə amilləri deyil, həm də bazar şəraiti və xarici təsirlər də əsas götürülməklə müasir qiymət mövqeləri araşdırılmışdır. Bunlarla yanaşı Publication history Article received: 13.10.2025 Article accepted: 04.11.2025 Article published online: 22.11.2025 https://doi.org/10.36962/PIRETC38052025-01 5 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 aparılmış tədqiqatda qiymət siyasətinin əsas funksiyaları, gəlirliliyin tənzimlənməsi, bazarda yerləşdirilməsi o cümlədən rəqabət qabiliyyətinin təmin olunması vurğulanır. Açar sözlər: müasir bazar, qiymət strategiyası, qiymət siyasəti, marketinq, qiymətqoyma. Introduction Price is one of the most flexible elements of the marketing complex. Price directly and in the short term interferes with the productivity and profit-making potential of the company. Despite the importance of price in the functioning of markets, it has not yet been sufficiently studied by scientists and marketing specialists. The first references to price were found in the works of philosophers in ancient China, Greece and India. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle considered price as one of the categories of trade relations. These approaches were used by representatives of various economic sectors and their successors to study price and price factors. It is appropriate to mention the names of both domestic, R.T. Jafarova, N.C. Gafarov, I.Z. Seyfullayev, and foreign specialists, I.P. Denisova, Ya.V. Lytvynenko, V.M. Ignatovich, Ya.V. Leonov and others, who conducted research on pricing policy. [1,2] Each author emphasizes the most important components of the category under study. The most common position among experts is to consider the process of pricing policy formation in a multi-stage perspective. However, different authors have different approaches to determining the number, sequence and content of pricing policy stages. Usually, the main focus in marketing is on the development of new products, distribution channels and communication strategies. According to Lancioni, this can lead to the intensification of pricing decisions without proper assessment of market and cost factors. Thus, pricing is considered a very simple strategy within marketing. According to Liozu and Hinterhuber (2012), more research is needed on pricing choices and practices. Because the authors believe that less than 2% of all articles published in marketing journals focus on pricing. Strategic pricing requires a stronger connection between marketing and other sectors of the company. [3] In order to increase the financial and economic performance of the enterprise, not only market conditions (level of competition, pricing policy and economic situation) should be taken into account, but also the internal capabilities of the enterprise, the desires and needs of buyers should be systematically understood and determined. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to determine the role of factors (demand, supply, competition, state regulation) influencing the pricing process, taking modern markets as a basis. After developing a pricing strategy, the company must choose a tactic that reflects a number of practical measures to manage the pricing process for its implementation. Pricing and related policies have been the subject of research for many years and remain relevant in the modern business and economic environment. [4] Research Methodology Markets must also consider various external environmental factors when setting prices. Conditions such as inflation, interest rates, and the impact of economic downturns play a crucial role in price formation. Because they affect both the cost of producing products and the value of products and prices to consumers. Businesses must consider how prices affect the economy and how market participants react to different price levels. Thus, prices should be set in a way that helps representatives sell their products effectively and can maintain a reasonable profit margin. Government is an important external factor that influences pricing decisions. Tax policies, competition regulations, and other such mechanisms are tools for influencing government 6 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 pricing decisions. Therefore, pricing decisions must also be calculated within the framework of government laws to ensure that price parameters are within legal limits. [5] Customer psychological factors also affect product prices. Many people use price as an indicator of quality. Imported products are often perceived as being of higher quality than similar domestic products. The above-mentioned external factors determine the pricing possibilities. However, it is not enough to set out on the market taking into account only these factors. In modern markets, the real competitive strength of pricing policy is determined both by meeting consumer expectations and by paying attention to the economic conditions of the market. The competitiveness of an enterprise's pricing strategy is based on the following indicators: • Competitive price indicator → should be close to the average market price; • Optimal price indicator → takes into account and justifies the intended goals, profits, pricing strategies, etc.; • Uncompetitive price indicator → are prices that deviate from the average market price (more than 10-20%). However, relying only on competitive analysis when setting prices without taking into account and optimizing production can lead to a decrease in profits. [6] This is because the organizational forms and structure of each enterprise are different, and therefore their costs are also different. The main drawback of a purely market-oriented approach is that it does not take into account the differences in production, purchasing and other costs incurred by different companies. Therefore, the right pricing policy must be implemented to balance the company's desire to increase profits with competitive prices. For this, the following two effective pricing strategies are used (Figure 1). Figure 1. Pricing strategies. The following are currently operating with a market-based pricing strategy: • Telecommunications centers (Azercell, Bakcell, Nar) • Airlines (AZAL Buta Airways) • Internet providers (CityNet, Azeronline, Connect) • Retail chains (Bravo, Araz, Neptun supermarkets) • Banks (Kapitalbank, Ziraatbank, Rabitabank) In these markets, the competitive environment and market price are more at the forefront, not costs. Thus, pricing is determined more based on competing markets. In pricing based on the cost principle, markets determine prices by taking into account the costs of procurement, production, raw materials, labor and logistics. 7 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Here, the main goal is to generate income along with covering the costs of the market. In modern times, markets operating with this strategy include: • Manufacturing enterprises (Norm Cement, Holcim Azerbaijan) • Food industry (Azersun, Gilan Holding) • Service sectors (private clinics, some educational institutions) The above examples show that pricing in modern markets is determined not only by cost, but also by factors such as consumer demand and competition [6]. Experimental part In the research part of the article, we examined the strategies of pricing policy and the factors affecting it. As a practical direction of this research, we analyzed the pricing strategy of tea varieties of different brands produced at the "Sun Tea" tea factory belonging to "Azersun Holding", the largest food production enterprise operating in our country. [8] The "Sun Tea" production company, which started its activities in 1996 with the participation of the national leader H. Aliyev, produces more than 150 varieties of tea under the brands "Pürrängi", "Berga", "Azerçay", "Golden Pasha", "Final", "Maryam" for the markets. Pricing policy and competition between these brands certainly exist in the food market. Thus, in the table below, we have examined the standard (non-discount) prices of teas of the "Berga", "Azerçay" and "Final" brands in various markets (Neptun, Araz, Bravo) and analyzed the price competition between these brands (Table 1). Table 1. Current market prices of tea brands owned by the Sun Tea manufacturing company (for 2025). Source: prepared by the authors. Initially, the price segmentation attracts attention, as can be seen from the table. “Azerchay Buket” keeps prices at a balanced level, taking into account middle-income buyers. “Final super tea” applies a relatively cheaper strategy in prices, since it targets low-income buyers. “Berga early grey” implements its differentiation strategy in the market. Thus, by keeping prices high, it protects more quality and brand image.[7] Price differences based on weight also reflect serious competition between brands. Thus, 225 gr. “Final super tea” offers the lowest price on the market, at 6.05 Azn. However, “Berga early grey” of the same size is 6.89 Azn. This shows that the Final brand is more accessible to buyers in terms of price competition. On the other hand, 900 gr. “Berga early grey” is distinguished by being much more expensive than its competitors in the market, at 27.00 Azn, and tries to maintain its premium position. Product Weight (gr.) Product Brand Packaging type Azərçay buket Final super tea Berqa early grey Qiymətlər (AZN) 100 3.15 2.70 3.15 Box 225 5.49 6.05 6.89 Box 450 13.73 11.85 13.65 Box 900 21.89 23.55 27.00 Box Segment Middle-income Low-income High-income 8 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 As can be seen from the figures in the table, some prices are formed taking into account the psychological pricing strategy. For example, 100 gr. of “Azerchay buket” product is 3.15 Azn. This price is set slightly above the “3 AZN limit”, creating the perception of a cheap product in buyers. The analysis also clearly shows the pricing strategy that varies according to weight. As the product weight increases, prices also increase proportionally. However, as the weight increases, the price of each gram becomes slightly cheaper. For example: “Azerchay buket” 100 gr. = 3.15 AZN → 1 gr. ≈ 0.0315 Azn 900 gr. = 21.89 AZN → 1 gr. ≈ 0.0243 Azn This comparison shows that the buyer gets a more favorable price for a product with a large weight. This approach encourages buyers to buy a large volume of products. In the “Final super tea” brand, the price of a small weight product is lower. This shows that it is targeting the low-income segment. Berga Early Grey applies relatively little weight discounting. This proves that it is based on quality and image, not volume. Conclusion In modern market conditions, the company's pricing strategy directly determines its competitiveness, position, and profitability in the market. The formation of a pricing strategy is based on the company's internal resources, market demand, and competitive environment. The formation of an effective price not only ensures customer satisfaction but also improves the company's economic indicators. The positive aspect of the strategy is that it quickly responds to market changes and ensures the sustainable development of the enterprise. If we look at the market research we conducted from the perspective of competitiveness, the Berga brand tries to target more specific buyers with its appearance and quality difference, and the Final brand tries to reach a wider audience with its price advantage. Azerchay, on the other hand, maintains its status as a major player in the market by maintaining a balance in both contexts. As a result, we can say that we have identified three main strategies of the pricing policy of tea brands belonging to the "Sun Tea" tea production enterprise in the market: 1. Psychological pricing strategy - formation of prices in accordance with the buyer's perception; 2. Weight-based pricing strategy – differential pricing set to increase the purchase of a large volume of tea; 3. Segmented positioning strategy – adapting each brand to different income groups (low, medium, high). Such approaches allow you to simultaneously meet the needs of different buyer groups in the market and strengthen the competitiveness of the product. Declarations The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal or conference. Study Limitations There are no limitations that could affect the results of the study. 15 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 26. Palud, A., Parmentier-Decrucq, E., Pastre, J., Caires, N. D. F., Lassalle, P., & Mathieu, D. (2015). Evaluation of endothelial biomarkers as predictors of organ failures in septic shock patients. Cytokine, 73(2), 213-218. Doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.013. 27. Huang, Xiao, et al. "Both UFH and NAH alleviate shedding of endothelial glycocalyx and coagulopathy in LPS-induced sepsis." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 19.2 (2020): 913-922. Doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.8285. 16 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 ACUTE URINARY RETENTION. FIRST AID. Marat Sarkulov, Tair Sarkulov West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov, Kazakhstan, Aktobe, Kazakhstan. ABSTRACT Relevance Acute urinary retention is a common emergency in medical practice. It can occur due to the following reasons: 1. Mechanical causes, also referred to as infravesical obstruction (benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, acute prostatitis, urethral trauma, bladder neck or urethral stones, bladder neck or urethral tumors, penile cancer, phimosis), sclerosis of the bladder neck [1,2]. 2. Central nervous system disorders (brain or spinal cord tumors, traumatic spinal cord injuries, shock, brain contusion, stroke). 