New record and diet of a poorly known frog, Amolops daorum (Amphibia, Anura) from Vietnam

203 New record and diet of a poorly known frog, Amolops daorum (Amphibia, Anura) from Vietnam Anh Van Pham1, Cuong The Pham2,3 , Truong Quang Nguyen2,3 , Hoa Thanh Thi Nguyen4, Thuong Thanh Hoang4, Minh Duc Le1,5,6 , Thomas Ziegler7,8 1 Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Road, Hanoi 11416, Vietnam 2 Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 3 Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam 4 Tay Bac University, Son La Province, Vietnam 5 Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11021, Vietnam 6 Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA 7 AG Zoologischer Garten Köln, Riehler Straße 173, D-50735 Köln, Germany 8 Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Street 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany Corresponding author: Anh Van Pham ([email protected]) Copyright: © Anh Van Pham et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International – CC BY 4.0). Research Article Abstract As a result of our field surveys, a new population of the Dao Frog, Amolops daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003), was found in Son La Province, northern Vietnam, and its identification was based on molecular and morphological analyses. To date, knowledge about the natural history of this species is scarce, including data on its dietary ecology. Using the stomach-flushing method, we analyzed stomach contents of 132 individuals (81 males and 51 females) of A. daorum. We found 501 prey items (458 invertebrates, one vertebrate, and 15 unidentified items), belonging to 11 insect orders (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera), insect larvae, Araneae, Opiliones, Mollusca, Polydesmida, Scolopendromorpha, and a frog. The dominant prey items of the species were Coleoptera (19.16%), Hymenoptera (17.76%), insect larvae (16.57%), Hemiptera (9.98%), Araneae (7.98%), Diptera (6.99), and Orthoptera (5.79%). The importance index for these categories ranged from 5.61% to 18.45%. Hymenoptera and Coleoptera were the categories with the highest frequency of prey items, found in 55 and 54 stomachs, respectively. There was an overlap of 82.83% in the diet between males and females. Coleoptera, insect larvae, Hymenoptera, Araneae, and Orthoptera represented the most important prey categories for both sexes. Key words: Coleoptera, distribution, Hymenoptera, morphology, prey items, stomach contents, Son La Province Introduction Globally, one-third of all amphibian species are threatened with extinction and almost half are experiencing population declines (Stuart et al. 2004; IUCN 2025). However, information on the diet ecology of many frogs is lacking. Knowledge about the diet ecology is crucial for a better understanding of the Academic editor: Angelica Crottini Received: 15 September 2025 Accepted: 16 November 2025 Published: 5 December 2025 ZooBank: https://zoobank. org/67076558-0E60-4BA3-8F2E69E3E93A6362 Citation: Pham AV, Pham CT, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen HTT, Hoang TT, Le MD, Ziegler T (2025) New record and diet of a poorly known frog, Amolops daorum (Amphibia, Anura) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 1262: 203–219. https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.1262.172081 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025) DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 204 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam life history, population fluctuations, and the impact of habitat modification on populations of frogs (Toft 1980; Strüssmann et al. 1984; Donnelly 1991; Ogoanah and Uchedike 2011; Caldart et al. 2012; Merlita and Olga 2013). In addition, identifying the prey taxa for each species helps to clarify the impact of frogs on invertebrate control (Nakamura and Tominaga 2021). The main factors influencing the feeding ecology of frogs are food abundance, prey availability in the environment, size constraints, ecological tolerances, and climatic conditions (Schoener 1974; Toft 1980; Strüssmann et al. 1984; Duellman and Trueb 1994 Miranda et al. 2006; Pham et al. 2019a, 2023a, 2024a, b), so frogs in tropical and subtropical regions have more diverse diets than in temperate regions (Ugarte et al. 2007; Brito et al. 2013; Ngo et al. 2014). Previous studies have shown that mostly invertebrates, and sometimes small vertebrates, make up the diets of frogs, of which terrestrial and aquatic insects have been reported as preferred frog prey (Duellman and Trueb 1994; Wells 2007; Strüssmann et al. 1984; Miranda et al. 2006; Merlita and Olga 2013; Ngo et al. 2014; Pham et al. 2019a, 2024a). The genus Amolops Cope, 1865 currently contains 89 species that inhabit forest