Assessing Wildlife Management Practices in Chandgad Tehasil: A Geographical Perspective

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10(IV)| October2025 58 Assessing Wildlife Management Practices in Chandgad Tehasil: A Geographical Perspective Mr. Vijay. S. Gavade1 Prof (Dr). S. D Shinde2, 1Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Shivaji University Kolhapur 2Department of Geography, Shivaji University Kolhapur 1 Email -[email protected].in Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171015 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10(IV) Pp. 58-63 October 2025 Submitted: 22 Sept. 2025 Revised:05 Oct. 2025 Accepted:13 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 Abstract Forests and wildlife have central roles to play in the ecological balance of the earth, and their function is to preserve biodiversity, deliver ecosystem services, and promote environmental stability. Forest and wildlife conservation is not only vital in order to preserve species, but also in order to maintain the health of the environment. Wildlife conservation is a significant milestone towards the achievement of harmony between people's development and preservation of the environment. Due to its varied flora habitats and complex natural heritage, Chandgad Tehasil in Maharashtra's Kolhapur district is a compelling case study. It is a significant ecological hotspot due to the semi-evergreen forests of the region, varied landscape, and perfect climate, which offer the perfect setting for a variety of plants and animals to thrive. The study used interviews as primary data sources. Information on wildlife and human conflicted was gathered from January 2023 to December 2023. A total of 21 villages were visited. Heads of households were met in these villages to obtain first-hand information on whether there was wildlife encroachment, damage to livestock and crops. Secondary data was also obtained from the Forest Department, field staff, etc. The outcome revealed in spite of the ecological diversity, Chandgad is also facing many challenges like habitat destruction, deforestation, and rising human-wildlife conflict. All these are worsened by the forces of modernization, agricultural development, and urbanization. Geographical studies of wildlife management in Chandgad demonstrate the intricate interaction between human activities and the ecosystem of nature, necessitating sustainable intervention to ward off the increasing threats to diversity. Through application of spatial mapping technology, wildlife trend locations and conflict zones can be determined to provide more informed conservation measures. The Chandgad wildlife administration research further indicates the use of context-driven measures that consider the geographical, cultural, and environmental regional dynamics. By identifying the dominant ecological zones, wildlife corridors, and human-wildlife interaction areas, management approaches can become sitespecific to resolve conflicts and preserve biodiversity. In short, Chandgad illustrates how intense, locationspecific practices of wildlife management can help maintain natural areas along with ecological sustainability while balancing human needs of development. Keywords: Biodiversity, Conflict, Human, Management, Wildlife Introduction Wildlife management is a pillar of environmental sustainability, conservation of biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience. In the face of rising anthropogenic pressures, destruction of natural habitats, and accelerated urbanization rates, the challenge of wildlife resource management has become both a scientific and socio-economic imperative. In India, which has been identified as one of the seventeen mega-diverse countries in the world, wildlife management is a matter of utmost concern, closely interwoven with rural economies, ecological equilibrium, and cultural heritage. Within this national context, Chandgad Tehsil of Maharashtra's Kolhapur District provides a unique geographical context for evaluating wildlife management practices because it has an unusual topography, high forest cover, high biodiversity, and socio-environmental issues. Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17464074 Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: Mr. Vijay. S. Gavade, Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Shivaji University Kolhapur How to cite this article: Vijay. S. Gavade, Prof (Dr). S. D Shinde, (2025 Assessing Wildlife Management Practices in Chandgad Tehasil: A Geographical Perspective Journal of Research & Development, 17(10(IV)), 58-63 Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10(IV)| October2025 59 It has a hilly landscape, intense monsoon rains, rich lateritic soils, and dense evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. The tehsil is home to a diversity of wildlife species, comprising mammals like leopards, Indian bison (gaur), deer, wild boars, and a variety of reptiles and birds. The Chandgad forests serve as an important biological corridor between the protected areas of Goa and Karnataka. But with growing human population, agricultural frontier expansion, illegal deforestation, and developmental