3. Reflex dysfunction of the bladder (partial denervation after surgeries on the rectum, female genital organs, perineum, trauma to the perineum, pelvis, and lower extremities, severe emotional stress, alcohol intoxication, fear, hysteria) [3]. 4. Drug intoxication. Acute urinary retention frequently occurs as a result of triggering factors (hypothermia, alcohol consumption, excessive sexual activity, transurethral procedures). Clinically, it presents with severe distending pain above the pubis, an enlarged, overfilled bladder, and an inability to urinate despite the urge. The purpose of our research To determine the most optimal method of urinary diversion in emergency patients presenting with acute urinary retention. Materials and Methods of research On average, 20 to 25 patients aged between 52 and 89 years present monthly to the emergency department with acute urinary retention. To provide optimal care for this patient group, an analysis of the medical assistance provided was conducted. Following their recovery, patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) scale, prostate TRUS (transrectal ultrasound), bladder ultrasound (to assess post-void residual urine), prostate ultrasound, uroflowmetry, and serum PSA levels. Results and discussion Both acute and chronic urinary retention require urgent intervention. If acute urinary retention occurred repeatedly within 1-2 days and catheterization was performed more than three times, the patient needed to be hospitalized for urgent surgical intervention – trocar cystostomy, which was performed in 87 patients (%). In cases where prolonged preparation (1 month or more) for surgical treatment of the underlying condition (e.g., prostate adenoma) was anticipated, epicyctostomy was performed in 18 patients (%). This procedure was also carried Publication history Article received: 14.10.2025 Article accepted: 05.11.2025 Article published online: 22.11.2025 https://doi.org/10.36962/PIRETC38052025-03 17 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 out in 5 patients with urinary retention caused by bladder tamponade, which allowed for bladder revision and cessation of bleeding. Conclusions Acute urinary retention, as an emergency pathology, is frequently encountered in urological practice and can arise from a variety of causes. This condition requires prompt intervention from medical professionals across different specialties. Our study concluded that the most appropriate surgical method for urinary diversion is trocar cystostomy. Acute urinary retention is a common emergency in urological practice. The analysis of the assistance provided revealed that the primary method of urinary diversion is trocar cystostomy. Keywords: Acute urinary retention, urinary diversion, trocar cystostomy, urological emergencies. Declarations The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal or conference. Study Limitations There are no limitations that could affect the results of the study. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank for the support staff and experienced people who participated in this study by sharing their invaluable knowledge and experience. Their cooperation and openness contributed greatly to the depth and richness of the research results. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Source This research was conducted without support from external funding. Ethical Standards The research meets all ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of the study country. REFERENCES 1. Alchinbaev, M.K. Urinary Tract Infection in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / M.K. Alchinbaev, E.S. Mambetalin, M.N. Sarkulov [et al.] // Proceedings of the 10th Russian Urology Congress. – Moscow, 2002. – P. 69. 2. Solovyev, D.A. Acute Urinary Retention in Prostate Adenoma: A Modern Perspective on the Problem / D.A. Solovyev, L.E. Bely // Modern Problems of Science and Education. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 81-83. 3. Treatment of Acute Urinary Retention in Surgical Patients in the Postoperative Period / A.A. Chumakov [et al.] // Fundamental Research. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 96-97. 18 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 THE IMPACT OF COMPLEX AGROTECHNICAL MEASURES ON THE GENERAL GROWTH DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND INTRODUCED COTTON VARIETIES Nizami Seyidaliyev1, Azad Ibrahimov2, Xalıq Xalilov3 Mina Mammadova3, Aytan Zeynalova5 1D.Sc. in Agriculture; Professor, Email: [email protected] 2Ph.D. in Agriculture; Associate Professor, Email: [email protected] 3Ph.D. in Agriculture; Associate Professor, xaliqx[email protected] 4Senior Lecturer, Email: [email protected] 5Ph.D. in Agriculture, Assistent professor, Email: [email protected] 1,2,3,4,5Azerbaijan State Agricultural University. ABSTRACT The effects of sowing and thinning times, plant density, irrigation regime, and fertilizer rates on the general growth dynamics of local and introduced cotton varieties were studied comparatively. The agrotechnical measures applied had varying impacts on both varieties. In the Ganja-182 variety, developmental phases began 10–12 days earlier compared to the Beyaz-Altun variety. Higher growth indicators were observed in variants with 74,000 plants per hectare (using a 90x15x1 sowing scheme), sowing conducted on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, application of N120P75K50 kg fertilizer rates, and irrigation carried out in a 1-4-0 schedule. Complex agrotechnical measures had varying effects on the main stem height of both local and introduced cotton varieties. In the Ganja-182 variety, with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 scheme), sowing on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, application of N120P75K50 kg fertilizer per hectare, in the variant where the 1-4-0 irrigation schedule was applied, the main stem height reached 114–116 cm, which is 10–14 cm taller than in the other variants.In the Beyaz-Altun variety, the same variant also resulted in a taller main stem, reaching 102–107 cm. Keywords: agrotechnical measures, cotton, sowing scheme, thinning, fertilization, irrigation regime, growth phases, main stem. Introduction Cotton is the most valuable among technical crops. One of the decisive factors in the dynamic development of cotton production is the creation of new intensive-type varieties and their widespread adoption in production. Research indicates that the potential for creating new varieties through effective selection based on the variability of existing commercial varieties has been exhausted. Therefore, breeders are now tasked with developing new theoretically grounded synthetic methods and various genetic-selection approaches aimed at creating a rich gene pool for obtaining new plant varieties.The intensification of breeding work, obtaining initial material for hybridization, improving specific traits of existing varieties, developing methodological approaches for creating new cotton varieties, and addressing and studying many of the existing issues in mutation breeding are among the most pressing and relevant challenges today. Publication history Article received: 14.10.2025 Article accepted: 05.11.2025 Article published online: 22.11.2025 https://doi.org/10.36962/PIRETC38052025-04 19 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 As stated in the “State Program on the Development of Cotton Production in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2017–2022,” the comprehensive development of cotton growing in Azerbaijan dates back to the early 1970s. Currently, the application of innovative technologies in cotton production should aim to increase output not by expanding cultivated areas, but by improving productivity per unit area. This qualitative transformation is underpinned by consistent and systematic measures implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the support of the state [1]. In the “Strategic Road Map for the Production and Processing of Agricultural Products in the Republic of Azerbaijan,” approved by Decree No. 1138 of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated December 6, 2016, the development of environmentally friendly agricultural production has been identified as a key priority. This Strategic Road Map outlines a vision for the development of the country's agricultural sector up to the year 2020, and a target vision for the period up to 2025. It reflects the existence of a clear and phased implementation plan by the state to achieve both mediumand long-term strategic development goals in the agricultural sector. Another important direction in the work of creative selection is to pay due attention to the development of ecologically plastic varieties. The varieties developed usually perform well only within a limited ecological zone and are unable to demonstrate their full potential over a wide area. Among the created varieties, those obtained using new methods constitute a minority. Using many valuable traits of forms in the cotton collection as donors is one of the general tasks facing breeders and geneticists. The effects of different sowing methods, sowing times, thinning periods, fertilizer rates, and irrigation regimes on the seeds of cotton varieties have varied depending on the biological and morphological characteristics of the varieties. This effect has also been observed at different stages of plant development. Əsgərov M.M. (2019) The preservation of soil fertility plays a crucial role in increasing the productivity of all agricultural crops. Often, mineral fertilizers do not give the same efficiency in all types of soils. The effectiveness of fertilizers depends on the soil type, its fertility, the physical and chemical properties of the fertilizer, the preceding crop, and so on. For example, in chestnut soils, nitrogen has more effect compared to phosphorus, whereas in gray soils, phosphorus has a greater effect compared to nitrogen. Fertilizers have a better effect on soils with poor nutrient content, while their efficiency decreases in well-supplied soils. The use of fertilizers reaches its maximum under normal moisture conditions and minimum under low moisture [2, pp. 49-52]. Cotton is demanding of nutrients throughout all stages of its development. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the timing of fertilizer application. The gray-steppe soils of the Mil-Karabakh regions are poorly supplied with nutrients. To obtain a high yield of cotton with quality fiber, it is important to apply nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus fertilizers at optimal rates. Based on the results of more than 20 years of research, applying fertilizers at the rate of N250P200K75 kg per hectare in these regions has consistently produced good results. N.Y. Seyidaliyev, X.Q. Khalilov, and M.Z. Mammadova (2021) The study notes that as a result of the applied agrotechnical measures, the height of the main stem in the Ganja-110 variety under row sowing with the application of N120 P75 K50 kg per hectare was 113–116 cm, while in the Ganja-103 variety it was 117–125 cm. Under the same agrotechnical conditions, the number of monopodial branches in the Ganja-110 variety was 2.2, and the number of sympodial branches was 18. In the Ganja-103 variety, the number of monopodial branches was 2.1, and the number of sympodial branches was 15. In the variants sown by the 20 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 conventional sowing method, the indicators for both varieties were considerably lower [6, pp. 4–8]. Ismayilova A.I. (2022) in her research shows that plant density is considered one of the factors affecting the growth, development, and yield level of cotton. It is known that in sparse sowing, plants develop strongly and each individual plant produces a high yield. However, because the number of plants per unit area is low in sparse sowing, the total yield is also low. Conversely, if the number of plants per area is high and their distribution is limited to a certain nutrient area, their height will be relatively low, but the overall yield level will be high. Plants grown at densities higher than the norm have shorter height, are weak, and also produce lower yields [3, pp. 151–152]. Seyidaliyev N.Y. and Khalilov X.Q. (2022), based on their experiments and close acquaintance with the farms of landowners and cotton-growing farmers, identified existing problems and provided recommendations for their resolution. The main problems are as follows: the lack of agrochemical analysis of soils intended for cotton cultivation, improper selection of planting areas, incorrect implementation of crop rotation in cotton farming, failure to clean fields from cotton residues (plant stalks), and the untimely execution of other planned agrotechnical measures [7, pp. 343–349]. Zeynalova A.I. (2019), in her research comparing local and introduced cotton varieties, concluded that local varieties maintain their genetic potential steadily over many years. However, introduced varieties are distinguished by high yields in the first years. After a certain period, their yield significantly decreases, which indicates incomplete adaptation of these varieties. Among the local varieties, “Ganja-103” and “Ganja-110” were planted, while among the introduced varieties, “Beyaz-Altun,” “Flash,” “Progen,” and “Karlo” were cultivated. As noted, in the initial years, introduced varieties showed high yields, but the technological qualities of the fiber and the weight of 1000 seeds were superior in the local varieties. In subsequent years, all indicators of the local varieties were higher [8, pp. 65–66]. Seyidaliyev N.Y., Khalilov X.Q., and Mammadova M.Z. (2022) note that for the Ganja-110 variety, the sowing