Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades

Engineering and Technology Journal e-ISSN: 2456-3358 Volume 10 Issue 12 December-2025, Page No.-8168-8190 DOI: 10.47191/etj/v10i12.16, I.F. – 8.482 © 2025, ETJ 8168 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades John Dexter L. Embuscado1, Nicole DC. Fababier2, Arianna Kylie B. Palon3, Johana Lorine P. Vanzuela4, Engr. Roselle C. Gonzales5 1,2,3,4,5 Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Sumacab Campus, Cabanatuan City Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering ABSTRACT: The growing demand for sustainable and cost-efficient road construction materials has encouraged the development of natural fiber-based alternatives for soil stabilization. This study evaluates the performance of a woven bamboo fiber geonet as a protective layer for unpaved roads using software-assisted analysis. Bamboo, recognized for its tensile strength and environmental benefits, was processed into a geonet structure and analyzed under vertical pressures typically experienced by unpaved road surfaces. SolidWorks Simulation was used to assess the geonet’s structural response through von Mises stress, equivalent strain, and displacement outputs, providing insight into its deformation behavior and potential failure zones.Results show that although the bamboo fiber geonet offers advantages as a lightweight, renewable, and biodegradable material, it does not withstand heavy vertical pressures. Excessive stress, strain, and displacement values were observed, indicating that the geonet is unsuitable for heavily loaded sub-base applications. However, its performance suggests potential for low-intensity or light soil reinforcement uses where loading demands are minimal. The study also demonstrates the value of software-assisted simulation in evaluating natural fiber geosynthetics, reducing dependence on extensive physical testing. Overall, the research clarifies the performance limitations of bamboo fiber geonets and recommends further validation under varied loading conditions and field environments. KEYWORDS: bamboo fiber, geonets, mechanical properties, soil reinforcement, unpaved roads, finite element simulation CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS Introduction Civil engineering applications increasingly require sustainable material sources, creating a demand for alternative materials such as bamboo fibers. Bamboo (Bambusa blumeana) is a promising candidate due to its rapid growth, renewability, and excellent mechanical properties. These characteristics make it suitable for developing geonet systems that contribute to soil stabilization, erosion control, drainage improvement, and lateral restraint. This study focuses on evaluating the performance of bamboo fiber geonets for possible geotechnical applications. The primary objective is to assess the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber—specifically its tensile strength, flexural behavior, and durability of bamboo fiber geonets under loading conditions. By evaluating its mechanical behavior, the study seeks to assess the viability of bamboo-fiber geonets as sustainable reinforcement materials for improving soil strength. In addition, geosynthetics also provide lateral restraint by limiting both horizontal and vertical displacement of soil particles under load. Reinforcement mobilizes shear within the geosynthetic layer, effectively shifting potential failure surfaces and increasing the overall bearing capacity of the soil (Carlos et al., 2024). Additionally, as the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly building materials increases, scientists are searching for substitutes for the traditional geonets, which are typically made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resin. HDPE geonets are effective, but their manufacturing is resource-intensive and environmentally damaging. Investigating bamboo fibers as a potential alternative material for geonet production is the aim of this project. Bamboo fibers can be used to make ropes with the right properties for geonet applications since they are robust, abundant, and renewable. Bamboo fiber's high specific strength and renewability have generated a lot of interest. For long bamboo fibers to reach their maximum strength, unidirectional reinforcing is necessary. Among all plant fibers, bamboo fiber has a comparatively higher mechanical strength. Bamboo fibers have a modulus of 46 GPa and a tensile strength of 600 MPa, respectively. On the other hand, single bamboo fiber has better elongation, tensile strength, and Young's modulus than several other plant fibers like coir, flax, and bagasse. Therefore, there are a number of potential uses for using bamboo fiber as reinforcement into cement and resin. Bamboo fiber is a sustainable and environmentally “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8169 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado friendly fiber reinforcement that can be utilized as a good alternative to glass and polymer fiber (Gao et al., 2022). Furthermore, researchers realized that natural goods could replace synthetic ones due to the rising expense of geosynthetics and the developing sustainability issue. Certain characteristics of natural fibers, such as sisal, jute, coir, bananas, palms, water hyacinth, rice husk, bamboo, hemp, and many more, meet the requirements to be utilized as geosynthetic materials. These geotextiles are frequently utilized to lower construction costs while enhancing the functionality and longevity of roadways. Applications for geotextiles are numerous and include drainage systems, soil stabilization, erosion prevention, and concrete and asphalt reinforcing. Because the natural fibers