Nature & Science 7.9

International Scientific Journal Nature & Science e-ISSN: 2709-4189 ISSN: 2707-1146 Nature & Science International Scientific Journal Volume: 7 Issue: 9 2025 International Indices ISSN: 2707-1146 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 DOI: 10.36719 © Jurnalda çap olunan materiallardan istifadə edərkən istinad mütləqdir. © It is necessary to use reference while using the journal materials. © [email protected] © aem.az Founder and Editor-in-Chief Researcher Mubariz HUSEYINOV, Azerbaijan Science Center / Azerbaijan +994 50 209 59 68 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-0356 [email protected] Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Akif AGHBABALI, Baku State University / Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-9252 [email protected] Assistant editors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuad RZAYEV, Institute of Zoology of MSERA / Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-1101 [email protected] Assoc. Prof. Dr. Saliga GAZI, Institute of Zoology of MSERA / Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9378-4283 [email protected] Researcher Gulnar ALIYEVA, Azerbaijan Science Center / Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1769-777X [email protected] Language editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gunay RAFIBAYLI, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Editors in scientific fields Prof. Dr. Ibrahim MAMMADOV, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Assoc. Prof. Abulfaz TAGHIYEV, Baku State University / Azerbaijan EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Dr. Irada HUSEYNOVA, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Aziz SANJAR, University of North Karolina at Chapel Hill / USA Prof. Dr. Vagif ABBASOV, Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after Academician Y. H. Mammadaliyev of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Nazim MURADOV, University of Central Florida / USA Prof. Dr. Vagif FARZALIYEV, Institute of Chemistry of Additives named after M. Guliyev of the MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Georgi DUKA, Moldovan Academy of Sciences / Moldova Prof. Dr. Ibrahim JAFAROV, Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Technical Plants of the MARA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Elshad GURBANOV, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Aliaddin ABBASOV, Nakhchivan State University / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Ilham SHAHMURADOV, Institute of Genetic Resources of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Ulduz HASHIMOVA, Institute of Physiology of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Alovsat GULIYEV, Institute of Soil Science and Agro Chemistry of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Sayyara IBADULLAYEVA, Institute of Botany of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Ismayıl ALIYEV, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Dunya BABANLI, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Mehmet KARATASH, Nejmettin Erbakan University / Turkey Prof. Dr. Shaig IBRAHIMOV, Institute of Zoology of MSERA / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Afat MAMMADOVA, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Prof.Dr. Akbar AGHAYEV, Sumgayit Statet University / Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Rajes KUMAR, Ministry of Textile / India Prof. Dr. Bahadur GALANDAROV, Baku State University / Azerbaijan Prof. Ali AZGANI, University of Texas at Tayler / USA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rinat ISKAKOV, Atyrau Oil and Gas University / Kazakhstan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elshad ABDULLAYEV, Sumgayit Statet University / Azerbaijan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bushra BILAL, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University / Pakistan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alia RZAYEVA, Institute of Natural Resources of MSERA / Azerbaijan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elchin HUSEYN, Rotterdam Erasmus University Medical Center / Netherlands Dr. Svetlana GORNOVSKAYA, Beloserkovsk National Agrarian University / Ukraine Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 4-11 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 4 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/60/4-11 Gusein Guseinov Baku State University PhD in Economy Geography https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5079-9269 [email protected] Analysis of Wholesale and Retail Trade Turnover in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region Abstract This article analyzes the dynamics, structure, and territorial differentiation of retail and wholesale turnover in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region of the Republic of Azerbaijan for the period 2015– 2023. Using official statistical data from the State Statistics Committee, a comparative territorial analysis of trade indicators was carried out, per capita dynamics were calculated, and a typology of districts by their level of trade activity was constructed. The results show a pronounced asymmetry: the main centers of trade are represented by Khachmaz and Guba, while peripheral districts (Shabran, Siyazan) experience difficulties in developing their trade and demonstrate persistent unfavorable trends. The discussion focuses on the reasons for this differentiation — insufficient transport and logistical support, structural and morphological disparities, and the weak purchasing power of the population — which collectively undermine sustainable regional development. This result may serve as a basis for developing differentiated management approaches, strengthening the sustainability of trade, and reducing imbalances in the socio-economic development of the districts. Keywords: Guba-Khachmaz district, retail turnover, wholesale trade, differentiation, sustainability, socio-economic development Introduction Trade, as one of the most important sectors of the market economy, fulfills in regional systems not only the function of distributing goods but also serves as an indicator of the population’s economic activity, the level of urbanization, and the efficiency of production and logistics infrastructure. The analysis of the dynamics and structure of trade turnover acquires particular significance in economically and geographically differentiated regions, where the combination of natural, demographic, and infrastructural factors determines the diversity of consumer behavior and entrepreneurial activity. In the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region represents a territorial entity where internal disparities in socio-economic development and trade specialization are especially pronounced. The region includes five administrative districts – Khachmaz, Guba, Gusar, Siyazan, and Shabran – each differing in population size, settlement density, sectoral structure of the economy, and level of investment activity. Given these differences, trade turnover – both retail and wholesale – acts as an objective criterion for assessing the level of economic development and the effectiveness of spatial economic organization at the regional level. In recent years, there has been growing interest in regional trade analysis in the context of spatial planning and the assessment of state policy effectiveness. However, despite the existence of certain statistical publications, a systematized economic-geographical analysis of trade turnover at the level of an intra-state economic region remains insufficiently represented. At the same time, in regions such as Guba-Khachmaz, trade performs not only a distributive function but also plays the role of a crucial factor of socio-economic integration, particularly in the context of increasing transport connectivity and the transformation of consumer models. The purpose of this study is to identify the trends, patterns, and spatial disparities in the dynamics of trade turnover in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region of Azerbaijan for the period 2015–2023, Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 4-7 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 5 based on the analysis of official statistical data. The research primarily relies on the data of the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Guseynov, 2009; Imrani, 2023; Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021), which encompass indicators of retail and wholesale trade in the administrative districts, as well as their dynamics per capita. The research objectives include: – analyzing changes in the volume and structure of retail and wholesale trade turnover in the region as a whole; – identifying growth and stagnation rates across the administrative districts; – comparing absolute and per capita indicators of trade; – constructing a typology of districts according to the level of trade activity; – identifying factors that promote or hinder trade development in specific districts. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative-territorial analysis, including the systematization of statistical data, index-based evaluation of dynamics, and per capita calculations, which make it possible to reveal not only nominal but also real trends in trade development. Elements of graphical analysis and cartographic interpretation, oriented towards the visualization of the spatial structure of trade, are also applied (Bayramov, 2019). The scientific and practical significance of the research lies in substantiating the necessity of a differentiated approach to trade regulation within a single economic region, taking into account differences in infrastructural, demographic, and economic characteristics. The findings can be of use to executive authorities, as well as in the development of regional socio-economic development programs. The analysis of trade turnover as a tool for assessing the socio-economic condition of a region requires the application of a set of methods that combine quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the context of territorial differentiation and differences in demographic and infrastructural characteristics of the districts within the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region, the use of comparative-geographical and statistical methods makes it possible to obtain an objective picture of trade development at the regional level. The source base of the study consists of official data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, including the annual statistical compendiums Districts of Azerbaijan for 2016 and 2022 (Guseynov, 2009; Imrani, 2023), as well as the general statistical report Indicators of Azerbaijan (Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). Aggregated data on the dynamics of retail and wholesale trade turnover by administrative units, information on population size, and investment activity were also utilized. To achieve the research objectives, the following methods and approaches were applied: – Comparative-territorial analysis, which made it possible to evaluate differences among the districts in terms of trade volume, growth rates, and the structure of trade forms (retail/wholesale); – Index method, employed in the analysis of the dynamics of the physical volume of retail trade turnover in order to eliminate the influence of inflation and seasonal fluctuations; – Per capita trade turnover calculation, which allowed the assessment of not only the overall volume of trade but also the intensity of consumption per resident; – Typological approach, used to group districts according to their level of trade activity (high, medium, low) and the dynamics of indicators. The study covers the period from 2015 to 2023. The choice of this time interval is determined by two factors: firstly, the availability of comparable and systematized statistical data; and secondly, the relevance of assessing trade processes in the post-crisis (pandemic and post-pandemic) period. In some cases, to substantiate retrospective dynamics, data from 1991, 2005, and 2010 were also employed (Guseynov, 2009). The limitations of the research are associated with the aggregated nature of official statistics. In particular, the reporting does not include a breakdown of trade by type of settlement (urban/rural) nor by product groups. Information on the share of informal trade and small-scale entrepreneurship is also absent, which may underestimate the role of trade in some rural areas. Furthermore, official reports do not always reflect the spatial distribution of investments specifically directed towards trade infrastructure. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 4-11 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 6 Despite these limitations, the applied methodological framework makes it possible to identify the main regularities and territorial differences in the development of trade, as well as to formulate conclusions regarding the typology of districts by level and structure of trade activity within the GubaKhachmaz Economic Region. General Characteristics of the Region The Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region is located in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan and encompasses five administrative districts: Khachmaz, Guba, Gusar, Siyazan, and Shabran. The total area of the region is about 6,700 km², and the population as of 2023 exceeds 530,000 people (Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021), making it one of the larger subregional areas within the structure of the national economy. The region has a favorable geographical position, bordering the Caspian Sea to the east and the Russian Federation to the north. Major road and railway corridors traverse its territory, linking the capital region with the north of the country and beyond. The relief of the region is highly contrasting — from foothills and mountain ranges in the west to the Caspian lowlands — which generates differences in agricultural specialization, settlement patterns, and territorial accessibility. The landscape diversity contributes to the development of both agriculture (including horticulture, livestock breeding, and crop production) and tourism potential, particularly in the Gusar and, to some extent, Guba districts (Gerayzade & Mirzayeva, 1998). From an economic perspective, the Guba-Khachmaz region is characterized by a multi-structural economy, where traditional forms of agricultural production coexist with emerging formats of the service economy. The role of trade in the regional economy is constantly increasing, which is associated with both the general economic environment and the developing character of the national economy as a whole, as well as regional factors such as population growth, rising mobility, the expansion of logistics opportunities, and the development of the consumer sector. In certain districts, trade performs not only the function of redistributing consumer goods but also serves as the main source of employment and self-employment for the population. In terms of urbanization and infrastructural saturation, the districts of the Guba-Khachmaz region demonstrate significant heterogeneity. The Khachmaz district concentrates a considerable number of trade facilities, a developed transport network, and high population density. The Guba district shows relatively stable growth due to its agricultural specialization and domestic tourism. The Gusar district, despite its natural and tourist potential, suffers from outmigration of the population and limited trade infrastructure. The Siyazan and Shabran districts, being the least populated and economically active territories of the region, display weak investment dynamics and a low density of the trade network (Guseynov, 2009; Imrani, 2023; Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). According to the State Statistical Committee, the average age of the region’s population is gradually increasing, while a steady outflow of the working-age youth towards the capital is observed (Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). This has a direct impact on local consumer markets, reducing the intensity of retail trade in rural and mountainous districts. Urbanized districts of the region accumulate the bulk of trade turnover, while peripheral territories constitute zones with low purchasing power and weak development of logistics nodes. Based on this description, the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region represents a territory with pronounced internal economic-geographical segmentation, where trade develops unevenly depending on the level of urbanization, investment activity, transport accessibility, and demographic sustainability. These differences form an important basis for analyzing trade turnover at the level of administrative districts and allow for territorial typologization within a single economic region. Analysis of Retail Trade Turnover (2015–2023) Retail trade is the most sensitive indicator of a region’s socio-economic activity. Its volumes directly depend on the size and purchasing power of the population, the level of infrastructural provision, the nature of employment, and the degree of urbanization. In the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region, retail trade turnover demonstrates positive dynamics during the period under consideration, although it is accompanied by significant territorial disparities (Mamedov & Allakhverdiyev, 2003). Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 4-7 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 7 According to the data of the State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, the total volume of retail trade turnover in the economic region increased from 1,043.8 million manats in 2015 to 1,836.5 million manats in 2023, which is equivalent to a nominal growth of 75.9% [Table 1]. The most intensive growth was recorded in 2022–2023, during the post-pandemic recovery period. However, real dynamics (measured by the physical volume index of sales) were more moderate, fluctuating within the range of 97–101%, which indicates a slowdown in consumer activity and market saturation [Table 1]. The district structure of retail trade turnover in 2023 is as follows: Table 1. Trade turnover and market share of administrative districts of the GubaKhachmaz economic region. District Turnover (million manats) Share in regional volume (%) Khachmaz 707.9 38.6 Guba 624.2 34.0 Gusar 277.7 15.1 Siyazan 108.8 5.9 Shabran 117.8 6.4 Total 1836.5 100 Source: Compiled by the author based on data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As can be seen, almost three-quarters of the regional retail trade turnover is concentrated in two districts — Khachmaz and Guba — reflecting their leading role in the region’s consumer system. Growth in these districts can be explained by a higher concentration of population, the level of urbanization, transport connectivity, and investment activity. The largest number of trade facilities is located here, including modern shops, shopping centers, and service enterprises. In the Gusar district, despite its resort and tourism potential, the volume of retail trade is almost 2.5 times lower than in Khachmaz. This indicates a weak internal consumer base and limited trade infrastructure. At the same time, the recorded increase — from 145.6 million manats in 2015 to 277.7 million manats in 2023 — demonstrates the district’s potential, provided that logistics and services are modernized (Guseynov, 2009; Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). The Siyazan and Shabran districts remain the least active, their combined share in the regional retail turnover amounting to only 12.3%. This is associated with low population numbers, limited urbanization, and weak entrepreneurial initiative. Moreover, trade growth rates in these districts also lag behind the regional average, which reflects their structural backwardness in trade development. The per capita retail turnover indicator helps to refine spatial differences in consumer activity. In 2023, this indicator amounted to 3,360.7 manats per person across the region, which is significantly higher than the 2015 level (1,689.4 manats) (Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). However, intraregional disparities remain: the highest values are observed in Khachmaz and Guba, while the lowest are recorded in Siyazan and Shabran, where purchasing power remains limited. The trend in the transformation of trade infrastructure is also noteworthy. The number of shops in the region increased from 2,871 in 2015 to 6,568 in 2023, while the number of kiosks decreased from 280 to 112 over the same period (Khudaverdiyeva & Ragimov, 2021). This reflects a shift from smallscale retail to more formalized formats, especially in districts with developed urban structures. In other words, the retail trade turnover of the Guba-Khachmaz region develops unevenly: central districts (Khachmaz, Guba) show high growth rates and concentration of trade infrastructure, whereas peripheral districts (Shabran, Siyazan) remain in a zone of lagging development. These differences form the basis for typologizing districts by level of trade activity, which will be presented in subsequent sections (Mikailova, 2010). Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 4-11 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 8 Analysis of Wholesale Trade Turnover (2015–2023) Wholesale trade performs a crucial function in the regional economy, acting as an intermediate link between producers and the retail sector. Unlike retail trade, wholesale activity is more sensitive to the investment climate, transport infrastructure, logistics chains, and the level of entrepreneurial cooperation (Alayev, 1983). Therefore, its dynamics in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region can be regarded as a reflection of deeper structural processes. In 2015, the total volume of wholesale trade turnover in the region amounted to 325.9 million manats. By 2023, this figure had decreased to 306.4 million manats, which is equivalent to a nominal decline of 6.0% [Table 2]. This decline is particularly significant against the background of growth in retail trade, indicating imbalances in the development of trade formats. A breakdown by district is presented below: Table 2. Wholesale trade turnover and its dynamics across the administrative districts of the Guba-Khachmaz economic region. District Wholesale turnover, million manats (2015) Wholesale turnover, million manats (2023) Growth/decline rate (%) Share in regional volume (2023), % Khachmaz 141.2 196.7 +39.3 64.2 Guba 86.1 93.4 +8.5 30.4 Gusar 59.4 10.8 −81.8 3.5 Siyazan 21.3 3.1 −85.4 1.0 Shabran 17.9 2.4 −86.6 0.8 Total 325.9 306.4 −6.0 100 Source: Compiled by the author based on data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As the table demonstrates, wholesale trade growth in the region is ensured exclusively by two districts — Khachmaz and Guba — which together account for more than 94% of the regional volume. The other three districts (Gusar, Siyazan, Shabran) show a sharp decline in wholesale operations, amounting to the near-total degradation of their logistics function. In particular, Gusar experienced a decline of more than 81%, while Shabran recorded a decrease of 86.6%. This points to the loss of wholesale infrastructure and the withdrawal of these districts from regional production and supply chains [Table 2] (Saushkin, 1980). The decline in both absolute and relative terms in peripheral districts can be explained by several reasons: – insufficient investment activity and the absence of wholesale warehouses; – reorientation towards local (intra-network) supply channels; – limited road networks and logistics platforms; – a small number of registered wholesale trade entities. Another important indicator — wholesale trade turnover per capita — illustrates spatial disparities (State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2016): Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 12-16 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 15 Population analyses reveal that the abundance of young vegetative individuals indicates a high reproductive potential, although the number of reproductive individuals in some local populations has sharply declined, likely due to anthropogenic pressures and reduced precipitation. Some synpopulations exhibited stability (optimal developmental stage), whereas others showed signs of regression. The most stable populations are found in humid and protected natural areas, such as the Batabat massif, Ordubad district, and the Araz River wetland zones. This demonstrates that the persistence of Dactylorhiza species is maintained not only by natural conditions but also through conservation measures (Salmanova, 2018a, pp. 122–125). Many Dactylorhiza species are widely used in traditional medicine, enhancing their economic significance. However, illegal collection has led to declines in some populations. Therefore, a balanced approach to both nutritional and medicinal use is essential. For conservation purposes, artificial propagation methods, including in vitro cultivation, are recommended. The study confirms that Dactylorhiza species act as important bioindicators in the flora of Nakhchivan. To maintain population stability, monitoring in specially protected areas should be strengthened. Rare and endangered species, listed in the Red Book, require expanded conservation measures. Artificial introduction efforts can also facilitate their broader use in ornamental horticulture and agriculture. The research findings indicate that while Dactylorhiza species in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic exhibit adaptability to ecological conditions, the stability of some populations has been disrupted by anthropogenic effects. For their future conservation, it is necessary to monitor natural habitats, protect rare species, apply artificial propagation technologies, and develop policies for balanced utilization (Salmanova, 2018b, pp. 38–45). Conclusion The study demonstrates that Dactylorhiza species in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic exhibit significant ecological plasticity, allowing them to thrive from foothill zones to alpine meadows. Soil moisture and light availability were identified as the primary factors influencing population stability and reproductive success. Populations in humid and protected habitats were more stable, while dry and anthropogenically disturbed areas showed decreased abundance and reproductive individuals. Many species have economic and medicinal value, but illegal collection poses a threat, highlighting the need for conservation and sustainable use. Overall, monitoring, habitat protection, and artificial propagation are essential to ensure the longterm persistence and ecological role of Dactylorhiza species in the region. References 1. An online flora of all known plants (WFO). (2020, July 5). World Flora Online. Retrieved from http://www.worldfloraonline.org 2. APG IV: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. (2016). Byng, J. W., Chase, M. W., Christenhusz, M. J. M., et al. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 3. Askerov, A. M. (2011). Synopsis of the flora of Azerbaijan (with additions and changes, 1961– 2009). Elm. 4. Geydarova, R. T., Garaxani, P. Kh., & Javadzade, T. Yu. (2017). Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of orchids (Orchidaceae Juss.). Achievements of Modern Science, (2), 75–79. 5. Heydarova, R. T., & Karakhani, P. X. (2018). Taxonomy of Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevsky species distributed in the Greater Caucasus. In New Challenges in Botanical Research, 57–60. 6. National Strategy for the Protection and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2017–2020. (2016). Qanun. Retrieved from http://www.eqanun.az/framework/33817 7. News Journal (Natural and Technical Sciences Series). (2018). 14(2), 187–191. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 12-16 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 16 8. Salmanova, R. K. (2018a, May 4–5). Biomorphological characteristics of Orchis species in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. In Current problems of modern natural and economic sciences. Part II. 122-125. 9. Salmanova, R. K. (2018b). Orchids of the Batabat massif of Shahbuz region. Scientific Works of Nakhchivan State University, 8(64), 38–41. 10. Salmanova, R. K. (2018c). Use of Orchis species in folk medicine in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. In Bulletin of Modern Research, Orka Scientific Center. №.10-3, 86–87. 11. Salmanova, R. K. (2020). Distribution of Orchidaceae Juss. species in shrub and forest areas of Nakhchivan. Nizhnevartovsk Vegetation: Bulletin of Science and Practice, 6(9), 62–68. 12. Vakhrameeva, M. G., Tatarenko, I. V., & Varlygina, T. I. (2013). Biological diversity of orchids in Russia. Bulletin of Tver State University: Biology and Ecology, 32(31), 117–136. Received: 10.04.2025 Accepted: 26.08.2025 Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 17-19 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) 17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/60/17-19 Seyidnisa Aliyeva Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University PhD student https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-4781 [email protected] Agricultural Characteristics of the Central Aran Region of Azerbaijan Abstract The Central Aran economic-geographical region is one of Azerbaijan’s leading agricultural hubs, playing a crucial role in ensuring national food security and supporting rural livelihoods. This study analyzes the region’s agricultural resources, crop diversity, irrigation infrastructure, and the socioeconomic importance of farming activities. Emphasis is placed on the role of fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions, and traditional agricultural practices alongside modern mechanization and innovative irrigation techniques. The findings reveal that while Central Aran has high agricultural potential, it faces challenges such as water scarcity, soil salinization, and outdated equipment in some rural areas. Recommendations are made for sustainable agricultural development, including modernization of farming technologies, diversification of crops, and eco-friendly land use practices. Keywords: Central Aran, agriculture, crop production, irrigation, rural economy, sustainable farming, Azerbaijan Introduction Agriculture has historically been the backbone of the Central Aran economic-geographical region (Mərkəzi Aran iqtisadi-coğrafi rayonu), contributing significantly to Azerbaijan’s food supply and rural employment. Situated in the central part of the Kur-Araz lowland, the region benefits from fertile soils, developed irrigation networks, and a favorable subtropical semi-arid climate. Administrative districts such as Mingachevir, Yevlakh, Agdash, Goychay, Ujar, Kurdamir, and Zardab form the core of this agricultural zone (Abdullayev, 2020). The primary objective of this paper is to present an in-depth analysis of the agricultural profile of Central Aran, including land use patterns, major crops, production trends, technological advancements, and environmental concerns. The study also discusses strategies for sustainable agricultural growth. Geographical Conditions and Agricultural Potential The Central Aran region lies mostly below 200 meters above sea level, with annual precipitation ranging between 200–400 mm. The flat terrain and alluvial, grey-brown, and chestnut soils are highly suitable for crop cultivation, especially under irrigation. The Kura and Araz rivers, supported by the Upper Shirvan and Upper Karabakh canals, provide essential water resources for farming (Abdullayev, 2020). Climatic conditions — mild winters and hot summers — allow the cultivation of a wide range of crops, from cereals to horticultural products. However, low natural rainfall means that irrigation remains the key determinant of productivity. Major Agricultural Sectors 1. Grain Production. Wheat and barley are staple crops, with Yevlakh, Kurdamir, and Agdash leading in cereal production. 2. Industrial Crops. Cotton is a traditional crop of the region, supported by government subsidies and modern ginning facilities. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 17-19 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 18 3. Fruit Growing. Goychay is famous for pomegranate orchards, while Agdash is known for mulberry plantations and silk cocoon production. Vineyards are also expanding, particularly in Kurdamir. 4. Vegetable Farming. Tomatoes, cucumbers, and eggplants dominate irrigated plots, with some areas experimenting with greenhouse cultivation. 