Order Rodentia - Family Sciuridae

FAMILY SCIURIDAE by Robert S. Hoffmann, Charles G. Anderson, Richard W. Thorington, Jr., and Lawrence R. Heaney Family Sciuridae Hemprich, 1820. Grundriss Naturgesch., p. 32. comments : Ellerman (1940) reviewed the history of sciurid classification. The first modern classification (Pocock, 1923) recognized six subfamilies: Sciurinae, Tamiasciurinae, Funambulinae, Callosciurinae, Xerinae, and Marmotinae. Simpson (1945) recognized the same taxa, but all at the tribal level. Ellerman (1940) avoided formal designation, but recognized seven "sections" in the Sciurus "group," which often do not conform with the above. Moore (1959) recognized Simpson's six tribes and, in addition, Ratufini and Paraxerini for certain genera that had previously been included in Funambulini. Black (1963) elevated Tamiini to tribal level (previously in Marmotini). Gromov et al. (1965) elevated the ground squirrels to subfamily rank, Marmotinae, which included the tribes Tamiini Black, Otospermophilini Gromov, Citellini Gromov, Marmotini Simpson (part), and Cynomyini Gromov. He also recognized the subfamilies Xerinae and Sciurinae, but did not treat any other groups. Emry and Thorington (1984) submerged Tamiasciurini in Sciurini and Tamiini in Marmotini. They also (1982) described the oldest known sciurid, Protosciurus, which they interpreted as an arboreal form similar to Sciurus from which both flying squirrels and ground squirrels have been derived. These authors treated flying squirrels as a monophyletic sister group to other squirrels, either as a family (Pocock, 1923) or subfamily (other authors). The monophyly of flying squirrels has been both supported (Thorington, 1984) and challenged (Hight et al., 1974). Heaney (1985) recommended that the subtribe Hyosciurina of Moore (1959) be discarded because it lacks defining characters, and that the component genera (Hyosciurus, Prosciurillus, Rubisciurus, and Exilisciurus) be retained in tribe Callosciurini Simpson, 1945. A catolog of Indian sciurids was presented by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979). Subfamily Sciurinae Hemprich, 1820. Grundriss Naturgesch., p. 32. Ammospermophilus Merriam, 1892. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:27. type species : Tamias leucurus Merriam, 1889. comments : Tribe Otospermophilini (Gromov et al., 1965) or Marmotini. Formerly included in Spermophilus (Hershkovitz, 1949b); Bryant (1945) considered Ammospermophilus a distinct genus. Recent biochemical and chromosomal data support Bryant's recognition of generic status. Ammospermophilus harrisii (Audubon and Bachman, 1854). Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 3:267. type locality : Unknown. Restricted by Mearns (1896:444) to Santa Cruz Valley at the Mexican boundary, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona [USA], distribution : Arizona to SW New Mexico (USA) and adjoining Sonora, Mexico. synonyms : kinoensis Huey, 1937; saxicolus (Mearns, 1896). comments : See A. insularis; reviewed by Best et al. (1990c, Mammalian Species, 366). Ammospermophilus insularis Nelson and Goldman, 1909. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:24. type locality : "Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California [=Baja California Sur], Mexico." distribution : Known only from the type locality. comments : Considered a distinct species (Hall, 1981:381); may be most closely related to A. harrisii (Mascarello and Bolles, 1980). Reviewed by Best et al. (1990a, Mammalian Species, 364). Ammospermophilus interpres (Merriam, 1890). N. Am. Fauna, 4:21. type locality : "El Paso, [El Paso Co.], Texas [USA]." distribution : New Mexico and W Texas (USA) to Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Durango (Mexico). 419 420 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL comments : Most divergent species of the genus (Bolles, 1981), and probable primitive sister-species to remainder (Hafner, 1981). Reviewed by Best et al. (1990b, Mammalian Species, 365). Ammospermophilus leucurus (Merriam, 1889). N. Am. Fauna, 2:19. type locality : "San Gorgonio Pass, [Riverside Co.], California [USA]." distribution : E California and SE Oregon to Colorado and New Mexico (USA), south to Baja California Sur (Mexico). synonyms : canfieldiae Huey, 1929; cinamomeus (Merriam, 1890); esentante (Hansen, 1955); extimus Nelson and Goldman, 1929; notom (Hansen, 1955); peninsulae (J. Allen, 1893); pennipes A. Howell, 1931; tersus Goldman, 1929; vinnulus (Elliot, 1904). comments : Reviewed by Belk and Smith (1990, Mammalian Species, 368). Ammospermophilus nelsoni (Merriam, 1893). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:129. type locality : "Tipton, San Joachin Valley, [Tulare Co.], California [USA]." distribution : San Joaquin Valley (S California, USA). status : May now be restricted to southern half of its former range (Hafner, 1981). synonyms : amplus Taylor, 1916. comments : Most closely related to interpres (Hafner, 1981). Reviewed by Best et al. (19904, Mammalian Species, 367). Atlantoxerus Forsyth Major, 1893. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893:189. type species : Sciurus getulus Linnaeus, 1758. comments : Subfamily Xerinae (Gromov et al., 1965:70) or tribe Xerini (Moore, 1959). Atlantoxerus was originally a subgenus of Xerus, and later raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1909a). Closely related to Xerus (Corbet, 1978c:79). Atlantoxerus getulus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:64. type locality : "in Africa." Restricted by Thomas (1911a:149) to "Barbary;" and by Cabrera (1932:217) to Agadir, Morocco. distribution : Grand and Middle Atlas south to Agadir and N edge of Sahara (Morocco), NW Algeria. synonyms : praetextus Wagner, 1842; trivittatus (Gray, 1842); see Corbet (1978c:79). Callosciurus Gray, 1867. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:277. type species : Sciurus rafflesii Vigors and Horsfield, 1828 (= Sciurus prevostii Desmarest, 1822). synonyms : Baginia Gray, 1867; Erythrosciurus Gray, 1867; Hessonoglyphotes Moore, 1959; Heterosciurus Trouessart, 1880; Tomeutes Thomas, 1915. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959). Formerly included Sundasciurus and Prosciurillus (in part; see Moore, 1958) and Tamiops (Moore and Tate, 1965). See also Corbet and Hill (1992) who employed Callosciurus in the more inclusive sense. Reviewed in part by Chakraborty (1985). Callosciurus adamsi (Kloss, 1921). J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc., 83:151. type locality : Malaysia, Sarawak, Baram River, Long Mujan, 150 mi. (241 km) up Baram River, 700-900 ft. (213-274 m). distribution : Lowlands and hills in Sabah and Sarawak, Borneo, below the range of orestes. comments : Distinct from albescens; see Medway (1977:93). Member of the notatus species group, closely related to orestes. Chromosomes of "C. albescens" from Sabah by Harada and Kobayashi (1980) refer to either this species or C. orestes. Callosciurus albescens (Bonhote, 1901). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 7:446. type locality : Indonesia, Sumatra, Acheen (= Atjeh). distribution : Sumatra. synonyms : albiculus G. Miller, 1942. comments : Considered a distinct species by Medway (1977:93). Member of the notatus species group. Corbet and Hill (1992) considered albescens and albiculus assignable to C. notatus. Callosciurus baluensis (Bonhote, 1901). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 7:174. type locality : Malaysia, Sabah, Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, alt. 1000 ft. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 421 distribution : Above 300 m elevation in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia. synonyms : baramensis (Chasen, 1940); medialis Allen and Coolidge, 1940. comments : Sometimes considered a subspecies of prevostii (see Medway, 1977:86), but often sympatric with that species (Payne et al., 1985). Corbet and Hill (1992) included prevostii erythromelas in this species, with schlegeli a synonym. Callosciurus caniceps (Gray, 1842). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 10:263. type locality : "Bhotan." Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918«:206) to N Tenasserim, Burma. distribution : Thailand, peninsular Burma, peninsular Malaysia, and adjacent islands. synonyms : adangensis (Miller, 1903), altinsularis (Miller, 1903); bentincanus (Miller, 1903); bimaculatus (Temminck, 1853); casensis (Miller, 1903); chrysonotus (Blyth, 1847); concolor (Blyth, 1855); davisoni (Bonhote, 1901); domelicus (Miller, 1903); epomophorus (Bonhote, 1901); erubescens Cabrera, 1917; fallax (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); fluminalis (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); hastilis Thomas, 1923; helgei (Gyldenstolpe, 1917); helvus (Shamel, 1930); inexpectatus (Kloss, 1916); lancavensis (Miller, 1903); lucas (Miller, 1903); mapravis Thomas and Robinson, 1921; matthaeus (Miller, 1903); milleri (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); moheius Thomas and Robinson, 1921; mohillius Thomas and Robinson, 1921; nakanus Thomas and Robinson, 1921; panjioli Thomas and Robinson, 1921; panjius Thomas and Robinson, 1921; pipidonis Thomas and Robinson, 1921; samuiensis (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); sullivanus (Miller, 1903); tabaudius Thomas, 1922; tacopius Thomas and Robinson, 1921; telibius Thomas and Robinson, 1921; terutavensis (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909). comments : Revised by Moore and Tate (1965). Member of the caniceps species group. Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas, 1778). Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord., p. 377. type locality : Not known; restricted to Assam, India by Bonhote (1901a); further restricted to the Garo Hills of Assam by Moore and Tate (1965). distribution : West of Irrawaddy River in India, Burma, and SE China. East of Irrawaddy River in Burma, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Indochina, S China, and Taiwan. synonyms : albifer (Hilzheimer, 1906); aquilo Wroughton, 1921; atrodorsalis (Gray, 1842); bartoni (Thomas, 1914); bhutanensis (Bonhote, 1901); bolovensis Osgood, 1932; bonhotei (Robinson and Kloss, 1911); canigenus Howell, 1927; careyi Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; castaneoventris (Gray, 1842); centralis (Bonhote, 1901); cinnamomeiventris (Swinhoe, 1862); contumax Thomas, 1927; crotalius Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; crumpi Wroughton, 1916; cucphuongis Dao Van Tien, 1965; dabshanensis Xu and Chen, 1989; dactylinus Thomas, 1927; erythrogaster (Blyth, 1842); flavimanus (I. Geoffroy, 1831); fryanus Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; fumigatus (Bonhote, 1907); gloveri Thomas, 1921; gongshanensis Wang, 1981; gordoni (Anderson, 1871); griseimanus (MilneEdwards, 1867); griseopectus (Blyth, 1847); griseopectus (Milne-Edwards, 1874); haemobaphes (G. M. Allen, 1912); haringtoni (Thomas, 1905); hendeei Osgood, 1932; hyperythrus (Blyth, 1855); insularis (J. A. Allen, 1906); intermedius (Anderson, 1879); kemmisi (Wroughton, 1908); kinneari Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; leucopus (Gray, 1867); leucurus (Hilzheimer, 1905); michianus (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); midas (Thomas, 1914); miliardi Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; nagarum Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; nigridorsalis Kuroda, 1935; ningpoensis (Bonhote, 1901); phanrangis Robinson and Kloss, 1922; pirata Thomas, 1929; pranis (Kloss, 1916); primus Allen and Coolidge, 1940; punctatissimus (Gray, 1867); quantulus Thomas, 1927; quinlingensis Xu and Chen, 1989; roberti (Bonhote, 1901); rubeculus (Miller, 1903); rubex (Thomas, 1914); shanicus (Ryley, 1914); shortridgei Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; siamensis Gray, 1860; sladeni (Anderson, 1871); solutus Thomas, 1914; styani (Thomas, 1894); tachin (Kloss, 1916); thai (Kloss, 1917); thaiwanensis (Bonhote, 1901); tsingtanensis (Hilzheimer, 1905); tsingtauensis (Hilzheimer, 1906); vassali (Bonhote, 1907); vernayi Carter, 1942; wellsi Wroughton, 1921; woodi Harris, 1931; wuliangshanensis Li and Wang, 1981; youngi (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); zimmeensis Robinson and Wroughton, 1916. comments : Includes sladeni; see Moore and Tate (1965). Includes flavimanus (Corbet and Hill, 1992), which was formerly considered distinct (Moore and Tate, 1965). Chromosomes described (as flavimanus) by Nadler et al. (1975b). Indian populations Mammal Species of the World 422 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL reviewed by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979), and Vietnamese populations by Dao (1965). Callosciurus finlaysonii (Horsfield, 1823). Zool. Res. Java, 7:151. type locality : "the Islands called Sichang, in the Gulf of Siam", Koh Si Chang (Gulf of Thailand). distribution : SC Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. synonyms : albivexilli (Kloss, 1916); annellatus Thomas, 1929; bocourti (Milne-Edwards, 1867); bonhotei Robinson and Wroughton, 1911; boonsongi Moore and Tate, 1965; cinnamomeus (Temminck, 1853); cockerelli Thomas, 1928; dextralis (Wroughton, 1908); ferrugeneus (F. Cuvier, 1829); floweri (Bonhote, 1901); folletti (Kloss, 1915); frandseni (Kloss, 1916); germaini (Milne-Edwards, 1867); gruti (Gyldenstolpe, 1917); harmandi (Milne-Edwards, 1876); herberti Robinson and Kloss, 1922; keraudreni (Lesson, 1830); leucocephalus (Bonhote, 1901); leucogaster (Milne-Edwards, 1867); lylei (Wroughton, 1908); menamicus Thomas, 1929; nox (Wroughton, 1908); pierrei Robinson and Kloss, 1922; portus (Kloss, 1915); prachin (Kloss, 1920); rajasima (Kloss, 1920); sinistralis (Wroughton, 1908); splendens (Gray, 1861); tachardi (Robinson, 1916); trotteri (Kloss, 1916); williamsoni Robinson and Kloss, 1922. comments : Revised by Moore and Tate (1965), expanded to include ferrugeneus by Corbet and Hill (1992). Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975b). Callosciurus inornatus (Gray, 1867). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:282. type locality : "L oo Mountains." Restricted by Moore and Tate (1965:209) to "Mountains in Laos." distribution : Laos, N Vietnam, S Yunnan (China). synonyms : imitator Thomas, 1925. comments : Revised by Moore and Tate (1965); member of the caniceps species group. Callosciurus melanogaster (Thomas, 1895). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 14:668. type locality : Indonesia, Mentawi Isis, Sipora Isl, "Si Oban". distribution : Mentawi Isis (Indonesia). synonyms : atratus (Miller, 1903); mentawi (Chasen and Kloss, 1927). comments : Member of the notatus species group. Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawi Archipelago (see comments under Leopoldamys siporanus). Callosciurus nigrovittatus (Horsfield, 1824). Zool. Res. Java, 7:149. type locality : Indonesia, "The island of Java." Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918«:222) to "Java (probably East and central parts)." distribution : S Vietnam, Malaysia, peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, adjacent small islands. synonyms : acraeus Miller, 1942; bantamensis Sody, 1949; besuki (Kloss, 1921); bilimitatus (Miller, 1903); bocki (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); johorensis (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); klossi (Miller, 1900); madsoedi Sody, 1929; microrhynchus (Kloss, 1908) ; phoenicurus Sody, 1949; salakensis Sody, 1949; tengerensis Sody, 1949. comments : Member of the notatus species group. Callosciurus notatus (Boddaert, 1785). Elench. Anim., p. 119. type locality : Indonesia, West Java. distribution : From peninsular Malaysia and Thailand to Java, Bali, and Borneo; Lombok Isl; Salayer Isl (south of Sulawesi; Musser, 1987 considered this population an introduction, possibly from Java); widespread on smaller islands. synonyms : abbotta (Miller, 1900); anambensis (Miller, 1900); andrewsii (Bonhote, 1901); aoris (Miller, 1903); arendsis (Lyon, 1911); atristriatus (Miller, 1913); badjing (Kerr, 1792); balstoni (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); bilineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1817); billitonus (Lyon, 1906); conipus (Lyon, 1911); datus (Lyon, 1911); dilutus (Miller, 1913); director (Lyon, 1909); dulitensis (Bonhote, 1901); famulus (Robinson, 1912); guillemardi (Kloss, 1926); ictericus (Miller, 1903); kalianda Sody, 1949; lamucotanus (Lyon, 1911); lautensis (Miller, 1901); lighti (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); lunaris (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); lutescens (Miller, 1901); madurae (Thomas, 1910); magnificus Sody, 1949; malawali (Chasen and Kloss, 1932); maporensis (Robinson, 1916); marinsularis (Lyon, 1911); microtis (Jentink, 1879); miniatus (Miller, 1900); nesiotes (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909) ; nicotianae Sody, 1936; pannovianus (Miller, 1903); pemangilensis (Miller, 1903); Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 423 peninsularis (Miller, 1903); percommodus Chasen, 1941; perhentiani (Kloss, 1911); piantoni (Ljungh, 1801); plasticus (Kloss, 1911); prinsulae Sody, 1949; poliopus (Lyon, 1911); pretiosus (Miller, 1903); proteus (Kloss, 1911); raptor Hill, 1960; rubidiventris (Miller, 1901); rupatius (Lyon, 1908); rutiliventris (Miller, 1901); saturatus (Miller, 1903); scotta (Kloss, 1911); seraiae (Miller, 1901); serutus (Miller, 1906); singapurensis Robinson, 1916; siriensis (Lyon, 1911); stellaris (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); stresemanni (Thomas, 1913); subluteus (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); tamansari (Kloss, 1921); tapanulius (Lyon, 1907); tarussanus Lyon, 1907; tedongus (Lyon, 1906); tenuirostris (Miller, 1900); tinggius Hill, 1960; toupai Lesson, 1827; ubericolor (Miller, 1903); vanheurni Sody, 1929; verbeeki Sody, 1928; vinocastaneus Sody, 1949; vittatus (Raffles, 1821); watsoni (Kloss, 1911). comments : Member of the notatus species group. Corbet and Hill (1992) tentatively placed atristriatus here. Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975b). Callosciurus orestes (Thomas, 1895). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 15:529. type locality : Malaysia, Sarawak, Mount Dulit, 4000 ft. distribution : Sabah and Sarawak [Borneo], Malaysia, at middle elevations (Payne et al., 1985). synonyms : canalvus Moore, 1959; venetus (Chasen, 1940). comments : Formerly considered a subspecies of C. nigrovittatus (e.g., Medway, 1977:92), but clearly distinct (Payne et al., 1985). Includes Glyphotes canalvus, which Moore (1959) placed in subgenus Hessonoglyphotes. Member of the notatus species group, closely related to adamsi (see comments therein). Callosciurus phayrei (Blyth, 1855). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 24:472. type locality : Burma, Martaban, "Sent from Moulmein" (Robinson and Kloss, 1918a:225). distribution : Upper Irrawaddy R. and Sittang R. eastward to Salween R., S Burma. synonyms : blanfordii (Blyth, 1862); heinrichi Tate, 1954. comments : Considered a distinct species by Moore and Tate (1965). A member of the caniceps species group. Callosciurus prevostii (Desmarest, 1822). Mammalogie, in Encyclop. Méth., p. 335. type locality : Malaysia, Malacca Prov., "Settlement of Malacca." distribution : Malaysian subregion except Java; N Sulawesi. Musser (1987) considered the population in Sulawesi as introduced. synonyms : armalis (Lyon, 1911); atricapillus (Schlegel, 1863); atrox (Miller, 1913); bangkanus (Schlegel, 1863); banksi (Chasen, 1933); borneoensis (Müller and Schlegel, 1842); caedis (Chasen and Kloss, 1931); carimatae (Miller, 1906); carimonensis (Miller, 1906); caroli (Bonhote, 1901); condurensis (Miller, 1906); coomansi Sody, 1949; erebus (Miller, 1903); erythromelas (Temminck, 1853); griseicauda (Bonhote, 1901); harrisoni (Stone and Rehn, 1902); humei (Bonhote, 1901); indica (Müller and Schlegel, 1842, not indicus Erxleben, 1777); kuchingensis (Bonhote, 1901); melanops (Miller, 1902); mendanauus (Lyon, 1906); mimellus (Miller, 1900); mimiculus (Miller, 1900); navigator (Bonhote, 1901); nyx (Lyon, 1908); palustris (Lyon, 1907); pelapius (Lyon, 1911); penialius (Lyon, 1908); piceus (Peters, 1866); pluto (Gray, 1867); proserpinae (Lyon, 1907); rafflesii (Vigores and Horsfield, 1828); redimitus (Boon Mesch, 1829); rufogularis (Gray, 1842); rufoniger (Motley and Dillwyn, 1855); rufonigra (Gray, 1842); sanggaus (Lyon, 1907); sarawakensis (Gray, 1867); schlegeli (Gray, 1867); suffusus (Bonhote, 1901); sumatranus (Schlegel, 1863); waringensis Sody, 1949; wrayi (Kloss, 1910). comments : Formerly included baluensis; but the two are often sympatric (Payne et al., 1985). Reviewed by Heaney (1978). Callosciurus pygerythrus (I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1832). Mag. Zool. Paris, p. 5, pl. 4-6. type locality : "from forest of Syriam, near Pegu, Burma" (Moore and Tate, 1965:217). distribution : Nepal and NE India to Burma, N Vietnam, and Yunnan (China). synonyms : assamensis (Gray, 1843); bellona (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916); blythii (Tytler, 1854); janetta (Thomas, 1914); lokroides (Hodgson, 1836); mearsi (Bonhote, 1906); owensi (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916); similis (Gray, 1867); stevensi (Thomas, 1908); virgo (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916). comments : Revised by Moore and Tate (1965:209). Mammal Species of the World 424 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Callosciurus quinquestriatus (Anderson, 1871). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871:142. type locality : "common at Ponsee, on the Kakhyen range of hills, east of Bhamo, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 ft" [Burma]. distribution : NE Burma, Yunnan (China). synonyms : beebei (J. Allen, 1911); imarius Thomas, 1926; Sylvester Thomas, 1926. comments : Included in flavimanus by Moore and Tate (1965:209); but see Corbet and Hill (1992). Cynomys Rafinesque, 1817. Am. Mon. Mag., 2:43. type species : Cynomys socialis Rafinesque, 1817 (= Arctomys ludoviciana Ord, 1815). synonyms : Arctomys Ord, 1815; Cynomomus Osborn, 1894; Leucocrossuromys Hollister, 1916; Mamcynomiscus Herrera, 1899; Monax Warden, 1819. comments : Tribe Cynomyini (Gromov et al., 1965) or Marmotini. Revised by Pizzimenti (1975). Clark et al. (1971) published a key to the genus. Includes Cynomys and Leucocrossuromys as subgenera. Relationships of Cynomys to other ground squirrels are unclear. While generally regarded as monophyletic, and a sister-group to North American Spermophilus, recent evidence suggests that Cynomys may be most closely related to subgenus Spermophilus, making genus Spermophilus paraphyletic (Hafner, 1984:17). Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird, 1855). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:334. type locality : "Cochitope [Cochetopa] Pass of Rocky Mountains." [Saguache Co., Colorado, USA], distribution : SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, and NW New Mexico (USA). synonyms : zuniensis Hollister, 1916. comments : Subgenus Leucocrossuromys (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Pizzimenti and Hoffmann (1973, Mammalian Species, 25) and Pizzimenti (1976). Cynomys leucurus Merriam, 1890. N. Am. Fauna, 3:59. type locality : "Fort Bridger, [Uinta Co.] Wyoming" (Merriam, 1890:33). distribution : SC Montana, W and C Wyoming, NE Utah, and NW Colorado (USA). comments : Subgenus Leucocrossuromys (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Clark et al. (1971, Mammalian Species, 7) and Pizzimenti (1976). Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord, 1815). In Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist. Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 2:292. type locality : "vicinity of the Missouri." Restricted by Hollister (1916a: 14) to "Upper Missouri River." distribution : Saskatchewan (Canada); Montana to E Nebraska, W Texas, New Mexico, and SE Arizona (USA); NE Sonora, and N Chihuahua (Mexico). synonyms : arizonensis Mearns, 1890; cinereus Richardson, 1829; grisea Rafinesque, 1817; latrans (Harlan, 1815); missouriensis (Warden, 1819); pyrrotrichus Elliot, 1905; socialis Rafinesque, 1817. comments : Subgenus Cynomys. Intraspecific variation reviewed by Chesser (1983). Cynomys mexicanus Merriam, 1892. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:157. type locality : "La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico." distribution : Coahuila, and San Luis Potosi; perhaps Nuevo Leon, and Zacatecas (NC Mexico). status : CITES - Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered. comments : Subgenus Cynomys (Hall, 1981:412); reviewed by Ceballos-G. and Wilson (1985, Mammalian Species, 248) and Trevino-V. (1991). Cynomys parvidens J. Allen, 1905. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., Sci. Bull., 1:119. type locality : USA, "Buckskin Valley, Iron County, Utah." distribution : SC Utah (USA). status : U.S. ESA - Threatened; IUCN - Vulnerable. comments : Subgenus Leucocrossuromys (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Pizzimenti and Collier (1975, Mammalian Species, 52) and Pizzimenti and Nadler (1972). Dremomys Heude, 1898. Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin., 4(2):54. type species : Sciurus pernyi Milne-Edwards, 1867. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 425 synonyms : Zetis Thomas, 1908. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959). Reviewed by Moore and Tate (1965). Dremomys everetti (Thomas, 1890). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 6:171. type locality : "Mount Penrisen, West Sarawak," [Malaysia]. distribution : Mountains of N and W Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah), above 3,200 ft. Dremomys lokriah (Hodgson, 1836). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 5:232. type locality : "central and Northern regions of Nipâl" [Nepal]. distribution : C Nepal east to Salween River; Tibet (China); N Burma; mountains in E India; Bhutan. synonyms : bhotia Wrougton, 1916; garonum Thomas, 1922; macmillani Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; motuoensis Cai and Zhang, 1980; pagus Moore, 1956; subflaviventris Thomas, 1922. comments : Revised by Moore and Tate (1965). See also Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979). Dremomys pernyi (Milne-Edwards, 1867). Rev. Mag. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2, 19:19. type locality : "les montagnes de la principauté de Moupin [Muping]" [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. distribution : NE India; N Burma; N Vietnam; Tibet; Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui (China); Taiwan. synonyms : calidior Thomas, 1916; chintalis Thomas, 1916; flavior G. Allen, 1912; griselda Thomas, 1916; howelli Thomas, 1922; imus Thomas, 1922; lentus A.B. Howell, 1927; lichiensis Thomas, 1922; mentosus Thomas, 1922; modestus Thomas, 1916; owstoni Thomas, 1908; senex G. Allen, 1912. Dremomys pyrrhomerus (Thomas, 1895). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 16:242. type locality : "Ichang, Yang-tse-kiang [river] [Hupei, China]." distribution : C and S China, extreme N Vietnam, Hainan Island (China). synonyms : gularis Osgood, 1932; melli Matschie, 1922; riudonensis J. Allen, 1906. comments : Moore and Tate (1965) treated pyrrhomerus as a separate species based on evidence of geographic parapatry, D. p. gularis with D. r. rufigenis (Osgood, 1932). Corbet and Hill (1992) listed gularis as a separate species, but considered other forms of pyrrhomerus to be conspecific with rufigenis. Dremomys rufigenis (Blanford, 1878). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 47(2):156. type locality : Burma, Tenasserim, Mt. Mooleyit. distribution : NE India, N and C Burma, Yunnan (China), Laos, south through Vietnam, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia. synonyms : adamsoni Thomas, 1914; belfieldi (Bonhote, 1908); fuscus (Bonhote, 1907); laomache Thomas, 1921; opimus Thomas and Wroughton, 1916. comments : Formerly included pyrrhomerus; but see Moore and Tate (1965). Chromosomes described by Nadler and Hoffmann (1970). Epixerus Thomas, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:472. type species : Sciurus wilsoni Du Chaillu, 1860. comments : Tribe Protoxerini (Moore, 1959). Epixerus ebii (Temminck, 1853). Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine, p. 129. type locality : Ghana, "...les grandes forêts de la Guiné, et se trouve dans les mêmes localités que l'espèce précédente, [...les confins du pays des Fantes...] mais parait être moins abondante dans les parties boisées de Dabocrom." distribution : Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. status : CITES - Appendix III (Ghana). synonyms : jonesi Hayman, 1954. comments : E. ebii and E. wilsoni considered distinct species on the basis of cranial differences cited by Perret and Aellen (1956), Verheyen (1959), and Rosevear (1969). Epixerus wilsoni (Du Chaillu, 1860). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7:364. type locality : Gabon. "Gaboon,...the headwaters of the Ovenga River." distribution : Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon. synonyms : mayumbicus Verheyen, 1959. Mammal Species of the World 426 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL comments : E. ebii and E. wilsoni considered distinct species on the basis of cranial differences cited by Perret and Aellen (1956), Verheyen (1959) and Rosevear (1969). Amtmann (1975) included E. wilsoni with E. ebii. Exilisciurus Moore, 1958. Am. Mus. Novit., 1914:4. type species : Sciurus exilis Müller, 1838. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959). The species included in Exilisciurus were formerly included in Nannosciurus; see Moore (1958, 1959) and Heaney (1985). Exilisciurus concinnus (Thomas, 1888). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 2:407. type locality : Philippines, Zamboanga Prov., Basilan Island, Isabela. distribution : Mindanao faunal region (Heaney et al., 1987) including Mindanao, Basilan, Biliran, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Samar, and Siargao islands (Heaney, 1985). synonyms : luncefordi Taylor, 1934; samaricus Thomas, 1897; surrutilus Hollister, 1913. comments : Revised by Heaney (1985). Exilisciurus exilis (Müller, 1838). Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol., 5:138. type locality : Indonesia, Kalimantan, Kapuas River Basin, Tanah Laut (see Medway, 1977, and Heaney, 1985). distribution : Borneo and Banggi Island. synonyms : retectus Thomas, 1910; sordidus Chasen and Kloss, 1928. Exilisciurus whiteheadi (Thomas, 1887). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 20:127. type locality : Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu. distribution : Mountains of Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), above 900 m, and adjacent parts of West Kalimantan, Indonesia (Medway, 1977). Funambulus Lesson, 1835. Illustr. Zool., pl. 43. type species : Sciurus indicus Lesson, 1835 (= Sciurus palmarum Linnaeus, 1776). synonyms : Paimista Gray, 1867; Prasadsciurus Moore and Tate, 1965; Tamiodes Pocock, 1923. comments : Tribe Funambulini (Moore, 1959:170). Reviewed by Moore (1960) and Moore and Tate (1965). Includes Funambulus and Prasadsciurus as subgenera. Prasad (1957) proposed a separate subfamily for the genus, based on the distinctive anatomy of the male reproductive tract. Trends in evolution of karyotypes analyzed by Aswathanarayana (1987). Funambulus layardi (Blyth, 1849). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 18:602. type locality : "Upland districts" [Sri Lanka]. Restricted by Thomas (1924:241) to "Ambigamoa Hills...Central Province (7° N., 80° 3'E.)...." distribution : S and C Sri Lanka, and mountains of S India. synonyms : dravidianus Robinson, 1917; signatus Thomas, 1924. comments : Subgenus Funambulus. The presence of this species in S India is based on very few specimens. Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766). Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1:86. type locality : "in America, Asia, Africa." Restricted by Wroughton (1905«:409) to E coast of Madras, India. distribution : C and S India, Sri Lanka. synonyms : bellaricus Wroughton, 1916; bengalensis Wroughton, 1916; brodiei (Blyth, 1849); comorinus Wroughton, 1905; favonicus Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; gossei Wroughton and Davidson, 1919; indicus (Lesson, 1835, not Erxleben, 1777); kelaarti (Layard, 1851); matugamensis Lindsay, 1926; olympius Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; penicillatus (Leach, 1814); robertsoni Wroughton, 1916. comments : Subgenus Funambulus. Distribution largely allopatric with that of F. pennantii, but limited area of sympatry along W coast of India, south of 16° N lat. (Moore, 1960). Funambulus pennantii Wroughton, 1905. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 16:411. type locality : "Mandvi Taluka of Surat District," Guzerath (= Gudjerat), India. distribution : SE Iran through Pakistan to Nepal and N and C India. Perhaps adjacent Afghanistan. synonyms : argentescens Wroughton, 1905; lutescens Wroughton, 1916. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 427 comments : Subgenus Prasadsciurus (Moore and Tate, 1965:71). Reviewed by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979). Funambulus sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838:19. type locality : India, Madras, Nilgiri Hills. distribution : SW India, C Sri Lanka. synonyms : delesserti (Gervais, 1841); kathleenae Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; obscura (Pelzeln and Kohl, 1886); trilineatus (Blyth, 1849). comments : Subgenus Funambulus. Funambulus tristriatus (Waterhouse, 1837). Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's], 1:499. type locality : "...the more southern parts of Hindostan." Restricted by Wroughton (1905«:411) to Travancore; further restricted by Moore and Tate (1965:89) to Western Ghats, south of 12 deg. N. lat. distribution : West coast of India, from below 20° N to southern tip. synonyms : annandalei Robinson, 1917; dussumieri (Milne-Edwards, 1867); numarius Wroughton, 1916; thomasi Wroughton and Davidson, 1919; wroughtoni Ryley, 1913. comments : Subgenus Funambulus. Funisciurus Trouessart, 1880. Le Naturaliste, 2(37):293. type species : Sciurus isabella Gray, 1862. comments : Tribe Funambulini (Moore, 1959). Raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1897b). This treatment follows Amtmann (1975). Funisciurus anerythrus (Thomas, 1890). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890:447. type locality : Uganda, "Buguera", S of Lake Albert. distribution : SW Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, NE Zaire, Uganda; SW Zaire and N Shaba Prov. (Zaire). synonyms : bandarum Thomas, 1915; mystax De Winton, 1898; niapu Allen, 1922; ochrogaster Cabrera and Ruxton, 1926; raptorum Thomas, 1903. Funisciurus bayonii (Bocage, 1890). J. Sei. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, (2)2:3. type locality : N Angola, "...du Duque de Bragança..." distribution : NE Angola, SW Zaire. Funisciurus carruthersi Thomas, 1906. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 18:140. type locality : Uganda, "Ruwenzori East, 6500 ’ (1900 m)." distribution : Ruwenzori (S Uganda), Rwanda, Burundi. synonyms : birungensis Gyldenstolpe, 1927; chrysippus Thomas, 1923; tanganyikae Thomas, 1909. Funisciurus congicus (Kuhl, 1820). Beitr. Zool. Vergi. Anat. Abt., 2:66. type locality : "Congo". No specific locale given, probably Angola (Hill and Carter, 1941:71). distribution : Zaire, Angola, Namibia. synonyms : damarensis (Roberts, 1938); flavinus Thomas, 1904; interior Thomas, 1916; oenone Thomas, 1926; olivellus Thomas, 1904; poolii (Jentink, 1906); praetextus Wagner, 1843. Funisciurus isabella (Gray, 1862). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862:180. type locality : Cameroon, "...from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet (2100 m) above the level of the sea..." distribution : Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo. synonyms : dubosti Eisentraut, 1969; duchaillui Sanborn, 1953. Funisciurus lemniscatus (Le Conte, 1857). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 11. type locality : Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, "...from Western Africa." distribution : S of Sanaga River (Cameroon), Central African Republic, Zaire. synonyms : mayumbicus Kershaw, 1923; sharpei (Gray, 1873). Funisciurus leucogenys (Waterhouse, 1842). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 10: 202. type locality : Equatorial Guinea, Bioko "...brought from Fernando Po". distribution : Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Rio Muni, Bioko. Mammal Species of the World 434 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL comments : See Hall (1981:440) and Handley (1966a). Microsciurus santanderensis (Hernandez-Camacho, 1957). In Borerro and HernandezCamacho, Anal. Soc. Biol. Bogota, 7:219. type locality : Colombia, Santander Dept., Meseta de los Caballeros, NE of La Albania. distribution : Colombia, between the Magdalena River and the Cordillera Oriental. comments : See Eisenberg (1989) and Hernandez-Camacho (1960). Myosciurus Thomas, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:474. type species : Sciurus minutus Du Chaillu, 1860 (= Sciurus pumilio Le Conte, 1857). comments : Tribe Funambulini (Moore, 1959). Myosciurus pumilio (Le Conte, 1857). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9:11. type locality : Gabon, "...the head waters of the Ovenga River...". distribution : SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). synonyms : minutulus Hollister, 1921; minutus (Du Chaillu, 1860). Nannosciurus Trouessart, 1880. Le Naturaliste, p. 292. type species : Sciurus melanotis Müller, 1840. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959). Formerly included the species now placed in Exilisciurus; see Moore (1958) and Heaney (1985). Nannosciurus melanotis (Müller, 1840). In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 35(1840], see comments. type locality : "Borneo". distribution : Sumatra, Java, Borneo, adjacent small islands. synonyms : bancanus Lyon, 1906; borneanus Lyon, 1906; pallidus Chasen and Kloss, 1928; pulcher Miller, 1902; soricinus (Waterhouse, 1838); sumatranus Lyon, 1906. comments : This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 88, 98(1844], pl. 14, fig 4, 5(1841] (from which this species is often cited). See Appendix I. Reviewed by Heaney (1985). Paraxerus Forsyth Major, 1893. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893:189. type species : Sciurus cepapi Smith, 1836. synonyms : Aethosciurus Thomas, 1916; Montisciurus Eisentraut, 1976; Tamiscus Thomas, 1918. comments : Tribe Funambulini (Moore, 1959). Originally a subgenus of Xerus; includes Aethosciurus (with the exception of ruwenzorii, here included in Heliosciurus), Montisciurus, and Tamiscus. This treatment follows Moore (1959). Paraxerus alexandri (Thomas and Wroughton, 1907). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 19:376. type locality : Zaire, Gudima, River Iri, Upper Welle. distribution : NE Zaire, Uganda. Paraxerus boehmi (Reichenow, 1886). Zool. Anz., 9:315. type locality : SE Zaire, Marungu. "Marungu (Inner-Afrika)." distribution : S Sudan, N, S, and E Zaire, Uganda, W Kenya, NW Tanzania, N Zambia. synonyms : antoniae Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; emini (Stuhlman, 1894, not De Winton, 1895); gazellae (Thomas, 1918); lunaris (Thomas, 1918); tanganyikae (Thomas, 1918); ugandae (Neumann, 1902); vulcanorum (Thomas, 1918). Paraxerus cepapi (A. Smith, 1836). Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa, p. 43. type locality : South Africa, W Transvaal, Rustenberg Dist., Marico River. distribution : S Angola, Zambia, SE Zaire, Malawi, SW Tanzania, Mozambique, N Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, Transvaal (South Africa). synonyms : bororensis Roberts, 1946; carpi Lundholm, 1955; cepate (lapsis for cepapi; Gray, 1843); cepapoides Roberts, 1946; chobiensis Roberts, 1932; kalaharicus Roberts, 1932; maunensis Roberts, 1932; phalaena Thomas, 1926; quotus Wroughton, 1909; sindi Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; soccatus Wroughton, 1909; yulei (Thomas, 1902). Paraxerus cooperi Hayman, 1950. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 3:262. type locality : Cameroon, Kumba Div., Rumpi Hills, 5°N, 9°15'E. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 435 distribution : Cameroon. comments : Eisentraut (1976) put cooperi in a separate genus, Montisciurus. Paraxerus flavovittis (Peters, 1852). Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 17:274. type locality : NE Mozambique, Mocimboa, 11°S on the coast. "Africa orientalis, Mossimboa, Quitangonha, a 11° ad 15° Lat. Austr." distribution : S Kenya, Tanzania, N Mozambique. synonyms : exgeanus (Hinton, 1920); ibeanus (Hinton, 1920); mossambicus (Thomas, 1919). comments : Commonly spelled flavivittis but this was an unjustified emendation by Peters (1852). Paraxerus lucifer (Thomas, 1897). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897:430. type locality : Malawi, Kombe Forest, Misuku Mtns, 9°43'S, 33°31'E. distribution : N Malawi, SW Tanzania, E Zambia. Paraxerus ochraceus (Huet, 1880). Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2)3:154. type locality : Tanzania, Bagamoyo, (06°25'S, 38°54'E). "Cette petite espèce provient de Bagamoyo, station de nos missionnaires, sur la côte de Zanguebar,..." distribution : S Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania. synonyms : affinis (Trouessart, 1897); animosus Dollman, 1911; aruscensis (Pagenstecher, 1885); augustus Dollman, 1911; capitis (Thomas, 1909); electus Thomas, 1909; ganana (Rhoads, 1896); jacksoni (De Winton, 1897); kahari Heller, 1911; pauli Matschie, 1894; percivali Dollman, 1911; salutans Thomas, 1909. Paraxerus palliatus (Peters, 1852). Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 17:273. type locality : Mozambique, mainland near Mocambique Isl. "Africa orientalis, Quintangonha, 15° Lat. Austr." distribution : S Somalia, E Kenya, E Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Natal (South Africa). synonyms : auriventris Roberts, 1926; barawensis (Neumann, 1902); bridgemani Dollman, 1914; frerei (Gray, 1873); lastii Thomas, 1906; ornatus (Gray, 1864); sponsus Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; suahelicus (Neumann, 1902); swynnertoni Wroughton, 1908; tanae (Neumann, 1902); tongensis Roberts, 1931. comments : Reviewed by Viljoen (1989). Paraxerus poensis (A. Smith, 1830). S. Afr. Quart. J., 2:128. type locality : Equatorial Guinea, Bioko "Fernando Póo." distribution : Sierra Leone, SE Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, S Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Congo, W Zaire. synonyms : affinis (Rhoads, 1896); musculinus (Temminck, 1853); olivaceus (Milne-Edwards, 1867); subviridescens (Le Conte, 1857). comments : Subgenus Aethosciurus according to Moore (1959). Paraxerus vexillarius (Kershaw, 1923). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 11:591. type locality : Tanzania, Usambara, Lushoto, Wilhelmsthal. distribution : C and E Tanzania. synonyms : byatti (Kershaw, 1923); laetus (Allen and Loveridge, 1933). comments : It is possible that vexillarius and byatti are separate species, as treated by Allen (1939) and Ellerman (1940). Amtmann (1975) combined them but stated that they may be distinct species. Paraxerus vincenti Hayman, 1950. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 3:263. type locality : Mozambique, Namuli Mtn, N of the Zambezi River, "...collected at Namuli Mountain, Portuguese East Africa (15°21'S, 37°4'E), at 5000 ft (1500 m)..." distribution : N Mozambique. Prosciurillus Ellerman, 1947. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 117:259. type species : Sciurus murinus Müller and Schlegel, 1844. comments : Tribe Callosciurini; closely related to Sundasciurus (see Heaney, 1985). Reviewed by Moore (1958), who transferred leucomus from Callosciurus to this genus. Mammal Species of the World 436 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Prosciurillus abstrusus Moore, 1958. Am. Mus. Novit., 1890:3. type locality : "...1500 meters elevation, Gunong Tanke Salokko, 'Mengkoka Geb.' [Mekongqa Gebirgte], in the southeastern peninsula of Celebes, latitude 3° 40 ’ S., longitude 121° 13' E.," [Sulawesi, Indonesia]. distribution : Known only from the type locality in SE Sulawesi. synonyms : obscurus Moore, 1959. comments : Includes obscurus, probably a nomen nudum; see Moore (1959:203). Prosciurillus leucomus (Müller and Schlegel, 1844). In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 87. type locality : "Celebes." Restricted by Meyer (1898) to Minahassa, NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia]. distribution : Sulawesi; Buton and Sangihe (= Sanghir) Isis. synonyms : elbertae (Schwarz, 1911); hirsutus (Hayman, 1946); mowewensis (Roux, 1910); occidentalis (Meyer, 1898); rosenbergii (Jentink, 1879); sarasinorum (Meyer, 1898); tingahi (Meyer, 1896); tonkeanus (Meyer, 1896); topapuensis (Roux, 1910). comments : Formerly included in Callosciurus; see Moore (1958). Feiler (1990) raised the insular rosenbergii (including tingahi) to full specific status. For authority and date, see comments under Rubrisciurus rubriventer. Prosciurillus murinus (Müller and Schlegel, 1844). In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 87. type locality : "Celebes." Restricted by Sody (1949a) to NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia]. distribution : NE and C Sulawesi. synonyms : evidens (Miller and Hollister, 1921); griseus (Sody, 1949); necopinus (Miller and Hoffmeister, 1921). comments : For authority and date, see comments under Rubrisciurus rubriventer. Prosciurillus weberi (Jentink, 1890). Weber's Zool. Ergebn. 1:115. type locality : Indonesia, C Celebes, Luwu (near Palopo). distribution : C Sulawesi (Indonesia). comments : Elevated to specific status by Corbet and Hill (1992). Protoxerus Forsyth Major, 1893. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893:189. type species : Sciurus stangeri Waterhouse, 1842. synonyms : Allosciurus Conisbee, 1953. comments : Tribe Protoxerini (Moore, 1959). Includes Allosciurus (replaced Myrsilas Thomas, 1909, which was preoccupied by Myrsilas Stài, 1865 [Hemiptera]) and Protoxerus as subgenera. Originally a subgenus of Xerus, raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1897b). Protoxerus aubinnii (Gray, 1873). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 12:65. type locality : Ghana, Ashanti Prov., Fanti. "Fantee". distribution : Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. synonyms : salae (Jentink, 1881). comments : Subgenus Allosciurus. Protoxerus stangeri (Waterhouse, 1842). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 10:202 (footnote). type locality : Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, "...brought from Fernando Po...". distribution : Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, W Ghana, Togo, S Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Gabon, E Congo, N Angola, S Central African Republic, S Sudan, Zaire, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, W Kenya, N Tanzania. synonyms : bea Heller, 1912; calliurus (Peters, 1874); caniceps (Temminck, 1853); centricola (Thomas, 1906); cooperi Kingdon, 1971; dissonus Thomas, 1923; eborivorus (Du Chaillu, 1860); kabobo Verheyen, 1960; kwango Verheyen, 1960; loandae (Thomas, 1906); moerens Thomas, 1923; nigeriae (Thomas, 1906); nordhoffi (Du Chaillu, 1860); notabilis Thomas, 1923; personatus Kershaw, 1923; signatus Thomas, 1910; subalbidus (Du Chaillu, 1860); temminckii (Anderson, 1879); torrentium Thomas, 1923. comments : Subgenus Protoxerus. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 437 Ratufa Gray, 1867. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:273. type species : Sciurus indicus Erxleben, 1777. synonyms : Eosciurus Trouessart, 1880; Rukaia Gray, 1867. comments : Tribe Ratufini (Moore, 1959). Reviewed in part by Moore and Tate (1965). Ratufa affinis (Raffles, 1821). Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13:259. type locality : "Singapore Island". distribution : S Vietnam, Malaysian region (except Java and SW Philippines). status : CITES - Appendix II. synonyms : albiceps (Jentinck, 1897); arusinus Lyon, 1907; aureiventer (I. Geoffroy, 1831); balae Miller, 1903; bancana Lyon, 1906; banguei Chasen and Kloss, 1931; baramensis Bonhote, 1900; bulana Lyon, 1909; bunguranensis (Thomas and Hartert, 1894); carimonensis Miller, 1906; catemana Lyon, 1907; condurensis Miller, 1906; confinis Miller, 1906; conspicua Miller, 1903; cothurnata Lyon, 1911; dulitensis Lönnberg and Mjöberg, 1925; ephippium (Müller, 1838); femoralis Miller, 1903; frontalis Kloss, 1932; griseicollis Lyon, 1911; hypoleucos (Horsfield, 1823); insignis Miller, 1903; interposita Kloss, 1932; johorensis Robinson and Kloss, 1911; klossi J. E. Hill, 1960; lumholzi Lönnberg, 1925; masae Miller, 1903; nanogigas (Thomas and Hartert, 1895); nigrescens Miller, 1903; notabilis Miller, 1902; piniensis Miller, 1903; polia Lyon, 1906; pyrsonota Miller, 1900; sandakanensis Bonhote, 1900; sirhassenensis Bonhote, 1900; vittata Lyon, 1911; vittatula Lyon, 1911. Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778). Samhelle Hand. (Wet. Afd.), 1:70. type locality : Indonesia, W Java, Anjer. distribution : E Nepal; SE Tibet to S Yunnan and Hainan (China); Assam (India), Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, south through the Malay Peninsula to Java and Bali. status : CITES - Appendix II. synonyms : albiceps (Desmarest, 1817); anambae Miller, 1900; angusticeps Miller, 1901; baliensis Thomas, 1913; batuana Lyon, 1916; celaenopepla Miller, 1913; condorensis Kloss, 1920; dicolorata Robinson and Kloss, 1914; felli Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; fretensis Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; gigantea (McClelland, 1839); hainana J. Allen, 1906; humeralis (Coulon, 1836); javensis (Zimmerman, 1780); laenata Miller, 1903; leschnaultii (Desmarest, 1822); leucogenys Kloss, 1916; lutrina Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; macruroides (Hodgson, 1849); major Miller, 1911; marana Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; melanopepla Miller, 1900; palliata Miller, 1902; penangensis Robinson and Kloss, 1911; peninsulae Miller, 1913; phaeopepla Miller, 1913; sinus Kloss, 1916; sondaica (Müller and Schlegel, 1844); smithi Robinson and Kloss, 1922; stigmosa Thomas, 1923; tiomanensis Miller, 1900. Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777). Syst. Regn. Anim., 1:420. type locality : "in India orientali" [Bombay, India]. Based on "Pennant's Bombay squirrel" (Moore and Tate, 1965:43). distribution : C and S India, excluding central lowlands. status : CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Endangered as R. i. dealbata and R. i. elphinstonei. synonyms : bengalensis (Blanford, 1897); bombaya (Boddaert, 1785); centralis Ryley, 1913; dealbata (Blanford, 1897); elphinstoni (Sykes, 1831); malabarica (Scopoli, 1786); maxima (Schreber, 1784); purpureus (Zimmermann, 1777); superans Ryley, 1913. comments : Pennant (1771:281) described, but did not name this species, and said it "Inhabits Bombay." Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769). Indian Zool., 1, pl. 1. type locality : "Ceylon and Malabar....Malacca...Goa and Amboina." Restricted by Phillips (1933) to highlands of Central and Uva Provs., Sri Lanka. distribution : Sri Lanka and S India. status : CITES - Appendix II. synonyms : albipes (Blyth, 1859); ceilonensis (Boddaert, 1785); ceylonica (Erxleben, 1777); dandolena Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; macrura Blanford, 1891; melanochra Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; montana (Kalaart, 1852); sinhala Phillips, 1931; tennentii (Layard, 1849); zeylanicus (Ray, 1693). Mammal Species of the World 438 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Rheithrosciurus Gray, 1867. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:273. type species : Sciurus macrotis Gray, 1857. synonyms : Rhithrosciurus Hose, 1893. comments : Tribe Sciurini (Moore, 1959:177), or incertae sedis (Simpson, 1945:78). Rheithrosciurus macrotis (Gray, 1857). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856:341 [1857], type locality : "Sarawak," [Malaysia]. distribution : Borneo. Rhinosciurus Blyth, 1855. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 14:477. type species : Sciurus laticaudatus Müller, 1840. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959:173). Rhinosciurus laticaudatus (Müller, 1840). In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 34[1840], see comments. type locality : "Pontianak" [W Kalimantan, Indonesia]. distribution : Malaysian region except Java and SW Philippines. synonyms : incultus Lyon, 1916; leo Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; peracer Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; rhionis Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; robinsoni Thomas, 1908; saturatus Robinson and Kloss, 1919; tupaioides Blyth, 1855. comments : This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 100(1844], pl. 15(1841] (from which this species is often cited). See Appendix I. Rubrisciurus Ellerman, 1954. In Laurie and Hill, Land of Mammals of New Guinea, Celebes, and Adjacent Islands, p. 94. type species : Sciurus rubriventer Müller and Schlegel, 1844. synonyms : Tomeutes Thomas, 1915. comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959:174). Sometimes considered a subgenus of Callosciurus; see Laurie and Hill (1954:93) and Corbet and Hill (1992); but see also Moore (1959) and McLaughlin (1984:273), who considered it a distinct genus. Rubrisciurus rubriventer (Müller and Schlegel, 1844). In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 86(1844]. type locality : "Celebes" [Minahassa, NE Sulawesi, Indonesia]. distribution : N, C, and SE Sulawesi. comments : Ellerman (1940:375) dated the species description as 1839, and ascribed it to Forsten, who was listed by Müller and Schlegel as the author, but Forsten was the collector, not the author. See Appendix I for the correct publication date. Sciurillus Thomas, 1914. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1914:416. type species : Sciurus pusillus Desmarest, 1817. comments : Tribe Sciurillini (Moore, 1959). Sciurillus pusillus (Desmarest, 1817). Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed., 10:109. type locality : French Guiana, Cayenne. distribution : Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname. synonyms : glaucinus Thomas, 1914; hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1941; kuhlii (Gray, 1867). comments : Husson (1978) dated the name from Geoffroy's (1803) catalog, a work considered unpublished (see Appendix I) by other authors, and designated a lectotype. Sciurotamias Miller, 1901. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 14:23. type species : Sciurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1867. synonyms : Rupestes Thomas, 1922. comments : Includes Rupestes and Sciurotamias as subgenera; reviewed by Moore and Tate (1965). S. davidianus has a penile duct and Cowper's glands, and its glans and baculum are similar to those of Ratufa; therefore, Callahan and Davis (1982) removed this taxon from the Tamiasciurini (Moore, 1959:182) or Tamiini (Gromov et al., 1965:124) and tentatively referred it to Ratufini. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 439 Sciurotamias davidianus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2, 19:196. type locality : "Mountains of Peking," Hebei Prov., China. distribution : Hebei to Sichuan and Hubei; Guizhou (China). synonyms : collaris (Heude, 1898); consobrinus (Milne-Edwards, 1868-1874); latro (Heude, 1898); owstoni J. Allen, 1909; saltitans (Heude, 1898); thayeri G. Allen, 1912. comments : Subgenus Sciurotamias. Sciurotamias forresti (Thomas, 1922). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 10:399. type locality : "Mekong-Yangtze Divide on 27° 20 ’ N 7000-9000'." Yunnan Prov., China. distribution : Yunnan and Sichuan Provs. (China). comments : Subgenus Rupestes (Moore and Tate, 1965). Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:63. type species : Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758. synonyms : Aphrontis Schultze, 1893; Araeosciurus Nelson, 1899; Baiosciurus Nelson, 1899; Echinosciurus Trouessart, 1880; Guerlinguetus Gray, 1821; Hadrosciurus J. Allen, 1915; Hesperosciurus Nelson, 1899; Histriosciurus J. Allen, 1915; Leptosciurus J. Allen, 1915; Macroxus F. Cuvier, 1823; Mesosciurus J. Allen, 1915; Neosciurus Trouessart, 1880; Oreosciurus Ognev, 1935; Otosciurus Nelson, 1899; Parasciurus Trouessart, 1880; Simosciurus J. Allen, 1915; Tenes Thomas, 1909; Urosciurus J. Allen, 1915. comments : Tribe Sciurini (Moore, 1959:177); includes Guerlinguetus, Hesperosciurus, Otosciurus, Sciurus (Hall, 1981:417-436); Tenes (Corbet, 1978c:76) and Hadrosciurus (Cabrera, 1961:374) as subgenera. Moore (1959) considered Guerlinguetus a distinct genus (Hadrosciurus, Urosciurus as subgenera) and included Otosciurus and Hesperosciurus in subgenus Sciurus. Sciurus aberti Woodhouse, 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1852, 6:110, 220 [1853], type locality : "...in the San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico" [= Coconino Co., Arizona, USA]. distribution : SE Utah, S and W Colorado, extreme SE Wyoming, W and C New Mexico, and Arizona (USA); Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora (NW Mexico). synonyms : barberi J. Allen, 1904; castanonotus Baird, 1858; castanotus Baird, 1855; chuscensis Goldman, 1931; concolor True, 1894; dorsalis Woodhouse, 1853; durangi Thomas, 1893; ferreus True, 1900; kaibabensis (Merriam, 1904); mimus Merriam, 1904; navajo Durrant and Kelson, 1947; phaeurus J. Allen, 1904. comments : Subgenus Otosciurus (Hall, 1981:434). Includes kaibabensis (Hoffmeister and Diersing, 1978). Reviewed by Nash and Seaman (1977, Mammalian Species, 80). Post  Pleistocene dispersal analyzed by Davis and Brown (1989). Sciurus aestuans Linnaeus, 1766. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1:88. type locality : Surinam. distribution : Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. synonyms : alphonsei Thomas, 1903; bancrofti Kerr, 1792; garbei (Pinto, 1931); georgihernandezi Barriga-Bonilla, 1966; guajanensis Kerr, 1792; guianensis Peters, 1863; guerlingus (Shaw, 1801); henseli Miranda Ribeiro, 1941; ingrami Thomas, 1901; macconnelli Thomas, 1901; olivascens liliger, 1815; poaiae (Moojen, 1942); quelchii Thomas, 1901; roberti Thomas, 1903; venustus (J. A. Allen, 1940). comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Cabrera (1961:359). Formerly included gilvigularis; see Avila-Pires (1964). Sciurus alleni Nelson, 1898. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:147. type locality : "Monterey, Tamaulipas [= Nuevo Leon]," [Mexico]. distribution : SE Coahuila through C Nuevo Leon, south through W Tamaulipas to extreme N San Luis Potosi (Mexico). comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:430). Sciurus anomalus Giildenstaedt,1785. In Schreber, Die Säugeth., 4:781. type locality : "without exact indication of locality" (Ognev, 1966:368). Restricted by Güldenstadt (1785, see Ognev, 1940:423) to Sabeka, 25 km SW of Kutais, Georgia. distribution : Turkey, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaidzhan, Georgia), N and W Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel. Mammal Species of the World 440 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL synonyms : caucasicus Pallas, 1811; fulvus Blanford, 1875; historicus Gray, 1867; pallescens (Gray, 1867); persicus Erxleben, 1777 (may be based on Glis glis); russatus Wagner, 1842; syriacus Ehrenberg, 1828. comments : Subgenus Tenes (Corbet, 1978c:76). Russian authors ascribe this species to Gmelin, 1778. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 1:148 Sciurus arizonensis Coues, 1867. Am. Nat., 1:357. type locality : "Fort Whipple," [Yavapai Co., Arizona, USA], distribution : C and SE Arizona and WC New Mexico (USA); NE Sonora (Mexico). synonyms : catalinae Doutt, 1931; huachuca J. Allen, 1894. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:432). Sciurus aureogaster F. Cuvier, 1829. In E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3, 6(59):1-2 "Ecureuil de la Californie". type locality : "California" Restricted by Nelson (18996:38) to Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. distribution : SW and C Guatemala to Guanajuato to Nayarit and Nuevo Leon (Mexico). synonyms : affinis Alston, 1878; albipes Wagner, 1837; cervicalis J. Allen, 1890; chiapensis Nelson, 1899; chrysogaster Giebel, 1855; cocos Nelson, 1898; colintensis Nelson, 1898; effugius Nelson, 1898; ferruginiventris Audubon and Bachman, 1841; frumentor Nelson, 1898; griseoflavus Gray, 1867; hernandezi Nelson, 1898; hirtus Nelson, 1898; hypopyrrhus Wagler, 1831; hypoxanthus I. Geoffroy, 1855; leucogaster F. Cuvier, 1831; leucops Gray, 1867; littoralis Nelson, 1907; tnaurus Gray, 1867; morio Gray, 1867; mustelinus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; nelsoni Merriam, 1893; nemoralis Nelson, 1898; nigrescens Bennett, 1833; perigrinator Nelson, 1904; poliopus Fitzinger, 1867; quercinus Nelson, 1898; raviventer Lichtenstein, 1830; rufipes Fitzinger, 1867; rufiventris Rovirosa, 1887; senex Nelson, 1904; socialis Wagner, 1837; tepicanus J. Allen, 1906; varius Wagner, 1843; wagneri J. Allen, 1898. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:418). Revised by Musser (1968), who also designated a lectotype and confirmed the type locality restriction (Musser, 1970c). Includes griseoflavus, nelsoni, poliopus, and socialis (Musser, 1968). Introduced to Elliot Key, Dade County, Florida (USA) (Brown and McGuire, 1975). Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788. In Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 1:148. type locality : "Carolina." distribution : E Texas (USA) to Saskatchewan (Canada) and east to Atlantic Coast. Introduced into Britain, South Africa, and various localities in W North America. synonyms : extimus Bangs, 1896; fuliginosus Bachman, 1839; hiemalis Ord, 1815; hypophaeus Merriam, 1886; leucotis Gapper, 1830; matecumbei Bailey, 1937; migratorius Audubon and Bachman, 1849; minutus Bailey, 1937; pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:417). Sciurus colliaei Richardson, 1839. Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 8. type locality : "San Blas, Tepic, [Nayarit,] Mexico." distribution : Mexico: WC coast including Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima. synonyms : nuchalis Nelson, 1899; sinaloensis Nelson, 1899; truei Nelson, 1899. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:421). Includes sinaloensis and truei (Anderson, 1962). Sciurus deppei Peters, 1863. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863:654. type locality : "Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico." (Nelson, 18996:101). distribution : Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Costa Rica. status : CITES - Appenidx III (Costa Rica). synonyms : matagalpae J. Allen, 1908; miravallensis Harris, 1931; negligens Nelson, 1898; taeniurus Gray, 1867; tephrogaster Gray, 1867; vivax Nelson, 1901. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:426). Sciurus flammifer Thomas, 1904. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 14:33. type locality : Venezuela, Bolivar, Caura Valley, La Union. distribution : Venezuela south of Orinoco River from the Colombian border to Cuidad Bolivar. comments : Subgenus Hadrosciurus; see Cabrera (1961:374). Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 441 Sciurus gilvigularis Wagner, 1842. Arch. Naturgesch., 2:43. type locality : Brazil, Borba, Rio Madeira. distribution : N Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela. synonyms : gilviventris Pelzeln, 1883; paraensis Goeldi and Hagmann, 1904. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Avila-Pires (1964). Cabrera (1961:359) included gilvigularis in aestuans. Sciurus granatensis Humboldt, 1811. Rec. Observ. Zool., 1(1805):8. type locality : Colombia, Dept. Bolivar, Cartagena. distribution : Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Margarita Isl, Panama, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela. synonyms : agricolae Hershkovitz, 1947; baudensis J. A. Allen, 1915; bondae J. A. Allen, 1899; candelensis (J. A. Allen, 1914); carchensis Harris and Hershkovitz, 1938; chapmani J. A. Allen, 1899; chiriquensis Bangs, 1902; choco Goldman, 1915; chrysuros Pucheran, 1845; cucutae J. A. Allen, 1914; fasciatus; ferminae (Cabrera, 1917); gerrardi Gray, 1861; griseimembra (J. A. Allen, 1914); griseogena (Gray, 1867); hoffmanni Peters, 1863; hyporrhodus Gray, 1867; imbaburae Harris and Hershkovitz, 1938; inconstans Osgood, 1921; klagesi Thomas, 1914; leonis Lawrence, 1933; llanensis Mondolfi and Boher, 1984; magdalenae J. A. Allen; manavi 0. A. Allen, 1914); maracaibensis Hershkovitz, 1947; meridensis Thomas, 1901; milleri J. A. Allen; morulus Bangs, 1900; nesaeus G. M. Allen, 1902; norosiensis Hershkovitz, 1947; perijae Hershkovitz, 1947; quebradensis J. A. Allen; quindianus (J. A. Allen, 1914); rhoadsi (J. A. Allen, 1914); rufoniger Pucheran, 1845; salaquensis J. A. Allen, 1915; saltuensis Bangs, 1898; söderströmi Stone, 1914; splendidus Gray, 1842; sumaco (Cabrera, 1917); tamae Osgood, 1912; tarrae Hershkovitz, 1947; tephrogaster (Gray, 1867); tobagensis Ogsood, 1910; valdiviae (J. A. Allen, 1915); variabilis I. Geoffroy, 1832; versicolor Thomas, 1900; xanthotus (Gray, 1867); zuliae Osgood, 1910. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Hall (1981:436) and Nitikman (1985, Mammalian Species, 246). Sciurus griseus Ord, 1818. J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris, 87:152. type locality : "The Dalles of the Columbia" [River, Wasco Co., Oregon, USA]. distribution : C Washington, W Oregon, and California (USA) to Baja California Norte (Mexico). synonyms : anthonyi Mearns, 1897; fossor Peale, 1848; heermanni Le Conte, 1852; leporinus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; nigripes Bryant, 1889. comments : Subgenus Hesperosciurus (Hall, 1981:433). Sciurus ignitus (Gray, 1867). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:429. type locality : Bolivia, near Yungas, upper Rio Beni. distribution : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. synonyms : argentinius Thomas, 1921; boliviensis Osgood, 1921; cabrerai Moojen, 1958; cuscinus Thomas, 1902; irroratus (Gray, 1867); leucogaster (J. A. Allen, 1915); ochrescens Thomas, 1914. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Cabrera (1961:370-371). Sciurus igniventris Wagner, 1842. Arch. Naturg., 1:360. type locality : Brazil, Amazonas, north of the Rio Negro, Marabitanos. distribution : Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. synonyms : cocalis Thomas, 1900; duida J. A. Allen, 1914; fulminatus Thomas, 1926; manhanensis (Moojen, 1942); taedifer Thomas, 1900; zamorae J. A. Allen, 1914. comments : Subgenus Urosciurus; see Patton (1984). Lawrence (1988:1) restricted duida to this species although it has also been referred to S. spadiceus; the holotype is a composite. Sciurus lis Temminck, 1844. Fauna Japonica, l(Mamm.), p. 45. type locality : "Japan". Restricted by Corbet (1978c:78) to Honshu, [Japan]. distribution : Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Japan). comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Corbet, 1978c:77). Sciurus nayaritensis J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:7, footnote. type locality : "Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas," [Mexico.] distribution : Jalisco (Mexico) north to SE Arizona (USA). Mammal Species of the World 442 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL synonyms : alstoni J. Allen, 1889; apache J. Allen, 1893; chiricahuae Goldman, 1933. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:431). Includes chiricahuae and apache (Hall, 1981:431; Lee and Hoffmeister, 1963). Sciurus niger Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:64. type locality : "in America septentrionalis." Restricted by Thomas (1911«:149) to S South Carolina [USA], distribution : Texas (USA) and adjacent Mexico, north to Manitoba (Canada) east to the Atlantic Coast. status : U.S. ESA - Endangered as S. n. cinereus; nonessential experimental population in Sussex Co., Delaware (USA); IUCN - Endangered as S. n. cinereus. synonyms : avicinnia A. Howell, 1919; bachmani Lowery and Davis, 1942; bryanti Bailey, 1920; capistratus Bose, 1802; cinereus Linnaeus, 1758; limitis Baird, 1855; ludovicianus Custis, 1806; macroura Say, 1823; magnificaudatus Harlan, 1825; neglectus (Gray, 1867); ruber Rafinesque, 1820; rubicaudatus Audubon and Bachman, 1851; rufiventer E. Geoffroy, 1803; sayii Audubon and Bachman, 1851; shermani Moore, 1956; subauratus Bachman, 1839; texianus Bachman, 1839; vulpinus Gmelin, 1788. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:427). Sciurus oculatus Peters, 1863. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863:653. type locality : "Eastern Mexico." Restricted by Nelson (18996:88) to "near Las Vigas [Veracruz] Mexico." distribution : Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Mexico, Queretaro and Guanajuato. synonyms : capistratus Lichtenstein, 1830; melanonotus Thomas, 1890; shawi Dalquest, 1950; tolucae Nelson, 1898. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:430). Sciurus pucheranii (Fitzinger, 1867). Sitzb. Math. Naturw. CL, 55, Abth., 1:487. type locality : Colombia, near Bogota. distribution : Colombian Andes. synonyms : caucensis Nelson, 1899; medellinensis (Gray, 1867); minor (Alston, 1878); salentensis (J. A. Allen, 1914). comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Cabrera (1961:372) and Eisenberg (1989). Moore (1959) placed pucheranii in the genus Microsciurus. Sciurus pyrrhinus Thomas, 1898. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:265. type locality : Peru, Junin Dept., Vitoc, Garita del Sol. distribution : E slopes of the Andes of Peru. synonyms : variabilis Tschudi, 1844. comments : Subgenus Hadrosciurus; see Cabrera (1961:378). J. A. Allen (19156) placed pyrrhinus in the genus Mesosciurus. Sciurus richmondi Nelson, 1898. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:146. type locality : "Escondido River (50 mi. above Bluefields) Nicaragua" (Nelson, 18996:100). distribution : Nicaragua. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus (Hall, 1981:436). Reviewed by Jones and Genoways (19756, Mammalian Species, 53). Sciurus sanborni Osgood, 1944. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pubi., Zool. Ser., 29:191. type locality : Peru, Madre de Dios Dept., La Pampa, between the Rio Inambari and Rio Tambopata, 33 km N of Santo Domingo, 570 m. distribution : Madre de Dios Dept., Peru. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Cabrera (1961:373). Sciurus spadiceus Olfers, 1818. In Eschwege, J. Brasilien Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb., 15(2):208. type locality : Brazil, restricted by Hershkovitz (1959«) to Cuyabd, Matto Grosso. distribution : Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. synonyms : brunneo-niger (Gray, 1867); castus Thomas, 1903; fumigatus (Gray, 1867); juralis Thomas, 1926; langsdorffi Brandt, 1835; morio Wagner, 1848; nigratus (Pinto, 1931); purusianus (Moojen, 1942); pyrrhonotus Wagner, 1842; rondoniae (Moojen, 1942); steinbachi J. A. Allen, 1914; taparius Thomas, 1926; tricolor Tschudi, 1844; urucumus J. A. Allen, 1914. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 443 comments : Subgenus Urosciurus; see Patton (1984). Sciurus stramineus Eydoux and Souleyet, 1841. In Vaillant, Voy. autour du monde. ..la Bonite, Zool., 1:73. type locality : Peru, Piura Dept., Omatope. distribution : Extreme NE Peru and SE Ecuador in the area surrounding the Gulf of Guayaquil. synonyms : fraseri (Gray, 1867); guayanus Thomas, 1900; nebouxii I. Geoffroy, 1855; zarumae J. A. Allen, 1914. comments : Subgenus Guerlinguetus; see Cabrera (1961:373). Sciurus variegatoides Ogilby, 1839. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839:117. type locality : "...west coast of South America." Restricted by Nelson (1899b:80) to "(El) Salvador." distribution : S Chiapas (Mexico), through Central America to Panama. synonyms : adolphei Lesson, 1842; annalium Thomas, 1905; atrirufus Harris, 1930; austini Harris, 1933; bangsi Dickey, 1928; belli Nelson, 1899; boothiae Gray, 1843; dorsalis Gray, 1849; fuscovariegatus Schinz, 1845; goldmani Nelson, 1898; griseocaudatus Gray, 1843; helveolus Goldman, 1912; intermedius Gray, 1867; loweryi McPherson, 1972; managuensis Nelson, 1898; melania (Gray, 1867); nicoyana Gray, 1867; pyladei Lesson, 1842; richardsoni Gray, 1842; rigidus Peters, 1863; thomasi Nelson, 1899; underwoodi Goldman, 1932. comments : Subgenus Sciurus; includes goldmani (Hall, 1981:424). Revised by Harris (1937). Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:63. type locality : "in Europae arboribus." Restricted by Thomas (1911«: 148) to Uppsala, Sweden. distribution : Forested regions of Palearctic, from Iberia and Great Britain east to Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Isl (Russia); south to Mediterranean and Black Seas, N Mongolia, Korea, and NE China. synonyms : albonotatus Billberg, 1827; albus Billberg, 1827; alpinus Desmarest, 1822; altaicus Serebrennikov, 1928; ameliae Cabrera, 1924; anadyrensis Ognev, 1929; arcticus Trouessart, 1906; argent eus Kerr, 1792; baeticus Cabrera, 1905; balcanicus Heinrich, 1936; bashkiricus Ognev, 1935; brunnea Altum, 1876; chiliensis Sowerby, 1921; cinerea Hermann, 1804; coreae Sowerby, 1921; coreanus Kishida, 1924; croaticus Wettstein, 1927; dulkeiti Ognev, 1929; europaeus Gray, 1843; exalbidus Pallas, 1778; fedjushini Ognev, 1935; formosovi Ognev, 1935; fuscoater Altum, 1876; fusconigricans Dwigubski, 1804; fuscorubens Dwigubski, 1804; golzmajeri Smirnov, 1960; gotthardi Fatio, 1905; graeca Altum, 1876; hoffmanni Valverde, 1968; infuscatus Cabrera, 1905; istrandjae Heinrich, 1936; italicus Bonaparte, 1838; jacutensis Ognev, 1929; jenissejensis Ognev, 1935; kalbinensis Selevin, 1924; kessleri Migulin, 1928; leucourus Kerr, 1792; lilaeus Miller, 1907; mantchuricus Thomas, 1909; martensi Matschie, 1901; meridionalis Lucifero, 1907; nadymensis Serebrennikov, 1928; niger Billberg, 1827; nigrescens Altum, 1876; numantius Miller, 1907; ognevi Migulin, 1928; orientis Thomas, 1906; rhodopensis Heinrich, 1936; rufus Kerr, 1792; rupestris Thomas, 1907; russus Miller, 1907; rutilons Miller, 1907; segurae Miller, 1909; silanus Hecht, 1931; subalpinus Burg, 1920; talahutky Brass, 1911; typicus Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; ukrainicus Migulin, 1928; uralensis Ognev, 1935; varius Gmelin, 1789. comments : Subgenus Sciurus. For discussion of taxonomy, see Sidorowicz (1971) and Corbet (1978c). Sciurus yucatanensis J. A. Allen, 1877. In Coues and Allen, Mongr. N Am. Rodentia (U.S. Geol. Geograph. Survey Terr., Rep., 11:705). type locality : "Merida, Yucatan," [Mexico], distribution : Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico); N and SW Belize; N Guatemala. synonyms : baliolus Nelson, 1901; phaeopus Goodwin, 1932. comments : Subgenus Sciurus (Hall, 1981:422). Spermophilopsis Blasius, 1884. Tageblatt. Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf. Magdeburg, 57:325. type species : Arctomys leptodactylus Lichtenstein, 1823. comments : Subfamily Xerinae (Gromov et al., 1965:70) or tribe Xerini (Moore, 1959). Mammal Species of the World 450 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL distribution : SE Washington (USA), S of Yakima River and W and N of Columbia River. synonyms : [mollis] yakimensis Merriam, 1898. comments : Subgenus Spermophilus (Hall, 1981:382). Formerly included two cytotypes (mollis, canus) now considered distinct species (Nadler et al., 1984; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1970). Reviewed by Rickart (1987, Mammalian Species, 268). Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Mitchill, 1821). Med. Repos. (NY), (n.s.), 6(21):248. type locality : "...region bordering the sources of the river Mississippi..."; restricted by Allen (18956:338) to C Minnesota [USA]. distribution : Great Plains, from C Texas to E Utah, Ohio (USA) and SC Canada. synonyms : alleni Merriam, 1898; arenicola (A. Howell, 1928); badius Bangs, 1899; bianca Armstrong, 1971; hollisteri (V. Bailey, 1913); hoodii (Sabine, 1822); monticola (A. Howell, 1928); olivaceous J. Allen, 1895; pallidus J. Allen, 1874; parvus J. Allen, 1895; texensis Merriam, 1898. comments : Subgenus Ictidomys (Hall, 1981:391). Reviewed by Streubel and Fitzgerald (1978b, Mammalian Species, 103). See also comment under mexicanus. Spermophilus undulatus (Pallas, 1778). Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord., p. 122. type locality : "Selenga River valley," [Buryat ASSR, Russia], distribution : E Kazakhstan; S Siberia, Transbaikalia (Russia); N Mongolia; Heilungjiang and Xinjiang (China). synonyms : altaicus (Brandt, 1841); eversmanni (Brandt, 1841); intercedens (Ognev, 1937); jacutensis (Brandt, 1844); menzbieri (Ognev, 1937); stramineus (Obolenskii, 1927); transbaikalicus (Obolenskii, 1927). comments : Subgenus Urocitellus according to Gromov et al. (1965:162), but see Hall (1981:381) who included Urocitellus in subgenus Spermophilus. Formerly included parryii (Hall and Kelson, 1959:343); but see Nadler et al. (1974) and comments under parryii. Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975a). Spermophilus variegatus (Erxleben, 1777). Syst. Regn. Anim., 1:421. type locality : "in Mexico." Restricted by Nelson (1898:898) to "Valley of Mexico, near City of Mexico," [Distrito Federal, Mexico], distribution : S Nevada to SW Texas and Utah (USA) to Puebla (C Mexico). synonyms : buccatus (Lichtenstein, 1830); buckleyi Slack, 1861; couchii Baird, 1855; grammurus (Say, 1823); jugions (V. Bailey, 1913); macrourus Bennett, 1833; robustus (Durrant and Hansen, 1954); rupestris (J. Allen, 1903); tiburonensis Jones and Manning, 1989; tularosae (Benson, 1932); Utah (Merriam, 1903). comments : Subgenus Otospermophilus (Hall, 1981:399). Reviewed by Oaks et al. (1987, Mammalian Species, 272). Spermophilus washingtoni (A. H. Howell, 1938). N. Am. Fauna, 56:69. type locality : "Touchet, Walla Walla Co., Washington]." [USA], distribution : SE Washington, NE Oregon (USA). synonyms : loringi A. Howell, 1938. comments : Subgenus Spermophilus Hall (1981:384). Reviewed by Rickart and Yensen (1991, Mammalian Species, 371). Spermophilus xanthoprymnus (Bennett, 1835). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835:90. type locality : "Erzurum" [Turkey], distribution : Transcaucasia (Armenia, possibly Azerbaidzhan), Turkey, Syria, and Israel. synonyms : schmidti (Satunin, 1908). comments : Subgenus Spermophilus (Gromov et al. 1965:237). Regarded by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:506) and Corbet (1978c:83) as a synonym of citellus; but see Vasil'eva (1961), Gromov et al. (1965:237), and Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970), who provided evidence of specific distinctness. Sundasciurus Moore, 1958. Am. Mus. Novit., 1914:2. type species : Sciurus lowii Thomas, 1892. synonyms : Aletesciurus Moore, 1958. comments : Reviewed in part by Heaney (1979). Includes Aletesciurus and Sundasciurus as subgenera (Moore, 1958:3). Corbet and Hill (1992) placed Sundasciurus in Callosciurus. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 451 Sundasciurus brookei (Thomas, 1892). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 9:253. type locality : "Mount Dulit, N. Borneo" [Sarawak, Malaysia]. distribution : Mountains of Borneo, from 600 to 1500 m. comments : Subgenus Sundasciurus. Sundasciurus davensis (Sanborn, 1952). Fieldiana Zool., 33:117. type locality : "Madaum, 25 feet altitude, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippines Islands." distribution : Known only from the type locality. synonyms : cagsi (Meyer, 1890). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. May be conspecific with mindanensis, philippinensis, and samarensis (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992). Sundasciurus fraterculus (Thomas, 1895). Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2a, 14:669. type locality : Indonesia, Mentawi Isis, Sipora Isl, "Sereinu". distribution : Sipora Isl, Siberut Isl, and N Pagi Isl (Sumatra, Indonesia). synonyms : pumilus (Miller, 1903); siberu (Chasen and Kloss, 1928). comments : Formerly included in lowii (Chasen, 1940:144); but see Moore (1959). Geographic variation reviewed by Jenkins and Hill (1982). Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawi Archipelago (see comments under Leopoldamys siporanus). Sundasciurus hippurus (I. Geoffroy, 1831). In Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm., 3(Zoologie):149. type locality : "Java." Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918a:226) to Malacca, Malaysia. distribution : S Vietnam, Malaysian subregion except Java and SW Philippines. synonyms : borneensis (Gray, 1867); grayi (Bonhote, 1901); hippurellus (Lyon, 1907); hippurosus (Lyon, 1907); inquinatus (Thomas, 1908); ornatus Dao and Cao, 1990; pryeri (Thomas, 1892); rufogaster (Gray, 1842). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. Sundasciurus hoogstraali (Sanborn, 1952). Fieldiana Zool., 33:115. type locality : "Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands." distribution : Busuanga Isl (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. Member of the steerii group; see comment under steerii. Placed in moellendorffi by Corbet and Hill (1991:140), without comment. Sundasciurus jentinki (Thomas, 1887). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 20:128. type locality : "Mount Kina-Balu," [Sabah, Malaysia]. distribution : Mountains of N Borneo. synonyms : subsignanus (Chasen, 1937). comments : Subgenus Sundasciurus. Chromosomes described by Harada and Kobayashi (1980). Sundasciurus juvencus (Thomas, 1908). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 2:498. type locality : "the islands of Palawan....Puerto Princesa [Philippines]". distribution : N Palawan Isl. comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. Member of the steerii group; see comment under steerii. Sundasciurus lowii (Thomas, 1892). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 2:253. type locality : "Lumbidan, on the mainland opposite Labuan" [Sarawak, Malaysia]. distribution : Malaysian subregion, except Java and SW Philippines. synonyms : alacris (Thomas, 1908); balae (Miller, 1903); bangueyae (Thomas, 1910); humilis (Miller, 1913); lingungensis (Miller, 1901); natunensis (Thomas, 1895); piniensis (Miller, 1903); robinsoni (Bonhote, 1903); seimundi (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); vanakeni (Robinson and Kloss, 1916). comments : Subgenus Sundasciurus. Formerly included fraterculus and pumilus (Chasen, 1940:144). Sundasciurus mindanensis (Steere, 1890). List of the Birds and Mammals collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines. Ann Arbor, Mich., p. 29. type locality : "Mindanao," [Philippines], distribution : Mindanao and adjacent small islands (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. May be conspecific with davensis, philippinensis, and samarensis (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992). Mammal Species of the World 452 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Sundasciurus moellendorffi (Matschie, 1898). Sitzb. Gesell. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, 5:41. type locality : "Calamianes....von Culion" [Calamian Isis, Philippines]. distribution : Known only from the type locality. synonyms : albicauda (Matschie, 1898). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. The form albicauda was listed as a distinct species by Corbet and Hill (1980:132) without comment, but included in moellendorffi by Corbet and Hill (1986:149), as was hoogstraali (in Corbet and Hill, 1991:140) without comment. Spelling of name changed in accordance with Art. 32d(i) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985). Sundasciurus philippinensis (Waterhouse, 1839). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839:117. type locality : "Mindanado" [Mindanao Isl, Philippines]. distribution : S and W Mindanao, and Basilan (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. May be conspecific with davensis, mindanensis, and samarensis (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992). Sundasciurus rabori Heaney, 1979. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 92:281. type locality : "Magtaguimbong, Mt. Mantalingajan, Palawan Isl, Republic of the Philippines, Island between 3,600 and 4,350 feet elevation...approximately 8° 48'N, 117° 40'E." distribution : Above 800 m in mountains on Palawan (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus (see Heaney, 1979). Sundasciurus samarensis (Steere, 1890). List of the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines. Ann Arbor, Mich., p. 30. type locality : "Samar and Leyte," [Philippines]. distribution : Samar and Leyte Isis (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. May be conspecific with davensis, mindanensis, and philippinensis (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992). Sundasciurus steerii (Günther, 1877). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876:735 [1877]. type locality : "Balabac" [Isl, Philippines]. distribution : Balabac and S Palawan Isis in lowlands (Philippines). comments : Subgenus Aletesciurus. Member of the steerii group, which contains 1-3 species; see Heaney (1979). Sundasciurus tenuis (Horsfield, 1824). Zool. Res. Java, 1824:153. type locality : Singapore. distribution : Malaysian subregion, except Java and SW Philippines. synonyms : altitudinus (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); bancarus (Miller, 1903); batus (Lyon, 1916); gunong (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); mansalaris (Miller, 1903); modestus (Müller, 1840); parvus (Miller, 1901); procerus (Miller, 1901); sianticus (Chasen and Kloss, 1928); sordidus (Kloss, 1911); surdus (Miller, 1900); tahan (Bonhote, 1908); tiomanicus (Robinson, 1917). comments : Subgenus Sundasciurus. The name pumilus (see synonym in fraterculus) was previously assigned to tenuis (Robinson and Kloss, 191 8a:229); but see Chasen (1940:144). Syntheosciurus Bangs, 1902. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:25. type species : Syntheosciurus brochus Bangs, 1902. comments : Tribe Microsciurini (Moore, 1959). Goodwin (1946) suggested that Syntheosciurus might be a subgenus of Sciurus; but see Heaney and Hoffmann (1978), Enders (1980), and Hall (1981:438). Moore (1959:179) included Mesosciurus (granatensis, pyrrhinus) as a subgenus, but see Sciurus. Syntheosciurus brochus Bangs, 1902. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:25. type locality : "Boquete, 7,000 ft." [2,134 m, Chiriqui, Panama]. distribution : Costa Rica to N Panama. status : IUCN - Insufficiently known. synonyms : poasensis (Goodwin, 1942). comments : Reviewed by Enders (1953:509), and Wells and Giacalone (1985, Mammalian Species, 249). Includes poasensis (Hall, 1981:438; Heaney and Hoffmann, 1978; Enders, 1980). Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 453 Tamias liliger, 1811. Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium., p. 83. type species : Sciurus striatus Linnaeus, 1758. synonyms : Eutamias Trouessart, 1880; Neotamias A. Howell, 1929. comments : Tribe Marmotini (Moore, 1959). Nearctic forms revised by Howell (1929). Sutton (1992) provided a key to the species. Includes Eutamias (sibiricus), Tamias (striatus), and Neotamias as subgenera (Corbet, 1978c:85; Ellerman, 1940:428; Levenson et al., 1985; Nadler et al., 1977). Disagreement exists regarding the status of Eutamias and Neotamias; see White (1953), Ellis and Maxson (1979), Hall (1981:337), and Patterson and Heaney (1987). Levenson et al. (1985) found that T. (T.) striatus and T. (E.) sibiricus together formed the primitive sister group to Neotamias species; if this is confirmed, it renders Eutamias in the generic sense paraphyletic. Tamias alpinus Merriam, 1893. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:137. type locality : "Big Cottonwood Meadows, ... just south of Mount Whitney, altitude 3,050 meters or 10,000 feet" [Tulare Co., California, USA], distribution : Alpine zone in Sierra Nevada, from Tuolumne to Tulare Counties (EC California, USA). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias amoenus J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:90. type locality : "Fort Klamath, [Klamath Co.,] Oregon." [USA], distribution : C British Columbia (Canada) south to C California east to C Montana and W Wyoming (USA). synonyms : affinis J. Allen, 1890; albiventris (Booth, 1947); canicaudus (Merriam, 1903); caurinus (Merriam, 1898); ceteris (Hall and Johnson, 1940); cratericus (Blossom, 1937); felix Rhoads, 1895; ludibundus (Hollister, 1911); luteiventris J. Allen, 1890; monoensis (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); ochraceus (A. Howell, 1925); propinquus (Anthony, 1913); septentrionalis (Cowan, 1946); vallicola (A. Howell, 1922). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Reviewed by Sutton (1992, Mammalian Species, 390). Tamias butteri J. A. Allen, 1889. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:173. type locality : "Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacatecas," [Mexico]. distribution : Sierra Madre, in S Durango, W Zacatecas, and N Jalisco (Mexico). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Formerly included durangae and solivagus, which were considered incertae sedis by Callahan (1980); see durangae. Tamias canipes (V. Bailey, 1902). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:117. type locality : "Guadalupe Mts" [Culberson Co., Texas, USA]. Restricted by A. Howell (1929:101) to head of Dog Canyon, 7,000 ft [2,130 m], distribution : Mountains of SE New Mexico and W Texas (USA). synonyms : sacramentoensis Flaherty, 1960. comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Elevated from subspecies of cinereicollis by Fleharty (1960). Reviewed by Findley et al. (1975:103-112). Tamias cinereicollis J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:94. type locality : "San Francisco Mountain, [Coconino Co.,] Arizona." [USA]. distribution : Mountains of C and E Arizona and C and SW New Mexico (USA). synonyms : cinereus (V. Bailey, 1911). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias dorsalis Baird, 1855. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:332. type locality : "Fort Webster, Coppermines of the Mimbres" Restricted by Howell (1929:131) to near present site of Santa Rita, Grant Co., New Mexico. distribution : E Nevada, S Idaho, Utah, SW Wyoming, and NW Colorado south through Arizona and W New Mexico (USA) to NW Durango, W Coahuila, and coastal Sonora (Mexico). synonyms : canescens (J. Allen, 1904); carminis (Goldman, 1938); grinnelli (Burt, 1931); nidoensis (Lidicker, 1960); sonoriensis (Callahan and Davis, 1977); utahensis (Merriam, 1897). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Reviewed by Callahan and Davis (1977) who included sonoriensis in this species and by Hart (1992, Mammalian Species, 399). Mammal Species of the World 454 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Tamias durangae (J. A. Allen, 1903). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:594. type locality : "Arroyo de Bucy, Sierra de Candella, ...about 7,500 feet [2,134 m], northwestern Durango, Mexico." distribution : SW Chihuahua to WC Durango; SE Coahuila (Mexico). synonyms : nexus Elliot, 1905; solivagus (A. Howell, 1922). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Formerly included in bulleri; includes solivagus; perhaps conspecific with canipes; see Callahan (1980), who considered both durangae and solivagus, incertae sedis. Tamias merriami J. A. Allen, 1889. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:176. type locality : "San Bernardino Mts" [N of San Bernardino, 4,500 feet (1,372 m), San Bernardino Co., California, USA]. distribution : San Francisco Bay southward in the Coast Range, and south of Columbia (California, USA) in the Sierra Nevada, to extreme N Baja California (Mexico). synonyms : kernensis (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); mariposae (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); pricei J. Allen, 1895. comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Formerly included meridionalis and obscurus; see Callahan (1977). See also comment under obscurus. Tamias minimus Bachman, 1839. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8:71. type locality : "Green River, near mouth of Big Sandy Creek, [Sweetwater Co.,] Wyo[ming]." [USA], distribution : C Yukon (Canada) south through Sierra Nevada and S New Mexico, east to Michigan (USA) and W Quebec (Canada). status : IUCN - Endangered as T. m. atristriatus. synonyms : arizonensis (A. Howell, 1922); atristriatus (V. Bailey, 1913); borealis J. Allen, 1877; cacodemus (Cary, 1906); caniceps (Osgood, 1900); caryi (Merriam, 1908); clarus (V. Bailey, 1918); confinis (A. Howell, 1925); consobrinus J. Allen, 1890; grisescens (A. Howell, 1925); hudsonius (Anderson and Rand, 1944); jacksoni (A. Howell, 1925); lectus (J. Allen, 1905); melanurus Merriam, 1890; neglectus J. Allen, 1890; operarius (Merriam, 1905); oreocetes (Merriam, 1897); pallidus J. Allen, 1874; pictus J. Allen, 1890; scrutator (Hall and Hatfield, 1934); selkirki (Cowan, 1946); silvaticus (White, 1952). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Southern Rocky Mtn populations reviewed by Sullivan (1985). Tamias obscurus J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:70. type locality : "San Pedro [Martir] Mountains" [near Vallecitos, Baja California Norte, Mexico]. distribution : S California (San Bernardino Co., USA) to C Baja California (Mexico). synonyms : davisi (Callahan, 1977); meridionalis (Nelson and Goldman, 1909). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Regarded by Howell (1929) as a synonym of merriami; but see Callahan (1977) who provided evidence of specific distinctness and included davisi and meridionalis in this species. Tamias ochrogenys (Merriam, 1897). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:195, 206. type locality : "Mendocino, [Mendocino Co.,] California." [USA]. distribution : Coast of N California from Van Duzen River south to S Sonoma Co. (USA). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Elevated from subspecies of townsendii by Sutton and Nadler (1974); supported by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989). Tamias paimeri (Merriam, 1897). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:208. type locality : "Charleston Peak, [Clark Co.,] Nevada [USA] (altitude about 2450 meters or 8000 feet)." distribution : Charleston Mtns (S Nevada, USA). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias panamintinus Merriam, 1893. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:134. type locality : "Johnson Canon. ..Panamint Mountains, [Inyo Co.,] California." [USA] Restricted by Grinnell (1933:128) to vicinity of Hungry Bill's Ranch, about 5,000 ft. [1,524 m]. distribution : Mountains of SE California and SW Nevada (USA). Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 455 synonyms : acrus (Johnson, 1943); juniperus (Burt, 1931). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias quadrimaculatus Gray, 1867. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:435. type locality : "California, Michigan Bluff (Gruber)" [Placer Co., USA]. distribution : Sierra Nevada of EC California (Plumas to Mariposa cos.); C and adjacent WC Nevada (USA). synonyms : macrorhabdotes Merriam, 1886. comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias quadrivittatus (Say, 1823). In James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns, 2:45. type locality : "(Arkansas River]...the place where the river leaves the mountains," Restricted by Merriam (1905:163) to about 26 mi. [42 km] below Cafìon City, Fremont Co., Colorado [USA]. distribution : Mountains of Colorado and E Utah south to NE Arizona and S New Mexico (USA). status : IUCN - Endangered as T. q. australis. synonyms : animosus (Warren, 1909); australis (Patterson, 1980); gracilis J. Allen, 1890. comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Includes australis (Patterson, 1980). Formerly included hopiensis, but see Patterson (1984:452), who regarded it a nomen dubium, and rufus, now considered distinct (Patterson, 1984); but see Hoffmeister and Ellis (1979). See also umbrinus. Tamias ruficaudus (A. H. Howell, 1920). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 33:91. type locality : "Upper St. Mary's Lake, [Glacier Co.,] Montana." [USA]. distribution : NE Washington to W Montana (USA), and SE British Columbia (Canada). synonyms : simulons (A. Howell, 1922). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Patterson and Heaney (1987) suggested that simulons may be specifically distinct from ruficaudus, but the nature of contact between the two forms is not known. Tamias rufus (Hoffmeister and Ellis, 1979). Southwest. Nat., 24:656. type locality : USA, "10 mi SW Page, Coconino County, Arizona". distribution : E and S Utah, extreme W Colorado, and NE Arizona, USA. comments : Formerly included in quadrivittatus, but see Patterson (1984). Tamias senex J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:83. type locality : "Summit of Donner Pass, Placer Co., California, USA]." distribution : Sierra Nevada of EC California and WC Nevada to N coast of California, and NC Oregon (USA). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Elevated from a subspecies of townsendii by Sutton and Nadler (1974); distinction also suggested by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989). Tamias sibiricus (Laxmann, 1769). Sibirische Briefe, Gottingen, p. 69. type locality : "Vicinity of Barnaul" [Altaisk Krai, Russia] (Chaworth-Musters, 1937). distribution : N European and Siberian Russia to Sakhalin; S Kurile Isis (Russia); extreme E Kazakhstan to N Mongolia, China, Korea, and Hokkaido (Japan). synonyms : albogularis (J. Allen, 1909); altaicus (Hollister, 1912); asiaticus (Gmelin, 1788); barberi (Johnson and Jones, 1955); intercessor (Thomas, 1908); jacutensis (Ognev, 1935); lineatus (Siebold, 1824); okadae (Kuroda, 1932); ordinalis (Thomas, 1908); orientalis Bonhote, 1899; pallosi Baird, 1856; senescens (Miller, 1898); striatus (Pallas, 1778); umbrosus (A. Howell, 1927); uthensis (Pallas, 1811). comments : Subgenus Eutamias; see Gromov et al. (1965:125). Tamias siskiyou (A. H. Howell, 1922). J. Mammal., 3:180. type locality : "Near summit of White Mountain, Siskiyou Mountains, altitude 6,000 feet [1,829 m], [Siskiyou Co.,] California" [USA]. distribution : Siskiyou Mtns and coast of N California to C Oregon (USA). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Elevated from a subspecies of townsendii by Sutton and Nadler (1974); distinction supported by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989). Mammal Species of the World 456 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Tamias sonomae (Grinnell, 1915). Univ. California Pubi. Zool., 12:321. type locality : "One mile [1.6 km] west of Guerneville, Sonoma County, California." [USA]. distribution : NW California, from San Francisco Bay north to Siskiyou Co. (USA). synonyms : alleni (A. Howell, 1922). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias speciosus Merriam, 1890. In J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:86. type locality : "San Bernardino Mts., [San Bernardino Co.,] Cal[ifornia, USA]." Restricted by Howell (1929:89) to Whitewater Creek, 7,500 ft. [2,255 m], distribution : USA: Sierra Nevada from Mt. Lassen to San Bernardino Mtns (California); W Nevada. synonyms : callipeplus Merriam, 1893; frater J. Allen, 1890; sequoiensis (A. Howell, 1922). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Tamias striatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:64. type locality : Restricted by Howell (1929:14) to "upper Savannah River, S[outh] Cfarolina]." [USA], distribution : S Manitoba and Nova Scotia (Canada) to Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia, east to Atlantic Coast (USA). synonyms : americanus Gmelin, 1788; doorsiensis Long, 1971; fisher i A. Howell, 1925; griseus Mearns, 1891; lysteri (Richardson, 1829); ohioensis Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; peninsulae Hooper, 1942; pipilans Lowery, 1943; quebecensis Cameron, 1950; rufescens Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; venustus Bangs, 1896. comments : Subgenus Tamias; see Gromov et al. (1965:134). Reviewed by Snyder (1982, Mammalian Species, 168). Tamias townsendii Bachman, 1839. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8(1):68. type locality : "lower Columbia River, near lower mouth of Willamette River, [Multnomah Co.,] Oregfon]." [USA]. distribution : SW British Columbia (Canada), W Washington and Oregon to the Rogue River (USA). synonyms : cooperi Baird, 1855; hindei Gray, 1842; littoralis Elliot, 1903. comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Formerly included ochrogenys, siskiyou and senex; see comments under those species. Tamias umbrinus J. A. Allen, 1890. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:96. type locality : "Uintah Mountains, south of Ft. Bridger" Restricted by Howell (1929:94) to Blacks Fork, about 8,000 ft. [2,438 m], Summit Co., Utah [USA]. distribution : E California and N Arizona to N Colorado, SE and NW Wyoming, and extreme SW Montana (USA). synonyms : adsitus (J. Allen, 1905); fremonti (White, 1953); inyoensis (Merriam, 1897); montanus (White, 1953); nevadensis (Burt, 1931); sedulus (White, 1953). comments : Subgenus Neotamias. Bergstrom and Hoffmann (1991) found species-specific vocalizations, habitats, and bacular characters in sympatric umbrinus and quadrivittatus, but convergence in electromorphs. Tamiasciurus Trouessart, 1880. Le Naturaliste, 2(37):292. type species : [Sciurus vulgaris] hudsonicus Erxleben, 1777. comments : Tribe Tamiasciurini (Moore, 1959). Tamiasciurus douglasii (Bachman, 1839). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838:99 [1839]. type locality : "Shores of Columbia River" Restricted by Allen (1898:284) to mouth of Columbia River, [Clatsop Co., Oregon, USA], distribution : Coast and Cascade ranges and Sierra Nevada of SW British Columbia (not Vancouver Isl) (Canada) to S California (USA). synonyms : belcheri (Gray, 1842); cascadensis (J. Allen, 1898); mollipilosus (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); orarius (Bangs, 1897); suckleyi (Baird, 1855). comments : Formerly included mearnsi; see Lindsay (1981). Hall (1981:466) suggested that douglasii might be conspecific with hudsonicus, but Lindsay (1982) showed that apparent hybrids were probably due to character convergence. Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: SCIURINAE 457 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1777). Syst. Regn. Anim., 1:416. type locality : "ad fretum Hudsonis" Restricted by Howell (1936:134) to the mouth of Severn River, Hudson Bay, Ontario, Canada. distribution : Alaska (USA), throughout Canada (south of tundra); including Vancouver Isl, W USA in mountain states; NE USA, south to NW South Carolina. status : U.S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered as T. h. grahamensis. synonyms : abieticola (A. Howell, 1929); baileyi (J. Allen, 1898); columbianus A. Howell, 1936; dakotensis (J. Allen, 1894); dixiensis Hardy, 1942; fremonti (Audubon and Bachman, 1853); grahamensis (J. Allen, 1894); gymnicus (Bangs, 1899); kenaiensis A. Howell, 1936; lanuginosus (Bachman, 1839); laurentianus Anderson, 1942; loquax (Bangs, 1896); lychnuchus (Stone and Rehn, 1903); minnesota (J. Allen, 1899); mogollonensis (Mearns, 1890); murii A. Howell, 1943; neomexicanus (J. Allen, 1898); pallescens A. Howell, 1942; petulans (Osgood, 1900); picatus (Swarth, 1921); preblei A. Howell, 1936; regalis A. Howell, 1936; richardsoni (Bachman, 1839); rubrolineatus (Desmarest, 1822); streatori (J. Allen, 1898); ungavensis Anderson, 1942; vancouverensis (J. Allen, 1890); ventorum (J. Allen, 1898); wasatchensis Hardy, 1950. comments : Includes fremonti; see Hardy (1950). See also douglasii. Tamiasciurus mearnsi (Townsend, 1897). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:146. type locality : "San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California (altitude about 7,000 feet)" [Baja California Norte, Mexico]. distribution : Sierra San Pedro Martir Mtns (Baja California Norte, Mexico). comments : Formerly included in douglasii; see Lindsay (1981). Tamiops J. A. Allen, 1906. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 22: 475. type species : Tamiops macclellandi hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906 (= T. maritimus hainanus). comments : Tribe Callosciurini (Moore, 1959:173). Included in Callosciurus by Corbet and Hill (1992); see Osgood (1932), and Moore and Tate (1965), who revised Tamiops. Tamiops macclellandi (Horsfield, 1840). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839:152 [1840]. type locality : "Bengal as well as Assam" [India]. Restricted by Ellerman (1940:354) to Assam. distribution : E Nepal through Assam (India); N and C Burma, and Yunnan (China), and south through Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to the S Malay Peninsula. synonyms : barbei (Blyth, 1847); collinus Moore, 1958; inconstans Thomas, 1920; kongensis (Bonhote, 1901); leucotis (Temminck, 1853); lylei Thomas, 1920; manipurensis (Bonhote, 1900); novemlineatus Miller, 1903; pembertoni (Blyth, 1842). Tamiops maritimus (Bonhote, 1900). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 5:51. type locality : "Foochow, province of Fokien" [Fukien, China]. distribution : Hubei, Anhui and Zhejiang, south through Guangxi and Guangdong (China), to S Vietnam and Laos; isls of Hainan (China); Taiwan. synonyms : formosanus (Bonhote, 1900); hainanus J. Allen, 1906; laotum Robinson and Kloss, 1922; moi Robinson and Kloss, 1922; monticolus (Bonhote, 1900); riudoni J. Allen, 1906; sauteri J. Allen, 1906. Tamiops rodolphei (Milne-Edwards, 1867). Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2, 19:227. type locality : "Cochin China near Saigon," [Vietnam], distribution : E Thailand, Cambodia, S Laos, S Vietnam. synonyms : dolphoides Kloss, 1922; elbeli Moore, 1958; holti Ellerman, 1940; liantis Kloss, 1919; lylei Thomas, 1920. Tamiops swinhoei (Milne-Edwards, 1874). Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères, 1:308. type locality : "Moupin [Muping]," [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. Restricted by Allen (1940:673) to "Hongchantin...about 6000 feet." distribution : Extreme SW Gansu south through Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan (China) to N Burma and N Vietnam; isolated population in Hebei (China). synonyms : chingpingensis Lu and Qyan, 1965; clarkei Thomas, 1920; forresti Thomas, 1920; holti (Ellerman, 1940); olivaceus Osgood, 1932; russeolus Jacobi, 1923; spencei Thomas, 1921; vestitus Miller, 1915. comments : The form forresti was originally named as a subspecies of T. maritimus, but assigned to swinhoei by Moore and Tate (1965:248). Mammal Species of the World 458 ROBERT S. HOFFMANN ET AL Xerus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833. Symb. Phys. Mamm., vol. 1, sig. ee. type species : Sciurus (Xerus) brachyotis Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833 (= Sciurus rutilus Cretzchmar, 1828). synonyms : Euxerus Thomas, 1909; Geosciurus Smith, 1834. comments : Includes Euxerus, Geosciurus, and Xerus as subgenera (Amtmann, 1975; Ellerman, 1940; Moore, 1959). Xerus erythropus Desmarest, 1817. In Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed., 10:110. type locality : Senegal (neotype). Origin of original type unknown. "Inconnue." distribution : SE Morocco, S Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, S Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, SE Niger, NE Nigeria, Cameroon, NE Congo, SE Chad, NE Central African Republic, Sudan, Zaire, NW Uganda, Rwanda, W Ethiopia, W Kenya, N Tanzania. synonyms : agadius (Thomas and Hinton, 1921); albovittatus (Desmarest, 1817); chadensis (Thomas, 1905); fulvior (Thomas, 1905); lacustris (Thomas, 1905); lessonii (Fitzinger, 1867, new name for marabutus Lesson); leucoumbrinus (Riippell, 1835); limitaneus (Thomas and Hinton, 1923); maestus (Thomas, 1910); marabutus (Lesson, 1838); microdon Thomas, 1905; prestigiator (Lesson, 1838). comments : Placed in Euxerus which is considered a subgenus of Xerus by Ellerman (1940), Moore (1959), and Amtmann (1975). The name erythopus or erythropus is commonly attributed to E. Geoffroy, 1803. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 178, who gave the name as erythopus; however, this work was never published and is therefore unavailable (see Appendix I). The next available use of the name erythopus was by Desmarest, 1817. Shinz, 1845, used the spelling erythropus. Opinion 945 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1971) ruled that erythopus Geoffroy, 1803 be changed to erythropus as an incorrect original spelling. The proper latin root is "erythro". In the last 100 years nearly all authors have used the spelling erythropus. In the interest of orthographic stability we advocate that the specific name be spelled erythropus. It is not desirable to perpetuate the lapsus in spelling by early workers. Xerus inauris (Zimmermann, 1780). Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere, 2:344. type locality : South Africa, Kaffirland, 100 mi. (160 km) N of Cape of Good Hope. "Bewohnt die Cafferen, über hundert Meilen nordwärts des Vorgebürges der guten Hofnung...". distribution : S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, W Zimbabwe, South Africa. synonyms : africanus (Shaw, 1801); capensis (Kerr, 1792); dschinshicus (Gmelin, 1788); ginginianus (Shaw, 1801); levaillantii (Kuhl, 1820); namaquensis (Lichtenstein, 1793); setosus (Smuts, 1832). comments : Subgenus Geosciurus. Distinction from X. princeps supported by minor chromosomal differences reported by Robinson et al. (1986). Xerus princeps (Thomas, 1929). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1929:106. type locality : N Namibia, C Koakoveld, Otjitundua. distribution : W Namibia, S Angola, restricted to the Kaokoland escarpment of Namibia and Angola as far north as 14°10'S 16°0'E. comments : Subgenus Geosciurus. Distinction from X. inauris supported by minor chromosomal differences reported by Robinson et al. (1986). Xerus rutilus (Cretzschmar, 1828). In Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth., p. 59. type locality : Ethiopia, eastern slope of Abyssynia. "Der östliche Abhang Abyssiniens, wo es häufig vorkommmt." Probably Massawa, according to Mertens (1925:26) "...wahrsheinlich Massaua". distribution : SE Sudan, E and S Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, NE Uganda, NE Tanzania. synonyms : abessinicus (Gmelin, 1788); brachyotis (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833); dabagala Heuglin, 1861; dorsalis Dollman, 1911; fuscus (Huet, 1880); intensus Thomas, 1904; massaicus Toschi, 1945; rufifrons Dollman, 1911; saturatus (Neumann, 1900); stephanicus Thomas, 1906. comments : Subgenus Xerus. Chromosomes described by Nadler and Hoffmann (1974). Reviewed by O'Shea (1991, Mammalian Species, 370). Mammal Species of the World RODENTIA: SCIUROGNATHI: SCIURIDAE: PETAURISTINAE 459 Subfamily Petauristinae Miller, 1912. Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. Mus., p. 940. synonyms : Pteromyini Brandt, 1855. comments : Controversy continues over whether flying squirrels constitute a monophyletic group; see Johnson-Murray (1977), Hight et al. (1974), and Thorington (1984). Bibliography by Lin et al. (1985). Aeretes G. M. Allen, 1940. Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, II, 2:745. type species : Pteromys melanopterus Milne-Edwards, 1867. comments : Aeretes is often dated as G. M. Allen, "p.vii, September 2, 1938," but this is a nomen nudum. Aeretes melanopterus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 8:375. type locality : "Les forêts qui couvrent la chaine montagneuse du Tscheli" [= Chihli; old name for Hebei Prov., China]. distribution : Hebei and Sichuan (China). synonyms : sulcatus (Howell, 1927); szechuanensis Wang, Tu, and Wang, 1966. comments : Known only from two widely separated areas. Aeromys Robinson and Kloss, 1915. J. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 6:23. type species : Pteromys tephromelas Günther, 1873. Aeromys tephromelas (Günther, 1873). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873:413. type locality : "Pinang" [Wellesley, Penang Isl., Malaysia]. distribution : Malaysian region, except Java and SW Philippines. synonyms : bartelsi (Sody, 1936); phaeomelas (Günther, 1873). comments : Includes phaeomelas; see Medway (1977:101). Aeromys thomasi (Hose, 1900). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 5:215. type locality : "Silat River, about 70 miles south of Claudetown, Eastern Sarawak" [Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia]. distribution : Borneo, except SE. synonyms : nitidus Jentink, 1897. Belomys Thomas, 1908. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 1:2. type species : Sciuropterus pearsonii Gray, 1842. Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 10:263. type locality : "India, [Assam,] Dargellan" (= Darjeeling). distribution : Sikkim and Assam (India) to Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, (China); Bhutan; Taiwan, Indochina, and N Burma (see Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1979). synonyms : blandus Osgood, 1932; kaleensis (Swinhoe, 1863); trichotis Thomas, 1908; villosus (Blyth, 1847). comments : Corbet and Hill (1992) synonomyzed this monotypic genus with Trogopterus. Biswamoyopterus Saha, 1981. Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 4:331. type species : Biswamoyopterus biswasi Saha, 1981. Biswamoyopterus biswasi Saha, 1981. Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 4:333. type locality : "Namdapha, Tirap District, Arunachal Pradesh, India." distribution : Known only from type locality, western slope, Patkai Range. comments : "Close to Aeromys" (Saha, 1981:333). Eupetaurus Thomas, 1888. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 57:256. type species : Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888. Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 57:258. type locality : "Gilgit [Valley],...about 6000 feet" [Pakistan]. distribution : High elevations from N Pakistan and Kashmir to Sikkim (India; Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1970) to Tibet and possibly Yunnan (China). comments : Reviewed by McKenna (1962). Mammal Species of the World