Annual report - 2025

Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 1 Deliverable n. 4.2 Co-funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or CINEA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Call: LIFE-2022-SAP-CLIMA Project Number 101113620 Project full name Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Project acronym LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Coordinator contact Simona Palermo [email protected] Mobile: +39 348 6144978 Deliverable Number D.4.2 Lead Beneficiary CREA Deliverable title Annual report - 2025 Type R – Document, report Dissemination Level PU - Public Due Date (month) 26 Work Package No WP 4 Author(s) Vanino S., Sannino G., Nino P., De Leo S., Parisse B., Alilla R., De Natale F., Farina R. (CREA) Contributors for soil analysis Beccagli C., Andrenelli M. C., Trotta S., Veloccia M., Pennelli B., D’Alessandro R. Please note that the links here included could have a limited validity and availability. In link(s) not available, please contact the coordinator indicated above for more information. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 2 Deliverable n. 4.2 Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 4 1. METHODS ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 DESIGN OF SOIL SAMPLING ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 SOIL PARAMETERS ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 CARBON STOCK IN THE SOIL.................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING OF CLIMATE DATA ..................................................................................... 9 1.5 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA COLLECTION............................................................................... 10 2. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AT CASTELLO DI ALBOLA...................................................................................... 12 2.2 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AT SAN FELICE.................................................................................................... 15 2.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AT ROCCA DI MONTEMASSI .................................................................................. 17 2.4 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AT TENUTE RUFFINO ........................................................................................... 19 2.5 CARBON STOCK RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.6 DERIVED LONG-TERM CLIMATE AVERAGES ............................................................................................. 21 2.7 BASELINE EMISSIONS RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 22 3. MONITORING......................................................................................................................................... 26 4. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 27 5. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 3 Deliverable n. 4.2 Executive summary This document describes the activities and results from the beginning of the project up to the conclusion of the first season of Sustainable Soil Management (SSM) practices implementation. Pilot farms started the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, such as cover crops and the use of mycorrhizae, in October 2024. However, some farms have encountered problems, particularly due to adverse weather conditions in their specific areas. Simultaneously, data collection is nearing completion. The collection of economic data required an integration of the initially collected information, and the farms have almost finished integrating the missing details. In the upcoming growing season, farms will continue implementing the practices in the best possible way, and data will be collected for monitoring the effectiveness of the practices and their impact on emissions and soil health. Acronyms AgERA5: Agricultural ERA5 BAU: Business As Usual BD: Bulk Density C/N: Ratio of Carbon and Nitrogen C: Control FADN: Farm Accountancy Data