have a 500% waterholding capacity on dry soil, it is also utilized to improve the grass growth along riverbanks and prevent soil erosion (Badri et al., 2023). According to Salzer et al. (2018), recent studies have been done on the importance of understanding the mechanical properties of bamboo fibers to improve their performance in geosynthetic applications. Research has shown that bamboo fibers have significant tensile strength and modulus of elasticity compared to conventional geonet materials made from synthetic polymers. Further, Sanchez et al. (2019) reported that treatments in bamboo fiber processing and hybridization with others have been pursued to obtain higher resistance against moisture and degradations. These studies contribute toward an overall growing body of knowledge on replacing conventional nonrenewable geo-net materials with more sustainable, biodegradable alternatives. Moreover, the exploration of the mechanical properties of bamboo fibers for geonet application is a developing research field, featuring different viewpoints on its potential and challenges. Bamboo fibers are progressively seen as a sustainable, biodegradable, and economical substitute for synthetic materials, especially in geotechnical uses such as erosion control and soil reinforcement. According to Janssen (2000), bamboo's high tensile strength, low environmental impact, and abundance in many regions make it an ideal material for geo-nets, aligning with global goals for sustainable development. Bamboo’s mechanical strength, including its tensile properties, has been widely recognized and explored in various structural applications. Research has examined the potential of bamboo fibers in geotechnical applications, especially for soil stabilization and reinforcement in materials like geonets. While this field is still evolving compared to traditional materials, bamboo offers considerable promise due to its strength, lightweight nature, biodegradability, and renewability. These qualities make bamboo a promising choice for reinforcing soil structures, particularly in tropical areas where it's abundant. According to Doe et al. (2020), bamboo provides both economic and environmental benefits, particularly in regions where it grows. As a renewable resource, bamboo captures CO2 during its growth, making it a carbon-negative material. Using locally sourced bamboo in construction reduces the carbon footprint from transporting conventional materials, supports local economies, creates jobs, and lowers dependency on imports, fostering sustainability and economic development. Bamboo fiber's strength, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness make it a great candidate for geonet applications. However, there are several obstacles to its practical application. Significant challenges include worries regarding mechanical property fluctuations, microbial damage susceptibility, and durability. Additionally, weathering and moisture can impact bamboo's performance, and increasing output can be expensive. Environmental issues, such as the sustainability of bamboo harvesting and the use of chemicals in processing, raise further questions. The absence of defined testing protocols and regulations for bamboo-based geonets impedes widespread adoption. Notwithstanding these obstacles, more investigation and improvements in production techniques may make bamboo fiber a practical and sustainable option for geotechnical uses. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8170 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Conceptual Framework Figure 1. Research Paradigm The conceptual framework in Figure 1 illustrates the systematic workflow involved in producing a bamboo fiber geonet, beginning from raw materials and progressing toward the tested final output. The process starts with two primary materials: bamboo and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The bamboo is manually split into smaller parts to prepare it for chemical treatment. These pieces are then soaked in a solution containing 6% sodium hydroxide per liter of water, where the alkali treatment is maintained for eight hours to facilitate fiber separation. After soaking, the bamboo is removed from the solution and dried before undergoing manual extraction to obtain the bamboo fibers. The extracted fibers are then subjected to manual spinning, forming bamboo ropes. To increase strength and durability, two or more ropes are combined to produce a stronger braided rope, which is subsequently shaped into the final geonet structure. The bamboo geonet is evaluated through a series of standardized tests categorized into material properties, moisture behavior, and load-bearing performance. Material properties are assessed through tensile strength testing (ASTM D638), flexural strength testing (ASTM D790), and water absorption testing (ASTM D570). In addition to physical testing, software simulation is applied to predict the mechanical performance of the geonet under various load conditions, allowing assessment of its suitability for soil reinforcement without relying solely on experimental trials. The final output is a functional bamboo fiber geonet, representing a sustainable, locally sourced, and bio-based reinforcement material suitable for geotechnical and environmental applications. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a geonet made up of woven bamboo fibers. It also seeks to develop an alternative geosynthetic material made up of natural fiber. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. In what ways does bamboo fiber rope influence the performance behavior of the bamboo-fiber geonet in terms of: 1.1 Tensile Strength, 1.2 and Flexural Strength? 