Supplementary material 1 from: Moran NP, Wang L-Y, Hanea AM, Kompas T (2025) An invasive species cost review for New South Wales, Australia, highlights key drivers and limitations of economic cost estimates. NeoBiota 104: 319-337. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.104.157434

1 Supplementary Materials: An invasive species cost review for New South Wales, Australia, highlights key drivers and limitations of economic cost estimates Nicholas P. Moran, Lu-Yi Wang, Anca M. Hanea, Tom Kompas A. Rapid Review Records An overview of the review methodology, including all sources used to collate cost data for NSW, is included in Fig. A.1. InvaCost/CISS records refer to the data references extracted from the InvaCost 4.1, along with additional records from the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions (unpub. report). Database search records are those collected via our independent literature search. Additional records include recent reports known to authors that were not captured by other sources (referred to as “non-systematic records”) and records identified as the original source of cost data in studies found in our independent database searches (referred to as “original data records”). Figure S1A: Rapid review PRISMA diagram, including data sources, processing and screening. (*Cost records identified through our review were excluded from quantitative analysis where they included only publicly funded costs, cost estimates that were rated as low reliability, duplicated/ non-original estimates, or potential/unrealised costs. 2 Independent literature review records WoS searches were conducted with the Web of Science Core Collection (A&HCI , BKCISSH , BKCI-S , CCR-EXPANDED , ESCI , IC , CPCI-SSH, CPCI-S , SCI-EXPANDED , SSCI), based on titles, abstracts, author keywords and keywords plus. Searches in Scopus for titles, abstracts, author keywords and indexed keywords also followed the same query. Advanced search functions were used with a standardised query adapted for each database (i.e., WoS query: TS=(econom* OR cost OR monetary OR dollar OR *expens*) AND TS=(pest OR weed OR ((exotic OR invasi* OR invad* OR alien OR introduc* OR nonnative OR nonnative OR non-indigenous) NEAR/5 (species OR animal OR plant))) AND TS=(”New South Wales” OR ”NSW” OR ((east* OR southeast*) NEAR/5 Australia)); Scopus query: TITLEABSKEY(econom* OR cost OR monetary OR dollar OR *expens*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(pest OR weed OR ((exotic OR invasi* OR invad* OR alien OR introduc* OR nonnative OR nonnative OR non-indigenous) W/5 (species OR animal OR plant))) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(”New South Wales” OR ”NSW” OR ((east* OR southeast*) W/5 Australia))). This query followed a similar structure to that used in InvaCost, but with a broader set of terms to capture the types of costs (i.e., expenses, dollar, etc.) and invasive species (e.g., alien plants, non-indigenous species, etc.), as well as a regional term to limit results to NSW or south-eastern Australia. Given this search was targeted to NSW or south-eastern Australia, we were also able to avoid some prescreening steps that were used in InvaCost to limit the numbers of records that reviewers were required to manually screen (e.g., the use of ‘NOT’ operators in WoS searches, refining results based on WoS subject areas, eliminating references identified via “Keywords Plus”; see Diagne et al. 2020). From our database searches, the titles and abstracts of records were screened by two authors (LYW, NPM). Records were included for full-text screening where they met or appeared likely to meet the above criteria. Initially, 5% of records were double-screened to assess agreement levels (17/24, 71% agreement). To ensure that inclusion/exclusion decisions were consistent, a second 5% of records were double-screened (21/24, 88% agreement). Conflicting decisions were discussed and resolved collaboratively. The remaining records were screened by a single author. Full-text records were then assessed against the inclusion criteria. If it was unclear whether a record met the criteria, both reviewers made a final decision collaboratively. All records from additional sources (e.g., non-systematic and original data records) were also checked against our inclusion criteria. 3 InvaCost/CISS records The primary source of data was InvaCost (v4.1, published 22/Jan/2022; Diagne et al., 2022). Data checks confirmed that all data from the subsequent Australia-specific review (Bradshaw et al., 2021) has been incorporated into the most current version of the InvaCost database. InvaCost data were filtered in R to include only estimates from Australia that apply to areas that are within or include New South Wales. Entries for fungi and viruses were excluded (e.g., Wheat streak mosaic virus, Banana bunchy top virus, etc.). We also excluded data for taxa that are native to Australia [e.g., native bollworms (Helicoverpa spp.), windmill grass (Chloris truncata), koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), etc.] or that are exotic to NSW [e.g., screw-worm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax), mimosa (Mimosa pigra), banana skipper butterfly (Erionota thrax), etc.]