Network IT: Information Technology LCC: Life Cycle Cost N: Nitrogen OC: Organic Carbon pH: Acidity SOC: Soil Organic Carbon SSM: Sustainable Soil Management T: Treatment TOC: Total Organic Carbon WP: Work Packages Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 4 Deliverable n. 4.2 Introduction The main objective of WP4 in LIFE VitiCaSe is to apply a business model based on C-farming in vineyards, test its sustainability (technical feasibility and economic viability), and to use the innovative C-farming IT tool developed in WP3 to quantify or estimate the improvements in SOC levels. The Work Package 4 is structured in the following way: T4.1 – Define the baseline management (Business as usual) for each farm T4.2 – Soil carbon baseline management T4.3 – Operational design of pilot actions T4.4 – Implementation of pilot actions This report constitutes Deliverable 4.2 of the VitiCaSe project which aims to describe the activities carried out in the first 2 years of the project, by providing an overview of activities done in the 4 pilot farms in the Veneto and Toscana regions (Fig. 1). A detailed description of the data collected and of the first results is given in the following sections. The activities described in this project cover the period from September 1, 2023, to October 31, 2025. Figure 1 - Location of pilot areas of the “VitiCaSe” project. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 5 Deliverable n. 4.2 1. Methods 1.1 Design of soil sampling Soil sampling took place in a pilot area of approximately 3 hectares per farm. Within each area, 24 plants were selected, divided into 3 control rows and 3 treatment rows. Around each selected plant, following a standard grid, 3 sub-samples (0-30 cm)—one near the plant and two in the interrow—were taken to form 1 bulk sample. On each farm, 24 bagged soil samples (each weighing approximately 500g) were collected. From this set, 12 samples underwent texture and fractionation analyses, and 12 samples underwent chemical analyises. Additionally, 24 undisturbed soil samples were collected from adjacent areas for physical and hydrological analyses, using a core sampler. The total sample count was 192 (4 farms * 48 samples), encompassing both the bagged and core samples. The soil samples were collected in March-April 2024, as described in Table 1. In March 2025 (Table 1), mycorrhizal sampling took place at the Tenute Ruffino and Rocca di Montemassi farms. Soil cores were collected using cylinders near several grapevines. We dug to a depth of approximately 25 cm, aiming to include as many roots as possible. Farms Period-Soil sampling Mycorrhizae sampling Castello di Albola 19/3/2024 San Felice 5/4/2024 Rocca di Montemassi 20/3/2024 7/3/2025 Tenute Ruffino 4/4/2024 6/3/2025 Table 1 - Period of soil samples. In the following sections, the description of the soil characteristics at each pilot farm is provided. 1.1.1 Soil sampling in Castello di Albola Under the supervision of agronomist Jacopo Ferrari, the “Santa Caterina-Tettoia” vineyard was sampled. We selected the control area within the same parcel to ensure an identical slope. In this vineyard the inter-rows alternate natural grassing (tilled annually at 10 cm depth without layer inversion) and cover crop (faba bean). Soil samples were collected in 4 core drills: two next to the plant and two in the middle of the strip. The undisturbed soil samples for the bulk density assessment were collected with steel cylinders in the middle of the inter-row. The following areas have been identified: • Control: From row 1 to row 17 • Treatment: From row 18 to the end of the plot Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 6 Deliverable n. 4.2 Figure 2 - Soil sampling in Castello di Albola experimental area. 1.1.2 Soil sampling in San Felice In collaboration with Leonardo Bellaccini, technical head of the farm, the “San Carlo” vineyard was identified as the most suitable for the sample collection. This vineyard was established in 2000, featuring alternating rows with natural grassing and a fava bean cover crop (used for green manure). The control area was selected within the same plot. The following areas have been identified: • Control: From row 59 to the end of the plot. • Treatment: From row 1 to row 58. Figure 3 - Soil sampling in San Felice experimental area. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 7 Deliverable n. 4.2 1.1.3 Soil sampling in Rocca di Montemassi Under the supervision of agronomist Stefano Galbiati, the “Dogana1” vineyard have been identified as the most suitable for the sample collection. This vineyard presented alternating rows of natural grassing and a cover crop of faba beans and barley (used for green manure). The control area was selected within the same plot. The following areas have been identified: • Control: From row 1 to row 19 • Treatment: From row 20 to the end of the plot (row 31) Figure 4 – The Rocca di Montemassi experimental area 1.1.4 Soil sampling in Tenute Ruffino Under the supervision of agronomist Mattia Tintinaglia, the “A1-GLERA 2009 FG5MP37” vineyard was identified as the most suitable for the sample collection. The sampled vineyard featured grass cover in all rows. Typically, the rows should alternate between natural grassing and cover crop, but due to heavy rainfall during seeding periods, it hasn't been possible to saw the cover crops for over three years. The control area was selected within the same plot. The following areas have been identified: • Control: From row 18 to row 34 • Treatment: From row 1 to row 17. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 8 Deliverable n. 4.2 Figure 5 - Soil sampling in Tenute Ruffino experimental area 1.2 Soil parameters Soil physico-chemical parameters were analyzed as follows: • Soil texture was determined by particle size analysis via sedimentation, in accordance with Stokes' Law, using a Sedigraph to quantify the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay. • Bulk density (g cm⁻³) was measured using the core sampling method. • Soil pH was determined in distilled water using a calibrated pH meter (inoLab® Multi 9310 IDS), following the ISO 10390 standard. • Soil organic carbon (SOC) content (g kg⁻¹) was analyzed using a LECO TOC Analyzer (model RC-612; LECO Corporation, 1987). • Total nitrogen (Ntot) (g kg⁻¹) was quantified with a LECO FP-528 Nitrogen Analyzer (LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA). • Macroand micronutrient concentrations were assessed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Thermo Scientific iCAP PRO), in accordance with the EPA Method 3035A for acid digestion. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 15 Deliverable n. 4.2 2.2 Soil characteristics at San Felice The soil texture (Table 8) in the experimental area of San Felice farm is mainly sandy loamy. The treatment (T) area shows a higher sand content (64±6%) compared to the control (C) area (58±8%), while the control (C) area has a noticeably higher clay content compared to the treatment (T) area. Considering also the soil characteristics described in Deliv. 4.1, the soil is classified as Typic Calcixerept fine loamy mixed mesic, WRB Haplic Calcisols (Loamic). Sand (%) Clay (%) Silt (%) Treatment(T) 64 ± 6 6 ± 2 30 ± 4 Control C) 58 ± 8 11 ± 5 31 ± 4 General 61 ± 8 8 ± 5 31 ± 4 Table 8 - Soil texture values of the experimental area in S. Felice . Figure 8– a) General Soil texture of San Felice soil (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = lime) b) Soil texture of San Felice soil for Treatment(T) and Control(C) (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = silt) Bulk Density, Nitrogen content, Organic Carbon content and the C/N ratio (Table 9) are remarkably consistent across both groups (treatment and control); the control group's pH was slightly higher at 6.72 ± 0.03, making it marginally less acidic than the treatment group, which registered 6.58 ± 0.08. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 16 Deliverable n. 4.2 Bulk Density (g/cm³) OC N C/N pH Treatment (T) 1,2 ± 0,1 0,8± 0,2 0,07 ± 0,03 11 ± 1 6,58 ± 0,08 Control (C) 1,2 ± 0,2 0,7 ± 0,3 0,07 ± 0,03 10,0 ± 0,7 6,72 ± 0,03 General 1,2 ± 0,2 0,8± 0,3 0,07 ± 0,03 11 ± 1 6,6 ± 0,1 Table 9 - Bulk density (BD), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Carbon and Nitrogen ratio (C/N), Acidity (pH) data of the experimental area in San Felice farm. With regard to the macroand micronutrients, as well as the heavy metals present, the data are reported in Tables 10 and 11. Al P Mn Fe Mg Ca K Treatment (T) 39919 ± 2848 2193 ± 258 646 ± 174 15996 ± 868 18511 ± 1329 15967 ± 963 3594 ± 715 Control (C) 43711 ± 2405 1839 ± 254 622 ± 144 15309 ± 642 18285 ± 956 15280 ± 788 3149 ± 478 General 41815 ± 3225 2016 ± 309 634 ± 157 15653 ± 825 18398 ± 1138 15623 ± 929 3371 ± 637 Table 10 -Macro-nutrients in the experimental area in San Felice. Zn Pb Ni B Cr Cu As Mo Cd Co Na Treatment (T) 59 ± 9 12 ± 4 99 ± 11 27 ± 3 146 ± 14 37 ± 15 1 ± 1 nd nd nd nd Control (C) 53 ± 4 12 ± 2 79 ± 12 26 ± 2 120 ± 12 37 ± 9 0,6 ± 0,4 nd nd nd nd General 56 ± 8 12 ± 3 89 ± 15 26 ± 3 133 ± 19 37 ± 12 0,8 ± 0,8 nd nd nd nd *nd= not detected Table 11 - Micro-nutrients in experimental area in San Felice (Zn: Zinc, Pb: lead, Ni: nickel, B: boron, Cr: chromium, Cu: copper, As: arsenic, Mo: molybdenum; Cd: cadmium, Co: cobalt, Na: sodium). Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 17 Deliverable n. 4.2 2.3 Soil characteristics at Rocca di Montemassi The soil texture (Table 12) of this area is mainly a clay loamy soil. The soil is classified as Typic Haploxerept fine loamy mixed thermic, WRB Eutric Cambisol (Loamic), based also on the characteristics detailed in Deliverable 4.1. Sand (%) Clay (%) Silt (%) Treatment (T) 29 ± 12 27 ± 6 45 ± 11 Control (C) 30 ± 8 33 ± 5 36 ± 7 General 29 ± 10 30 ± 6 41 ± 10 Table 12 - Soil texture values of the experimental area in Rocca di Montemassi. Figure 9– a) General Soil texture of Montemassi soil (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = silt) b) Soil texture of Montemassi soil for Treatment(T) and Control(C) (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = silt) With regard to the parameters of bulk density, TOC, N, C/N ratio, and pH, results are reported in Table 13: BD (g/cm³) OC N C/N pH Treatment (T) 1,2 ± 0,1 1,1 ± 0,4 0,12 ± 0,04 9 ± 2 7,65 ± 0,04 Control (C) 1,1 ± 0,1 1,0 ± 0,2 0,09 ± 0,03 10 ± 1 7,67 ± 0,03 General 1,2 ± 0,1 1,0 ± 0,3 0,10 ± 0,03 10 ± 2 7,66 ± 0,03 Table 13 - Bulk density (BD), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Carbon and Nitrogen ratio (C/N), Acidity (pH) data of experimental area in Rocca di Montemassi farm. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 18 Deliverable n. 4.2 With regard to the macroand micronutrients, as well as the heavy metals present, results are reported in tables 14 and 15. Al P Mn Fe Mg Ca K Treatment (T) 19215 ± 2277 1219 ± 344 873 ± 225 17010 ± 3273 15880 ± 1499 15329 ± 1769 5287 ± 681 Control (C) 23021 ± 2523 1198 ± 352 1344 ± 355 17829 ± 2458 15172 ± 1621 15582 ± 1650 4961 ± 609 General 21118 ± 3050 1209 ± 341 1109 ± 377 17420 ± 2862 15526 ± 1569 15455 ± 1678 5124 ± 653 Table 14 - Macro-nutrients in the experimental area in Rocca di Montemassi. Zn Pb Ni B Cr Cu As Mo Cd Co Na Treatment (T) 74 ± 5 14 ± 5 48 ± 7 43 ± 14 70 ± 16 27 ± 6 1 ± 1 nd nd 0,6 ± 0,9 nd Control (C) 72 ± 9 25 ± 8 57 ± 9 47 ± 10 84 ± 12 27 ± 4 3 ± 2 nd nd 2 ± 2 nd General 73 ± 7 19 ± 9 53 ± 9 45 ± 12 77 ± 16 27 ± 5 2 ± 2 nd nd 1 ± 1 nd *nd= not detected Table 15 - Micro-nutrients in experimental area in Rocca di Montemassi (Zn: Zinc, Pb: lead, Ni: nickel, B: boron, Cr: chromium, Cu: copper, As: arsenic, Mo: molybdenum; Cd: cadmium, Co: cobalt, Na: sodium). Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 19 Deliverable n. 4.2 2.4 Soil characteristics at Tenute Ruffino The soil texture (Table 16) of this area is mainly a silty clay soil. Based on the Deliv. 