scheme of 90x10x1 (111,000 plants per hectare) with a fertilizer rate of N100P50K40, harvesting on August 1 and picking on September 25, resulted in a net income of 1851 manats and a profitability level of 211.5%. For the sowing scheme of 90x15x1 (74,000 plants per hectare) with the same fertilizer rate and harvesting dates, the net income and profitability were 1628 manats and 186.0%, respectively. With the sowing scheme of 90x10x1 (111,000 plants per hectare), fertilizer rate of N120P75K50, harvesting on August 12, and picking on October 15, the net income was 1660 manats and profitability 189.7%. In the variant with N120P75K50 fertilizer and harvesting and picking on the same dates, the net income was 1546 manats and profitability 176.6% [5, pp. 343–349]. Materials and Methods The effects of different sowing schemes, plant density, sowing and thinning times, fertilizer rates, and irrigation regimes on the structural characteristics of the cotton varieties “Ganja182” and “Beyaz-Altun” were comparatively studied. The research was conducted on the farm of Vagif Ahmadov, located in the Gunelli settlement of Beylagan district. The methods developed by B.A. Dospekhov, N.N. Baranova, and S.Z. Allahyarov were used for setting up the experiment in the research area. The research object was the farm of Vagif Ahmadov in the Gunelli settlement of Beylagan district. The experiment consisted of 8 variants, each with 4 replications. In the field, the length of each replication was 20 meters, and the width was 2.4 meters. The area of one replication was 48 m², the area of one variant was 192 m², and the total area of the experimental field was 1152 m². 21 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Results and Discussion The effects of sowing methods, fertilizer rates, flowering, and harvesting times on the formation of true leaves and the onset of general development phases in the plants varied depending on the daily characteristics of the varieties. In the research conducted in 2024, slight differences observed within the same variety are attributed to the influence of climate and irrigation. The agrotechnical measures applied in the study did not have a uniform effect. Mammadzada X.Y. (2022) notes that in our country, cotton varieties are cultivated using various innovative technologies. Comparative study of sowing by traditional and ridge (tirə) technologies, as well as the investigation of their effects on yield and fiber quality indicators, is an essential requirement. It is necessary to completely revise the technologies applied in cotton growing, introduce high-yielding and early-maturing varieties, strengthen the material and technical base of cotton farming, develop effective measures against cotton diseases and pests, and thereby increase the productivity of this crop and improve all its structural characteristics. Ridge sowing and optimal fertilizer rates yield high results in all farms [4, pp. 12–13]. Djumayev Ş.V. (2017) states that the main task of selection work is to obtain new high-yielding and early-maturing varieties belonging to medium-staple cotton types. If it is possible to shorten the vegetation period of such cotton varieties by 20–25 days, the yield per hectare can be increased by 30–40%. There are great opportunities to increase the efficiency of selection through hybridization methods, both in the crossing process and in subsequent work on hybridization materials [9, pp. 38–39]. Khan F.Z., Rehman S.U., Abid M.A., Malik W., Hanif C.M., Bilal M., Farhan U. (2015) state that there are 35 species of cotton worldwide, of which 5 are cultivated commercially. Varieties of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are grown in many parts of the world, including Azerbaijan. Compared to fine-staple cotton, the vegetation period of upland cotton is somewhat shorter. The sowing material must possess high varietal purity. The varietal purity of sowing material is determined by the proportion of seeds retaining all hereditary traits and characteristics of the sown variety, expressed as a percentage. The higher the varietal purity, the more uniform and free from mixture the plants will be, resulting in higher yields. Consequently, the genetic characteristics of the variety will also be preserved for a longer time [10, pp. 119–126]. The indicators differed in both varieties. As seen from the table, in the Ganja-182 variety, under the sowing scheme of 90x10x1 (111,000 plants), fertilizer norm N100P50K40, sowing on Aprill 15, thinning on May 5, and irrigation according to the 1-3-0 scheme, the first true leaves emerged on May 13, the second on May 20, and the third on May 27. The budding stage occurred on June 13, the flowering stage on July 5, and the maturation stage extended to August 26. In the variant with a sowing scheme of 74,000 plants (90x15x1), sowing on Aprill 15, the same fertilizer norm (N100P50K40), thinning on May 5, and irrigation according to the 1-3-0 scheme, the first true leaves appeared on May 10, the second on May 19, the third on May 23. The budding stage was observed on June 12, the flowering stage on July 4, and the maturation stage on August 26. In the variant with a sowing scheme of 111,000 plants (90x10x1), sowing on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, fertilizer norm N120P75K50, and irrigation according to the 1-4-0 scheme, the first true leaves appeared on May 18, the second on May 26, and the third on May 28. The budding stage occurred on June 17, flowering on July 9, and maturation on September 2. In the variant with a sowing scheme of 74,000 plants (90x15x1), sowing on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, fertilizer norm N120P75K50, and irrigation according to the 1-4-0 scheme, the 22 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 first true leaves appeared on May 16, the second on May 26, and the third on May 31. The budding stage occurred on June 16, the flowering stage on July 12, and the maturation stage was observed on September 5. In the Beyaz-Altun variety, under the sowing scheme of 90x10x1 (111,000 plants), fertilizer norm N100P50K40, sowing conducted on Aprill 15, thinning performed on May 5, and irrigation applied according to the 1-3-0 scheme, the first true leaves emerged on May 8, the second on May 20, and the third on May 27. The budding stage occurred on June 10, the flowering stage on July 5, and the maturation stage extended to August 26. In the variant with a sowing scheme of 74,000 plants (90x15x1), sowing was done on Aprill 15, with the same fertilizer norm (N100P50K40), thinning on May 5, and irrigation applied according to the 1-3-0 scheme, the first true leaves appeared on May 13, the second on May 22, and the third on May 27. The budding stage was observed on June 12, the flowering stage on July 4, and the maturation stage on August 28. Table 1. The effect of complex agrotechnical measures on the overall development dynamics of cotton varieties. In the variant with a sowing scheme of 111,000 plants (90x10x1), sowing was carried out on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, fertilizer norm N120P75K50 was applied, and irrigation was done according to the 1-4-0 scheme. In this variant, the first true leaves appeared on May 18, the second on May 30, and the third on June 6. The budding stage was recorded on June 16, the flowering stage on July 16, and the maturation stage was observed on September 8. V a r i a n t s Formation of the 1st true leaves Formation of the 2nd true leaves Formation of the 3rd true leaves Beginning of the budding (blooming)phase Beginning of the flowering (blooming)phase Beginning of the maturation phase Varieties Sowing scheme and plant density Sowing periods Thinning periods Fertilizer rates (kg/ha) Fertilizer rates (kg/ha) Ganja-182 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 15 april 05 may N100P 50K40 1-3-0 13.V 20.V 27.V 13.VI 05.VI I 26.V III 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 15 april 05 may N100P 50K00 1-3-0 10.V 19.V 23.V 12.VI 04.VI I 26.V III 111 thousand plants bitki(90x10x1) 25 april 15 may N120P 75K50 1-4-0 17.V 25.V 31.V 18.VI 12.VI 02.I X 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 25 april 15 may N120P 75K50 1-4-0 17.V 26.V 01.V I 17.VI 12.VI I 05.I X Beyaz-Altun 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 15 april 05 may N100P 50K40 1-3-0 18.V 30.V 06.V I 16.VI 12.VI I 06.I X 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 15 april 05 may N100P 50K00 1-3-0 18.V 27.V 03.V I 17.VI 16.VI I 08.I X 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 25 april 15 may N120P 75K50 1-4-0 25.V 04.06 10.V I 26.VI 19.VI I 13.I X 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 25 april 15 may N120P 75K50 1-4-0 24.V 03.VI 10.V I 25.VI 20.VI I 10.I X 23 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 In the variant with a sowing scheme of 74,000 plants (90x15x1), sowing was conducted on Aprill 25, thinning was carried out on May 15, fertilizer norm N120P75K50 kg was applied, and irrigation was performed according to the 1-4-0 scheme. In this variant, the first true leaves appeared on May 24, the second true leaves on June 3, and the third true leaves on June 10. The budding stage was observed on June 25, the flowering stage on July 20, and the maturation stage on September 10. As can be seen, the agrotechnical measures applied to both varieties had different effects. In the Ganja-182 variety, the developmental stages began 10–12 days earlier compared to the Beyaz-Altun variety. The highest indicators were observed in the variants of both varieties where a sowing scheme of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1) was applied, sowing was carried out on Aprill 25, thinning on May 15, a fertilizer norm of N120P75K50 kg was used, and irrigation was conducted according to the 1-4-0 scheme. The response of cotton varieties to agrotechnical measures varies depending on their morphological and biological characteristics. Each applied agrotechnical measure has a certain impact on the growth dynamics of individual varieties.In other words, the reaction of different varieties to agrotechnical practices is not the same. The effect of agrotechnical measures on the height of the main stem is presented in Table 2. As seen from the table, in the Ganja-182 cotton variety, under the treatment with a plant density of 111,000 plants per hectare (90x10x1 spacing), sowing on April 15, thinning on May 5, a fertilizer application rate of N100P50K40 kg/ha, and an irrigation schedule of 1-3-0, the height of the main stem was 37.6 cm at the budding stage, 66.2 cm at the flowering stage, and 103–110 cm at the maturity stage. In the treatment with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), also sown on April 15, thinned on May 5, with the same fertilizer rate of N100P50K40 kg/ha and irrigation schedule of 1-3-0, the main stem height was 38.8 cm at the budding stage, 67.6 cm at the flowering stage, and 108–113 cm at the maturity stage. Under the treatment with a plant density of 111,000 plants per hectare (90x10x1 spacing), sowing on April 25, thinning on May 15, a fertilizer rate of N120P75K50 kg/ha, and an irrigation schedule of 1-4-0, the main stem height was 37.6 cm at the budding stage, 67.9 cm at the flowering stage, and 107–114 cm at the maturity stage. In the variant with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), sown on April 25, thinned on May 15, with the same fertilizer rate of N120P75K50 kg/ha and irrigation schedule of 1-4-0, the main stem height reached 39.5 cm at the budding stage, 69.2 cm at the flowering stage, and 114–116 cm at the maturity stage. In the Beyaz-Altun cotton variety, under the treatment with a plant density of 111,000 plants per hectare (90x10x1 spacing), sown on April 15, thinned on May 5, with a fertilizer rate of N100P50K40 kg/ha and an irrigation schedule of 1-3-0, the height of the main stem was 27.1 cm at the budding stage, 60.4 cm at the flowering stage, and 99–102 cm at the maturity stage. In the treatment with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), also sown on April 15, thinned on May 5, with the same fertilizer rate (N100P50K40 kg/ha) and irrigation schedule (1-3-0), the main stem height reached 28.4 cm at the budding stage, 55.7 cm at the flowering stage, and 100–106 cm at the maturity stage. In the variant with 111,000 plants per hectare (90x10x1 spacing), sown on April 25, thinned on May 15, with a fertilizer application of N120P75K50 kg/ha and an irrigation schedule of 14-0, the main stem height was 28.6 cm at the budding stage, 56.6 cm at the flowering stage, and 101–107 cm at the maturity stage. Finally, in the treatment with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), sown on April 25, thinned on May 15, with the same fertilizer and irrigation treatment 24 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 (N120P75K50 kg/ha, 1-4-0), the main stem height was 30.7 cm at the budding stage, 60.3 cm at the flowering stage, and 102–110 cm at the maturity stage. The complex agrotechnical measures had varying effects on the main stem height in both local and introduced cotton varieties. In the Ganja-182 variety, under the treatment with a plant density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), sown on April 25, thinned on May 15, with a fertilizer application rate of N120P75K50 kg/ha and an irrigation schedule of 1-4-0, the height of the main stem reached 114–116 cm, which was 10–14 cm taller compared to the other treatments. In the Beyaz-Altun variety, the same treatment also resulted in greater stem height, reaching 102–107 cm. Table 2. The Effect of Complex Agrotechnical Measures on the Main Stem Height of Cotton Varieties. V a r i a n t s Main stem height (cm) Varietie s Sowing pattern and plant density Sowi ng perio ds Thinni ng periods Fertilizer rates (kg/ha) Irrigatio n regime Budding Flowerin g Ripeni ng Ganja182 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 15 april 05 may N100P50K4 0 1-3-0 37,6 66,2 103110 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 15 april 05 may N100P50K4 0 1-3-0 38,8 67,6 108113 111 thousand plants bitki(90x10x1) 25 april 15 may N120P75K5 0 1-4-0 37,6 67,9 107114 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 25 april 15 may N120P75K5 0 1-4-0 39,5 69,2 114116 BeyazAltun 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 15 april 05 may N100P50K4 0 1-3-0 27,1 60,4 99-102 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 15 april 05 may N100P50K0 0 1-3-0 28,4 55,7 100106 111 thousand plants (90x10x1) 25 april 15 may N120P75K5 0 1-4-0 28,6 56,6 101107 74 thousand plants (90x15x1) 25 april 15 may N120P75K5 0 1-4-0 30,7 60,3 102110 Conclusion 1. The applied agrotechnical measures had different effects on both studied cotton varieties. In the Ganja-182 variety, the developmental phases began 10–12 days earlier compared to the Beyaz-Altun variety. The highest performance indicators in both varieties were recorded in the treatment with a seeding density of 74,000 plants per hectare (90x15x1 spacing), sowing carried out on April 25, thinning on May 15, application of N120P75K50 kg/ha fertilizer, and irrigation according to the 1-4-0 schedule. 