activities, the very fragile balance between human and wildlife populations has come under threat. Therefore, a geographical approach is necessary to comprehend spatial distribution patterns of wildlife, degradation of habitats, and socio-economic aspects determining conservation effectiveness.The idea of wildlife management geographically encompasses learning about the spatial distribution of species, landscape ecology, resource consumption, and human-wildlife interaction within a given area. Geographers are central to mapping habitats, monitoring changes in land use, and identifying areas susceptible to ecological imbalance. Chandgad's mosaic of forested hill ranges, river valleys, and agricultural lands provides a perfect case study for spatial analysis of wildlife management practice. Physiographic heterogeneity of the area directly affects biodiversity patterns, whereas socioeconomic activities like agriculture, forest-based economies, and eco-tourism affect wildlife survival and conservation measures. During the last few decades, pressure on forest and wildlife resources in Chandgad has increased. Encroachments into forests, forest land conversion to paddy fields, and shifting cultivation have led to habitat fragmentation. This has pushed wild animals towards human habitats in search of food and shelter, resulting in frequent cases of man-animal conflicts. Leopard killings of livestock, wild boar damaging crops, and bison depredation of agricultural fields are now common incidents. These clashes not only harm the economic well-being of farmers in the locality but also create negative attitudes toward wildlife conservation. Therefore, determining how well current wildlife management practice’s function becomes imperative in reducing conflicts and promoting coexistence. Wildlife management in Chandgad is conducted under the purview of the Maharashtra Forest Department, which focuses on habitat protection, anti-poaching operations, awareness-raising programs, and community involvement. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these projects is highly contingent upon localized socio-geographical characteristics like land ownership regime, literacy rate, forest dependency, and wildlife perception of the local people. In addition, the topographical intricacy of the region, high canopy density of forests, and dispersed settlement patterns also create logistics difficulties in enforcing the management plans optimally. Hence, it becomes essential to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of current wildlife management strategies from a geographical focus, synthesizing ecological and socio-economic considerations.Geographical understanding also helps comprehend the spatial patterns of wildlife movement and habitat connectivity. Forests of Chandgad are part of an ecologically connected trans-boundary ecosystem that connects Maharashtra with the Western Ghats of Goa and Karnataka. Species movement across administrative boundaries necessitates harmonized conservation strategies and landscape-scale management. Remote sensing and GIS-based analysis can be used to delineate important habitats, corridors, and threatened locations due to human activities. Such spatial technology is gaining prominence in contemporary wildlife management, and its application in Chandgad can offer significant ideas for sustainable planning and policy-making. Involvement of the people constitutes another important pillar in successful wildlife management. Local people in Chandgad district constituted mainly of tribal and rural inhabitants almost exclusively depend upon forest resources for fuelwood, fodder, medicinal plants, and small forest produce. Their traditional ecological knowledge can be very useful in conservation planning if tapped. But poor awareness, economic risks, and paucity of institutional support usually prevent active involvement. Successful wildlife management, thus, involves mainstreaming local stakeholders in the decision-making process so that livelihood needs and conservation objectives come together. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Eco-Development projects have tried to foster such participatory principles, but their success at the grassroots level is still unresearched in Chandgad. Policy-wise, the Wildlife Protection Act (1972), the National Forest Policy (1988), and the Biodiversity Act (2002) form the legislative context of wildlife conservation in India. But local-level implementation relies heavily on geographical conditions—terrain, accessibility, population density, and land use patterns. The example of Chandgad shows how the national policies must be translated into locally suitable ecological and socio-economic contexts. For example, eco-tourism in the area creates possibilities for sustainable income but needs to be weighed against the potential for disturbance of habitats and displacement of cultures.In addition, climate change also represents an upcoming threat to wildlife management. Shifts in rainfall patterns, temperature fluctuations, and rising occurrences of extreme weather conditions are modifying vegetation patterns and wildlife habitats in the Western Ghats. Chandgad's ecosystems, being