4.1 soil characteristics, the soil is classified as Aquic Haplustept fine mesic, WRB Gleyic Cambisol (Clayic). Table 16 - Soil texture values of the experimental area in Tenute Ruffino. Figure 10– a) General Soil texture of Tenute Ruffino soil (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = silt) b) Soil texture of Ruffino soil for Treatment(T) and Control(C) (blue=sand, orange= clay, green = silt) The measured parameters reported in Table 15 reveal a highly homogeneous soil, with no distinct characteristics observed between the two areas examined, called treated and control. BD (g/cm³) OC N C/N pH Treatment (T) 1,2 ± 0,1 2,0 ± 0,2 0,22 ± 0,04 10 ± 1 7,65 ± 0,05 Control (C) 1,18 ± 0,09 2,0 ± 0,2 0,21 ± 0,03 9,9 ± 0,7 7,5 ± 0,4 General 1,17 ± 0,09 2,0 ± 0,2 0,21 ± 0,03 10 ± 1 7,6 ± 0,3 Table 17 - Bulk density (BD), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Carbon and Nitrogen ratio (C/N), Acidity (pH) data of experimental area in Tenute Ruffino farm. Sand (%) Clay (%) Silt (%) Treatment (T) 8 ± 1 43 ± 3 49 ± 2 Control (C) 8 ± 1 42 ± 2 50 ± 1 General 8 ± 1 42 ± 2 50 ± 2 Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 20 Deliverable n. 4.2 With regard to the macroand micronutrients, as well as the heavy metals present, data are reported in Table 18. Table 18 shows a high degree of homogeneity for most elements between the "Treatment" and "Control" areas, particularly for Fe, Mg, Ca, and K. The concentrations of these elements are very similar in the two areas considered. However, Aluminium (Al), Phosphorus (P), and Manganese (Mn) show somewhat discernible differences, with the control group generally having higher concentrations of these elements compared to the treatment group. Al P Mn Fe Mg Ca K Treatment (T) 28016 ± 2560 2670 ± 326 664 ± 153 16123 ± 859 16179 ± 1637 16599 ± 1560 7778 ± 804 Control (C) 33560 ± 3594 3035 ± 261 756 ± 138 16750 ± 1190 16888 ± 1637 17174 ± 1578 7971 ± 780 General 30788 ± 4163 2853 ± 344 710 ± 150 16436 ± 1064 16533 ± 1641 16886 ± 1562 7875 ± 781 Table 18 - Macro-nutrients in experimental area in Tenute Ruffino. Zn Pb Ni B Cr Cu As Mo Cd Co Na Treatment (T) 101 ± 6 25 ± 1 28 ± 2 39 ± 3 52 ± 3 68 ± 10 5,8 ± 0,5 nd nd 0,3 ± 0,6 nd Control (C) 101 ± 6 26 ± 2 29 ± 2 37 ± 2 54 ± 4 66 ± 9 5,8 ± 0,5 nd nd nd General 101 ± 6 26 ± 2 29 ± 2 38 ± 3 53 ± 4 67 ± 10 5,8 ± 0,5 nd nd 0,1 ± 0,5 nd *nd= not detected Table 19 - Micro-nutrients in experimental area in Tenute Ruffino (Zn: Zinc, Pb: lead, Ni: nickel, B: boron, Cr: chromium, Cu: copper, As: arsenic, Mo: molybdenum; Cd: cadmium, Co: cobalt, Na: sodium). 2.5 Carbon stock results Within experimental areas of each farm, carbon stock values are consistent between control and treatment areas and can be considered representative of the initial baseline conditions, as there are no significant differences between the two areas considered. 'Tenute Ruffino' showed, on both control and treatment conditions, the highest SOC stocks among all farms, followed by ‘Castello di Albola’, ‘Rocca di Montemassi’ and ‘San Felice’. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 21 Deliverable n. 4.2 Figure 7 - Carbon stock results in the experimental areas of the VitiCaSe project, data collected in March/April 2024. (a=Castello di Albola, m=Rocca di Montemassi, r=Ruffino, f=San Felice, t=treatment, c=control). 2.6 Derived Long-Term Climate Averages In total, 36 geographical information layers were generated, comprising 12 long-term monthly averages for each of the following variables: mean temperature, total precipitation, and reference Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration. Additionally, a layer representing the long-term annual average was produced for each variable. These layers are stored in .txt format, with each monthly or annual value linked to the latitude and longitude (EPSG:4326WGS84) of the corresponding grid cell centre. The dataset is also being published in a Zenodo repository as open data, annotated with standard metadata (Parisse et al., 2025). Figure 9 provides an overview of all the results of processing over the Italian area. As expected, temperature values peak in summer, and the highest values are generally recorded in coastal areas, as well as in the Po Valley. Cooler conditions are closely linked to mountainous terrains. Reference evapotranspiration values shows a spatial distribution pattern very similar to that of temperature values, while largest precipitation amount characterizes the alpine areas from March to November and the autumn period, mainly on the Tyrrhenian areas. a_t a_c m_t m_c r_t r_c f_t f_c (MgC/ha) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Cstock Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 22 Deliverable n. 4.2 Figure 8Monthly (1st row) and annual (2nd row) long-term averages of the three agrometeorological variables used to calibrate the model over Italy. 