SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 30 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES. Adiba Amonova 1st year student of English language and literature faculty, NSU Scientific advisor: Aziz Mukhamadiev, teacher at English language and literature department of NSPI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17785780 Annotation. While English and Uzbek languages share some grammatical categories and features, they also exhibit notable differences. English has a simpler verb conjugation, a limited case system, and uses articles, whereas Uzbek features a more complex verb conjugation, a rich case system, and lacks articles. Despite these differences, both languages have similarities in parts of speech, sentence structure, verb tenses, and the use of comparative and superlative degrees. These similarities and differences reflect the distinct linguistic histories and structures of English and Uzbek, offering insights into their respective grammatical systems. Key words: morphology, syntax, inflections suffixes, linguistic, comparison, language structure Аннотация. Хотя английский и узбекский языки имеют некоторые общие грамматические категории и особенности, они также демонстрируют заметные различия. В английском языке более простое спряжение глаголов, ограниченная падежная система и артикли, тогда как в узбекском языке более сложное спряжение глаголов, богатая падежная система и отсутствуют артикли. Несмотря на эти различия, оба языка имеют сходство в частях речи, структуре предложений, временах глаголов, а также в использовании сравнительной и превосходной степеней. Эти сходства и различия отражают различные лингвистические истории и структуры английского и узбекского языков, позволяя лучше понять их соответствующие грамматические системы. Ключевые слова: Морфология, синтаксис, флексии, суффиксы, лингвистика, сравнение, структура языка Annotatsiya. Ingliz va oʻzbek tillari baʼzi bir grammatik kategoriya va xususiyatlarni birlashtirgan boʻlsada, ularda sezilarli farqlar ham mavjud. Ingliz tilida oddiy fe’l konjugatsiyasi, cheklangan holat tizimi mavjud va artikllardan foydalaniladi, o‘zbek tilida esa murakkabroq fe’l kelishik, boy holat tizimi va artikl yo‘q. Bu farqlarga qaramay, ikkala tilda ham gap qismlari, gap tuzilishi, fe’l zamonlari, qiyosiy va ustun darajalarning qo‘llanilishida o‘xshashlik mavjud. Bu oʻxshashlik va farqlar ingliz va oʻzbek tillarining oʻziga xos til tarixi va tuzilmalarini aks ettirib, ularning grammatik tizimlari haqida tushuncha beradi. Kalit so`zlar: Morfologiya, sintaksis, qo‘shimchalar qo‘shimchalari, lingvistik, qiyoslash, til tuzilishi In both Uzbek and English, grammar plays a fundamental role in shaping language use and understanding. It governs the structure of words and sentences, regulates word order and agreement, and influences how ideas are expressed. While Uzbek relies more heavily on inflections and suffixes for grammatical information, English tends to use a simpler system. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 31 Nevertheless, grammar serves as a crucial tool for communication in both languages, facilitating linguistic comparison and reflecting cultural context. Overall, a solid understanding of grammar is essential for effective communication and language proficiency in both Uzbek and English. The grammatical categories are better to explain by comparing them with logical categories. The grammatical categories are opposed to logical ones. The logical categories are universal for all the languages. Any meanings can be expressed in any language. For instance there's a logical category of possession. The meaning of possession can be expressed in all the languages, compare: My book (English) - Моя книга (Russian) - Менинг китобим (Uzbek). [Iriskulov;13]. "Harry looked at the note, his heart twanging like a giant elastic band." [Harry; 56] Béton quygan bilan ish bitmaydi. [Ikki eshik orasi; 10] In this sentence, the noun "heart" is used to describe the feeling Harry experiences, showcasing how English employs nouns to convey emotions. The complement is "béton quygan bilan" (with cement that has set), specifying the condition under which the work cannot be done. English and Uzbek share similarities in their syntax, phrase structures, subject-verb agreement, use of modifiers and determiners, and conjunctions, although they may differ in specific expressions and structures. While both English and Uzbek sentences exhibit similarities in their basic structure, with nouns representing subjects and verbs denoting actions, they differ in their verb forms, word order, and reliance on inflectional morphology. English tends to have more varied verb forms and follows a subject-verb-object word order, while Uzbek often employs simpler verb conjugations and a subject-object-verb word order. These distinctions highlight the unique grammatical features of each language. Grammatical category - 1) a general grammatical concept based on the rules of word change, combination and sentence formation with the help of special indicators. G. k. It is divided into morphological and syntactic categories depending on which area of grammar it belongs to. Syntactic categories are not equivalent to morphological categories. Well, our family is a close family. Morphologically, this sentence has four words, three different word groups (pronoun, noun and adjective, noun), and syntactically there are only two parts - possessive and participle. Verbs have 3 grammatical categories. Mood, tense, person number category. [Gʻulomov A. 68]. Thus, any linguistic phenomenon that meets these requirements is called a grammatical category. English nouns have a grammatical category of number. This category has all the requirements that are necessary for a grammatical category: 1. it has general grammatical meaning of number; 2. it consists of two particular meanings; singular and plural; 3. singular is opposed to plural, they are antonymous; 4. singular and plural have their own constant grammatical means: singular is represented by a zero morpheme and plural has the allomorphs like (s), (z), (iz). There are some other means to express singular and plural in English but they make very small percentage compared with regular means. [Iriskulov;13]. English: - Meaning: Differentiates between singular and plural forms of nouns. - Opposition: Singular and plural are antonymous. - Markers: Singular often has a zero morpheme, while plural forms have consistent markers like "-s," "-z," or "-iz." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 32 Uzbek: - Meaning: Indicates singular and plural forms of nouns. - Opposition: Singular and plural forms are antonymous. - Markers: Singular is typically unmarked, while plural forms are marked by suffixes like "-lar" Comparison: - Both English and Uzbek languages distinguish between singular and plural forms of nouns. - Singular and plural forms are antonymous in both languages. - English often uses zero morphemes or specific suffixes for pluralization, while Uzbek commonly employs suffixes for this purpose. REFERENCES 1. Irisqulov A. T. Theoretical grammar of English. T.: “Nashriyot”, 2006. 64 p 2. Ikki Eshik Orasi. Muqaddima yoki eng avvalgi bob.«Sharq» nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi Bosh tahririyati, 2012. 3. Rowling J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets: Bloomsbury,1998, 251 p 4. Gʻulomov A. Oʻzbek tilining nazariy grammatikasi, 1995. 78 p