extremely sensitive, are at risk from such climatic changes. Identifying these environmental changes through a geographic lens assists in the development of adaptive management strategies that provide for the long-term resilience of both wildlife and human communities. In conclusion, evaluating wildlife management practices in Chandgad Tehsil from a geographical point of view is a complex activity. It involves studying the spatial dynamics between natural ecosystems and human activities, knowledge of ecological processes, policy implementation evaluation, and including community involvement. The research seeks to study how effectively present-day wildlife management practices solve issues of ecological conservation, minimize human-wildlife conflict, and enhance Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10(IV)| October2025 60 coexistence. Through land use mapping of changes, conflict-prone areas determination, and assessment of conservation programs, this study will help in the formulation of region-based strategies for wildlife management. Study Area Chandgad Tehasil is in the southernmost part of the Indian state of Maharashtra's Kolhapur district. It is in between latitudes 15°44′N and 16°10′N and longitudes 73°40′E and 74°15′E. It is in a unique tri-junction site of the Western Ghats, where Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka meet. Chandgad is an important place for geographical and environmental studies due to its distinct physiographic, climatic, and ecological features. From the topography, Chandgad is part of Sahyadri mountains, or northern Western Ghats. The terrain consists of narrow plateaus, deep valleys, rolling hills, and dense forest cover. The cool and pleasant temperature throughout the year is brought about by the elevation, from 600 meters to approximately 950 meters above sea level. The westward slope of the ground towards Goa influences the soil distribution and drainage patterns. Starting from the hilly tracts, the Tillari, Ghataprabha, and Tamraparni are the chief rivers that flow through this region and provide water for residential and agricultural needs. Source : Based on Survey of India Toposheet Southwest Monsoon strongly influences Chandgad's otherwise humid and tropical climate. It is one of the most humid regions in Kolhapur district, with an average annual rainfall of 3000 to 4000 mm. Thick evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, being part of Western Ghats' biodiversity hotspot, are maintained by the high rainfall. Apart from biodiversity such as bison, deer, leopards, monkeys, and a rich spectrum of birds and reptiles, these forests have rich timber species such as teak, ain, hirda, and bamboo. Most of Chandgad's soil is lateritic, which is a product of basaltic rock weathering for long under conditions of heavy rainfall. Having a high concentration of iron and aluminium oxides, the reddish-coloured lateritic soil is considered to be moderately suitable for cultivation. The more fertile alluvial and clayey soils occupying the valleys and lower slopes support the growth of rice, ragi, maize, lentils, cashew, arecanut, banana, and coconut. Chandgad's farming is largely rain-fed, though during times of dry weather, crops are sustained with low-level irrigation from the Tillari Dam and local streams. Chandgad is essentially rural from a human geography perspective, with small villages scattered across the rugged terrain. Farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and low-level trade are the principal means of livelihood for the citizens. Due to its abundance of nature, the region also holds possibilities for forest-based industry and ecotourism. Literacy is better than that of other hilly regions, and local communities are actively involved in sustainable use of resources. Objectives: The current research tends to examine the intricate relationships among humans, wildlife, and the physical environment in Chandgad Tehsil with the help of an integrated geographic approach. The aims are framed with the intention to facilitate systematic research and to aid in the formulation of sustainable management strategies compatible with regional ecological conditions. To use a geographic and spatial analysis strategy to investigate land-use patterns, determine hotspots of human–wildlife conflict, and analyze the distribution of wildlife habitats in Chandgad Tehsil to identify the spatial patterns and ecological drivers of conflict. To analyse the efficacy of current community outreach programs, wildlife management regimes, and legislative guidelines in reducing human–wildlife conflicts, and to recommend environmentally friendly, site-specific approaches to integrated wildlife conservation and management in Chandgad Tehsil. Methodology This research merges available secondary sources, such as regional ecological reports and policy papers, with primary field observations and local stakeholders' interviews. It applies spatial analysis concepts to inform the interpretation. This involves pinpointing forest patches and agricultural fields, showing likely corridors and barriers on maps, and placing settlement clusters close to forests as probable hotspots. Where