streams (Frost 2025). Despite a high number of species richness, dietary studies were only focused on Amolops larutensis (Boulenger) and Amolops shihaitaoi Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu. In Son La Province, studies on the diet of amphibians have been conducted in several species, for example Microhyla butleri, M. heymonsi in Son La City and Phong Lai Commune; Limnonectes bannaensis in Copia, Muong La, and Ta Xua nature reserves (NRs); L. nguyenorum in Quynh Nhai and Muong Do communes; Nanorana yunnanensis and Odorrana chapaensis in Muong La Nature Reserve (NR); Odorrana jingdongensis in Copia and Muong La NRs; and Polypedates megacephalus in Muong Do and Phong Lai communes (Pham and Nguyen 2018; Pham et al. 2019a, b, 2022, 2023a, 2024a, b). Those studies demonstrated that these frogs have varied diets, with ants, beetles, dipterans, and insect larvae, representing the predominant prey. The Dao Frog, Amolops daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003), was described from Vietnam, with the holotype deriving from Lao Cai Province. At present, the species is known from Lao Cai (Vietnam), Yunnan Province and Hong Kong (China), and Houaphan (Laos) (Frost 2025). This species is closely associated with streams in mixed secondary evergreen forest of larger and medium-sized hardwoods, shrubs, and arrowroot (Bain et al. 2003). As a result of our recent field work in Muong La and Ta Xua NRs, northern Vietnam, A. daorum is recorded for the first time from Son La Province. In addition, we provide novel data on dietary ecology of the species by the stomach-flushing method. Material and methods Sampling Three field surveys were conducted in Son La Province, northern Vietnam (Suppl. material 1: fig. S1): (1) Ngoc Chien Commune, within Muong La NR by Anh Van Pham and Nenh Ba Sung in October 2016; (2) Xim Vang Commune, within Ta Xua NR by Quyen The Bui and Trieu Van Dau in May 2017; (3) Hang Dong Commune, within Ta Xua NR by Anh Van Pham and Nenh Ba Sung in May 2019. 205 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam Frogs were collected by hand between 20:30 and 23:00 h following the guidelines approved by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists for animal care (Beaupre et al. 2004). In this study, we used the stomach-flushing technique to obtain stomach contents without sacrificing them (Griffiths 1986; Leclerc and Courtois 1993; Solé et al. 2005). Spatula, forceps, two syringes with thread (60 ml), and the infusion tube of soft material (silicon) were used to collect prey items in the stomach of frogs, in particular for small individuals to avoid perforations of the oesophagus and stomach. Each specimen was stomach-flushed only once following the guidelines approved by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists for animal care (Beaupre et al. 2004). The water for flushing was taken from the streams where the frogs were captured and used after filtration. After stomach-flushing, frogs were monitored for vigour and body conditions and released within 30 min at the place of capture. Prey items were preserved in 70% ethanol. Frogs were subsequently released at the collecting site after measurements of snout–vent length (SVL), mouth width (MW) with digital calipers to the nearest 0.01 mm taken and body mass (BM) with an electronic balance. In total, 132 frogs, including 81 males and 51 females. For taxonomic identification, two individuals were collected for voucher specimens. After having been photographed in life, animals were anesthetized and euthanized in a closed vessel with a piece of cotton wool containing ethyl acetate (Simmons 2002), fixed in 85% ethanol and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. Specimens were deposited in the collections of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University. Morphological characters Measurements were taken with digital calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. The following abbreviations were used (after Pham et al. 2023b): SVL snout–vent length (from the back of mandible to tip of snout); HL head length (from the back of mandible to tip of snout); MW maximum head width (across angles of jaws); SE distance from tip of snout to anterior corner of eye; SND distance from nostril to the tip of snout; END eye to nostril distance (distance from anterior corner of eye to the nostril); ED eye diameter; TD tympanum diameter; FLL forelimb length (from tip of disc of finger III to axilla); HLL hindlimb length (from tip of disc of fourth toe to groin); FL femur length (from vent to knee); TL tibia length (from knee to tarsus). Molecular data We sequenced two new samples of Amolops daorum collected from Son La Province. We used the protocols of Le et al. (2006) for DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene, 16S ribosomal RNA, of approximately 550 bp was amplified and sequenced using the prim- 206 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam er pair LR N 13398 (5′-CGCCTGTTTACCAAAAACAT-3′; forward), LR J 12887 (5′-CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCACGT-3′; reverse) (Simon et al. 1994). Sequences were compared with those from GenBank using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches. Stomach content analysis Prey items were identified under a microscope (Olympus SZ 700) based on identification keys (i.e. Naumann et al. 1991; Thai 2003; Johnson and Triplehorn 2005; Brusca et al. 2016). The maximum length (L) and width (W) of each prey item were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using either calipers or a calibrated ocular micrometer fitted to a microscope. The volume (V) of prey items was calculated using the formula for a prolate spheroid (π = 3.14, Pham et al. 2024a: V = 4π / 3 × (L / 2) × (W / 2) 2 (mm3). The index of relative importance (IRI) was used to determine the importance of each food category. This index provides a more informed estimation of prey item consumption than any of the three components alone by using the following formula: IRI = (%F + %N + %V) / 3 (Caldart et al. 2012), where F is the frequency of prey occurrence in stomachs and N is the total number of prey items concerning all prey items. We used the reciprocal Simpson’s heterogeneity index, 1-D, to calculate dietary heterogeneity: D = ∑[ni(ni – 1)] / [N(N – 1)]. Where ni is the number of prey items in the ith taxon category and N is the total number of prey items (Krebs 1999). To estimate prey evenness, we used Shannon’s index of evenness. Evenness is calculated from the equation: J′ = H′ / Hmax = H′ / ln S. The maximum diversity (Hmax) that could occur is that which would be found in a situation in which all taxa had equal abundance (H′ = Hmax = ln S), S is the total number of prey taxa, and H′ is the Shannon–Weiner index of taxon diversity. The value of H′ is calculated from the equation: H′ = –∑(Pi × ln Pi), where the quantity Pi is the proportion of total prey items belonging to the ith taxon for the total prey items of the sample (Magurran 2004; Muñoz-Pedreros and Merino 2014). The diet overlap between males and females was calculated by measuring the percentage overlap (Krebs 1999; Caldart et al. 2012), defined by the following equation: Where Pjk is the percentage overlap between groups j and k, Pij and Pik, respectively, represent the proportions of prey i consumed by groups j and k, and n is the total number of prey categories. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) and with the significance level set to p < 0.05 for all analyses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise noted. To evaluate the relationships between the frog SVL and the prey volume of each individual, we calculated the following index values including minimum, maximum, mean prey item volume, and total prey volume (Nakamura and Tominaga 2021). Kendall’s tau-b statistics were used to examine relationships between the frog SVL and the minimum, maximum, mean prey item volume, and total prey volume (Nakamura and Tominaga 2021). Wilcoxon’s rank sum test (W) was used to examine the size of prey items, the number of prey items, and prey 207 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam volume from frogs of different sexes. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between body size (SVL and MW), prey width, and prey volume. Results New record of Amolops daorum from Son La Province Two sequences (GenBank accession numbers PX499615 (IB A.6422), PX499616 (IB A.6423) of Amolops specimens from Son La Province were almost identical (99.58% and 99.60% similar, respectively) to the sequence available in GenBank of A. daorum (accession number FJ417151 from the type locality, Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province). Morphological description of two collected specimens Morphological characteristics of the specimens collected in Son La Province resemble the diagnosis of Amolops daorum (Fig. 1) (Bain et al. 2003): SVL 36.8 mm in the male and 49.9 mm in the female; head large, broad and flat (HL/SVL 0.35 in the male and 0.36 in the female, MW/SVL 0.31 in the male and 0.32 in the female), longer than wide (HL 12.6 mm in the males and 17.8 in the female; MW 11.1 mm in the male and 16.0 mm in the female); snout pointed anteriorly in dorsal view; nostril lateral, closer to snout tip than to eye (SND 2.6 mm in the male and 3.5 mm in the female, END 2.9 mm in the male and 3.7 mm in the female); canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; snout length greater than eye diameter (SE 5.5 mm in the male and 7.5 mm in the female; ED 5.2 mm