Introduction to Agrivoltaics

Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector This work and the used images are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, if not otherwise stated. Author: Sebastian Dittmann E-Mail: [email protected] Introduction to Agrivoltaics Curso agrivoltaica 11/2025 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann ANHALT UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Facts and Figures ▪largest university of applied sciences in Saxony-Anhalt ▪~7500 students, among them over 2,400 international students from 100 countries ▪33 bachelor´sand 40 master´s degrees, 95 PhD students ▪3 locations with a strong tradition in sciences, education a culture September 02, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 3 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images by © Henny-C. Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Baked Salami, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann September 02, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 4 HSA PV Research overview Sub areas I. Metrology II. Reliability / Durability III. Performance and life-time Modelling IV. Technology demonstration •From PV Modul to PV systems •Measurement of relevant material properties •Device development and improvement •Agrivoltaic (Agri-PV) •Building integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV) •Energy systems incl. inverter and storage •Stress potential •Linking material properties with aging phenomenon •Energy yield prediction •Energy rating •Life-time modelling Synergies V. Education programs •Master’s programs •Ph.D. program ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann September 02, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 5 HSA PV research area I. Metrology – Indoor Lab •Class AAA LED sun simulator with two independent light sources for monoand bifacial PV module characterization •Development of a rear-side light source for bifacial PV cell with WAVELABS (ZIM research project of the year 2022) •Improvement from cell to full size PV module sun simulator with two independent light sources •High flexible in spectral distribution and light intensity [1] S. Dittmann, G. Luchetta, R. Gottschalg, et al., “Comparative Analysis of Albedo Measurements (Plane-of-Array, Horizontal) at Multiple Sites Worldwide”, 2023, 40th EUPVSEC, Lisbon [2] S. Dittmann, G. Luchetta, R. Gottschalg, “Analysis and identification of measurement uncertainty sources of a LED Sun Simulator with double-side illumination for bifacial PV Module Power Rating”, 2023, 50th IEEE PVSC, Puerto Rico Ishikawa diagram illustrating the identified uncertainty sources, yellow. Yellow arrow represents the contribution of the rear-side light source [1] Spectrum of Xenon and LED sun simulators, AM1.5 and spectral response of c-Si modules [2] •Measurement uncertainty? •spatial uniformity and spectral match → 8 LED boards with 4 subsections (total 428 LEDs) → •Light Temporal Instability •etc. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann September 02, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 6 HSA PV research area IV. Technology demonstration PV research and Demonstration site Bernburg-Fridenshall •PV module monitoring to measure maximum power output in real operating conditions and different applications •30 kWp grid-connected PV system consists of mono-polycrystalline and thin-film technologies 1 •Bifacial PV systems with different module technologies and different orientations •AgriPVplus demonstrator with vertical east-west orientation (65 kWp) •one of the four test fields of the TruePower Alliance of SERIS •Singapore •Australia •China 1TruePowerTM Alliance ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Images by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann September 02, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 7 PV education at Hochschule Anhalt Master’s program - Photovoltaics Engineering Science •International Master program taught in English •Three semesters (90 credits) include two semesters with courses in photovoltaics related subjects and one semester for the Master thesis •Target job profile: engineer in research & development (R&D), design, construction, and operation or management of PV power plants •Matriculation in summer and winter semester ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images (a), (b) by © Christian Lippold, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 (a) (b) | Sebastian Dittmann Become a PV Master student at HSA 25.10.2023 Sustainable energy system course - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar 8 DAAD - Study scholarships www.hs-anhalt.de/mpv ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector https://www.daad.cl/es/ https://www.daad.co/es/ Chile Colombia All images by © Sebastian Dittman, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Author: Sebastian Dittmann E-Mail: [email protected] Introduction Agrivoltaics Curso agrivoltaica 11/2025 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann Balcony Photovoltaic – Small private PV Systems September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan SEITE 18 Combination with storage Regulations: •Up to 2 kWp (DC) but max. 800W (AC) via Schuko socket •No electrician required - just plug in and enjoy •No registration required •No meter replacement required •Costs between €450 and €600 (with storage €1500 - €2000) •650-850 kWh/year can be generated (depending on orientation) •Surplus energy will be fit into the grid All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann Scenarios for Photovoltaic [1] Fraunhofer ISE, [2] Quaschning V. HTW Berlin September 5, 2025 Ground mounted PV systems •required power approx. 250 GWp, corresponds to approx. 1% of the land area (including distance areas) [1] → High potential for sector coupling (energy production + infrastructure construction + agriculture + nature conservation) → new land use and economic models but sometimes land use conflicts and acceptance problems (including landscape, effects on animal and plant populations) → Grid compatibility avoidance of high energy production at midday SEITE 19Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Images by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Images by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Figure by © Energy-Charts (Fraunhofer ISE) ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Figure by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rightsreserved. | Sebastian Dittmann Next2Sun September 5, 2025 Concepts of Agri-PV systems Classical ground mounted system kWh/m² Grid compatibility Biodiversity measures Covered area Sector coupling SEITE 20Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Image by © Rodsburgh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images by © Pascal Scholz, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Kkiefuik, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Agrivoltaics (Agri-PV) September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Separate land use 100% Wheat 