BADIYIY TARJIMADA EKVIVALENTLIK VA ADEKVATLIK MASALALARI
Abstract
This article explores the concepts of equivalence and adequacy in literary translation, their practical manifestations, and their role in the translation process. The study analyses examples from Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel O‘tkan Kunlar to demonstrate how these categories are realized in practice. Additionally, the research draws on the scholarly perspectives of Uzbek translation scholars such as G‘aybulla Salomov, Ibrohim G‘ofurov, Muhammadjon Xolbekov, and Gulnoza Odilova as a theoretical foundation.
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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 751 BADIYIY TARJIMADA EKVIVALENTLIK VA ADEKVATLIK MASALALARI Mamadaliyev Abdumajit Mamasoliyevich Professor, Fan va texnologiyalar universiteti https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17829294 Abstract. This article explores the concepts of equivalence and adequacy in literary translation, their practical manifestations, and their role in the translation process. The study analyses examples from Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel O‘tkan Kunlar to demonstrate how these categories are realized in practice. Additionally, the research draws on the scholarly perspectives of Uzbek translation scholars such as G‘aybulla Salomov, Ibrohim G‘ofurov, Muhammadjon Xolbekov, and Gulnoza Odilova as a theoretical foundation. Key words: literary translation, equivalence, adequacy, translation process, national colour, translation studies. Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada badiiy tarjimada ekvivalentlik va adekvatlik tushunchalari, ularning amaliy ko‘rinishlari va tarjima jarayonidagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda Abdulla Qodiriyning “O‘tkan kunlar” romanidan olingan misollar asosida mazkur kategoriyalar qanday namoyon bo‘lishi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, G‘aybulla Salomov, Ibrohim G‘ofurov, Muhammadjon Xolbekov va Gulnoza Odilova kabi o‘zbek tarjimashunoslarining ilmiy qarashlari asos sifatida qo‘llanilgan. Tayanch so‘zlar: badiiy tarjima, ekvivalentlik, adekvatlik, tarjima jarayoni, milliy kolorit, Qodiriy, tarjimashunoslik Badiiy tarjima jarayoni ikki madaniyat, ikki dunyoqarash o‘rtasidagi murakkab muloqot sifatida qaraladi. Tarjimon nafaqat matn mazmunini, balki uning estetik, madaniy va stilistik qatlamlarini ham qayta yaratishi zarur. Shu sababli badiiy tarjimada “ekvivalentlik” va “adekvatlik” kategoriyalari markaziy o‘rin tutadi. G‘aybulla Salomov qayd etganidek, tarjimonning asosiy vazifasi mazmunni emas, balki “matnning badiiy-estetik ruhini yetkazishdan iborat” [Salomov, 1983]. Ekvivalentlikning nazariy asoslar Ekvivalentlik tarjima nazariyasining asosiy kategoriyalaridan biri bo‘lib, manba matn bilan tarjima matn o‘rtasidagi ma’no, funksiya va ta’sirning muvofiqligi sifatida talqin etiladi. Ibrohim G‘ofurov tarjimada ekvivalentlikni “asarning ichki energetikasi, ruhiy zaryadini o‘tkaza olish” bilan bog‘laydi [G‘ofurov, 1991]. Badiiy matnda ekvivalentlik faqat leksik darajada emas, balki obrazlilik, metaforik, milliy kolorit elementlari, muallif uslubi kabi qatlamlarda ham namoyon bo‘ladi. Masalan, “O‘tkan kunlar” romanida uchraydigan “ko‘ngli tog‘dek ko‘tarildi” kabi iboralar ingliz tiliga tarjima qilinayotganda bevosita semantik ekvivalent topilmaydi. Bunday hollarda tarjimon mazmuniy ekvivalentlikni yaratish uchun kontekstual mos variantdan foydalanadi: “his spirit rose high like a mountain” kabi. Adekvatlik tushunchasi va uning badiiy tarjimada tutgan o‘rni