2. What behavior will a woven bamboo-fiber geonet exhibit under vertical pressure loading in terms of: 2.1 Stress, 2.2 Displacement, and 2.3 Strain? 3. What insight can simulation results provide about the suitability of bamboo-fiber geonets for soil reinforcement on unpaved roads? MATERIAL GATHERING ⚫Collection of Bamboo ⚫Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide PROCEDURE ⚫Cutting and Manual Splitting of Bamboo ⚫Hammering of Bamboo Sections ⚫Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide Solution ⚫Drying of Bamboo ⚫Manual Fiber Extraction ⚫Manual Spinning of Fibers ⚫Formation of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet TESTING ⚫Tensile Strength Test (ASTM D638) ⚫Flexural Strength Test (ASTM D790) ⚫Water Absorption Test (ASTM D570) SOFTWARE SIMULATION ⚫Digital Simulation of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet OUTPUT ⚫Performance Evaluation of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8171 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Objectives The following objectives have been formulated to guide this study: 1. To determine how the tensile and flexural strengths of bamboo fiber rope influence the overall tensile and bending performance of the bamboo fiber geonet. 2. To examine the performance of the woven bamboo fiber geonet when subjected to vertical pressure loads for soil reinforcement purposes. 3. To evaluate the suitability of bamboo fiber geonets for soil reinforcement on unpaved roads using simulation-based analysis through SolidWorks. Significance of the Study This study focuses on the potential of bamboo fibers as geonet. As a result, the findings of this study will benefit various sectors. By using fiber-made geonet, society can benefit from environmental sustainability and improved infrastructure. As the demand for bamboo increases, bamboo farmers can find new markets for their crops, resulting in a possible increase in their income. The growing demand not only improves the earnings of the farmers but also supports their economic stability. Lastly, this study is to acquire knowledge on the potential of bamboo fiber as a geonet and will also include the students or the researchers to have a background and additional knowledge about the topic or related to this study. Scope and Limitations of the Study This research explores the potential for using Bambusa blumeana fiber in the manufacturing process of bamboo fiber geonets, focusing on performance evaluation through software-assisted simulation. The entire process, starting with bamboo collection, NaOH treatment, fiber extraction, rope preparation, and the weaving of the bamboo fiber geonet, is covered under this research. The mechanical properties of the rope will be tested using standardized laboratory tests to determine its tensile strength according to ASTM D638, and flexural strength according to ASTM D790. This paper simulates the woven bamboo fiber geonet using software in order to assess the behavior of the geonet under different loading conditions for soil reinforcement on unpaved roads. The simulation will look into the response of the geonet with regard to applied loads and general structural performance, thereby providing insight into its effectiveness in real-world soil reinforcement. All collected data is analyzed by means of descriptive statistical methods in order to bring out the performance trend and material behavior. The study is limited to laboratory-scale testing, and software simulation, it does not include long-term monitoring of the geonet’s durability under continuous exposure to rainfall, sunlight, microbial activity, or repeated vehicular loads. Only rope samples and one geonet sample are tested, limiting statistical generalizability. The mechanical evaluation is restricted to tensile strength, and flexural strength; other factors, such as biodegradation rate, chemical resistance, creep performance, and long-term structural integrity, are not assessed. Since all of the fabrication is by hand, there could be some variations in fiber thickness, rope diameter, and weave consistency. Economic analyses, large-scale production feasibility, and direct comparison with commercial synthetic geonets are beyond the scope of this study. Moreover, This study is an academic research project conducted solely for educational purposes. The analyses, simulations, and conclusions presented are based on the methodologies, material assumptions, and tools available at the time of the study. The results are intended to provide insight into the performance of bamboo fiber geonets as soil reinforcement but should not be considered final engineering design values or used as the sole basis for construction, commercial applications, or professional engineering decisions. While all efforts were made to ensure accuracy, the authors do not guarantee absolute precision in simulation outputs or material estimations. Any errors or discrepancies identified after publication may be corrected without liability to the authors or the affiliated institution. Definition of Terms Alkali Treatment. A chemical process using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove lignin, hemicellulose, and other impurities from natural fibers such as bamboo. This improves fiber separation, increases surface roughness, and enhances the mechanical bonding strength of the fibers (Bledzki & Gassan, 2021). Bamboo Fiber. A natural fiber extracted from bamboo plants, known for its high tensile strength, durability, and renewability. It is used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers in various engineering applications, including geo-nets. (Li et al., 2015). Bamboo Fiber Geonet. A woven or braided network made from bamboo fiber ropes designed to provide soil reinforcement, lateral restraint, erosion control, and drainage improvement in geotechnical applications (Sharma et al., 2014). Braided Rope. A rope produced by intertwining two or more bamboo fiber ropes to increase tensile strength, durability, and structural integrity for geonet formation. (Rahman et al., 2019). Drainage Layer. A geosynthetic or natural-fiber layer designed to transport water horizontally to prevent water accumulation, reduce pore water pressure, and maintain soil strength (Koerner, 2012). Erosion Control. Methods or materials used to prevent or reduce soil erosion caused by water, wind, or human activity. Bamboo-based geo-nets can serve as a sustainable solution for erosion control.