31 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Measurements were taken at the stage of bean formation, and the corresponding indicators changed as follows: in the no-fertilizer-control variant, the height of the soybean plant was 51 cm, while it was 58 cm in the variant with 10 t/ha of manure, 56 cm when 10 t/ha of compost was applied, 70 cm when 20 t/ha of manure was applied, and 68 cm when 20 tons of compost was applied per hectare. The height of the soybean plant during the full ripening period was also observed, and the results were as follows: 70 cm in the control option without fertilizer, 76 cm in the option with 10 t/ha of manure, 75 cm when 10 t/ha of compost was applied, 89 cm when 20 t/ha of manure was given, and 85 cm when 20 tons of compost was applied per hectare. From the above, it can be concluded that applying 20t/ha of manure had a significant effect on the growth and development of soybean plants at different stages of development. Organic fertilizers provide the soil with the necessary nutrients for plant nutrition in agriculture, improve its physical and agrochemical properties, enrich the soil with beneficial microorganisms, slow down the rate of mineralization of mineral fertilizers in the soil, speed up nutrient uptake by the plant, prevent nutrient loss in the soil, enrich the soil with humus, provide trace elements, improve soil structure, keep the soil moist in the cultivated area, and have a positive effect on reducing the number of irrigations [15, p. 1–50]. Tmiryazev K.A. notes that irrigation and fertilization are closely related to each other, and effective application of fertilizers in irrigated lands remains the main factor in increasing productivity and soil fertility [9, p.182-190]. A seed planted in fertile soil, receiving plenty of sun and watered regularly and on time, will yield abundantly with high care and labor. In the authors' study, it was emphasized that applying nitrogen before planting is beneficial for soybean growth, given that soybean plants do not form nodules at least 9 days after germination. In addition, initial nitrogen fertilizer can supply nitrogen until biological N2 fixation by tubers begins [12, p. 312–323; 22, p. 234–237]. However, nitrogen fertilization at planting can reduce soybean N2-fixation and yield. Therefore, the application of organic fertilizers can meet the plant's demand for nitrogen and other nutrients [13, p. 815–816]. G. B. Bodnor, G. T. Lavrenko, and others prove in their research that 170 kg of nitrogen, 40 kg of phosphorus, and 50 kg of potassium are required for the formation of 20 centners of grain per hectare at the Primorsk agricultural experiment station [10, p.11-15]. For a high soybean yield, it is necessary to use both biological N2-fixation and nitrogen uptake by soybean roots [5, 6]. Applying organic fertilizer to soybean is based on the plant's nitrogen requirement during seedling development before the formation of punch bacteria, which is crucial for soybean growth and development [16, p.255-260; 17, pp. 497-533; 18, pp. 112114]. Soybean fertilization is primarily related to soil moisture and the amount of atmospheric precipitation. Specifically, the efficiency of mineral fertilizers is more noticeable in rainy years. Studies show that the more moisture there is, the more effectively fertilizers dissolve in the soil into a form that can be absorbed by plants, and the better they are absorbed by the plant. When different types of fertilizers are used in years with little atmospheric precipitation, the increase in productivity is less noticeable [24, p. 2778–2787; 25, pp. 11-15]. The application of fertilizers at the optimal rate in plant nutrition is the main factor in increasing productivity. As a result of conducted research, it is known that it is possible to increase the productivity of soybeans if the soil is fertilized at the optimal rate and proportion. However, it should be noted that excessive fertilizer can have a negative effect on the quality of the product. After studying the grain yield and absolute weight of the soybean plant, we established the organic fertilizer norms for 2019-2022, which are presented in Table 2. 32 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Table 5. Effect of organic fertilizer rates on soybean grain yield. s/s Variant Yield (grain s/ha) Growth s/ha The weight of 1000 grains (gr) s/ha % 1 Fertilizer-free control 21 - - 105 2 Manure 10t/ha 26 5 23,80 120 3 Compost 10 t/ha 24 3 14,28 116 4 Manure 20t/ha 32 11 52,38 168 5 Compost 20 t/ha 28 7 33,33 142 E=9,46 P=36,1 As can be seen from the table, the application of organic fertilizer rates had a substantial effect on soybean grain yield. Compared to the no-fertilizer-control option, the productivity of the soybean plant increased significantly in the options where organic fertilizer norms were applied. The grain yield of the soybean plant in the no-fertilizer-control option was 21 s/ha, while it was 26 s/ha in the option with 10 t/ha of manure, 24 s/ha when 10 t/ha of compost was applied, and 32 s/ha when 20 t/ha of manure was applied. When 20 tons of compost were applied per hectare, the grain yield was 28 s/ha. The highest yield was obtained when 20 t/ha of manure was applied, which resulted in an increase of 11 s/ha or 52.38% compared to the control option without fertilizer. The increase in yield as a result of the application of organic fertilizer norms was found to be reliable based on mathematical calculations. The increase in yield was three or more times higher than the indicator E, s/ha. Preservation of soil fertility is one of the most important issues in agriculture, as high and quality products cannot be obtained without maintaining soil fertility. Therefore, the correct and efficient use of arable land is crucial, and returning the nutrients taken from the soil with the agricultural plants planted every year is essential. This can only be achieved through the use of fertilizers, and the use of organic fertilizers is especially important. The authors note that plant root residues play a critical role in increasing soil fertility as a source of organic matter. Plants that give more phytomass to the soil have the main role in the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. The amount of root residue a predecessor plant accumulates in the soil is of great importance in evaluating its effectiveness as a fertilizer. When agrotechnical methods are developed to normalize the mineralization of organic matter in the soil, the main focus is given to the studies conducted to determine the intensification of the decomposition of plant root residues in the soil. It is worth noting that the variation in the amount of nutrients entered into the soil by root mass and tiller residues is related to the amount of plant residues and nutrients in them. Favorable conditions for efficient plant nutrition are created by a large amount of carbon dioxide, in addition to the nutrients that enter the soil with the plant root mass and remains of the stems. This, in turn, increases the productivity of agricultural plants and the quality of the product [7, p.15-20]. Root and stem residues restore soil fertility in agriculture. After the organic matter decomposes in the soil, it provides the plants with the necessary ash and nitrogenous nutrients. Root and stem residues improve the structure of the soil, and as a result of the accumulation of a large amount of nutrients, it increases the productivity of the following plants and the fertility of the soil [23, p.80-88]. 33 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Green manures are produced by planting legumes to maintain and increase fertility in Central Asian soils. From one hectare, up to 8 tons of root and root residues can be collected, which significantly increases the total humus and nitrogen in the soil. Various scientists have studied the increase of organic matter in the soil due to the remains of roots and stems of individual plants. The root system of plants senses all changes in the soil, and the formation and development of roots are primarily influenced by the density of the soil structure, its moisture capacity, and nutrients. Researchers, such as S. Khales, G. Genzen, Y. Y. Sokolovski, P. Kossovich, V. G. Rotmisterov, A. P. Madestov, F. N. Mauer, V. I. Tsvinsky, and others, have been engaged in determining the distribution of roots in the soil. Z.M. Abdullayeva, K.M. Babayeva, A. A. Bektemiriv, Y. N. Mukhtarov, B. B. Zahidov, and other researchers have reported an increase in organic and agrochemical indicators of the soil due to the remains of roots and stems [1, pp. 17-20]. According to the calculations of many researchers, one centner of dry mass of cereal legumes accumulates more than 3 kilograms of biological nitrogen in the soil, as found in the research of V.S. Zaitsevin, R.A. Taghiyev, and A.D. Ibrahimov. The appropriate methodology determined that the stalk and root residues of soybean (93 s/ha) ensured the formation of 280 kg/ha of biological nitrogen in the soil [5. P. 17-25; 10, pp. 42-44]. Numerous studies and widespread production practices have shown that crop rotation with different root structures increases soil fertility. Based on the experiment conducted by researchers, it was determined that alfalfa collected 73.11 s/ha of air-dry weight at the depth of 0-50 cm of the soil. Multiplying this number by the coefficient of 0.18 determined by Popov, it is equal to 13.12 s/ha of biological humus. Therefore, plant residues form the basis of the formation of new humus in the soil, and due to this, soil fertility increases. According to the method of turning plant residues into biological humus (according to Muhammedjanov), in order to produce 1 ton of humus in the soil, it is necessary to bury 6 tons of plant residues in air dry weight. During the experiment, soybean collected 9.3 tons of aerial and root mass in air dry weight, and according to the mentioned methodology, this figure is equal to 1.55 t/ha of biological humus [2, p.65-66]. In addition to the above-mentioned scientists, in 2019-2022, we collected the remains of root stalks from the joint sowing of soybeans using the monolithic method, dried them in the open air, and weighed them. Total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in root and shoot residues were determined and listed in Table 3. Table 3.3. Effect of application of organic fertilizer rates on root mass, chemical composition, and amount of nutrients of mixed crops. Root mass s/ha Air dry matter in % In kg per hectare Biological humus s/ha N P2Os к2о N P2Os к2о Fertilizer-free control 17,3 0,74 0,16 0,69 12,80 2,71 11,93 3,11 Manure 10t/ha 21,1 0,81 0,18 0,72 17,09 3,79 15,19 3,79 Compost 10 t/ha 20,4 0,79 0,17 0,70 16,11 3,46 14,28 3,67 Manure 20t/ha 25,0 0,84 0,21 0,76 21,00 5,25 19,00 4,5 Compost 20 t/ha 23,9 0,82 0,19 0,74 19,59 4,54 17,68 4,3 As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the application of organic fertilizer norms has a significant effect on the mass of root and shoot residues of mixed crops. In the control 34 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 variant without fertilizer, the mass of roots and shoots was 17.3 s/ha. When 10 t/ha of manure was applied, it increased to 21.1 s/ha, while 10 t/ha of compost resulted in 20.4 s/ha. When 20 t/ha of manure was applied, the mass increased to 25.0 s/ha, and with 20 t/ha of compost, 23.9 s/ha of plant residues were collected. During the chemical analysis of samples of plant residues, it was determined that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium changed significantly depending on the application of organic fertilizer norms. In the control option without fertilizer, total nitrogen was 0.74%, phosphorus 0.16%, and potassium 0.69%. However, when 10 t/ha of manure was applied, total nitrogen increased to 0.81%, phosphorus to 0.18%, and potassium to 0.72%. When 10 t/ha of compost was given, nitrogen was 0.79%, phosphorus 0.17%, and potassium 0.70%. When 20 t/ha of manure was applied, total nitrogen was 0.84%, phosphorus 0.21%, and potassium 0.76%. Finally, with 20 t/ha of compost, total nitrogen changed to 0.82%, phosphorus 0.19%, and potassium 0.74%. These positive features also had a significant effect on the amount of nutrients per hectare. In the control variant without fertilizer, nitrogen was 12.80 kg/ha, phosphorus was 2.71 kg/ha, and potassium was 11.93 kg/ha. When 10 t/ha of manure was applied, nitrogen increased to 17.09 kg/ha, phosphorus to 3.79 kg/ha, and potassium to 15.19 kg/ha. With 10 t/ha of compost, nitrogen was 16.11 kg/ha, phosphorus 3.46 kg/ha, and potassium 14.28 kg/ha. When 20 t/ha of manure was applied, nitrogen increased to 21.00 kg/ha, phosphorus to 5.25 kg/ha, and potassium to 19.00 kg/ha. Finally, with 20t/ha of compost, nitrogen was 19.59 kg/ha, phosphorus 4.54 kg/ha, and potassium 17.68 kg/ha. During the study, the conversion of plant residues collected into biological nitrogen was determined. In the control variant without fertilizer, 3.11 s/ha per hectare was collected. In the case of biological humus formation, 3.79 s/ha was collected when 10 t/ha of manure was applied, and 3.67 s/ha when 10 t/ha of compost was applied. With 20 t/ha of manure, 4.5 s/ha was collected, and with 20t/ha of compost, 4.3 s/ha of biological humus was collected. Conclusion 1. The plow and sub-plough layers of irrigated gray-meadow soils have low levels of main nutrients, indicating poor potential and effective fertility. Therefore, to increase the effective fertility of the soil, it is necessary to apply a certain amount of organic and mineral fertilizers to the crops. 