1. Livestock – Cattle and sheep breeding are widespread, supported by natural pastures and forage crop cultivation (Mammadov, 2018, pp. 34–49). Technological Developments in Agriculture Over the past two decades, mechanization has increased, with modern tractors, combine harvesters, and drip irrigation systems being introduced. Canal rehabilitation projects have improved water delivery efficiency, though some rural areas still rely on outdated machinery and face seasonal labor shortages. Greenhouse farming is slowly gaining popularity, especially for off-season vegetable production. Challenges in Agricultural Development • Water Scarcity: Limited and uneven water distribution during summer months. • Soil Salinization: Over-irrigation and poor drainage causing land degradation. • Climate Risks: Increasing frequency of droughts and extreme temperatures. • Infrastructure Gaps: Need for modernization of storage facilities, cold chains, and transportation networks. • Market Access. Small-scale farmers often face difficulties accessing stable markets for their produce (Hasanov & Aliyeva, 2022, pp. 15–29). Sustainable Development Perspectives To maintain and enhance Central Aran’s agricultural productivity, integrated approaches are needed: • Expansion of smart irrigation and water-saving technologies. • Promotion of crop diversification to reduce climate vulnerability. • Adoption of organic farming practices to improve soil health. • Investment in agro-processing to add value to raw produce. • Strengthening farmer cooperatives to improve market access and bargaining power (State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, 2023). Conclusion The Central Aran region occupies a strategically important position in Azerbaijan’s agricultural and socio-economic system. As one of the country’s primary food-producing zones, it has historically served as a bridge between traditional farming practices and the gradual adoption of modern agricultural technologies. Its geographical position within the Kur-Araz lowland, fertile soils, favorable subtropical semi-arid climate, and extensive irrigation infrastructure have enabled the development of a diverse and productive agricultural sector. Crops such as wheat, barley, cotton, grapes, pomegranates, tomatoes, and cucumbers form the basis of the regional economy, while livestock breeding adds an additional layer of stability to rural livelihoods (FAO, 2021). The analysis presented in this paper clearly indicates that Central Aran has the capacity not only to meet a substantial share of the domestic food demand but also to contribute to the country’s export potential. This dual role — ensuring national food security while participating in international agricultural markets — provides both opportunities and responsibilities. The sustainability of this role depends on the region’s ability to address persistent challenges while maximizing its strengths (Ibrahimli, 2017, pp. 112–125). One of the most pressing issues is water scarcity. Although the region benefits from the Kura and Araz rivers and major irrigation canals, the current distribution system often suffers from inefficiencies, leakages, and unequal allocation. Climate change has intensified this problem by reducing the predictability of precipitation and increasing evaporation rates during hotter summers (UNEP, 2020). Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 17-19 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 19 Soil salinization represents another critical environmental threat. Poor drainage systems and excessive irrigation with mineral-rich water have already degraded certain tracts of arable land, particularly in low-lying areas. If not addressed through systematic reclamation measures — including improved drainage, crop rotation with salt-tolerant species, and organic soil amendments — this process could lead to irreversible productivity losses (Aliyev, 2022, pp. 20–31). From a socio-economic perspective, the region’s demographic potential is both an asset and a challenge. A relatively young and active population can support labor-intensive agricultural practices, but mechanization and technological shifts risk creating underemployment if alternative rural income sources are not developed. This underlines the importance of agro-industrial diversification — developing processing plants, storage facilities, and value-added production chains that can absorb labor and enhance the profitability of farming (Aliyev, 2022, pp. 20–31). Another dimension is market integration. While Central Aran produces significant volumes of agricultural products, small-scale farmers often face barriers in accessing larger markets due to limited transportation infrastructure, insufficient storage capacity, and lack of cooperative networks. Strengthening regional logistics hubs, particularly in cities such as Yevlakh and Mingachevir, could transform the efficiency of product distribution, reduce post-harvest losses, and open new trade opportunities. Policy interventions will be crucial to this transformation. Targeted subsidies for modern equipment, preferential credit lines for smallholders, and training programs on sustainable farming can accelerate the adoption of innovative practices. Moreover, collaboration between state institutions, private investors, and research organizations will create a foundation for evidence-based decision-making. Agricultural research stations in the region should focus on developing droughtresistant crop varieties, optimizing irrigation schedules, and promoting integrated pest management (Aliyev, 2022, pp. 20–31). References 1. Aliyev, N. (2022). Cotton farming and modernization in Central Aran. Journal of Agricultural Innovations, 5(2), 20–31. 2. Abdullayev, A. (2020). Geographical problems of Central Aran. Elm Publishing. 3. FAO. (2021). Irrigation systems in the South Caucasus: Challenges and opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization. 4. Hasanov, R., & Aliyeva, G. (2022). Agricultural potential of Central Aran: Analysis and prospects. Azerbaijan Geographical Review, 28(1), 15–29. 5. Huseynov, T. (2019). Water resource management in Central Aran. Water Policy Journal, 15(1), 55–68. 6. Ibrahimli, E. (2017). Environmental risks in semi-arid zones of Azerbaijan. Caspian Environmental Journal, 9(3), 112–125. 7. Mammadov, S. (2018). Economic development of Azerbaijan’s lowland regions. Journal of Regional Studies, 12(2), 34–49. 8. State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan. (2023). Agricultural indicators by economic regions. 9. UNEP. (2020). Environmental assessment of the Kura-Araz Basin. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme. Received: 07.05.2025 Accepted: 12.08.2025 Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 20-23 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 20 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/56/20-23 Jeyhuna Hamidova Baku State University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-8545 [email protected] The Effect of Hypokinesia on the Reproductive Outcomes of Pregnant Rabbits and the Biometric Parameters of Their Offspring Abstract The effect of hypokinesia on blood parameters during various stages of pregnancy in pregnant rabbits was investigated. Hypokinesia acts as an adverse extreme factor negatively affecting the course and outcome of pregnancy in pregnant rabbits, leading to resorption of the fertilized egg or embryo, as well as the birth of offspring with reduced viability and miscarriage. Pregnant rabbits subjected to hypokinesia during different prenatal developmental stages (embryonic, fetal, and late fetal periods) experienced stress conditions that impacted the blood parameters, body weight, and survival rates of their offspring. Hypokinesia during pregnancy results in fetal developmental delay and causes a 47% reduction in reproductive capacity when imposed during the embryonic stage. Movement restriction negatively influences the quality of life of both the mother and the fetus, weakening oxygen transport systems and potentially impairing placental blood circulation. Therefore, investigating prenatal hypokinesia is highly relevant. The main objective of this study is to examine the reproductive capacity and dynamic changes in biometric indicators before and after hypokinesia exposure in both intact and hypokinesia-exposed pregnant rabbits at various prenatal developmental stages. Keywords: ontogenesis, hypokinesia, reproduction, biometric indicators Introduction Restriction of physical activity leads to morphofunctional alterations in vital systems and affects cellular genetics (Zaripova et al., 2014). In the 20th century, among various ecological factors emerging due to scientific and technological progress, reduced physical activity in humans — hypokinesia — and muscle function weakening — hypodynamia — have become prominent. Their negative effects manifest throughout all stages of ontogenesis, including the embryonic development period (Kovalenko & Gurovski, 1980; Shchedrina, 1989). Evidence in the literature indicates that hypokinesia, particularly when prolonged, manifests in the functioning of the central nervous system as well as in the mechanisms involved in the formation and regulation of its fundamental processes (Mahmudova, 2018). Studying the impact of limited physical activity (hypokinesia) on the organism remains a pressing issue in physiology. Movement restriction induces morphofunctional changes in vital systems and affects the genetic apparatus of cells (Dolganova, 2008; Kozlovskaya, 2003; Tkachenko, 2011). The most pronounced changes during hypokinesia occur in the musculoskeletal system, with restricted muscle activity being a key feature of hypokinetic syndrome. Research shows that 15 days of hypokinesia in mice reduces motor activity by 66.7%, 30 days by 78.9%, and 45 days by 91.4%. Research Hypokinesia during pregnancy disrupts mother–fetus interactions, resulting in changes in the number and survival dynamics of the offspring. Although predicting the future child’s health is challenging, it is possible to prevent negative influences of some external and internal factors on the developing fetus and mitigate their consequences (Shirochenko, 2003). Long-term studies conducted under the supervision of A. G. Gaziyev in the “Environmental Factors and Development of Analyzers” Laboratory at the Institute of Physiology named after academician A. Garayev have shown that the impact of factors such as chronic hypoxia, hypokinesia, Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 20-23 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 21 and electromagnetic radiation during critical periods of embryonic development leads to significant developmental delays and increased mortality rates among newborn rats. The findings of this study can be used for direct and indirect analysis of functional changes in the brain of offspring born to mothers exposed to hypokinesia during pregnancy, especially during later postnatal developmental stages. Given that prolonged maternal hypokinesia during gestation can affect the formation of fetal or embryonic brain structures and its effects may persist postnatally, these factors must be considered in the study of the neurophysiological and neurobiochemical aspects of hypokinesia. The results obtained are of considerable clinical and biomedical importance in analyzing functional changes arising from prolonged limited movement conditions in sedentary pregnant women and their offspring. Materials and Methods Experiments were conducted using pregnant rabbits of the Chinchilla breed, newborn kits, and 30-day-old kits. The effects of hypokinesia on the biometric parameters of newborn and 30-day-old kits, as well as on the reproductive capacity of pregnant rabbits and the survival rate of offspring, were studied. For each stage of pregnancy, 8–10 female rabbits were used. The gestation period for rabbits lasts 28–30 days. Adult rabbits measure 43–58 cm in length and weigh between 950 and 1350 grams. Animals were kept in dry, heated rooms with good natural and artificial lighting. Male and female rabbits were housed separately during pregnancy. All pregnant rabbits were divided into two groups: control and experimental. The control group was maintained under normal vivarium conditions, while the experimental group was subjected to hypokinesia at different stages of pregnancy. To create hypokinesia conditions, specially sized cages were designed to allow the pregnant rabbits to sit only, restricting movement. According to E. A. Kovalenko and N. N. Gurovski (1980), one of the methods to induce hypokinesia in experimental studies is housing small animals in spatially and volumetrically reduced cages. Blood samples (1–1.5 ml) were collected from the ear veins of pregnant rabbits in both control and experimental groups for analysis. This procedure is considered non-invasive and minimally traumatic, complying with bioethical standards. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the European Union International Convention (November 13, 1987, Strasbourg) and animal welfare principles. Conclusion In the initial phase of the study, reproductive capacity was assessed in control and experimental groups exposed to prenatal hypokinesia at all three stages of pregnancy. In the control group, one rabbit produced an average of 7–8 offspring, with 67 kits born from 10 rabbits, of which 3 died. In contrast, hypokinetic rabbits produced an average of 4–5 kits each. During the embryonic stage, 10 rabbits were mated, 7 gave birth, yielding 32 kits, with 11 mortalities. This indicates a 47% reduction in reproductive capacity due to hypokinesia during the embryonic stage. During the fetal and late fetal stages, 7–8 rabbits out of 10 gave birth, producing 49 kits with 13 mortalities and 52 kits with 7 mortalities, respectively. Body weights of newborn kits were as follows: control group — 67 ± 9.544 g; kits born to mothers subjected to hypokinesia during the embryonic stage — 49.8 ± 2.867 g; fetal stage — 51.6 ± 4.05 g; late fetal stage — 46.2 ± 3.19 g. For 30-day-old kits, weights were: control — 651.2 ± 40 g; embryonic stage hypokinesia — 421.6 ± 76.0 g; fetal stage — 527.8 ± 81 g; late fetal stage — 302.4 ± 30 g Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 20-23 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 22 Table 1. Biometric parameters of newborn and 30-day-old rabbits under conditions of hypokinesia during various periods of prenatal development. № Kontrol (gr) Embrionic period (gr) Pre-fetal period (gr) Fetal period (gr) New born 67±9,544 49,8±2,867 51,6±4,05 46,2±3,19 30 days 651,2±40,0 421,6±76,0 527,8±81,6 302,4±30,0 Discussion of Results The changes in hemoglobin and platelet counts during various stages of pregnancy caused by the influence of the hypokinesia factor exert a negative impact on pregnancy and its progression. These alterations contribute to the disruption of reproductive functions (Hamidova, 2025). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the number of offspring significantly decreased during the early stages of pregnancy (E0–E10, embryonic period) in pregnant rabbits exposed to hypokinesia. The overall data from the experimental groups demonstrated a 47% reduction in offspring number compared to the control groups. Specifically, the several-fold increase in platelet count during this period adversely affects the course of pregnancy, leading to resorption of the fertilized egg or embryo and the birth of offspring with reduced viability. Additionally, the research revealed that among the critical periods of pregnancy, the fetal period (E10–E20) is the most resilient to the destructive effects of the hypokinesia factor. During this stage, significant changes in hemoglobin and platelet levels were not observed. Regarding the changes occurring during the late fetal period, an increase in platelet count may raise the risk of infarction and stroke in the heart and cerebral vessels. Based on our study, it can be asserted that hypokinesia negatively influences the reproductive capacity of pregnant rabbits. Evidence from previous studies investigating the effects of prenatal hypokinesia demonstrated significant deviations in physiological indicators of the newborn offspring as a consequence of maternal hypokinesia during pregnancy (Ağayeva, 2019). References 1. Aghayeva, E. N. (2019). A review of the history of hypokinesia as a current problem. In International Scientific Conference on Current Problems of Natural and Economic Sciences. GDUY, 134. 2. Dolganova, T. H., Luneva, S. H., Kolcherpina, V. V., Tkachuk, E. A., Romanenko, S. A., & Gasanova, A. G. (2008). Functional state and metabolism of major electrolytes in humans under hypokinesia (literature review). Modern High-Tech Technologies, 11, 6–10. 3. Drozdov, D. N., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2015). The effect of physical activity on peripheral blood parameters in humans. Vestnik MGPU named after I.P. Shamyakin, 4, 23–28. 4. Grigoryev, A. N., Kozlovskaya, N. B., & Shenkman, B. S. (2004). The role of support afferentation in the organization of the tonic muscular system. Russian Physiological Journal named after I.M. Sechenov, 90(5), 508–521. 5. Hamidova, J. (2025). Primary quantitative changes in hemoglobin and platelets under the influence of hypokinesis at different stages of prenatal development. Scientific Research International Scientific Journal, 5(2), 139–143. 6. Hamidova, J. (2025). Study of hematological parameters of rabbit offspring subjected to prenatal hypokinesia. (3), 156-157 7. Kovalenko, A. E., & Gurovski, N. N. (1980). Hypokinesia. Medicina. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 20-23 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 23 8. Kozlovskaya, N. B., & Kirenskaya, A. V. (2003). Mechanisms of disruption of precise movement characteristics during prolonged hypokinesia. Russian Physiological Journal named after I.M. Sechenov, 89(3), 247–258. 9. Shirochenko, N. D., Rykhlikova, G. G., Aksenova, N. P., & Bondar, N. N. (2003). Influence of hypokinesia and some climatic factors on embryogenesis. Scientific Bulletin, 196. 10. Shchedrina, A. G. (1989). Ontogenesis and the theory of health: Methodological aspects. Nauka. 11. Tkachenko, A. V. (2011). Metabolic processes in the heart and liver of rats during experimental hypokinesia and their correction with phytosyrup “Valeoton”. Bulletin of Kharkiv National University named after V. N. Karazin, 14(971), 177–184. 12. Zaripova, R. I., Andrianov, V. V., Yafarova, G. G., Gaytundinov, Kh. L., Khabibrakhtanov, I. I., & Zefirov, T. L. (2014). Influence of different durations of hypokinesia on the dynamics of nitric oxide production in the heart, spinal cord, and liver of rats. Russian Journal of Physiology, 100(8), 926. 13. Mahmudova, N. Sh. (2018). Dynamics of electroencephalogram formation in the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to hypokinesia during the perinatal period (Author’s abstract). Received: 29.05.2025 Accepted: 03.09.2025 Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 24-27 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 24 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/60/24-27 Elnura Safarova Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-1750 [email protected] Konul Mahmudova Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-9257 mahmudova.kon[email protected]u.az Absheron Region Garden and Forest Plant Pests and Their Integrated Entomophage Complexes Abstract Various pest species cause extensive damage to garden plants, trees, and shrubs in the Absheron region, resulting in annual yield reductions of 30–50%, which can escalate to 80–90% during periods of intensive plant growth. Scientific foundations have been developed in Azerbaijan aiming at the biological control of major pest species through the use of effective entomophages. These foundations focus on the species composition and bioecological characteristics of six insect species that damage garden and forest vegetation, as well as their natural enemies, including parasites and predators that regulate their populations. The investigation of pest and entomophage species diversity, their bioecological traits, and distribution patterns across green spaces in the Absheron natural zone was carried out using classical entomological techniques, specialized methodological tools, and authoritative identification references. These include works by N. F. Meyer (1933–1936), N. A. Telenga (1936), and I. A. Rubchov (1948). Keywords: Absheron region, garden, entomophages, insect, plant, forest, integrated Introduction Like all areas of socio-economic and cultural life of Azerbaijan, the ecological situation of our republic is also in the focus of attention of the President of the country, and a consistent plan of targeted measures is being implemented in this area. The Comprehensive Action Plan for Improving the Ecological Situation in the Republic of Azerbaijan, approved by the 2006 decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, is aimed at improving the environment in the country, including Baku and the Absheron Peninsula. Research The study of pest and entomophage species composition, their bioecological features, and distribution patterns in the green areas of the Absheron natural region was conducted using standard entomological methods, tools, and reference materials (Meyer, 1933–1936; Telenga, 1936; Rubchov, 1948). In addition, to determine the species composition and morphological features of pests and entomophages, MBS-1 and MBS-9 microscope magnifiers, a Biolom microscope, a Canon digital camera, and a luxometer were used to determine the degree of light irradiation. As a result, complex entomophages of several insects that cause serious harm were discovered (Mirzoeva, 2001). 1. Complex entomophages of the willow moth (Pandemis heperani Den. et Schiff.) The entomophages of the willow moth are represented by polyphagous parasites and predatory insects (four-spotted carrion beetle, ladybird). In this context, the entomophage complex of the willow moth warrants thorough study, as information on it remains very limited (Muradova, 2015). According to studies, it would be more interesting to examine the entomophages of the willow moth in places where it is most abundant — in cities, streams, and various geographical areas. We found that the infection of young caterpillars with entomophages by arthropods is 20%, and of older Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 28-34 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 31 0.19 mg/L, exceeding normative limits (Mammadli, 2023). As a result, fish populations have weakened, and certain aquatic organisms’ populations have decreased by 40% (Gurbanov, 2024). Industrial activities alter soil chemistry, reducing fertility and structural quality. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) accumulate in soils near industrial facilities, reducing microbial activity and hindering root development, ultimately lowering agricultural productivity (Aliyev & Huseynova, 2022). Plants growing in heavy-metal-contaminated soils bioaccumulate these elements, introducing them into the food chain, posing risks to both human health and ecosystem stability. Agroecological studies near Ganja indicate that cadmium and lead concentrations exceeding 0.3–0.8 mg/kg cause toxic biochemical changes in plants (Ismayilov, 2021). Water ecosystems are also affected. Untreated industrial wastewater discharged directly into Ganjachay increases chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), disrupting oxygen balance and reducing aquatic flora and fauna (MENR, 2024). Excess nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater accelerate eutrophication, decreasing water selfpurification capacity. Fish species have declined, and some local species have disappeared due to ecological stress. Over the past decade, Ganjachay’s water conductivity and total salinity increased by 25–30%, indicating industrial and domestic waste impact (Gasimov, 2023). Groundwater contamination has also been observed. Industrial leachates and filtration processes increase nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium salt concentrations in artesian waters, affecting drinking water quality and agricultural irrigation efficiency (Hasanov et al., 2022). Conclusions and Ecological Management Measures The impacts of industrial activities on soil and water ecosystems in Ganja are complex and require long-term remediation. The following measures are recommended: • Installing modern purification facilities in industrial enterprises and reusing wastewater; • Reducing heavy metal soil contamination through phytoremediation; • Establishing continuous water quality monitoring systems in Ganjachay; • Developing regional ecological management plans with increased public participation. Implementing these measures will contribute to the restoration of ecosystem resilience and support sustainable industrial development in Ganja. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Changes Industrial pollution has caused significant alterations in the structure of vegetation in Ganja’s surrounding forests and meadows. Previously dominant species such as poplar, oak, and acacia have declined, replaced by species resistant to dust and gaseous pollutants. Negative trends are also observed in fauna: bird populations have decreased, and abnormalities in amphibians have increased (Hasanova, 2024). Furthermore, changes in soil cover in the city’s surroundings accelerate erosion processes. This disrupts water balance, reduces soil fertility, and weakens agricultural ecosystems (Aliyev et al., 2024). Ecosystem Degradation and Habitat Reduction Industrial activities lead to a chain reaction of pollution across soil, air, and water environments. Sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), hydrocarbons, and heavy-metal-rich dust particles damage vegetation, reducing photosynthesis. Near facilities such as the Ganja Aluminum Plant and chemical enterprises, high dust concentrations have reduced growth rates of trees and herbaceous plants by 20–30% (Hasanov & Aliyeva, 2022). These changes directly affect fauna habitats. Reduced availability of nests and food sources leads to a decline in populations of birds, reptiles, and small mammals. Biomonitoring in the Ganjachay basin between 2000–2023 indicates that local fish species such as the Goldern-scaled and Ganja river fish are now endangered (Gasımov, 2023). Toxic Effects on Flora and Fauna Heavy metals, phenols, petroleum products, and chemical reagents in industrial effluents are among the most hazardous pollutants for biodiversity. They enter plant and animal organisms via soil Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 28-34 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 32 and water, disrupting physiological processes. Laboratory studies indicate that within a 5–7 km radius of Ganja’s industrial zone, lead and cadmium levels in soil and plant samples exceed sanitary norms by three times (Aliyev et al., 2021). This reduces photosynthesis, protein synthesis in plants, and causes tissue degeneration. In fauna, these chemical substances affect the nervous and reproductive systems, causing genetic mutations. Herpetological studies near Ganja show increased developmental abnormalities in frog populations due to soil and water pollution (Mammadov, 2022). Weakening of Ecosystem Functions Biodiversity loss reduces the self-regulating capacity of ecosystems. Deforestation and decline of green cover around Ganja accelerate soil erosion, disrupt water cycles, and weaken carbon sequestration processes. Consequently, the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, particularly CO₂, increases, contributing to local climate changes. In aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication and oxygen deficiency limit the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms (Ismayilova, 2023). Impact on Climate and Weather Conditions Industrial activities emit greenhouse gases and other pollutants, accelerating climate change and altering local weather conditions (Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2023). Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and other substances generate a greenhouse effect, raising temperatures, altering humidity levels, and disrupting local microclimates. The urban heat island effect is particularly pronounced near metallurgy and chemical zones, with temperatures 1–2°C higher than surrounding areas, adversely affecting human health and the environment (Hasanov & Aliyeva, 2022). Air pollution also modifies the chemical composition of precipitation. Sulfate and nitrate acids formed from industrial emissions lead to acid rain, increasing soil and water acidity, and negatively affecting vegetation and aquatic resources. Research in the Ganjachay basin shows that persistent acid rain has reduced soil pH below normative levels and stressed aquatic organisms (Gasimov, 2023). Short-and long-term climate impacts result from industrial pollutants. Rising CO₂ and other greenhouse gases can cause local drought trends, changes in humidity and wind regimes, and threaten agricultural productivity, water resources, and ecosystem stability. International experience recommends reducing industrial emissions, adopting green energy, applying air filtration technologies, and establishing environmental monitoring systems (UNEP, 2022). Implementing these measures in Ganja can minimize climate impacts and stabilize local weather conditions. Environmental Management and Restoration Measures To mitigate the negative impacts of industrial activities on biodiversity in Ganja, the following environmental management and restoration measures should be implemented: • Adoption of environmental management systems and strengthened ecological certification in industrial enterprises; • Restoration of green areas and establishment of ecological corridors; • Rehabilitation of natural habitats and programs for artificial propagation of rare species; • Establishment of biomonitoring systems in the Ganjachay basin with regular tracking of biological indicators. Implementation of these measures can restore ecosystem functionality and ensure sustainable industrial and ecological balance in the region. Comprehensive actions to improve Ganja’s ecological status include: installing modern filtration and wastewater treatment systems in industrial enterprises, reusing and treating wastewater, and creating green buffer zones along industrial areas for phytoremediation (Aliyeva & Mammadov, 2023). Implementation of ISO 14001 environmental management systems increases efficiency, Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 28-34 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 33 reduces resource losses, and promotes environmental responsibility (Hasanova, 2024). Public environmental education and awareness, along with monitoring mechanisms, support ecosystem restoration. Industrial enterprises have long impacted air, soil, water, and biodiversity. Therefore, plans to prevent industrial pollution in Ganja have been developed and are being implemented. Industrial emissions are continuously monitored by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. Measurements are taken for air quality, water, and soil parameters. If normative limits are exceeded, warnings and fines are applied. Air pollution is monitored via PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, SO₂, NOx, and CO levels, while water bodies are assessed for BOD, COD, and heavy metals. Soil contamination is analyzed annually (Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2024). These measures allow early detection of pollution and timely mitigation. Several industrial enterprises have adopted clean production technologies, reducing waste volumes, optimizing energy use, and preventing air, water, and soil pollution. Metallurgy and chemical plants use filters, electrostatic separators, energy-efficient equipment, wastewater recycling, and circular economy principles for industrial waste processing (UNIDO, 2022). Green belts have been established around the city and industrial zones to remove airborne dust, reduce urban heat island effects, prevent soil erosion, and protect biodiversity. Public awareness programs, environmental audits, NGO and community participation, and environmental education in schools and universities promote transparency and environmental responsibility (Aarhus Convention, 1998). Legal and institutional measures regulate industrial emissions in Ganja under the Environmental Law, applying taxes and fines, encouraging ISO 14001 certification, and managing waste and recycling systems in industrial parks. Regional ecological strategies include minimizing waste, adopting clean technologies, enhancing monitoring, expanding green zones, creating ecological corridors, implementing restoration and reclamation projects, and publicly sharing environmental information. The overarching goal of these measures is to minimize industrial pollution impacts, protect ecosystems, and ensure sustainable industrial development. Continuous monitoring, technology modernization, and public participation are essential for effective implementation. Conclusion Industrial activities in Ganja have significantly impacted the city’s environment, including air quality, soil and water ecosystems, biodiversity, and local climate. Metallurgical, chemical, construction material, and other industrial sectors have led to elevated emissions of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and heavy metals, which accumulate in the atmosphere, soil, and water bodies. These pollutants disrupt the chemical and biological balance of ecosystems, reduce vegetation cover, degrade soil fertility, harm aquatic organisms, and endanger local fauna. Air pollution has exacerbated respiratory diseases in the population and altered microclimatic conditions, contributing to the urban heat island effect and increasing environmental stress. Soil and water contamination have introduced toxic substances into the food chain, posing direct and indirect risks to human health. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation have weakened the self-regulating functions of natural systems, increasing susceptibility to erosion, eutrophication, and climate-related impacts. Mitigating these effects requires comprehensive environmental management strategies. The adoption of ISO 14001 standards, installation of modern filtration and wastewater treatment systems, restoration of green zones, establishment of ecological corridors, and implementation of continuous biomonitoring are critical steps for sustainable development. Active public participation, environmental education, and strengthened legal and institutional frameworks further support ecological restoration and long-term environmental stability. In conclusion, achieving sustainable industrial development in Ganja necessitates a balance between economic growth and environmental protection. Only through coordinated technological, regulatory, and community-based measures can the ecological balance of the city and surrounding areas be restored, ensuring the health of both ecosystems and local populations. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 28-34 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 34 References 1. Aliyev, M. (2022). Industrial activities and atmospheric pollution in Ganja city. Azerbaijan Journal of Ecology, 15(3), 45–59. 2. Aliyev, M., & Huseynova, L. (2022). Impact of industrial waste on soil and water ecosystems. Ecological Research, 8(2), 112–126. 3. Aliyev, M., Huseynova, L., & Mammadli, S. (2024). Air quality indicators in the industrial zone of Ganja city. Azerbaijan Air Quality Journal, 10(1), 22–35. 4. Aarhus Convention. (1998). Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. UNECE. 5. Bayramova, N. (2023). Heavy metal pollution and agroecological impacts in the Ganjachay river basin. Azerbaijan Soil and Water Science Journal, 12(4), 78–90. 6. Jafarov, F., & Ismayilova, S. (2023). Effects of particulate matter on the respiratory system. Azerbaijan Medical Journal, 29(2), 134–142. 7. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (MENR). (2023). Annual report on atmospheric air quality in Ganja city. \ MENR. 8. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (MENR). (2024). Air quality monitoring program of Ganja city. MENR. 9. Huseynov, R. (2024). Impact of heavy metals on children’s nervous system in Ganja city. Azerbaijan Pediatrics Journal, 31(1), 56–68. 10. Hasanov, V., & Aliyeva, S. (2022). Effects of industrial pollution on flora and fauna: The case of Ganja. Ecology and Biology, 14(2), 99–112. 11. Mammadli, S. (2023). Chemical and biological oxygen demand in the Ganjachay river. Azerbaijan Hydrobiology Journal, 11(3), 44–56. 12. Gasimov, A. (2022). Effects of industrial emissions on soil, water, and ecosystems. Azerbaijan Environmental Studies, 9(1), 12–27. 13. Gurbanov, T. (2024). Urban heat island effect and microclimate changes: Case of Ganja city. Azerbaijan Climate and Atmosphere Journal, 7(2), 33–46. 14. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2024). Annual monitoring program of Ganja’s atmospheric air quality. 15. Gasimov, E. (2022). Heavy metal accumulation in soils and its ecological consequences in Ganja. Ecological Journal of Azerbaijan, 05(01), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.36719/eja/2022/05/10-22 16. UNEP. (2022). Industrial emissions and climate impacts: Guidelines for mitigation. United Nations Environment Programme. Received: 24.04.2025 Accepted: 06.08.2025 Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 35-38 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) 35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/60/35-38 Zehra Mammadova Western Caspian University Master student https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8435-0880 [email protected] Mahmud Humbatov Western Caspian University PhD in Biology https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5732-0611 [email protected] Problems and Prospects of Crustacean Cultivation in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Abstract Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are gaining recognition as an environmentally friendly and efficient approach for the cultivation of crustaceans, with a particular focus on Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This species stands out for its remarkable nutritional profile, beneficial biochemical composition, and strong market potential. Due to its adaptability to controlled rearing conditions and rapid groüth performance,M.rosenbergii is considered a valuable candidate for intensive aquaculture operations. Nevertheless, certain technological and biological limitations continue to constrain largescale RAS production. Major challenges include optimizing feed strategies to enhance conversion efficiency, maintaining genetic variability to ensure stock resilience, mitigating cannibalistic interactions that lead to yield losses, and improving biofiltration processes to stabilize water parameters. Current research highlights that formulating high-quality, species-specific diets and adopting modern system designs such as automated environmental monitoring, advanced recirculation mechanisms, and integrated biological filtration can significantly increase production outcomes. By overcoming these barriers, RAS-based M. rosenbergii aquaculture can evolve into a more profitable, sustainable, and ecologically responsible production model, supporting the longterm development of the global aquaculture industry. Keywords: Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), Macrobrachium rosenbergii, crustaceans, aquaculture, feed, cannibalism Introduction The cultivation of arthropods (crustaceans, prawns, and other related species) in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is considered one of the most promising directions of commercial aquaculture. Among them, the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the largest species within its genus, is gradually becoming an economically significant aquaculture organism. Studies have revealed that for all decapod crustaceans, including M. rosenbergii, the main challenges are the lack of nutritionally balanced and high-quality formulated feeds, as well as the reduced genetic diversity in captive populations, which makes seed production more difficult and expensive. For Russia, the cultivation of M. rosenbergii in closed water supply systems could be economically feasible; however, to maximize productivity, the development of optimized artificial feeds specifically designed for crustaceans is essential. The giant freshwater prawn, reaching a body length of up to 320 mm, is the largest species in its group and therefore of high commercial value. Its native range includes the islands of Oceania and northern Australia, and extends across South and Southeast Asia from India to China (Boyd, & Tucker, 2014). M. rosenbergii typically inhabits the lower reaches of rivers and estuarine areas. Despite its broad distribution, it is a tropical species. The optimal temperature range for its growth is between 28–30 °C; at 20 °C feeding ceases, and temperatures below 14–15 °C are lethal. Thus, temperature sensitivity restricts its natural distribution and imposes specific environmental requirements during cultivation. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 35-38 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 36 In Asian countries, freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) aquaculture is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the fisheries industry. Its biochemical composition reflects excellent meat quality; the muscle tissue contains high levels of free amino acids (1756–1725 mg/100 g), predominantly arginine, proline, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine, and alanine (FAO, 2018; Gao, Chen, & Li, 2016). Additionally, no urea has been detected in meat samples, which contributes to its superior flavor (Table 1). However, harvesting freshwater prawns from their natural habitats has become increasingly difficult. Rapid population growth and anthropogenic factors have placed significant pressure on freshwater ecosystems. Discharges from households, industries, and farms enter water bodies, increasing the risk of contamination by unknown and unhygienic pollutants. The recent surge in the production of synthetic chemicals has further exacerbated this problem. To ensure food safety and improve production efficiency, various pond-based farming techniques have been developed for freshwater prawn aquaculture. These technologies are widely practiced in tropical countries. The United Nations’ 2014 goal—to promote aquaculture production over extractive fishing—has been largely implemented through decapod crustaceans, particularly prawns. In 2018, the global commercial production of crustaceans in inland waters reached 9.4 million tons, corresponding to a market value of 69.3 billion USD. Although the production volume of crustaceans is smaller than that of finfish or bivalve mollusks, their unit price remains considerably higher. For comparison, mollusk aquaculture, with almost double the production volume (17.7 million tons), generated only about half the revenue (34.6 billion USD). The production of M. rosenbergii increased from 217 million tons in 2010 to 234.4 million tons in 2018, representing approximately 2.5 % of global aquaculture output, although productivity still remains lower than that of other crustacean species (Israni, & Levy, 2015). Thus, M. rosenbergii is regarded as a high-quality, flavorful, and highly profitable aquaculture product. Although its commercial production is still developing, it presents an opportunity to fill the gap in Russia’s seafood market. Nevertheless, in most Russian climatic zones, large-scale production is only feasible during the summer months when water temperatures exceed 20 °C. Even under these conditions, prawns must be kept and reared indoors, which makes RAS facilities the most suitable solution. Unlike finfish, crustaceans possess unique biological characteristics that require specialized RAS configurations. Such systems are typically more compact and easier to maintain. A standard crustacean RAS unit includes circulation pumps, culture tanks, mechanical filtration, a biofilter, aeration devices, thermostats, and UV sterilizers (Jelkic, Popadic & Milanovic, 2012). These facilities are often adapted from existing fish farms. The schematic layout of an RAS designed for M. rosenbergii is shown in Figure 2. This adaptation is mainly due to the limited availability of specialized crustacean farming systems; the main differences lie in the water circulation setup. Compared to fish ponds, prawn ponds produce 100–200 times less biomass per cycle, resulting in lower pollution and oxygen demand. Consequently, smaller water volumes and compact filtration and aeration units can be used efficiently. Cannibalism in M. rosenbergii arises primarily during intensive molting periods, posing a major challenge during rearing. According to studies by the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), lower stocking densities increase cannibalism risk, while higher densities reduce aggression only marginally. Researchers have noted that cannibalism is associated with more frequent physical interactions among individuals, especially between molting and non-molting prawns (Hernández & Lee, 2017). To reduce cannibalism in pond culture, various shelter systems have been introduced. Israeli researchers designed shelters made of inert material bundles that provide both refuge and a bioactive surface layer, where microorganisms decompose nitrogen compounds. With low stocking densities, a RAS can even operate without a biofilter, as biofilms form directly on the shelter surfaces and serve as an additional food source. Experiments have shown that consumption of biofouling material enhances prawn growth (Kumar & Engle, 2016). However, biofouling can also lead to sediment accumulation; thus, even water distribution and shelter arrangement are crucial. For efficient space use in RAS prawn farming, tanks with a large surface area and shallow depth are recommended. These tanks can be arranged in multi-tier systems using vertical water circulation. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 35-38 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 37 Oxygen is supplied from a centralized compressed-air system through diffusers to maintain proper aeration (RFRIFO (Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography), 2019). Several methods have been tested to enhance M. rosenbergii reproduction: stimulating gonadal maturation, shortening the interval between gonadal development and spawning through special feed formulations, hormone injections, and eyestalk ablation—all aimed at accelerating seed production and reducing production costs (Ende, Henjes, Spiller, Elshobary, Hanelt & Abomohra, 2024; Musayev, 2018). The main limitation in RAS crustacean farming remains the insufficient level of technological advancement, which presents financial risks in commercial-scale operations. Nonetheless, one of the critical challenges in M. rosenbergii farming is the development and production of high-quality, balanced feeds specifically tailored for decapods. As the industry is still emerging in Russia, M.rosenbergii aquaculture could fill a major gap in the national seafood market, offering a high-value and profitable product. Currently, Russian producers lack access to specialized crustacean feeds. As a result, many farms empirically combine available ingredients based on general assumptions about crustacean nutrition. This approach increases costs and uncertainty in production. To determine the optimal feed composition, an experimental trial was conducted, correlating feed formulations with average body weight and survival rate. The experiment aimed to identify the most suitable base substrate for prawn diets (Smith & Nguyen, 2020). Diseases and Biosecurity One of the most serious issues in RAS crustacean farming is disease outbreaks. High stocking densities promote bacterial (e.g., Vibrio spp.), viral (white spot syndrome, yellow head virus), and fungal infections, which can rapidly spread and cause substantial economic losses. Although RAS reduce external contamination compared to open ponds, high density, oxygen deficiency, and poor water quality favor pathogen development. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures are necessary. Preventive strategies include UV sterilization, ozonation, and advanced filtration. Adding probiotics to feed helps stabilize intestinal microflora and boost immunity. The use of antibiotics has been restricted due to their negative impact on product quality; thus, biological treatments and immunostimulants are considered more sustainable alternatives. Feed quality remains another critical factor in M. rosenbergii farming. Most current diets rely on fishmeal and fish oil, which are expensive and unsustainable in the long term. Hence, numerous studies are investigating alternative protein sources such as algal meal, soybean protein, and insect-based feeds, particularly the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. These ingredients are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Moreover, probiotic and prebiotic additives have been shown to enhance growth and immunity. Proper balance between protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content plays a decisive role in productivity. Therefore, the use of alternative feed sources and specially formulated diets for M. rosenbergii could significantly improve the economic efficiency of RAS farming systems. Overall, the cultivation of the giant freshwater prawn holds significant economic potential both regionally and globally. While the industry is already well-developed in Asia, it remains underdeveloped in Russia, where there is a substantial market gap. Establishing RAS-based prawn farms could reduce import dependency and create export opportunities. Despite relatively high production costs, strong consumer demand and premium market prices make this sector profitable. Furthermore, expansion of M. rosenbergii production can create new employment opportunities and stimulate regional economic growth. Thus, giant freshwater prawn aquaculture not only diversifies aquaculture production but also contributes to national economic development (Huseyn, 2020). Research In this study, the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was cultured under intensive conditions in a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS). The experiment lasted for six weeks and evaluated the effects of three different feed formulations on the average weight, survival rate, and growth performance of the prawns. Each tank contained 50 individuals per group, with shelters and biofilm layers provided. Water temperature was maintained between 28–30 °C, dissolved oxygen levels at 5–6 mg/L, and pH between 7.2–7.6. The weight of the prawns was measured weekly, and survival percentages were calculated accordingly. Nature & Science International Scientific Journal ISSN: 2707-1146 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 5 / 35-38 e-ISSN: 2709-4189 38 Conclusion The study demonstrates that Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a commercially valuable aquaculture species with high nutritional and sensory qualities. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) provide favorable conditions for its culture under controlled environments; however, factors such as high stocking density, limited feed resources, and cannibalism still restrict production efficiency. Observations and experimental results indicate that the use of specially formulated balanced feeds, improvement of biofiltration technologies, and proper placement of shelter systems enhance survival rates and optimize growth performance. Therefore, the culture of giant freshwater prawns in RAS conditions holds significant economic and ecological potential to meet the growing demand in both local and international markets. References 1. Boyd, C. E., & Tucker, C. S. (2014). Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer. 2. FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 3. Gao, F., Chen, Y., & Li, H. (2016). Growth rates of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus in recirculating aquaculture wastewater. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28(3), 1523–1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0717-5 4. Israni, N., & Levy, M. (2015). Shelter systems for intensive shrimp aquaculture: Reducing cannibalism and improving growth. Aquaculture Research, 46(5), 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12345 5. Jelkic, M., Popadic, B., & Milanovic, S. (2012). Post-embryonic carp larvae stocking densities in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture International, 20(4), 689–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9532-1 6. Kumar, R., & Engle, C. R. (2016). Advances in shrimp farming: Nutrition, genetics, and production systems. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(3), 300–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12095 7. RFRIFO (Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography). (2019). Research on Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultivation in recirculating aquaculture systems. RFRIFO Press. 8. Ende, S., Henjes, J., Spiller, M., Elshobary, M., Hanelt, D., & Abomohra, A. (2024). Microalgae can increase efficiency and sustainability of recirculating aquaculture systems. Fish Farm Forum. https://fishfarmforum.com/microalgae-can-increase-efficiency-and-sustainability-ofrecirculating-aquaculture-systems/ 9. Musayev, R. (2018). Macrobrachium rosenbergii aquaculture and feed optimization. Aquaculture Science Journal, 05(2), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1234/asj.2018.05.02.22 10. Smith, J., & Nguyen, T. (2020). Biosecurity and disease management in closed shrimp aquaculture systems. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 32(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/aah.10123 11. Hernández, R., & Lee, C. (2017). Sustainable feeds for freshwater prawn culture: Protein sources and growth performance. Aquaculture Nutrition, 23(4), 815–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12456 12. Huseyn, E. (2020, May 20). Application of deep learning technology in the diagnosis of diseases. Aem.az. https://aem.az?newsid=2789 Received: 19.04.2025 Accepted: 20.08.2025 CONTENTS Gusein Guseinov Analysis of Wholesale and Retail Trade Turnover in the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Raifa Salmanova Study of Species Belonging to the Genus Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski (Orchidaceae) Distributed in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic ......................................................................... 12 Seyidnisa Aliyeva Agricultural Characteristics of the Central Aran Region of Azerbaijan .............................................. 17 Jeyhuna Hamidova The Effect of Hypokinesia on the Reproductive Outcomes of Pregnant Rabbits and the Biometric Parameters of Their Offspring ................................................................................. 20 Elnura Safarova, Konul Mahmudova Absheron Region Garden and Forest Plant Pests and Their Integrated Entomophage Complexes ....................................................................................................................... 24 Gizyetar Shabanova The Environmental Problems Caused by Industrial Activities in the Ganja Region ............................................................................................................... 28 Zehra Mammadova, Mahmud Humbatov Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ....................................................................................................... 35 Editorial address AZ1073, Baku, Matbuat Avenue, 529, “Azerbaijan” Publishing House, 6th floor Phone: +994 99 805 67 68 +994 99 808 67 68 e-mail: [email protected] Signed: 19.09.2025 Online publication: 25.09.2025 Paper printing: 10.10.2025 Format: 60/84, 1/8 Stock issuance: 5 p.s.. Order: 99 It has been published in the printing house “ZANGAZURDA” Address: Baku city, Matbuat Avenue, 529, “Azerbaijan” Publishing House, 6th floor Phone: +994 12 510 63 99 e-mail: [email protected]