in the male and 6.1 mm in the female); eyes very large, pupil horizontally oval; tympanum distinct, round (TD/ED 0.40 in the male and 0.43 in the female); vomerine teeth absent; tongue cordiform, notched posteriorly; vocal sac opening on floor of mouth at corner. Forelimb long (FLL/SVL 0.72 in the male and 0.68 in the female); relative finger lengths I<II<IV<III; fingers without webbing; tips of fingers expanded into discs, second to fourth with circummarginal grooves; tip of first finger smaller, without circummarginal groove; subarticular tubercles oval, formula 1, 1, 2, 2; metatarsal tubercle indistinct; glandular nuptial pad on finger I. Hindlimb very long (HLL/SVL 1.94 in the male and 2.07 in the female); tibia longer than thigh (FL 19.9 mm in the male and 28.8 mm in the female; TL 22.1 mm in the male and 32.1 mm in the female); relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV; tips of toes expanded into discs; width of disc of toe IV smaller than that of finger III; subarticular tubercles oval, formula 1, 1, 2, 3, 2; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin texture in life: dorsal surface and lateral side of head and body smooth, except few very small tubercles present on vent; supratympanic fold indistinct; dorsolateral fold distinct, from rear of upper eyelid to near vent; ventral surface smooth. Colouration in life Dorsal surface of head and dorsum green; dorsolateral stripe yellow; lateral side of head and tympanum dark brown; flank greyish brown with white glandular spot; upper part of iris golden; a white stripe extending from the tip of the 208 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam Figure 1. Amolops daorum in Son La Province, Vietnam. a. Adult male; b. Adult female. 209 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam snout along upper lip to the anterior joint of the shoulder on each side, more distinct posteriorly; dorsal surface of fore and hind limbs light grey; throat, chest and belly white; ventral surface of fore and hind limbs cream; toe webbing brown (Fig. 1). Measurements and weight of the individual’s stomach-flushing SVL min–max: 29.5–38.0 mm; mean ± SD: 35.19 ± 2.07 mm, n = 81), MW 9.5– 12.6 mm (11.07 ± 0.68 mm, n = 81), and body mass (BM 1.63–7.42 g, 3.58 ± 0.85 g, n = 81) in males and SVL 37.5–53.6 mm (44.68 ± 4.74 mm, n = 51); MW 10.8–17.0 mm (14.11 ± 1.68 mm, n = 51); BM 3.42–16.89 g, 8.25 ± 3.27 mm, n = 51) in females. There were strong positive correlations between the morphological measurements (SVL and MW: r = 0.962, p < 0.001; SVL and BM: r = 0.915; p < 0.001; MW and BM: r = 0.897, p < 0.001) (Suppl. material 1: fig. S2). Ecological notes Frogs in all sites were observed at night between 20:30 and 23:00, on trees nearby a stream, about 0.2–1.0 m above the ground, at elevations between 1,800 and 2,200 m a.s.l. The surrounding habitat was evergreen forest of large and, medium-sized hardwoods. The air temperature was 20–28 °C and the relative humidity was 70–85%. Distribution In Vietnam, this species was recorded from Lao Cai and Son La provinces (Frost 2025 and this study). Elsewhere, this species is known from Yunnan Province and Hong Kong (China) and Houaphan (Laos Province) (Frost 2025). Food items and prey dimension A total of 132 individuals (81 males and 51 females) of A. daorum were captured in Son La Province for stomach flushing. We found 501 prey items (310 items in 81 males, 191 items in 51 females) in stomachs of frogs. The number of prey items per individual was 1.0–23.0 (mean: 3.8 items, n = 501). The median number of preys among individuals with food in their stomachs was one (3.83) for males and one (3.75) for females with no statistically significant inter sexual difference (Wilcoxon’s rank sum test, W = 5335.500, P = 0.809) (Suppl. material 1: fig. S3). The maximum number of preyfound in a single stomach was 23 for males and 11 for females. Mean prey-item length was 7.81 mm (min–max: 1.0–35.0 mm, n = 501); mean prey-item width was 2.48 mm (0.5–10.0 mm, n = 501). The average dietary volume per item was 56.64 mm3 (min–max 0.13–1674.67 mm3, n = 501). The median measurements of 310 prey items from male stomachs were as follows: length 6.62 mm (range: 1.0–33.0 mm), width 1.97 mm (range: 0.5– 10.0 mm), and volume 28.45 mm3 (range: 0.13–680.33 mm3) (Table 1). The measurements for the 191 items from female stomachs were as follows: length 9.76 mm (range: 1.5–35.0 mm), 3.31 mm (range: 0.7–10.0 mm), and volume 102.38 mm3 (range: 0.51–1674.67 mm3). 