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 752 Adekvatlik ekvivalentlikka nisbatan kengroq tushuncha bo‘lib, nafaqat matn mazmuni, balki uning uslubiy, janriy, madaniy xususiyatlari ham tarjimada to‘liq qayta yaratilganligini anglatadi. Muhammadjon Xolbekovning fikricha, adekvat tarjima — “asarning badiiy-estetik tabiatini buzmagan holda, yangi tilda qayta tug‘ilishidir” [Xolbekov, 2005]. Masalan, Qodiriyning asarlarida o‘zbekona mentalitet, sharqona muomala, tarixiy-realist uslub, o‘ziga xos yumor va kinoya kuchli ifodalangan. Ularni asliyatga sodiq holda boshqa tilga o‘tkazish tarjimondan katta mahorat talab qiladi. Ingliz tilidagi tarjimada “Otabekning ko‘ngliga bir g‘ash tushdi” jumlasi “A pang of uneasiness touched Otabek’s heart” tarzida berilishi adekvat variant sanaladi, chunki u nafaqat mazmunni, balki ruhiy holatning yumshoq, ichki kechinma sifatidagi tabiatini ham qayta yaratadi. Milliy koloritni yetkazishda ekvivalentlik va adekvatlikning amaliy ko‘rinishlari Badiiy tarjimaning eng murakkab jihatlaridan biri milliy koloritni yetkazishdir. Gulnoza Odilova milliy koloritni “matndagi lingvokulturologik belgilarning jamlanmasi” sifatida izohlaydi va ularni tarjimada yo‘qotish badiiy qimmatning kamayishiga olib kelishini ta’kidlaydi [Odilova, 2012]. “O‘tkan kunlar” romanida o‘zbekona muhit, sharqona urf-odatlar, tarixiy-turmush tarzini aks ettiruvchi ko‘plab unsurlar mavjud. Masalan: – “kelin salom”, – “piyola tutdi”, – “oq yo‘l tiladi”, – “eshik oldida dasturxon yozildi”. Ularning ingliz tiliga to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ekvivalentlari bo‘lmagani uchun funktsional adekvat variantlarni tanlash muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi: “kelin salom” → “the bride’s respectful greeting ceremony”, “piyola tutdi” → “offered a traditional bowl of tea”. Bu misollar adekvatlikni ta’minlash uchun tavsiflovchi (descriptive) tarjima usuli qo‘llanishini ko‘rsatadi. Misollar asosida tahlil Quyidagi misollar ekvivalentlik va adekvatlikning turli darajalarda namoyon bo‘lishini ko‘rsatadi: 1. **“Otabek boshini quyi soldi”** Inglizcha tarjimada: *“Otabek bowed his head in silence.”* — Mazmunkor ekvivalentlik saqlangan, badiiy ohang ham mos tushadi. 2. **“Kampirning ko‘ngli yorishib ketdi”** *“The old woman’s heart brightened with joy.”* — Metafora boshqa tilda ham adekvat tarzda berilgan. 3. **“Buvilar duoi fotiha qildilar”** *“The elderly women offered their blessings.”* — Madaniy koloritni yo‘qotmaslik uchun bevosita emas, funksional tarjima tanlangan. Bu misollar tarjimonning ekvivalentlik va adekvatlikni uyg‘unlashtira olishi badiiy tarjima sifatini ta’minlashini ko‘rsatadi. Xulosa Badiiy tarjimada ekvivalentlik va adekvatlik kategoriyalari bir-birini to‘ldiradi va tarjima jarayonining muvaffaqiyatini belgilaydi. Ekvivalentlik mazmunning asosiy yadrosini saqlashga xizmat qilsa, adekvatlik matnning estetik, madaniy va stilistik tabiatini yangi tilda qayta yaratadi.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 753 “O‘tkan kunlar” romanidan olingan misollar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, yuqori darajadagi badiiy tarjima uchun tarjimon nafaqat lingvistik bilimga, balki madaniyatshunoslik va adabiyotshunoslik kompetensiyalariga ham ega bo‘lishi zarur. Shu bois, ekvivalentlik va adekvatlikning nazariy-amaliy talqinlarini chuqur o‘rganish tarjima sifatini oshirishda muhim omil bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar 1. Salomov G‘. Tarjima nazariyasiga kirish. Toshkent, 1983. 2. G‘ofurov I. Tarjima san’ati. Toshkent, 1991. 3. Xolbekov M. Badiiy tarjima masalalari. Toshkent, 2005. 4. Odilova G. Lingvokulturologiya va tarjima. Toshkent, 2012. 5. Qodiriy A. O‘tkan kunlar. Toshkent, 1926. 6. Mark Reese Bygone Days, Nashville, TN, 2020.