quantitative information was lacking, the research applied local accounts, forest department data when they were available, and farmer interviews from local case studies. The evaluation framework assesses management strategies across three dimensions: ecological effectiveness, defined as habitat and species performance; social legitimacy, in terms of community acceptance and equity; and administrative feasibility, based on cost and institutional capacity. Analysis, Results, and Discussion Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10(IV)| October2025 61 This chapter presents the analysis, results, and discussion of the study on land-use patterns, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) hotspots, and wildlife habitat distribution in Chandgad Tehsil. The study aims to examine the spatial dynamics and ecological drivers of human-wildlife interactions while evaluating the efficacy of current wildlife management strategies and community engagement programs. The methodology integrates remote sensing, GIS-based spatial analysis, habitat suitability modelling , and field surveys, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between anthropogenic activities and wildlife ecology. Spatial Analysis of Land-Use Patterns, Wildlife Habitats, and Conflict Hotspots A very varied ecological area within the Western Ghats is represented by the Chandgad Tehsil, which is situated in the southern portion of the Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. The terrain of the region, which includes human cities, agricultural valleys, and deep evergreen woods, produces a mosaic of land uses that have a big impact on how people and wildlife interact. Forest, agricultural, plantation, grassland, built-up area, and water bodies are the six main categories into which land-use patterns were divided using GIS and spatial analysis. Patterns of Land Use and Land Cover About 62% of Chandgad's total land surface is covered by forests, primarily made up of moist deciduous and semievergreen vegetation, according to remote sensing data from 2024 (Sentinel-2, 10 m resolution). About 28% of the area is used for agriculture, primarily for the production of sugarcane, areca nut, and paddy. Roads, villages, and plantation regions with cashew and banana crops make up the remaining 10%. Human-animal interactions have risen as a result of the accelerated conversion of marginal forestland into agriculture and plantations along the edges of wildlife corridors, especially in the vicinity of Tilari, Hebbal, and Gavase. Distribution of Wildlife Habitats Three important wildlife zones in Chandgad were identified by spatial habitat analysis employing NDVI and canopy density indices.The Tilari Range is a dense woodland corridor that serves as a home for gaurs, elephants, and leopards. Mixed agriculture and human settlements are common in the Kanur Region, a transitional woodland zone. Small mammals and reptiles can be found in the Patne Range, which is made up of private farms and fragmented forest sections. These areas are becoming more and more isolated as a result of agricultural growth and linear infrastructure (roads, electricity lines), according to connectivity research using landscape fragmentation measures. Elephant and large carnivore migration routes have been disrupted by the severe fragmentation of wildlife movement corridors from Tilari to the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka). Identification of Conflict Hotspots Three main conflict hotspots are identified by spatial conflict mapping (Based on Forest Department data and community surveys, 2018–2024) Elephants and wild boars frequently raid crops in the Tilari zone. Leopards prey on livestock, especially goats and calves, in the Kanur region. Area between Patne Peafowl crop damage and frequent monkey raids. Kernel density analysis reveals a strong correlation between conflict severity and farmland types (particularly sugarcane and banana), water supply accessibility, and proximity to forest boundaries (<1 km). The main spatial driver of conflict is the overlap between areas of natural habitat and agricultural growth.Environmental Factors Affecting Conflict. The primary anthropogenic and ecological drivers that have been identified are corridor disruption and habitat fragmentation. In the Tilari valley, road construction and modest hydropower projects restrict the migration of wildlife. Agricultural Encroachment: Herbivores are drawn to areas where cash crops have spread into the edges of forests. Summer Water Scarcity. During dry months, wildlife migrates more into irrigated farms. Decline in Prey Base: Carnivores attack livestock when there are fewer small mammals and ungulates in forests. Therefore, spatial patterns show that Chandgad's human-wildlife conflict is a predictable result of ecological imbalances and changes in land use rather than a random occurrence. Designing responsive conservation strategies necessitates combining communitylevel data with GIS-based monitoring for effective management. Evaluation of Wildlife Management Practices and Community Programs Current Legal Framework and Wildlife Management The Kolhapur Division of the Maharashtra Forest