100% Solar Energy Combined land use 80% Wheat 80% Solar Energy SEITE 21 - Possible conflicts and acceptance problems Multifunctional approach - Includes Biodiversity measures (AgriPVplus) Images by © Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images generated by Google Gemini AI Images generated by Google Gemini AI | Sebastian Dittmann September 5, 2025 Concepts of Agri-PV systems SEITE 22Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector 1. High mounting structures 2. Vertical mounted PV modules 3. Tracking systems Covered area Sector coupling HighMaintenance kWh/ha Grid compatibility Biodiversity | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Next2Sun September 5, 2025 Concepts of Agri-PV systems High mounting structures Installations & Material costs Biodiversity measures Covered area Sector coupling SEITE 23 Image by © Asurnipal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Images generated by Google Gemini AI Image by © Lisamiri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Next2Sun September 5, 2025 Concepts of Agri-PV systems Vertical mounted PV modules Needed Material Biodiversity Covered area kWh/m² SEITE 24 Grid compatibility Sector coupling Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Figure by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rightsreserved. Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rightsreserved. Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rightsreserved. | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Next2Sun September 5, 2025 Concepts of Agri-PV systems Tracking systeme Biodiversity Covered area Sector coupling HighMaintenance kWh/m² Grid compatibility SEITE 25Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Image by © Chmee2, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan SEITE 26 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector What is Agri-PV? How does a Agri-PV system need to look like to be an Agri-PV system? Images generated by Google Gemini AI | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan SEITE 27 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector What is Agri-PV? How does a Agri-PV system need to look like to be an Agri-PV system? - PV system with 4m row space and a module hight of 80 cm from the ground - Animals (sheep) grazing between the arrays - PV system with 7m row space and a module hight of 60 cm from the ground - Grass will be harvested frequently and used to feed animals, e.g., cows Image generated by Google Gemini AI Image by © Matthias Eckert, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Energy yield of Agri-PV systems Agri-PV - vertical mounted PV modules September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 34 •Installed Capacity: 816 kWp •Yearly Energy production: 1043 MWh •Specific Yield: 37.200 kWh/ha (-75%) North-South Cross section View Row distance AN: 14m Module hight H1: 0.5 m Image by © Hugo Sánchez, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Diagram by © Hugo Sánchez, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Energy yield of Agri-PV systems Agri-PV - single axes tracker September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan 35 •Installed Capacity: 1.499 kWp •Yearly Energy production: 2.026 MWh •Specific Yield: 81.300 kWh/ha (-47%) East-West Cross section View Row distance AL: 12m Module hight H1: 2.1 m Image by © Hugo Sánchez, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Diagram by © Hugo Sánchez, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan SEITE 36 System Installed Capacity ( kWp) Specific Yield (kWh/ha) Difference ( %) Specific Yield (kWh/ kWp) Standard 3019 15.400 - 1280 High mounted 1499 75.100 -51 1230 Vertical 816 37.200 -75 1140 Single axis tracker 1499 81.300 -47 1323 Energy yield of Agri-PV systems Summary •Losses due to large row spaces •Double use of the land (income from agriculture and energy production) •Biodiversity can be implemented •Grid compatibility if south orientation is not considered ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Diagram by © Hugo Sánchez, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann AgriPVplus –demonstrator at the HSA‘s Campus 12 m crops + 2 x 1 m wildflower strip Sensors •AgriPVplus demonstrator with vertical east-west orientation (65 kWp) •Investigation of a comprehensive multifunctional land use system together with scientists from agriculture, PV and biodiversity •Agriculture: •Impact on soil erosion and humidity due to wind reduction and shading – input for crop modelling •Impact of natural pollinators and beneficial organism •Biodiversity: •Increase of natural wildflowers and pollinators •Investigation on connectivity between natural biotopes •Photovoltaic: •Grid compatibility with vertical mounted bifacial PV modules •Input for performance modelling approaches, e.g., albedo •Comparison of different PV module technologies and installation methods •High-precision sensors for electrical, meteorological and abiotic parameters 25.10.2023 Sustainable energy system course - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar SEITE 37 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 September 5, 2025 System type: Agrivoltaic (AgriPVplus) Orientation: East-West, vertical mounted PV modules: 144 bifacial modules with 460Wp each Installed capacity: 66 kWp Completion: September 2023 Commissioning: 18.02.2025 Energy yield (simulation): 62.000 kWh/a Funding: - BMBF-Projekt BIODIV-SOLAR, FKZ: 13FH133KX0 - EFRE-Projekt „Forschungszentrum für Agri-Photovoltaik Sachsen-Anhalt“, FKZ: ZS/2023/12/182024 AgriPVplus – demonstrator at the HSA‘s Campus 38Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Forschungszentrum AgriPVplus ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector 18.07.2025, Bernburg Sommerreise des Ministers Prof. Dr. Armin Willingmann SEITE 39 Energy yield and advantage of the vertical installed PV-Modules Diagrams by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 September 5, 2025 40Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Grid-friendly energy production - With vertical installed PV modules avoid a hight energy pick at midday - Energy is produced at there need Diagram by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 Sandra Dullau Sebastian Dittmann AgriPVplus –demonstrator at the HSA‘s Campus September 5, 2025 Certified course on Renewable Energy, Mary, Turkmenistan SEITE 41 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector | Sebastian Dittmann, FB6 25.10.2023 Sustainable energy system course - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar 42 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Muchas gracias por su atención Follow us on LinkedIn Sebastian Dittmann All images by © Sebastian Dittman, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Participants RES-SIAS is an Erasmus+ project co-funded by the European Union under grant agreement No. 101128584. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector This work and images are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 if not otherwise stated.