2. In irrigated gray-meadow soils, the application of organic fertilizer manure at a rate of 20t/ha significantly improved the height and development of soybean plants at different stages of growth. 3. The highest yield was obtained when 20t/ha of manure was applied, resulting in an increase of 11 s/ha or 52.38% compared to the control without fertilizer. Mathematical calculations also showed that the grain yield obtained from soybean plants as a result of applying organic fertilizer norms was reliable. 4. In order to maintain and increase soil fertility, it is recommended to incorporate the root residues of leguminous plants into the soil. Applying organic fertilizer norms at an optimal rate significantly increases soil fertility by improving the structural, productivity, and quality indicators of soybeans, as well as having an effective effect on the residues of roots and stems. This confirms that soybean is a good predecessor for plants that are planted after it. It is recommended to apply 20 tons of half-rotted manure per hectare to improve the structural indicators and increase the productivity of soybean plants in gray-meadow soils that are poorly supplied with nutrients. 35 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Declarations The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal or conference. Study Limitations There are no limitations that could affect the results of the study. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank for the support staff and experienced people who participated in this study by sharing their invaluable knowledge and experience. Their cooperation and openness contributed greatly to the depth and richness of the research results. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Source This research was conducted without support from external funding. Ethical Standards The research meets all ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of the study country. REFERENCES 1. Allahverdiyev E.R. Fertilization of mixed sowing. Ganja: AKTA, 2004, 112 p. 2. Allahverdiyev E.R., Aliyeva S.F., Aliyev.M.T. The role of root and root residues in increasing soil fertility. Materials of the all-republic scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the national leader H. Aliyev. Ganja, 2013, pp. 6566. 3. Aliyev C.A., Akbarov Z.I., Nabiyev M.N. Cultivation of soybean under irrigation conditions of Azerbaijan SSR. Baku, 1982, 52 p. 4. Jafarov Y.A., Mehdiyeva E.Kh. Methods of agrochemical analysis. Baku, 2014, 264 p. 5. Mammadova S.Z., Jafarov A.B. 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Thesis, Northeast Agric Univ. 2013. 37 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 FUSOGENIC ACTIVITY AND CARCINOGENICITY: EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT FOR THE TWO-SYNKARYON THEORY Tinatin Gogichadze1, Ekaterine Mchedlishvili2, Natalia Chiladze3, Lasha Tchelidze4, Saba Mosidze5 1Associate Professor, Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology 2Associate Professor, Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology 3Assistant Professor, Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology 4MD, Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology 5MD, Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology ABSTRACT Introduction Currently, in the world, every year there are synthesized nearly 10000 new chemical combinations are synthesized, which are used in industry, building, pharmacology, food industry, agriculture, and so forth. The absolute majority of these substances are not verified for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Real possibilities of search of this kind fall considerably behind the total sum of chemical combinations brought into the world every year. The main reason for this fact is the great duration and high cost of modern classic methods of evaluation of chemical substances. For example, the cost of examination of one chemical substance by means of chronic experiments in laboratory animals amounts to 50000100000 dollars. Thus, it is natural that scientists attempt to reduce the time and cost of experiments of this kind. For the investigation of carcinogenic abilities of different chemical substances, the most informative, so far, are the chronic experiments in two species of laboratory rodents (mice, rats). Nevertheless, these tests are expensive and take a great deal of time. The principal obstacle of short-term tests as a trial in carcinogenicity is the deficiency of modern knowledge of the most important questions of oncogenesis, in particular, mechanisms of initiation, promotion, and progression, and critical molecular and subcellular events, which take place during these stages of carcinogenesis. Today, there exists a considerable number of so-called short-term tests, which, more or less, give the possibility to speak about carcinogenicity of certain substances, malignant transformation of cells in tissue culture, mutagenicity in bacterial systems, somatic mutation of Drosophila, perinatal carcinogenesis, genotoxicity test, induction of tumors in vertebrate animals, and so on. Because of the high frequency of malignant tumors in fish and frogs, after the influence of different carcinogens, and also because of the relatively short latent period (approximately 15-30 weeks), these animals are recommended as test objects for short-term tests on carcinogenicity. Methods We believe the substances and factors that induce cell fusion are potentially oncogenic. The positive fusogenic effect (i.e., appearance of twoand polynuclear homokaryons and heterokaryons) of all known carcinogens with negative controls can confirm the existence of this mechanism of malignization and also allows to use of this method for the determination of carcinogenicity of certain substances (and other dubious factors in oncogenic respect). Publication history Article received: 15.10.2025 Article accepted: 06.11.2025 Article published online: 22.11.2025 https://doi.org/10.36962/PIRETC38052025-06 38 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Proceeding from the above-mentioned, we studied the possibility of fosogenic action of some full carcinogenic agents, oncogenicity of which for the human population is confirmed certainly in chronic experiments in laboratory animals (mainly in rodents) and by epidemiological research. Because of the accessibility and simplicity of cytological verification, we used birds, in particular, chick and pigeon erythrocytes, which possess nonactive nuclei. 3,4-benzpyrene, methylcholanthrene, and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea were used as carcinogens. Two series of experiments were conducted. In Series 2, mg/ml of all the studied carcinogens were added to the chick and pigeon blood. In II series of experiments, the same concentration of non-carcinogen analogues-pyrene, choline, and methylurea, was added to the blood cells. The bird’s erythrocytes in physiological solution served as a control. In both experimental series and in the control, the pH of the environment was 7.2-7.4. After 60 minutes of incubation, blood cells were centrifuged, carcinogens removed, cells in physiological solution washed twice, and left at room temperature for 20 hours. To study blood specimens in light and electron microscopes, the samples were collected 2,4,6, and 20 hours after carcinogens had been removed. We used the electronic microscope TESLA from 3000 to 30000 zoom. Results It is necessary to emphasize that observations have shown that non-carcinogenic analogues of carcinogenic substances did not induce the process of cell fusion even in a single case. Only a single appearance of intimate contact of cells without a true fusion process has been revealed, which was confirmed by an electron microscope study as well. In all cases, only narrow intercellular spaces between cells were observed. Four hours after the exposition with carcinogens of different kinds, the process of formation of conglomerates occurred, and cells’ fusion began, as a result of which there were formed homokaryons(dikaryons) and very rarelytrikaryons. After 6 to 20 hours of incubation increase in the frequency of homokaryons was observed. Careful ultramicroscopic analysis in an electron microscope at comparatively high magnification (15-, 20-,25-,30000) has shown absolute absence of demarcation of cellular membranes between two or three nuclei of homokaryons. We also observed that when the pH of the medium decreased, the process of fusion was more intensive. Conclusion Thus, it was established that 3,4-benzpyrene, methylcholanthrene, and N-methyl-Nnitrosourea interact with cell components and ultimately lead to the fusogenic effect. These carcinogens possess a weak fusogenic effect and rarely induce the formation of dikaryons.In our view is an experimental basis of malignant tumour origin as proposed by the “two synkaryons” theory. Analysis of these data leads us to the assumption that the fusogenic test may be used for the determination of carcinogenicity of certain chemical substances. In a case of a positive result (independently of fusion process intensity), this test allows for to identification of full carcinogens and initiators. One can even make more wider conclusion: practically all the factors favouring cell membranes’ perforations may be regarded as a possible cause of the formation of tumour cells. Declarations The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal or conference. Study Limitations There are no limitations that could affect the results of the study. 39 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Acknowledgments The author would like to thank for the support staff and experienced people who participated in this study by sharing their invaluable knowledge and experience. Their cooperation and openness contributed greatly to the depth and richness of the research results. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Source This research was conducted without support from external funding. Ethical Standards The research meets all ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of the study country. REFERENCES 1. V.S.Turusov; I.D.Parfenov.Methods of Exposure and Regulation of Chemical Carcinogens, Moscow,1986 (Russian). 2. G.K.Gogichadze.Journal of Hematology and Transfusiology; Moscow, 6, 1989, 5457(Russian). 3. G.K.Gogichadze, T.G.Dolidze. Medical Hypothesis,44,5,1995,307-308. 4. Uygur, B. Leikina, E. Melikov, K. Villasmil, R.Verma, S.K. Vary, C.P.H. Chernomordik, L.V. interactions with Muscle Cells: Boost fusion, stemness, and drug resistance of Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol. Cancer. Res 2019, 17, 806-820. 5. Chunduri, N.K. Storchova, Z. The diverse consequences of aneuploidy. Nat. Cell Biology 2019, 21, 54-62. 