(Muthu & Li, 2012) “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8172 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Flexural Strength. The ability of a material—such as bamboo fiber rope—to resist deformation under bending forces (Nugroho & Ando, 2018). Geo-net. A geosynthetic material used in civil engineering for applications such as soil stabilization, erosion control, and drainage. Typically made of synthetic polymers, geonets can also be manufactured using natural fibers like bamboo.(Mandal & Dhar, 2015) Geosynthetics. Synthetic materials, typically polymers, used in geotechnical and civil engineering projects for soil reinforcement, erosion control, and drainage. Natural alternatives like bamboo-based materials are part of emerging sustainable innovations.(Shukla, 2017) High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). A type of synthetic polymer commonly used in conventional geo-net manufacturing. It is resource-intensive and environmentally damaging compared to biodegradable alternatives like bamboo.(Hopewell, Dvorak, & Kosior, 2009) Mechanical Properties. Characteristics of a material that define its behavior under applied forces, including tensile strength, elasticity, and durability. These properties are central to evaluating bamboo fiber's suitability for geo-net applications.(Liese & Köhl, 2015) Natural Fiber. A fiber obtained from plants, animals, or minerals that can be used as an alternative to synthetic fibers. Bamboo is a type of natural fiber increasingly explored for its engineering applications. (Pickering et al., 2016) Soil Stabilization. The process of improving soil strength and durability to support construction and prevent soil erosion. Geo-nets, including bamboo-based ones, are often used in soil stabilization projects. (Muntohar & Hantoro, 2000) Tensile Strength. The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. It is a critical property in assessing the performance of bamboo fibers in geotechnical applications.(Amada, Untao, & Ichikawa, 1997) Water Absorption Capacity. The amount of water a material can absorb over a specified time. For bamboo fibers and bamboo geonets, this property affects durability, swelling, and long-term performance. (Li et al., 2007) CHAPTER II METHODS AND PROCEDURE Research Design The study adopted an experimental design complemented by software-assisted simulation to evaluate the performance of bamboo fiber geonet for soil reinforcement on unpaved roads. According to Creswell (2014), experimental research refers to the manipulation of one or more independent variables to observe the effect that such manipulation has on one or more dependent variables, thus the establishment of causal relationships. This is a very rare approach in assessing innovative material performance, like that of bamboo geonet, because it gives a clear view of their effectiveness in real applications. Additionally, Baraceros (2019) stated that experimental research involves the subject of analysis with precision. Hence, this ensures that there will be a definite degree and results or influence of the treatment on the subject and finding the causes of such effects. Moreover, Shadish et al. (2018) further emphasize that in experimental designs, true experiments ensure good control of unwanted variables such that the effects observed can be confidently assigned to the experimental treatment by using random assignment; thus, it also ensures internal validity. In this study, controlled laboratory tests including tensile strength, and flexural strength, were conducted on bamboo fiber ropes used in the fabrication of geonets. These results were then integrated into software-assisted simulations using SolidWorks to model the mechanical behavior of the bamboo fiber geonet under applied pressure loads. The combination of laboratory testing and simulation allowed the researchers to evaluate potential failure points of the geonet in a virtual environment, complementing physical observations. This pre-test and posttest framework, together with computational modeling, ensures accurate evaluation of whether the mechanical properties of the bamboo fiber geonet contribute to the performance of the bamboo fiber geonet. Beyond measuring performance, this method also supports a deeper investigation of the material's potential role in promoting sustainable and locally sourced solutions for rural road development. In this study, the geonet was evaluated under a single, worst-case loading condition of 550 kPa. The use of an extreme load as the initial simulation scenario aligns with established geotechnical and geosynthetic design practices, which routinely employ limit-state and conservative loading approaches to characterize structural behavior under severe service environments. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) geosynthetic design guidelines, performance evaluations commonly apply strength and serviceability limit states using upper-bound load assumptions in order to identify potential failure zones and assess structural adequacy under critical conditions (FHWA, 1998). This principle supports the use of high or extreme loads when the goal is to determine whether a system can withstand the most demanding operational scenario. Likewise, guidance from the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) reinforces the methodological validity of this approach. GRI Standard Practice GG4(a) recommends adopting worst-case or maximum credible loading conditions whenever key parameters, material behavior, or environmental conditions cannot be fully assessed through multiple tests. This practice ensures that the resulting evaluation remains conservative, safe, and structurally reliable (GRI, n.d.). Consequently, selecting a highest-load scenario is justified in cases where a bounding assessment of system performance is required. Further support comes from recent numerical “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8173 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado research, where extreme or upper-bound loading is frequently applied to reveal critical deformation mechanisms and evaluate the structural limits of geosynthetic-reinforced systems. Esen et al. (2023), for instance, utilized such highintensity loads in finite-element modeling to expose failureprone regions and guide subsequent reinforcement optimization. Taken together, these methodological precedents demonstrate that the use of a single worst-case loading condition is not only acceptable but also consistent with recognized design philosophy, standard testing protocols, and contemporary numerical modeling practice. As a result, the present study’s approach provides a conservative yet technically defensible basis for assessing the structural limits and potential performance of the woven bamboo-fiber geonet. Research method This study adopted a quantitative approach using an observation method to evaluate the performance of the bamboo fiber geonet. Observation will detail contextual data on installation and performance. According to Creswell (2014), quantitative observation allows researchers to capture behaviors, interactions, and environmental conditions that quantitatively might be overlooked. This corresponds with Marshall and Rossman's (2016) principles as they emphasize the role of observational techniques in quantitative research in trying to understand the complexity of the social phenomenon. This study utilized simulation software to assess the performance and behavior of the woven bamboo fiber geonet under various loading conditions. By creating a virtual model of the geonet in a controlled environment, the simulation enabled the analysis of its mechanical response, including deformation, stress distribution, and stability characteristics. The approach provided a practical means to evaluate the material’s potential for engineering applications, offering insights into its structural performance without the need for extensive physical testing. The results of the simulation serve as a basis for understanding the suitability of the woven bamboo fiber geonet as a sustainable reinforcement material and guide future experimental and field-based investigations Locale of the study The study will be conducted within the province of Nueva Ecija. The bamboo sourcing and fabrication of the bamboo fiber geonet will take place in Barangay San Josef (Navao), Jaen, Nueva Ecija, an area selected due to its abundant and readily available bamboo resources. This location provides suitable raw materials for producing the bamboo fiber ropes and assembling them into geonets, supporting the study’s aim of utilizing locally sourced, sustainable materials. Sampling Procedure The testing procedures follow standardized methods to assess the performance of selected bamboo from Barangay San Josef (Nabao), Jaen, Nueva Ecija, an area known for its abundant supply of Bambusa blumeana. The researchers prepared three rope samples with same diameters to evaluate the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber and one sample of geonet for geotechnical applications. The bamboo stalks were manually split and subjected to chemical treatment using a 6% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for eight hours to remove lignin and facilitate fiber extraction. After drying, the fibers were processed manually using bare hands to ensure the maximum strength capacity the researchers meticulously followed, the standard procedure for each rope was then woven into a geonet configuration. The sample underwent mechanical property evaluations through standardized laboratory tests: tensile strength test (ASTM D638), and flexural strength test (ASTM D790). These parameters were then input into SolidWorks to create a virtual model of the geonet to evaluate its’ performance under pressure loading conditions. This purposive approach ensured that both the physical testing and software-assisted evaluation were based on representative samples, enhancing the reliability and validity of the study’s findings. Research Instrument To create the Bamboo Fiber for Geonet, the researchers used the following materials: Bamboo Fibers. The fibers will be extracted from bamboo through improvised weaving equipment. Bamboo fibers have remarkable properties in geotextiles: great tensile strength, biodegradability, and excellent moisture absorption, thus making it the most effective soil stabilization and erosion control option (Devi and Jempen, 2016). Sodium Hydroxide. The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on bamboo fibers at various concentrations. The treatment improved fiber flexibility by increasing elongation at break and altering the fiber surface, while reducing diameter and causing cracks in the cell wall. Although tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased, higher NaOH concentrations notably enhanced ductility. These findings suggest that NaOH-treated bamboo fibers could be promising for textile applications due to their improved flexibility. On the other hand, Nirmal et al. (2013) claimed that a 6 wt.