A Hitherto Unknown Universal History of the Early Eighth Century: Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713

medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies MULTI LINGUALISM IN PREMODERN SOCIETIES MOVING JOBS II No. 23, 2025 medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies Volume 23, 2025 Multilingualism in Premodern Societies Urban Administrative Spaces Guest Editor: Katalin Szende Moving Jobs Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages, II Guest Editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso All rights reserved ISSN 2412-3196 Online Edition Media Owner: Institute for Medieval Research Copyright © 2025 by Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Cover design, layout: Daniela Seiler Proofreading: Nicola Wood Cover image: HR-DAZD-26 Providurstvo Omi5, k. 1, sv. 1-4,fol. 12v © Zadar State Archives, whom we thank for their kind permission to use this image. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press Dr. Ignaz Seipel Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel. +43-1-515 81/DW 3402-3406 Fax +43-1-515 81/DW 3400 hw.oeaw.ac.at, verlag.oeaw.ac.at medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies Editors Walter Pohl, Austrian Academy of Sciences/University of Vienna Nina Mirnig, University of Vienna/Austrian Academy of Sciences Editorial Board Maximilian Diesenberger, Austrian Academy of Sciences Christian Gastgeber, Austrian Academy of Sciences Johann Heiss, Austrian Academy of Sciences Claudia Rapp, Austrian Academy of Sciences/University of Vienna Helmut Reimitz, Princeton University Irene van Renswoude, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Pavlína Rychterová, Austrian Academy of Sciences Veronika Wieser, Austrian Academy of Sciences International Advisory Board Glenn Bowman, University of Kent Sabrina Corbellini, University of Groningen Mayke de Jong, Utrecht University Nicola di Cosmo, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Stefan Esders, Free University of Berlin Patrick Geary, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton John Haldon, Princeton University William C. Jordan, Princeton University Osamu Kano, Nagoya University Hugh Kennedy, SOAS, University of London Gábor Klaniczay, Central European University Elisabeth Lambourn, De Montfort University Leicester Eduardo Manzano, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC) Lars Boje Mortensen, University of Southern Denmark Marina Rustow, Princeton University Dittmar Schorkowitz, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Teresa Shawcross, Princeton University Naomi Standen, University of Birmingham John Tolan, University of Nantes Przemysław Urbańczyk, Polish Academy of Sciences/Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw Dan Varisco, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton/American Institute for Yemeni Studies Luo Xin, Peking University Journal Management Ingrid Hartl, Austrian Academy of Sciences Homepage www.medievalworlds.net Table of Contents eISSN-Nr. 2412-3196 DOI 10.1553/medievalworlds_no23_2025s1 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 1-2 Editorial 3 Ingrid Hartl and Walter Pohl Multilingualism in Premodern Societies. Urban Administrative Spaces Guest editor: Katalin Szende Multilingualism in Eurasian Premodern Societies. Introductory Remarks 4 Pavlína Rychterová and Katalin Szende Names in Translation: Multilingual Administration and Name Adaptation in Venetian Dalmatia (Fifteenth-Sixteenth Century) 14 Lena Sadovski The Written Communication Between Ragusans and Ottomans Before the Mid-17th Century: Notes on Multi lingualism and Language Ideologies 41 Marijana Mišević Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages, II Guest editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages II – Introduction 68 Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso Wandering Artisans? The Mobility of Smiths in Early Post-Roman England 73 Irene Bavuso Work and Mobility in their Local Dimensions in Early Medieval Iberia 97 Robert Portass Ibn Buṭlān, a Physician on the Move between the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds 115 Joe Glynias The Mongols‘ Baghdad: Knowledge Transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the ConquestGuest editors: Bruno De Nicola and Nadine Löhr The Kāghaẕ-nāma: Papermaking in 13th-Century Baghdad 139 Shiva Mihan Individual Article A Hitherto Unknown Universal History of the Early Eighth Century: Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713 155 Adrian C. Pirtea medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 1-2 A Hitherto Unknown Universal History of the Early Eighth Century: Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713 Adrian C. Pirtea* This research note introduces the Maronite Chronicle of 713, a hitherto unknown Christian world chronicle in Arabic, recently identified by the author in the collection of manuscripts at St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mt. Sinai. Extant in a single thirteenth-century manuscript (Sinai Ar. 597), this Arabic chronicle is a translation of a lost Syriac work, originally composed in 712-713 CE, probably in a Syriac Monothelete milieu with close ties to the Monastery of Mar Maron. The chronicle covers the history of the world from Adam to 692-693 CE and exhibits numerous parallels with the so-called »eastern source«, which informed the chronicles of Theophanes, Michael the Syrian, Agapius of Mabbug and the anonymous Syriac Chronicle of 1234. To demonstrate the links between these sources and the