40 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS AND TRADITIONAL NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS Inji Mammadzada1, Yashar Hajiyev2 1,2Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University 1SABAH Groups; 2 Departament of Computer Engineering 1Master student; 2 Professor E-mail: 1mammadza[email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The field of machine translation is quickly progressing, fueled by the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) that are pushing the boundaries of capabilities, alongside more established Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems. As technologies keep progressing, it’s probable that merging their finest aspects will result in even more effective translation tools down the line. This report analyzes both approaches in more detail, exploring their construction, strengths, weaknesses, performance, required resources, and optimal circumstances for use. LLMs are known for generating fluid, natural translations and understanding context effectively, whereas NMT systems provide more accurate and efficient results, particularly in specialized fields. Keywords: large language models, neural machine translation, machine learning, azerbaijani language translation, low-resource language. Introduction Machine translation technology has significantly progressed over recent decades, initially utilizing rule-based and statistical approaches before evolving into its current state of intricate neural network architectures. This advancement has recently led to the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have excelled remarkably in various natural language processing tasks, such as translation. NMT systems, especially those utilizing the Transformer architecture, have already outperformed previous methods, achieving greater accuracy and fluency. LLMs, leveraging these advancements, represent the next move towards achieving high-quality machine translation, offering increasingly human-like and context-sensitive results. This article aims to provide a comprehensive comparative evaluation of LLMs and traditional NMT systems within the machine translation domain, examining their fundamental structural distinctions, intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, performance indicated by recent benchmarks and studies, the resources required for their creation and implementation, and the specific applications for which each technology is ideally suited. Objective This report utilizes a comparative assessment approach, leveraging recent studies and benchmarks to compare the strengths and weaknesses of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conventional Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems. This comparison is based on architectural distinctions, performance metrics (such as BLEU and COMET scores), resource utilization (data and computational resources), and appropriateness for different translation Publication history Article received: 16.10.2025 Article accepted: 07.11.2025 Article published online: 22.11.2025 https://doi.org/10.36962/PIRETC38052025-07 47 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 for initial translations, and then LLMs can be employed for refining and adjusting. A possible trend exists in task-oriented LLMs designed specifically for translation, providing a balance between adaptability and efficiency. Selection of technology should be examined according to the particular requirements of the translation assignment, considering factors like the nature of the content, the importance of fluency compared to accuracy, the availability of computational resources, and the need for control and consistency. Eventually, the best option could be a combination of any or several of these technologies, tailored to address the varying requirements of the changing global communication landscape. Declarations The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal or conference. Study Limitations There are no limitations that could affect the results of the study. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank for the support staff and experienced people who participated in this study by sharing their invaluable knowledge and experience. Their cooperation and openness contributed greatly to the depth and richness of the research results. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Source This research was conducted without support from external funding. Ethical Standards The research meets all ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of the study country. REFERENCES 1. 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Machine Translation and Large Language Models: Shaping the ..., accessed May 1, 2025, https://blog.memoq.com/machine-translation-and-large-language-models-shaping-thefuture-of-enterprise-translation. 48 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 8. LLM vs NMT: an in-depth analysis of machine translation models, accessed May 1, 2025, https://dokutechtranslations.com/en/llm-vs-nmt-an-in-depth-analysis-of-machinetranslation-models/ 9. Neural Machine Translation Versus Large Language Models - MultiLingual, accessed May 1, 2025, https://multilingual.com/magazine/june-2024/neural-machine-translationversus-large-language-models/ 10. How Transformers Work: A Detailed Exploration of Transformer Architecture - DataCamp, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/how-transformerswork 11. 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Demystifying Transformer Architecture in Large Language Models, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.truefoundry.com/blog/transformer-architecture 24. LLM Transformer Model Visually Explained - Polo Club of Data Science, accessed May 1, 2025, https://poloclub.github.io/transformer-explainer/ 49 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 25. What's the difference between Attention vs Self-Attention? What problems does each other solve that the other can't?, accessed May 1, 2025, https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/49468/whats-the-difference-between-attention-vs-self-attention-whatproblems-does-ea 50 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Australia Shahid Khan Monash Business School. Sessional Lecturer. PhD in Management. Vikash Ramiah UNISA School of Commerce. Associate Professor. PhD in Applied Finance. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Azerbaijan Abbas İsmayılov Azerbaijan State Agricultural University. Director of the Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Agronomy Department, Associate Professor. PhD in Biology Science. Alakbar Huseynzada Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Scientific researcher at “Geotechnological Problems of Oil, Gas and Chemistry”, Scientific researcher at “Chemistry of alkenylphenols”, Eesearch laboratory, Chemistry of petroleum and chemical technology department, Faculty of Chemistry, Baku State University, PhD in Chemistry. Almaz Mehdiyeva Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University.Associate Professor. PhD in TS Aytekin Hasanova Azerbaijan Medical University. Department of medical biology and genetics, Senior teacher, PhD in Medical Biology. Arif Mammadzade Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. “Geotechnological problems of oil, gas and chemistry” Scientific Research Institute. Doctor of technical sciences. Professor. Bilal Asadov Azerbaijan Medical University, Psychiatry Department, Professor. Doctor of MS. Elchin Suleymanov Baku Engineering University. Associate Professor of Department Finance. PhD in Economy. Elmira Valiyeva Azerbaijan State Agrarian University Senior teacher of the Chair of Languages. Elshan Hajizade Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Head of department. Doctor of Economic Science.Professor. Emin Mammadzade Institute of Economics of ANAS. Economic institute. Phd in Economy. Associate professor. Farda Imanov Baku State University, Vice-rector, Chair of Hydrometerology, Professor. Garib Mamedov Baku State University, Chief of Soilscience Department of Biology Faculty. Doktor of biological sciences, Professor. Heyder Guliyev Azerbaijan State Agricultural University. English Teacher. PhD in Philology Ibrahim Habibov Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor Irada Sultanova Azerbaijan Medical University, I obst-gynecology department, Associate professor. Lala Bekirova Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Doctor of TS. Leyla Djafarova Clinic "Medium" Baku. Doctor of Medical Sciences. Professor. Mahmud Hajizade Sector Director of State Fund for Information Technology Development of the Ministry of Communications and High Technologies of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Naila Guliyeva Azerbaijan Medical University. Assistant in "Immunology" Program at Paediatrics Diseases Department. Docent and Academic Manager in "Allergology and Immunology" Department. Nigar Kamilova Azerbaijan Medical University, Faculty I Obstetrics – Gynecology, professor. Rafig Gurbanov Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor Rafig Mammadhasanov Azerbaijan Medical University, II Internal Medicine department, Professor. Ramiz Gurbanov Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor ANAS. Giography Institute. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor. Academician. Rashad Abishov Dental Implant Aesthetic Center Harbor Hospital, Azerbaijan State Doctors Improvement Institute. PhD. Rena Gurbanova Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Deputy of Faculty of Chemical Technology, Associate Professor. PhD in Chemistry. Saadet Safarova Azerbaijan Medical University, I Obstetricsgynecology department, Associate professor, PhD in Medicine. EDITORIAL BOARD & INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY 51 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Səadət Sultanova Azerbaijan Medical University, I Obstetricsgynecology department. Professor. Sabina Ozbekzade Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Instrumentation Engineering. Assistant professor. Sadagat Ibrahimova Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University, PhD in Economics, Associate professor. Sain Safarova Azerbaijan Medical University,II Internal Medicine department, Associate professor, Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) Samira Mammadova Sumgayit State University. Associate professor. Department of History, Geography and Methodology. Associate professor. Sayyara Ibadullayeva Institute of Botany. National Academy of Sciences. Professor. PhD in Biological Sciences. Sevinj Mahmudova Azerbaijan State Agrarian University. PhD. Senior teacher, Researcher. Tarbiz Aliyev Innovation Center of National Academy of Azerbaijan Republic. The deputy of director. Doctor of Economical Sciences.Professor. Tariel Omarov Azerbaijan Medical University. Department of surgical diseases. PhD in Medicine. Tofig Ahmadov Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy Sciences. Professor Tofig Baharov Azerbaijan State Oil Company. Scientific Research Institute. Head of department. Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy Sciences Tofig Samadov Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor. Tubukhanum Gasimzadeh Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Dendrology of Azerbaijan NAS. Scientific Secretary of the Vice Presidential Service, Presidium. PhD in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor. Vusal Ismailov “Caspian International Hospital”. Orthopedics Traumatology Expert. MD. Azerbaijan. Zakir Aliyev RAPVHN and MAEP. PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Professor of RAE academician. Zakir Eminov ANAS. Giography Institute. Doctor of Georgraphy Sciences. Associate Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bahrain Osama Al Mahdi University of Bahrain, Bahrain Teachers College. Assistant Professor. PhD, Elementary Education and Teaching ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bangladesh Muhammad Mahboob Ali Daffodil International University. Department of Business Administration . Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bosna & Hercegovina Igor Jurčić Head of marketing Business group for VSE/SME. Telecommunication Business and Management. Ratko Pavlovich University of East Sarajevo. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Brazil Paulo Cesar Chagas Rodrigues Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sao Paulo. Professor. PhD in Mechanical Engineering. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bulgaria Desislava Stoilova South-West University “Neofit Rilski”. Faculty of Economics. Associate Professor. PhD in Finance. Eva Tsvetanova Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria Department of Strategic Planning. Head assistant professor. PhD in Economy. Jean-François Rougė University of Technology, Sofia. PhD in Business law Milena Kirova Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. Professor. PhD in Philology. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Croatia Dragan Čišić University of Rijeka. Department of Informatics, Full professor. PhD in Logistics, e-business. 52 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Egypt Abdelbadeh Salem Professor at Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Ain Shams University. Neyara Radwan King Abdul-Aziz University. Jeddah. KSA. Business Administration Department. Faculty of Economics and Administration. Assistant Professor. Suez Canal University. Mechanical Department. Faculty of Engineering. Assistant Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ France Michael Schaefer L’Ässociation 1901 SEPIKE International, Président at SEPIKE International. PhD of Economical Sciences. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Georgia Anzor Abralava Georgian Technical University. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor Archil Prangishvili Georgian Technical University. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Full Professor. Avtandil Silagadze Correspondent committee-man of National Academy of Georgia. Tbilisi University of International Relationships. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor. Badri Gechbaia Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. Head of Business Administration Department. PhD in Economics, Associate Professor. Dali Sologashvili State University named Akaki Tsereteli. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor Dali Osepashvili Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication TSU (Tbilisi State University), Head MA Program "Media and New Technology" Davit Narmania Tbilisi State University (TSU), Chair of Management and Administration Department. Professor. Davit Tophuria Tbilisi State Medical University. Head of International Students Academic Department, Associate Professor. PhD in HNA. Eka Avaliani International Black Sea University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Professor of History. Eka Darchiashvili Tbilisi State University named after Sv. Grigol Peradze. Assistant of professor. PhD in BA. Enene Menabde-Jobadze Georgian Technical University. Academical Doctor of Economics. Eter Bukhnikashvili University of Georgia, Department of Dentistry of the School of Health Sciences, PhD in Dentistry. MD dentist. Evgeni Baratashvili Georgian Technical University. Head of Economic and Business Department. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor George Jandieri Georgian Technical University; Chief scientist, Institute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Academy. Full Professor George Malashkhia Georgian Technical University. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor. Giorgi Kepuladze Business and Technology University, Associate Professor, PhD in Economics. Gulnara Kiliptari Tbilisi StateMedical University. Head of ICU department. Associate professor. Iamze Taboridze David Aghmashenebeli University of Georgia, Head of the Center for Scientific Research and Continuing Education, PhD in biological sciences. Associate professor. Ketevan Goletiani Batumi Navigation Teaching University. Dean of Business and Logistics Faculty, Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. Doctor of Business Administration, Assistant-Professor Lali Akhmeteli Tbilisi State Medical University, Surgery Department #1, Direction of Surgical, Associate Professor. General Surgery. Lamara Qoqiauri Georgian Technical University. Member of Academy of Economical Sciences. Member of New York Academy of Sciences. Director of first English school named "Nino". Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor. Larisa Korghanashvili Tbilisi State University (TSU) named Ivane Javakhishvili. Full Professor Larisa Takalandze Sokhumi State University, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences. Doctor of Economic Sciences. Professor. Lia Davitadze Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. Higher Education Teaching Professional. PhD in Educational Sciences. Lia Eliava Kutaisi University.Economic expert in the sphere of economy and current events in financial sector.Full Professor. PhD in Business Administration. 53 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Lia Matchavariani Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU). Head of Soil Geography Chair, Faculty of Exact & Natural Sciences (Geography Dep.), Full Professor. Loid Karchava Doctor of Business Administration, Association Professor at the Caucasus International University, Editor-in-Chief of the international Scientific Journal "Akhali Ekonomisti" (The New Economist) Maia Matoshvili Tbilisi State Medical University. The First University Clinic. Dermato-Venereologist. Assistant Professor. PhD in DAPS. Mariam Darbaidze Davit Aghmashenebeli National Defense Academy of Georgia. The Head of Education Division. PhD in Biology. Mariam Kharaishvili Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University, School of Medicine, Associated Professor, PhD in Medicine, MD. Mariam Nanitashvili Executive Director - Wise Development LTD (Training Centre). Associated Professor at Caucasus University. PhD in Economics Nana Shoniya State University of Kutaisi named Akakhi Tsereteli. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full professor Natia Beridze LEPL National Environmental Agency of Georgia, Invited Expert at International Relations and PR Division. PhD in Political Science. Natia Shengelia Georgian Technical University, Business Technology Faculty, Associate Professor. Nelli Sichinava Akaki Tsereteli State Universiry . Associate. Professor. PhD Nino Didbaridze Microbiology and Immunology Department. Immunologi Direction. Tbilisi State Medical University. PhD MD. Nino Gogokhia Tbilisi State Medical University. Head of Laboratory the First University Clinic. Professor. Nino Museridze GGRC Georgian-German Center for Reproductive Medicine, Owner and Clinical Director. The Doctor of Medicine, Full Professor. Nino Pirtskhelani Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Associated Professor. Alte University, Ken Walker International University, Professor. Paata Koguashvili Georgian Technical University. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor. Academician. Member of Georgia Academy of Sciences of Agriculture. Rati Abuladze St. Andrew the first-called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia. Faculty of Economics and Eusiness Edministration. Manager of the Faculty Quality Assurance Office. PhD in Business Administration. Rusudan Kutateladze Georgian Technical University. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor Rusudan Sujashvili School of Medicine, New Vision University, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Professor, Doctor of Biology. Tamar Didbaridze Tbilisi State Medical University, Microbiology Department, Associate Professor First University Clinic. PhD in MD. Tamar Giorgadze Tbilisi State Medical University. Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology. Assistant Professor. Tamar Goderidze University of Georgia, The head of the Family Medicine Department, Professor. Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze Akaki Tsereteli State University. Department of Economics. Professor. Timuri Babunashvili Georgian Business Academy of Science. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Full Professor. Vladimer Papava Tbilisi State Medical University. Assistant-Professor. PhD. MD. Zurab Khonelidze Sokhumi State University. Doctor of Political Sciences. Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Germany Alexander Dilger University of Münster. Professor of Business Economics. PhD in Economy. Hans-Juergen Zahorka Assessor jur., Senior Lecturer (EU and International Law, Institutions and Economy), Chief Editor of "European Union Foreign Affairs Journal", LIBERTAS - European Institute, Rangendingen ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Greece Margarita Kefalaki Communication Institute of Greece. PhD in Cultural Communication. President of Institute. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 54 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Hungary Nicasia Picciano Central European University. Department of International Relations and European Studies. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ India Prasanta Kumar Mitra Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences. Deptartment of Medical Biotechnology. PhD in Biochemistry. Samant Shant Priya Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management, New Delhi, Associate Professor in Philosophy PhD in Marketing. Sonal Purohit Jain University, Center for Management Studies, Assistant Professor, PhD in Business Administration, Life Insurance, Privatization. Varadaraj Aravamudhan Alliance University, Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________I raq Rana Khudhair Abbas Ahmed Irag, Baghdad, Alrafidain University College. Lecturer, Global Executive Administrator, Academic coordinator. PhD in Scholar (CS). ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Iran Azadeh Asgari Asian Economic and Social Society (AESS). Teaching English as a Second Language. PhD ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Italy Donatella M. Viola London School of Economics and Political Science, London, Assistant Professor in Politics and International Relations at the University of Calabria, Italy. PhD in International Relations. Federica Farneti University of Bologna. Department of Sociology and Business Low. Associate Professor. PhD in Economic & Management. Simona Epasto University of Macerata. Department of Political Science, Communication and International Relations. Tenured Assistant Professor in Economic and Political Geography. PhD in Economic and Political Geography. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jordan Ahmad Aljaber President at Gulf University. German Jordan University, Founder / Chairman of the Board. Ph.D in Computer Science Ahmad Zamil Middle East University (MEU). Business Administration Dept. Associate Professor. PhD Marketing Ikhlas Ibrahim Altarawneh Al-Huessien BinTalal University. Business Department. Full Professor in Human Resource Management. Asmahan Majed Altaher Arab Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences. Associate Professor. PhD in Management Information System. Sadeq Al-Hamouz The World Islamic Sciences & Education University (WISE), Vice Dean of the Faculty of Information Technology. Chairman of the Department of Computer Science. Professor. Safwan Al Salaimeh Aqaba University of Technology. Sofrware Engineering Department. Information Technology Faculty. Dean of information technology faculty. Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kazakhstan Ainur Tokshilikova West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, PhD in Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. Alessandra Clementi Nazarbayev University School of Medicine. MD, GP. Assistant Professor of Medical Practice and Family Medicine Anar Mirzagalieva Astana Internationl University. Vice-President. PhD in Biology. Anna Troeglazova East Kazakhstan State University named Sarsen Amanjolov. PhD Gulmira Zhurabekova Marat Ospanov West-Kazakhstan State Medical Academy. Department of Human Anatomy. Associate Professor Nuriya Kharissova Karaganda Medical University. Associate Professor of Biological Science. Nikolay Kurguzov State University of Pavlodar named S. Toraygirova. PhD. Professor. 55 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Zhanargul Smailova Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Chemical Disciplines named after MD, professor S.O. Tapbergenova NAC Medical University of city Semey. Zhanslu Sarkulova West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Libya Salaheddin Sharif University of Benghazi, Libyan Football FederationBenghazi PhD in Medicine (MD) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Latvia Tatjana Tambovceva Riga Technical University. Faculty of Engineering Economics and Management, Professor. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Lithuania Agne Simelyte Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Associate professor. Phd in Social Sciences (Management) Ieva Meidute – Kavaliauskiene Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Doctor of Technological Sciences. Head of Business Technologies and Entrepreneurship Department, Faculty of Business Management. Vilma (Kovertaite) Musankoviene e-Learning Technology Centre. Kaunas University of Technology. PHD Laura Uturyte Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU). Head of Project Manager at PI Gintarine Akademy. PhD in Economy. Loreta (Gedminaitė) Ulvydiene Professor of Intercultural Communication and Studies of Translation. Vilnius University. PHD Zhaneta Simanavichienė Mykolas Romeris University, Head of the Sustainable Innovation Laboratory, Public Security Academy, professor. Honorary Consul of the Republic of Estonia in Lithuania ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Macedonia Liza Alili Sulejmani International Balkan University. Head of Banking and Finance department. Assistant Professor. PhD of Economics. Learta Alili Ademi Pediatrician in University, Clinic for pediatric diseases, department of neurology. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Malaysia Anwarul Islam The Millennium University. Department of Business Administration. Associate Professor. Kamal Uddin Millennium University, Department of Business Administration. Associate Professor. PhD in Business Administration. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Morocco Mohammed Amine Balambo Ibn Tufail University, Aix-Marseille University. Free lance. Consultant and Trainer. PhD in Philosophy. Management Sciences, Specialty Strategy and Logistics. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Nigeria Bhola Khan Yobe State University, Damaturu. Associate Professor, Depatrment of Economics. PhD in Economics. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Norway Svitlana Holovchuk PhD in general pedagogics and history of pedagogics. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pakistan Nawaz Ahmad Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Associate Professor, PhD in Management. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Poland Grzegorz Michalski Wroclaw University of Economics. Faculty of Engineering and Economics. PhD in economics. Assistant professor. 56 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Kazimierz Waluch Pawel Wlodkowic University College in Płock, Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Management. PhD in Economy. Robert Pawel Suslo Wroclaw Medical University, Public Health Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Adjunct Professor of Gerontology Unit. PhD MD. Tadeusz Trocikowski European Institute for Eastern Studies. PhD in Management Sciences. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Qatar Mohammed Elgammal Qatar University. Assistant Professor in Finance. PhD in Finance ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Romania Camelia Florela Voinea University of Bucharest, Faculty of Political Science, Department of Political Science, International Relations and Security Studies. PhD in Political Sciences. Minodora Dobreanu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș. Faculty of Medicine. Professor, MD, PhD in Medicine, Romanian Association of Laboratory Medicine. Editor-in-chief. Odette (Buzea) Arhip Ecological University of Bucuresti. Associate Professor. PhD in Social Sciences. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Russia Grigory G. Levkin Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy. Omsk State Transport University. PHD of Veterinary Sciences Nikolay N. Sentyabrev Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture. Doctor of Biological Sciences. Professor. Academician. Sergei A. Ostroumov Moscow State University. Doctor of Biological Science. Professor Victor F. Stukach Omsk State Agrarian University. Doctor of Economical Sciences. Professor Zhanna Glotova Baltic Federal University named Immanuel Kant, Ph.D., Associate Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Saudi Arabia Ikhlas (Ibrahim) Altarawneh Ibn Rushd College for Management Sciences. PHD Human Resource Development and Management. Associate Professor in Business Administration Salim A alghamdi Taif University. Head of Accounting and Finance Dept. PhD Accounting. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Serbia Jane Paunkovic Faculty for Management, Megatrend University. Full Professor. PhD, Medicine Jelena Purenovic University of Kragujevac . Faculty of Technical Sciences Cacak . Assistant Professor. PhD in NM systems. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ South Korea Aynur Aliyeva The Catholic University of Korea. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. MD, PhD. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sultanate of Oman Nithya Ramachandran Ibra College of Technology. Accounting and Finance Faculty, Department of Business Studies. PhD Rustom Mamlook Dhofar University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering. PhD in Engineering / Computer Engineering. Professor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sweden Goran Basic Lund University. Department of Sociology. PhD in Sociology. Postdoctoral Researcher in Sociology. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 63 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Economic Science LEGAL, LEGISLATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Theory and History of State and Law International Law Branches of Law Judicial System and Philosophy of Law Theory and History of Political Science Political Institutions and Processes Political Culture and Ideology Political Problems of International Systems and Global Development 64 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 NGO International Center for Research, Education & Training (Estonia, Tallinn) is publishing scientific papers of scientists on Website and in Referred Journals with subjects which are mentioned below: © The Baltic Scientific Journals ISSN: 2613-5817; E-ISSN: 2613-5825; UDC: 0 (0.034); DOI PREFIX: 10.36962/PIRETC Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Center. https://bsj.esif.net/index.php/piretc ISSN: 2674-4562, E-ISSN: 2674-4597, UDC: 620.9 (051) (0.034); DOI PREFIX: 10.36962/ENECO Proceedings of Energy Economic Research Center. 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NGO (Georgia Tbilisi) is publishing scientific papers of scientists on Website and in Referred Journals with subjects which are mentioned below: © Southern Caucasus Scientific Journals ISSN: 2298-0946, E-ISSN: 1987-6114; UDC: 3/k-144 DOI PREFIX: 10.36962/CESAJSC The Caucasus-Economic and Social Analysis Journal of Southern Caucasus https://scsj.esif.net/index.php/CESAJSC 66 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Title of the Paper (14 point, Bold, Times New Roman) First Author’s Name1, Second Author’s Name2 , Third Author’s Name3, ……. 1 [Author affiliations – position, department, institute, city, state, country, email ID, ORCID ID] 2 [Author affiliations – position, department, institute, city, state, country, email ID, ORCID ID] 3 [Author affiliations – position, department, institute, city, state, country, email ID, ORCID ID] Corresponding author’s email: (Affiliation1,2,3 Times New Roman, 10) Article Type: Refer to the section policy of journal for acceptable article types. ABSTRACT (Times New Roman, 12) The manuscript should contain an abstract within 300 words. The manuscript should have a self-contained, citation-free abstract and state briefly the purpose of the research, methodology, key results and major conclusions. Abstract should be in a single paragraph with running sentences. Do not use any subheading or point list within the abstract. Also, nonstandard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Keywords: Authors are advised to writes 3-5 keywords related to the article, separated by comma. These keywords will be used for indexing purpose. SUMMARY (OPTIONAL) (Times New Roman, 12 Bold) [This section of the manuscript is optional. It is up to the author(s) to decide whether to include this section in the manuscript.] ["Summary" of your work is a short description of the work being presented in your article. It is longer than the "Abstract" which is limited to 250 words for all types of articles. After reading the "Summary" a reader should be able to understand the background information, why the work is being reported, what the significant results are, and what may be the explanation for the results.] [Although writing an additional section in the form of "Summary" of your work may seem like and extra burden on your time and resources, it will be an important part of your manuscript especially for articles which are highly technical. Many times readers who are students, or who are not expert on the subject of the article or readers who are experts but in related subjects may skip reading an article if on first look the article appears to be very technical with lot of data, facts and statistics. Some other articles may not be easy to understand, on first reading, even by experts in the subject of the article. The "Summary" section will help the readers in understanding the results of your study.] • The recommended word limit for "Summary" for Review Article is – 800 words (2 pages) • When writing the "Summary" use as simple and as non-technical language as possible. Write the "Summary" as if you are explaining your study to a first year graduate student. • Do not repeat or copy text verbatim from the main text of your manuscript. "Summary" will probably be the most important and most widely read part of your manuscript. Write it fresh as a separate section. 67 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 • In the "Summary" give: 1) relevant background information, 2) why the work was done, 3) what were the significant results, 4) possible explanation of the results. • Only give the significant results of your study and give their possible explanation. • Do not compare your results with other studies. • Do not give references in the "Summary" section. First reference should start in main text of your manuscript from the "Introduction" section. Introduction (Times New Roman, 12) Mostly Papers starts with introduction. It contains the brief idea of work, requirement for this research work, problem statement, and Authors contribution towards their research. Sufficient recent reference citation [1] from last 2 years should be included for showing the existing challenges and importance of current work. This section should be succinct, with no subheadings unless unavoidable [2, 3]. State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background related to your work, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results. Research Methodology (Times New Roman, 12) This part should contain sufficient detail to reproduce reported data. It can be divided into subsections if several methods are described. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference [4], only relevant modifications should be described. 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Formatting Tables (Times New Roman, 12) Table should be prepare using table tool within the Microsoft word and cited consecutively in the text. Every table must have a descriptive title and if numerical measurements are given, the units should be included in the column heading. Formatting requirement has been summarized in the Table 1. Table 1: Summary of formatting requirement for submitting paper in this journal. (Times New Roman, 12) Layout Size Margin (Normal) Header Footer Single column A4 (8.27” X 11.69”) Top=1” Bottom=1” Left=1” Right=1” Do not add anything in the header So not add anything in the footer Font Article Title Headings Subheadings Reference list Text Times New Roman, 16 pt, Bold, centred Times New Roman, 11 pt, Bold, Left aligned Times New Roman, 10 pt, Bold, Left aligned Times New Roman, 8 pt, Justified Garamond, 11 pt, Justified Line Spacing 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 Page number We will format and assign page numbers (Times New Roman, 10) Formatting Figures (Times New Roman, 12) All figures should be cited in the paper in a consecutive order, author may be asked to provide separate files of the figure. Figures should be used in bitmap formats (TIFF, GIF, JPEG, etc.) with 300 dpi resolution at least unless the resolution is intentionally set to a lower level for scientific reasons. If a bitmap image has labels, the image and labels should be embedded in separate layer. Figure 1 shows the logo of IRETC Publisher. 69 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 Figure 1: Logo of the IRETC Publisher (Times New Roman, 12) Conclusions (Times New Roman, 12) Each manuscript should contain a conclusion section within 250-450 words which may contain the major outcome of the work, highlighting its importance, limitation, relevance, application and recommendation. Conclusion should be written in continuous manner with running sentences which normally includes main outcome of the research work, its application, limitation and recommendation. Do not use any subheading, citation, references to other part of the manuscript, or point list within the conclusion. Declarations (Times New Roman, 12) Study Limitations (Times New Roman, 12) Provide all possible limitation faced in the study which might significantly affect research outcome, If not applicable write, none. 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The author should send scan 70 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 copy (in pdf) of the ethical approval/exemption letter obtained from IRB/ethical committee or institutional head. Informed Consent (Times New Roman, 12) Write a statement of informed consent taken from the participants to publish this research work. The editor may ask to upload scan copy if required. References (Times New Roman, 12) Author(s) are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate. Do not use grey literature (unauthentic website, news portal, social media, Wikipedia etc) as reference, only scholarly literature (Journal, online books, proceedings, patents, authentic websites with permanent archival policy) are acceptable references. Author should include sufficient recent (last 2 years) references in the article. All references must be numbered consecutively and citations of references in the text should be identified using numbers in square brackets (e.g., “as explained by AIJR [1]”; “as discussed in many reports [2]-[6]”). All references should be cited within the text correctly; do not add only list of references without citation within the text. All cited references should be listed after declarations section in the following style1. W. S. Author, “Title of paper,” Name of Journal in italic, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. https://doi.org/10.21467/ajgr 2. Bahishti, “Peer Review; Critical Process of a Scholarly Publication”, J. Mod. Mater., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1.1-1.2, Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.21467/jmm.2.1.1.1-1.2 3. Bahishti, “A New Multidisciplinary Journal; International Annals of Science”, Int. Ann. Sci., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1.1-1.2, Feb. 2017. https://journals.aijr.in/index.php/ias/article/view/163 4. W. S. Author, “Title of paper,” Name of Journal in italic, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Access online on 20 March 2018 at https://www.aijr.in/journallist/advanced-journal-graduate-research/ 5. W. S. Author, “Title of paper,” Name of Journal in italic, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Access online on 5 March 2018 at https://www.aijr.in/about/publication-ethics/ 6. M. Ahmad, “Importance of Modeling and Simulation of Materials in Research”, J. Mod. Sim. Mater., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-2, Jan. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21467/jmsm.1.1.1-2 Main features of citation style are given as- • The author name format is, "first name (Initial), middle name (Initial) and last name". This differs from other styles where author's last name is first. • The title of an article (or chapter, conference paper, patent, etc.) is in quotation marks. • The title of the book or journal is in italics. • Online link of the original paper. If any reference is not available online, it should be modified with available online reference Complete Detail of Each Author Provide complete detail of each author in the following format as well as add each author with complete detail during online submission (step 3) in the same order as appears in the manuscript. 71 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 First Author’s Full Name: (Times New Roman, 12) Highest Qualification: Department: Post/Rank (If a student, provide course name and course year): Affiliation (College/University/Institute) with postal address: email id: ORCID: Mobile: Second Author’s Full Name: (Times New Roman, 12) Highest Qualification: Department: Post/Rank (If a student, provide course name and course year): Affiliation (College/University/Institute) with postal address: email id: ORCID: Mobile: Third Author’s Full Name: (Times New Roman, 12) Highest Qualification: Department: Post/Rank (If a student, provide course name and course year): Affiliation (College/University/Institute) with postal address: email id: ORCID: Mobile: 72 PIRETC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES VOLUME 37 (08) ISSUE 04 2025 NOTES