% NaOH concentration is best for treating natural fiber and capable of removing excess moisture thoroughly whilst exhibiting excellent interfacial adhesion strength. However, evidence that the NaOH concentration alone is the factor that affects the bonding between a matrix and a natural fiber is still inconsistent. Equipment. To ensure quality and durability of Geonet. Software. A simulation software (SolidWorks) will be employed to model the behavior of the woven bamboo fiber geonet under pressure loading conditions representative of geotechnical applications. Through computational “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8174 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado simulation, the instrument will enable analysis of potential failure zones. This method complements the physical fiber treatment and fabrication, providing predictions on structural performance prior to extensive field tests consistent with current trends in evaluating natural fiber geosynthetics. (Harmening et al., 2020) Data Gathering Collecting of Bamboo The bamboo that was collected came from Barangay San Josef (Nabao), Jaen, Nueva Ecija. The abundance of Bambusa Blumeana in the area led to the selection of this site as a sustainable and easily accessible source of raw materials for the research. Cutting and Manual Splitting of Bamboo The bamboo stalks were manually cut and split into manageable strips for processing. This process made the material easier to handle and prepared it for subsequent mechanical processing. Struck the Bamboo The bamboo was struck with a hammer to gradually soften the fibers. Soaking of the Struck Bamboo in Sodium Hydroxide Solution The crushed bamboo was soaked in a 6% NaOH solution. This chemical treatment removed lignin and other unwanted components, enhancing the flexibility, softness, and quality of the extracted fibers. Drying of the Bamboo from the Solution After soaking, the bamboo fibers were air-dried. This drying step was essential to prepare the fibers for manual extraction and prevent mold or premature degradation. Extracting the Bamboo Fiber The treated and dried bamboo was manually processed to extract the fibers. This involved carefully pulling and separating the strands by hand to ensure that long, and clean fibers were obtained, suitable for weaving into geonet sheets. Creating of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet The processed fiber was made into rope through a manual method and then turned it into a geonet. These geonets served as the primary test samples for evaluating the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber in geotechnical applications and assessing its performance as slope reinforcement for farm road stability. Figure 2. Sample of Geonet Tensile Strength Test (ASTM D638) To determine the rope’s resistance to pulling forces, which indicates how well the bamboo fiber geonet can handle tension when used as soil reinforcement. Flexural Strength Test (ASTM D790) To assess the rope’s resistance to bending, reflecting the geonet’s ability to flex and maintain integrity during installation and soil loading. Water Absorption (ASTM D570) To determine the water uptake capacity of the bamboo fiber geonet in relation to its operational role in soil stabilization and reinforcement. Software-Assisted Simulation A detailed virtual model of the woven bamboo fiber geonet was created in SolidWorks. Using the mechanical properties obtained from laboratory tests, the model was analyzed under pressure loading conditions. This simulation allowed the researchers to predict the geonet’s behavior in real-world geotechnical applications, such as soil reinforcement and slope stabilization, while minimizing the need for extensive physical prototyping. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8175 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Figure 3. Sample of software simulated geonet Data Analysis and Technique The data gathered in this study were analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistical methods, engineering interpretation, and simulation-based evaluation to determine the mechanical and performance behavior of the bamboo fiber geonet. All numerical results from tensile strength and flexural strength were first organized and converted into their corresponding engineering units, such as tensile stress (MPa), flexural resistance (N), and simulated stress and strain values obtained from SolidWorks. The mechanical and performance data of the bamboo fiber geonet were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to summarize the central tendency and variability of the measurements. These methods include calculating the mean, range, and standard deviation, which provide insight into the typical performance of the bamboo fiber ropes and the geonet. The following formulas were used: Mean (Average) – represents the central tendency of the data: 𝑥ˉ=∑𝑥𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑛 Where: 𝑥ˉ = mean value 𝑥𝑖 = individual measurement (e.g., tensile strength, flexural strength, CBR value) n = number of trials or samples Range – represents the spread between the minimum and maximum values: Range =𝑥max −𝑥min Standard Deviation (SD) – represents the variability or dispersion of the data around the mean: 𝑆𝐷=√∑(𝑥𝑖−𝑥ˉ)2 𝑛 𝑖=1𝑛−1 These methods include calculating the mean, range, and standard deviation, which are essential in summarizing the central tendency