new chronicle, the note analyses, as a case study, a passage discussing the main events of the year 633-634 CE. The author argues that the Maronite Chronicle of 713 provides an alternative chronology of events for this year and thus represents an independent source for the early stages of the Arab conquests. A more detailed study and a critical edition and annotated translation of this new chronicle are in preparation. Keywords: Syriac historiography, Christian world chronicles, Syriac-Arabic translations, Christian Arabicmanuscripts, Maronites, St. Catherine’s Monastery Library, early Arab conquests, comet of 634 CE Introduction: The Arabic Collection of Manuscripts on Mt. Sinai The library of the Greek Orthodox Monastery of St. Catherine’s on Mt. Sinai houses the oldest and one of the largest collections of Christian Arabic manuscripts in the world. Currently, the collection holds more than 750 items, including 155 Arabic manuscript fragments belonging to the so-called New Finds, a large group of manuscripts in several languages discovered in a walled-up room at the monastery in 1975.1 The Sinai Arabic collection remains poorly catalogued. Existing catalogues and checklists by Margaret Gibson (1894), Aziz Atiya (1955), * Correspondence details: Institute for Medieval Research, Department of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dominikanerbastei 16, 1010 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected]. 1 For a report on the discovery of the new finds, see Archbishop Damianos, Chronicle of the Recovery. eISSN-Nr. 2412-3196 DOI 10.1553/medievalworlds_no23_2025s155 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 155-167 156 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 155-167 Adrian C. Pirtea Murad Kamil (1970) and Yiannis Meimaris (1985) only contain brief (and often incomplete) descriptions.2 A more detailed catalogue was published by Atiya in 1970, but it only covers the first three hundred items.3 Fortunately, access to the Sinai collection has significantly improved in the last decade, first through the digitization of the microfilms produced by the American and Israeli Sinai expeditions,4 and, more recently, thanks to the Sinai Palimpsests Project and the Sinai Manuscripts Digital Library.5 The increased access to the Sinai manuscripts, including its numerous palimpsests, has already led to several groundbreaking discoveries that are rapidly changing our understanding of ancient and medieval history, theology, literature and science.6 The aim of this research note is to introduce another new discovery among the Sinai manuscripts: a hitherto unknown Arabic translation of a lost, and equally unknown, universal chronicle composed in Syriac in the early eighth century CE. For reasons I will explain below, this anonymous text can be designated as the Maronite Chronicle of 713 (henceforth Chron713). The Arabic translation is extant in Sinai, St. Catherine’s Monastery, Arabic 597, an overlooked thirteenth-century manuscript of the Old Sinai Collection. I will provide a short description of the manuscript, present the contents and main features of Chron713 and highlight, by way of one case study, the significance of this newly discovered chronicle for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean in the late antique and early Islamic periods. A more detailed study and a critical edition and translation of the text are in preparation by the present author.7 The Manuscript Sinai Ar. 597 In its present state, Sinai Arabic 597 is bound together from two codicological units, both measuring c. 250 × 162 mm. The first part (henceforth Sinai Ar. 597/I, fols. 1-83, paper) was copied in the tenth century.8 This part contains Arabic translations of the Book of Daniel (fols. 1r-37r) and the Book of Proverbs (fols. 38v-83r), based on the Syriac Peshitta.9 The 2 Gibson, Catalogue of the Arabic Mss.; Atiya, Arabic Manuscripts; Clark, Checklist; Kamil, Catalogue of All Manuscripts; Meimaris, Κατάλογος (Katalogos). Note should also be made of the earlier checklist prepared during the visit of the Russian bishop Porfirij Uspenskij (1804-1885) to Sinai in 1850. See below, n. 15. 3 Atiya, Catalogue raisonné. An initiative by the Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Arabes Chrétiennes (CEDRAC) in Beirut to continue Atiya’s cataloguing project has not been brought to completion. 4 For the Library of Congress, see: https://www.loc.gov/collections/manuscripts-in-st-catherines-monastery-mount-sinai/about-this-collection/ [last accessed 29 October 2025]; for the National Library of Israel, see: https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/saint-catherine [last accessed 29 October 2025]. 5 See: https://sinai.library.ucla.edu/ [last accessed 29 October 2025]; https://sinaimanuscripts.library.ucla. edu [last accessed 29 October 2025], registration required. 6 For a recent collection of studies, see Rapp et al., New Light. 7 See Pirtea, Syro-Chalcedonian historiography. More than a year after my discovery of the text in January 2024 (and independently of my work), Alexander Hourani also examined the manuscript in April-May 2025 and provided a first draft transcription of the text on his academia.edu profile page: Hourani, Chronicle. I wish to thank Habib Ibrahim for drawing my attention to Hourani’s research. See also below, n. 18. 8 A reader’s note on fol. 83v is dated Ḏū l-Qaʿda 1, 392 AH, i.e. September 11, 1002 CE, which provides a terminus ante quem; see Treiger, From Theodore Abū Qurra, 39-40, n. 120. 9 One folio is missing at the beginning. Fols. 37v-38r are empty. 