2.7 Baseline emissions results The following table and graphs show the GHG emissions of the pilot farms due to different emission sources. The main Emission Drivers are diesel, nitrogen, and manure. Diesel is the most significant source of emissions for all four farms, highlighting the heavy reliance on machinery and fossil fuels for operations. Nitrogen (direct and indirect) is the second-largest contributor across all farms, reflecting the environmental impact of fertilizer use. Manure and Pesticides contribute significantly for San Felice and Montemassi, but are either zero or low for Castello di Albola and Tenute Ruffino. Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 23 Deliverable n. 4.2 Table 20 - Baseline emissions for the pilot farms. Farm surface area Nitrogen (direct and indirect) Fertilizers for technical production Manure Pesticides Diesel Energy for irrigation Total emission Total emission Emission per hectare Ha kg Co2 eq. kg Co2 eq. t co2eq. t co2eq./ha Castello di Albola 56.6 20028 5202 849 54,969 - 81,048 81.05 1.43 Montemassi 50 36413 16114 8930 696 44,850 562 107,565 107.57 2.15 Tenute Ruffino 84 24622 11188 537 98,514 1,890 136,751 136.75 1.64 San Felice 150 33749 20716 21592 10181 179,828 - 266,066 266.07 1.77 Total emissions from farms 591.43 1.74 Project number: 101113620 Acronym: LIFE22-CCA-IT-LIFE VitiCaSe Title: Viticulture for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration 24 Deliverable n. 4.2 Figure 9 - Baseline emissions data aggregated by different categories in the different pilot farms. 2.7.1 Monte Carlo Analysis of Uncertainties in the Estimation of Emissions on Farms This section presents a quantitative analysis of the uncertainty in the estimates of CO₂-equivalent emissions for the four farms in the project. Using Monte Carlo simulation, 10,000 simulations were generated (each simulation produces a random value based on the defined distribution: mean = estimated value, standard deviation = variability) for each farm, assuming a ±10% variability around the estimated value. The results include the probabilistic distributions, 95% confidence intervals (the range within which the actual emissions are expected to fall with 95% probability), and an interpretation of the findings. The estimation of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture is subject to uncertainty due to variability in input data and emission factors. Uncertainty due to agricultural activity input data The data related to the main emission sources in viticulture—fuel, organic fertilizers, and crop protection products—were collected directly from the farms and incorporated into the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), which forms the basis for emission calculations, and whose quality we are fairly confident in. The greatest element of uncertainty in the activity data concerns the quantification of nitrogen supplied by pruning residues, which is used in the calculation of N₂O emissions (both 25% 6% 1% 68% 0% ALBOLA Nitrogen (direct and indirect) Fertilizers for technical production Manure Pesticides Diesel Irrigation energy 34% 15% 8% 1% 42% 0% MONTEMASSI Nitrogen (direct and indirect) Fertilizers for technical production Manure Pesticides Diesel Irrigation energy 18% 8% 1% 72% 1% RUFFINO Nitrogen (direct and indirect) Fertilizers for technical production Manure Pesticides Diesel Irrigation energy 13% 8% 8% 4%67% 0% SAN FELICE Nitrogen (direct and indirect) Fertilizers for technical production Manure Pesticides Diesel Irrigation energy