and variability of the data. Given the limited number of trials per sample and the intentional variation in rope diameters (1.1 cm, 1.2 cm, and 1.5 cm), descriptive statistics are the most appropriate tools to highlight trends and performance patterns without the need for complex inferential analysis. Additionally, this study applied finite element analysis through SolidWorks, where the experimentally obtained material properties were encoded into a virtual geonet model to evaluate its response under pressure loads. Through this simulation, the researchers examined stress distribution, displacement, and strain patterns to determine whether the geonet remained within its elastic range and whether deformation levels were acceptable for soil reinforcement applications. The simulation outputs were compared with laboratory findings and published literature, creating a triangulated assessment that strengthened the validity of the performance interpretations. CHAPTER III PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter aims to present the data collected by the researchers in an organized and systematic way with a view to answering the given research problems. The data collected during the experimental process form the foundation upon which the performance of the bamboo fiber geonet in software assisted analysis are evaluated for soil reinforcement on unpaved roads. The data obtained are documented in tables and accompanied by adequate analysis and interpretation. 1. Contribution of Bamboo Fiber Rope to the Performance of Bamboo Fiber Geonet To evaluate how the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber ropes contribute to the overall performance of the bamboo fiber geonet, a single rope sample was tested. The tensile strength, and flexural strength results obtained from the rope sample are presented below. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8176 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado 1.1 Tensile Strength (ASTM D638) Figure 4. Tensile Strength Test Result This graph shows the tensile strength (measured in MPa) of three samples of bamboo fiber rope with different diameters. Sample A, with a diameter of 1.2 cm attained 21 MPa. Sample B, with the thickest diameter at 1.5 cm got 27 MPa. Sample C, with 1.1cm diameter also attained 21 MPa. From the values, the following descriptive statistics were computed: Mean tensile strength: x=21+27+21 3 = 23 MPa Standard Deviation (SD): s = √ (21-23)2+(27-23)2+(21-23)2 3-1 ≈ 3.46 MPa Range: Range= 27 - 21= 6MPa Although Sample B (1.5 cm diameter) exhibited the highest tensile strength at 27 MPa, Sample C (1.1 cm diameter), which attained 21 MPa, was selected for further application due to its significantly lower water absorption. This selection reflects a functional trade-off wherein Sample B demonstrates superior strength under dry laboratory conditions, whereas Sample C is expected to maintain more stable mechanical performance under moisture-exposed environments. Given that the intended application involves potential exposure to water and varying humidity levels, the lower water absorption of Sample C renders it the more suitable and durable option despite its comparatively lower tensile strength. Figure 5. Water Absorption Test Result Although Sample B (1.5 cm diameter) exhibited the highest tensile strength at 27 MPa, Sample C (1.1 cm diameter), which attained 21 MPa, was selected for further application due to its significantly lower water absorption. This selection reflects a functional trade-off wherein Sample B demonstrates superior strength under dry laboratory “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8183 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado 20. Hassan, M. Z., Roslan, S. A., Sapuan, S. M., Rasid, Z. A., Mohd Nor, A. F., Md Daud, M. Y., Dolah, R., & Mohamed Yusoff, M. Z. (2020). 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T., & Cardona, F. (2012). Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: An overview. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1359836812002922 25. Lee, A., Tan, H., & Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Sustainable and cost-effective natural fiber composites for engineering applications. Journal of Cleaner Production. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S 2590123021000645 26. Liese, W., & Köhl, M. (2015). Bamboo: The Plant and its Uses. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30494634 0_Bamboo_-The_Plant_and_its_Uses 27. Mahmud, S., Hasan, K. M. F., Jahid, M. A., & Gafur, M. A. (2020). Mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of natural fiber composites. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3570525 43_Mechanical_Behavior_of_Natural_Fiber_Com posite_Material 28. Manalo, A. C., Karunasena, W., & Lau, K. T. (2013). Mechanical properties of bamboo fiberpolyester composites. University of Southern Queensland. https://research.usq.edu.au/download/9aaff9de5b8e 4da13aa929c8fac235aaf9b22cd9453b041881c0bf6 53265edd9/634770/ACMSM22_AManalo_Bambo o.pdf 29. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing Qualitative Research (6 th ed.). Retrieved from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?r eferenceid=2037768 30. Pavlovic, A., Valzania, L., and Minak, G. Effects of Moisture Absorption on the Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of Natural Fiber Composites: A Review Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40732874/ 31. Rao, G. V., & Prasad, A. (2017). Finite element modeling in predicting geosynthetic performance in pavement systems. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35515586 4_FINITE_ELEMENT_MODELING_OF_GEOS YNTHETIC_REINFORCED_PAVEMENT_SUB GRADES 32. Salzer, S., Srivaro, S., & Rattanarat, J. (2018). Determining Material Suitability for Low - Rise Housing in the Philippines: Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Bamboo Species Bambusa Blumeana.Retrieved from: https://basebuilds.com/2018/02/04/determining-materialsuitability-for-low-rise-housing-in-the-philippinesphysical-and-mechanical-properties-of-thebamboo-species-bambusa-blumeana/ 33. Sanchez Vivas, J., & López, S. (2020). Development of bamboo fiber-based composites. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31200070 5_Development_of_bambo_fiberbased_composites 34. Scurlock, J. M. O., Dayton, D. C., & Hames, B. (2000). Bamboo: An overlooked biomass resource?. Biomass and Bioenergy. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S 0961953400000386 35. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2018). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Retrieved from: https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/147.pdf 36. Tahir, P. M., Lee, S. H., & Jawaid, M. (2024). Water absorption and durability of natural fiber composites: A review. Journal of Natural Fiber Research. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33460493 3_REVIEW_ARTICLE_A_LITERATURE_REVI EW_ON_NATURAL_FIBERS_ITS_PROPERTIE S_AND_INFLUENCE_OF_WATER_ABSORPTI ON_ON_MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_CO MPOSITES 37. Tahir, D., Karim, M. R., Wu, S., Rehan, M., Tahir, “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8184 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Cutting and manual splitting of bamboo The bamboo stalks were manually cut and split into manageable strips for processing. M., Zaigham, S. B., & Riaz, N. (2024). Impact of fiber diameter on mechanical and water absorption properties of short bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites. International Polymer Processing, 39(3), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4458 38. Topacio, A. T. (2018). Evaluation of Properties and Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Geotextile. Retrieved from: 39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32792951 6_Evaluation_of_Properties_and_Behavior_of_Ba mboo_Fiber_Geotextile 40. Tran, L. Q. N., Fuentes, C., Verpoest, I., & Van Vuure, A. W. (2019). Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo/Coir Fiber Hybrid Composites. Fibers, 7(7), 62. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/7/7/62?utm 41. Triola, M. F. (2018). Elementary Statistics (13th ed.). Retrieved from: https://www.pearson.com/enus/subject-catalog/p/elementarystatistics/P200000007465/9780134463063?srsltid= AfmBOor7VjLrERFGaXa__QYvCuRB4a9FNpuY 0-_LeXeG6sYhI4TJHfWO 42. Zhang, W., Yu, Y., Yu, W., & Wang, L. (2021). Structural and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber bundle and fiber/bundle reinforced composites: a review. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S 2238785422007384 43. Zhao, Y. (2010). Water absorption Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber with Chopped Glass Fiber Filler-Reinforced Polyester Composites. Polymer Composites. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38021329 5_Water_Absorption_Thermal_and_Mechanical_P roperties_of_Bamboo_Fiber_with_Chopped_Glass _Fiber_Filler-Reinforced_Polyester_Composites APPENDICES Photo Documentation Collection of Bamboo The collected Bamboo were gathered from Barangay San Josef(Nabao), Jaen, Nueva Ecija. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8185 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Soaking of the crushed Bamboo in Sodium Hydroxide Solution The crushed bamboo was soaked in a 6% NaOH solution to remove lignin and enhance fiber quality. Crushing of the bamboo The split bamboo pieces were crushed with a hammer to loosen and separate the fibers. Drying of the Bamboo from the solution After soaking, the bamboo fibers were air-dried for 24 hours to prepare them for extracting and spinning “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8186 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Making of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet The spun fibers were woven into geonet sheets. Extracting the Bamboo Fiber The treated and dried bamboo was manually processed to extract clean, long fibers suitable for weaving. Manual Spinning The dried bamboo fibers were manually spun to align and refine the strands. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8187 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Testing for Flexural Strength Test Flexural testing measured the bamboo fiber’s ability to resist bending under applied force. Testing for Water Absorption Test Water absorption tests evaluated the bamboo fiber’s moisture retention capacity and its effect on durability. Testing for Tensile Strength Test The bamboo rope samples were tested to determine their resistance to pulling or stretching forces. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8188 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Result of Tensile Strength Test for Bamboo Fiber Geonet Digital Simulation of the Bamboo Fiber Geonet The simulation predicts the geonet’s structural performance and its suitability for soil reinforcement applications, particularly on unpaved roads. “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8189 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Result of Flexural Strength Test for Bamboo Fiber Geonet “Mechanical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of Woven Bamboo-Fiber Geonets as Soil Reinforcement Materials for Unpaved Road Subgrades” 8190 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 12 December 2025 , 1 John Dexter L. Embuscado Result of Water Absorption Test for Bamboo Fiber Geonet