157 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 155-167 Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713 second part (Sinai Ar. 597/II, fols. 84-160, paper) is of later date and contains Chron713, to be discussed below. This second part can be dated palaeographically to the thirteenth century.10 The final folios contain short texts by later hands (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries?): the beginning of the Book of Rolls (Kitāb al-majāll) on fol. 156v,11 followed – in a different hand – by an incomplete calendar of Christian feasts (fols. 157r-160r).12 The manuscript lost its binding, and there are no indications about when or how it reached Sinai. The second part suffered significant water damage, resulting in many of its leaves being stuck together. Some of these leaves had been opened already before the recent digitization campaign, causing further damage and making the script on these leaves almost illegible.13 So far, scholarship on Sinai Ar. 597 has focused exclusively on the first part, either on the Book of Daniel or, more generally, on the script.14 The content of Sinai Ar. 597/II is only briefly mentioned in the catalogues.15 Gibson describes the contents as a universal history (ἱστορία τοῦ κόσμου), but she provides no further details.16 Atiya’s Handlist mentions a historical treatise entitled »Book of the History of Years and Times«, adding that this part was defective and therefore not microfilmed.17 The Maronite Chronicle of 713 Although both Gibson and Atiya correctly identified the text in Sinai Ar. 597/II as a work of historiography, neither scholar undertook a detailed analysis of its contents. As a result, they 10 As Alexander Treiger has informed me, the script is very similar to Sinai Ar. 268, copied by the prolific scribe Poimen, active c. 1223-1237 CE (on which see Ibrahim, Poimen al-Sīqī). However, further research on the palaeographical features of the manuscript is needed in order to establish the identity of the scribe who copied Sinai Ar. 597/II. 11 On this text, also known as the Arabic Apocalypse of Peter, see Roggema and Burke, Book of the Rolls. 12 The calendar begins (fol. 157r) with the commemoration of St. Amphilochius of Iconium (23 November). 13 See folios 88v-89r, 89v-90r, 91v-92r, 98v-99r, 101v-102r, 104v-105r, 105v-108r (stuck together), 109v-110r (stuck together), 111v-112r (stuck together), 112v-113r, 113v-114r (stuck together), 115v-118r (stuck together), 119v-120r (stuck together), 121v-123r (stuck together), 124v-127r (stuck together), 128v-129r (stuck together), 131v-132r, 133v-134r, 134v-135r, 137v-138r, 138v-139r, 141v-142r, 145v-146r, 146v-147r, 147v-148r, 149v-150r, 151v-152r, 152v-153r and 154v-155r. On some of these folios, more than 50% of the text can be read; on others. only a few lines can be discerned. A digitized version of the manuscript is available in the Sinai Manuscripts Digital Library: https://sinaimanuscripts.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:%2F21198%2Fz1w10qj5 [last accessed 29 October, 2025, registration required]. 14 See Hjälm, Christian Arabic Versions, 56-57, 84-86, 393-395; see also Hjälm, Paleographical study; Posegay, Early Arabic Translation. 15 It is possible that the manuscript was seen by the Russian bishop Porfirij Uspenskij (1804-1885) as early as 1850, since in the checklist prepared by his collaborators Nikolai Krylov and Faḍlallāh Ṣarrūf (1826-1903), one Arabic manuscript is described as »a book of history in old script with its pages stuck (mulṣaq) to one another«. See Syrku, Catalogus librorum manuscriptorum, 349 (cod. Porph. Ar. 312). 16 Gibson, Catalogue of the Arabic Mss., 127. The same Greek title (ἱστορία τοῦ κόσμου) is provided on the library label on fol. 160v. Given the short amount of time Gibson and her sister, Agnes Smith Lewis (1843-1926), stayed at the monastery, the manuscript could only be examined in a cursory fashion, as Gibson herself admits (ibid., vii). 17 Atiya, Arabic Manuscripts, 24. The second part of the manuscript is not mentioned at all in Clark, Checklist, 37. Kamil, Catalogue of All Manuscripts, 13, simply repeats Atiya’s description. It is unclear if Atiya examined the manuscript in detail when preparing the second volume of his Catalogue raisonné. 164 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 155-167 Adrian C. Pirtea history of Syriac Monotheletism and the emergence of a Syro-Chalcedonian identity in the early Islamic period, on the earliest interactions between Christian and Muslim historiography, and on the history of Syro-Arabic translations in the medieval Maronite context. Acknowledgment I would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for several helpful comments. This publication is part of the research project »Reviving the Ascetic Ideal in the Eastern Mediterranean. Entangled Memories of Early Egyptian Monasticism in Medieval Syriac, Arabic, and Armenian Christianity (969-1375 CE)« (RevIdEM, ERC Starting Grant, hosted by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2023-2028). The project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Ninth Framework Programme »Horizon Europe« (Grant agreement no. 101078631). Views and opinions expressed are those of the author only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. 165 medieval worlds • No. 23 • 2025 • 155-167 Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713 References Agapius of Mabbug, Kitāb al-ʿunwān, ed. Alexandre Vasiliev, Kitab al-‘Unvan. 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