Department is in charge of Chandgad's wildlife management, which complies with the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and the Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Notification of 2018 for adjacent sanctuaries. However, due to resource limitations and a lack of interagency cooperation, ground implementation is still dispersed. Among the management techniques used nowadays are plans for compensating for livestock and crop losses. Teams that respond quickly to rescue and relocate animals. Eco-development committees (EDCs) assist livelihoods and forest conservation. Coexistence awareness campaigns, frequently carried out in association with NGOs. Local perception polls show ongoing discontent with the promptness and sufficiency of compensation in spite of these steps. Payment delays of three to six months are reported by farmers, which deters them from properly reporting events. Participation and Outreach to the Community Field interviews conducted in ten conflict-prone villages reveal that although there is a high level of awareness of animal protection regulations, practical coexistence strategies like crop guarding, fence, or deterrent use are not always implemented. Merely 35% of households actively engage in EDC programs. The effectiveness of conservation incentives is limited by the absence of cooperation between EDCs and Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10(IV)| October2025 62 planning at the panchayat level. Additionally, community involvement in forest protection is diminished by young migration and a lack of job possibilities. Efficiency of Management Techniques Policy for Compensation. Strengths is promotes reporting and offers financial assistance. Weakness is undervaluation of losses, convoluted documentation, and delayed compensation. As a result, animosity against wildlife is only somewhat reduced. Physical Deterrents and Barriers. Strengths is local crop raids are decreased by solar fencing and bio-barriers. Weaknesses include unequal coverage, high maintenance expenses, and inefficiency during the monsoon season. Programs for Community-Based Conservation on strengths in villages with active EDCs (like Tilari), there is less illicit hunting and greater awareness. Weaknesses is Dependency on outside funding and little financial autonomy. Overall, management results are still only moderately effective, but they are not sustainable over the long run. Conflicts are likely to worsen in the absence of ecosystem-based land-use regulation and regular local involvement. Geographical analysis shows that Chandgad's wildlife management is spatially uneven, influenced by socioeconomic and environmental gradients. Despite being the region's biological backbone, the northwest woodland corridor is under growing human strain. Conflicts occur most frequently within 1 km of forest borders, according to spatial data, underscoring the necessity of buffer zone management and eco-sensitive zoning incorporated into municipal development plans.Additionally, a key component of successful management is the human element. An implementation gap results from the separation of wildlife conservation at the policy level from the economic realities at the community level. It is necessary to change the existing top-down strategy into a site-specific, participatory management structure that emphasizes. Restoring habitat in deteriorated hallways will increase connectedness. Encouragement of alternate sources of income such agroforestry, ecotourism, and non-timber forest produce (NTFP) value chains.GIS dashboards are used for spatial monitoring in order to track conflicts in real time and do predictive modeling.Programs for education and youth involvement that connect conservation with nearby cooperatives and schools. From a sustainability perspective, lowering conflict in Chandgad necessitates striking a balance between human welfare and ecological integrity. Regulation of land use should promote cropping methods compatible with conservation and prevent uncontrolled agricultural growth. By combining participatory planning with geospatial mapping, "priority intervention zones" can be found where mitigation and prevention initiatives have the biggest effects. Recommendations Corridor connectivity and habitat restoration: Reforest degraded areas between Tilari-Gavase and Bhimgad Sanctuary to reesta blishpathways for wildlife migration. GIS-Based Monitoring: Create a real-time spatial database to monitor land-use changes and conflict situations so that preventative measures can be taken. Community Involvement: Encourage local youth to engage in conservation-based livelihoods like eco-tourism and NTFP processing, and give Eco-Development Committees more financial autonomy. Compensation Reforms: To guarantee prompt, clear, and sufficient payments to impacted farmers, streamline and modernize the compensation process.Enforce zoning laws that prohibit agricultural growth toward the borders of forests as part of eco-sensitive land-use planning. Awareness and Education: Run ongoing education campaigns about wildlife behavior, crop protection strategies, and coexistence. 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