210 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam Table 1. Summary (Total, Mean, and range) of the prey item number (N), width (W, in mm), length (L, in mm), and volume (V, in mm3) data for males and females. Prey item Male (n =310) Female (n = 191) W0.50–10.00 0.70–10.00 L 1.00–33.00 1.50–35.00 V_total 1.57–988.29 36.85–848.06 V_minimum 0.13–392.50 0.51–261.67 V_maximum 1.57–680.33 3.66–1674.67 V_mean 1.26–392.50 2.14–480.55 N1.00–11.00 4.00–35.00 Figure 2. Relationships between the frog SVL and a. The minimum; b. Maximum; c. The mean prey item volume; d. Total prey volume. Dots: Females; Open triangles: Males. The length, width and volume of prey items were significantly different in between females and males (Wilcoxon’s rank sum test; length: W = 67944, P < 0.001; width: W = 63786, P < 0.001; volume: W = 63770, P < 0.001). The median volume per stomach content was 214.96 mm3 (min–max 1.57–1922.2 mm3, n = 132); the median volume per stomach content in males was 108.9 mm3 (range: 1.57–988.29 mm3, n = 81) and in females 383.41mm3 (range: 4.28– 1922.20 mm3, n = 51) (Fig. 3), with a statistically significant intersexual difference (Wilcoxon’s rank sum test, W = 4410.5, P < 0.001) (Table 2). 211 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam Table 2. Results of analysis Wilcoxon’s rank sum test (W) examining the impact sex on the number of prey items in stomachs, volume of prey, length of prey items, and width of prey items of Amolops daorum. Variables Source W P Number of prey items in stomachs Sex 5335.5 0.809 Volume of prey in stomachs Sex 4410.5 <0.001 Length of prey items Sex 67944 <0.001 Width of prey items Sex 63786 <0.001 Volume of prey items Sex 6377 <0.001 Figure 3. Importance index (IRI) for prey categories consumed by males (black) vs females (cross) of Amolops daorum in Vietnam. Coleoptera (Col), insect larvae (Ins), Araneae (Ara) Lepidoptera (Lep), Orthoptera (Ort), Hymenoptera (Hym), Polydesmida (Pol), Blattodea (Bla), Dermaptera (Der), Unidentified (Uni), Mollusca (Mol), Hemiptera (Hem), Plecoptera (Ple), Diptera (Dip), Opiliones (Opi), Scorpiones (Sco), Scolopendromorpha (Scol), Odonata (Odo), Amphibia (Amp). There was a positive correlation between frog SVL and the minimum, mean, maximum prey volume, and the total prey volume (Kendall’s tau-b, minimum: tau = 0.198, P = 0.002, mean: tau = 0.343, P < 0.001, maximum: tau = 0.308, P < 0.001, the total prey volume: tau=0.354, P < 0.001) (Table 3, Fig. 2). The result of multiple regression analysis indicated that both SVL and MW were associated positively with prey length, width, and volume (prey length: F2,499 = 25.110, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.092 and the regression equation is W = 0.499SVL − 0.360MW + ε; prey width: F2,499 = 56.719, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.186, and the regression equation is W = 0.085SVL + 0.153MW + ε; prey volume: F2,499 = 28.58, P < 0.005, R2 = 0.103, and the regression equation is V = 6.931SVL + 4.042MW + ε) because there was a significant relationship between SVL and MW (SVL and MW: r = 0.962, p < 0.001). Dietary diversity We identified 11 insect orders (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera), insect larvae, Araneae, Opiliones, Mollusca, Polydesmida, Scolopendromorpha, 218 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam polymerase chain reaction primers. 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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 144: e106701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106789 219 ZooKeys 1262: 203–219 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081 Anh Van Pham et al.: New record and diet of Amolops daorum from Vietnam Supplementary material 1 Supplementary figures Authors: Anh Van Pham, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen, Hoa Thanh Thi Nguyen, Thuong Thanh Hoang, Minh Duc Le, Thomas Ziegler Data type: (measurement/occurrence/multimedia/etc.) Data type: doc Explanation note: fig. S1. Maps showing the previously recorded location (black circle) and the new localities: (1) Ngoc Chien Commune; (2) Xim Vang Commune; (3) Hang Dong Commune in Vietnam. fig. S2. Dispersion diagrams from Pearson’s correlations between (a) snout-vent length and mouth width, (b) snout-vent length and body mass, and (c) mouth width and body mass of Amolops daprrum in Son La Province, Vietnam. fig. S3. Boxplots representing factors that differed significantly among treatments: a) number of prey items of Amolops daorum per stomach and sex; b) Prey volume per stomach and sex. Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081.suppl1 Supplementary material 2 Dietary composition (%) of A. daorum Authors: Anh Van Pham, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen, Hoa Thanh Thi Nguyen, Thuong Thanh Hoang, Minh Duc Le, Thomas Ziegler Data type: doc Explanation note: Frequency of occurrence, numeric proportion, volume proportion, and overall importance value of each prey taxon for males and females. Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1262.172081.suppl2