. Similarly, CISS data were manually checked to confirm that the locations and species for cost data met these criteria. Review data summary The aggregated cost data for NSW identified in the rapid review is shown in Figure A.2. Individual data points are total annual costs for each year (i.e., the sum of all individual cost estimates for that year). Horizontal bars mark the average annual cost for 10-year intervals. The full range of cost data is from 1952 - 2022. Only a single cost estimate is applicable to dates prior to 1970, and there is a clear surge in reporting of cost estimates from the 1970s on. Therefore, analysis of these costs was limited to the 1970s onwards. 4 Figure S2A: Aggregated total reported costs of established invasive species in NSW, for all non-public expenditure-based costs (e.g., private control costs, production losses, health impacts and environmental costs). Shown are the annual total costs for each year (grey circles), the average annual cost per decade from 1950 to the current (black circles with horizontal bars). The dashed line represents the average total cost per year over the full data period. 5 Cost data references The 50 references that contributed cost data to the quantitative analysis for NSW are listed below. For further details, see the bibliographic data and review records available at Zenodo (doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17836243). Key files and records include the following: 1. ~/nsw-nrc-review_4MS/Literature_Search_Files/NSWNRC_CostReferencesFULL_12022024.xlsx This gives the full reference list of relevant costs references from the pre-existing databases used in the study (see under tab: References_INVCISS), and from our indepdent database searches (see under tab: (see under tab: References_NEWDAT). Some additional exclusions from InvaCost references and source files for other cost references found in our own literature searches are also shown under tab: References_Excluded. Note, there are broader inclusion criteria for the literature review, and those studies included for quantitative analysis are a subset of these references (i.e., after also excluding public expenditure-based references, low reliability estimates, etc.). 2. ~/nsw-nrc-review_4MS/Literature_Search_Files/Bibliographies See the folder for the bibliographic files for all included references, including for the references identified from the pre-existing databases (e.g., NSWNRC_1_INVCISS.bib), newly identified references (e.g., NSWNRC_2_NEWRECS.bib), and a combined deduplicated library (NSWNRC_ALL.bib). Files are available in .bib, .csv, and .ris formats. Additional reference notes. • Reference_ID “Croft1995” is used for cost references from 2 distinct sources in InvaCost (Croft and Caughley 1995, and Croft and Connellan 1999). • Eight references have cost records in InvaCost associated with two distinct Reference_IDs for that database (e.g., McLeod 2016 & 301 are used for entries associated with McLeod (2016)). These may correspond to different data extractions (e.g., from the original InvaCost systematic searches and subsequent targeted collections). Reference_IDs used in InvaCost also do not directly correspond to the Reference_IDs applied under Bradshaw et al. (2021). 6 Table S1A: References contributing cost data to our quantitative analysis, including whether it’s source, ID used in this review, and Reference_ID, from InvaCost v4.1. Source NSW_ref_ID Reference_ID Reference InvaCost v4.1 NIC046 Page2007 AEC Group (2007) Economic impact of lantana on the Australian grazing industry. Brisbane: Department of Natural Resources and Water. InvaCost v4.1 NIC151 628 Binks B, Kancans R, Stenekes N (2015) Wild dog management 2010 to 2014–national landholder survey results. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Canberra, Australia. ABARES report to client prepared for Australian Wool Innovation Ltd, Canberra Available from: https://pestsmart.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/abares-wild-dog-management-2010-to-2014-national-landholder-survey-results.pdf (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC050 Cameron et al 2018 Cameron NL, Carnegie AJ, Wardlaw T, Lawson S, Venn T (2018) Economic appraisal of Sirex Wood Wasp (Sirex noctilio) control in Australian pine plantations. Australian Forestry 81: 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1430436 InvaCost v4.1 NIC066 134 Canyon DV (2008) Historical analysis of the economic cost of dengue in Australia. Journal of vector borne diseases 45: 245–248. InvaCost v4.1 NIC085 412 Caughley J (1998) Managing vertebrate pests: Rodents. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia New NSW251 NA Charles GW (1991) A Grower Survey of Weeds and Herbicide Use in the New-South-Wales Cotton Industry. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31: 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1071/Ea9910387 InvaCost v4.1 NIC083 410 Choquenot D, Mcllroy J, Koen T (1996) Managing vertebrate pests: Feral pigs. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia InvaCost v4.1 NIC132 Cooke2013 Cooke B, Chudleigh P, Simpson S, Saunders G (2013) The Economic Benefits of the Biological Control of Rabbits in Australia, 1950–2011. Australian Economic History Review 53: 91–107. InvaCost v4.1 NIC104 Craik2017 Craik W, Palmer D, Sheldrake R (2017) Priorities for Australia’s Biosecurity System–An Independent Review of the Capacity of the National Biosecurity System and its Underpinning Intergovernmental Agreement.’. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT. InvaCost v4.1 NIC009 Croft1995 Croft D, Caughley J (1995) A survey of the MIA mouse plague-at what cost? Farmers’ Newsletter 145: 40–41. 7 Source NSW_ref_ID Reference_ID Reference InvaCost v4.1 NIC150 Croft1995 Croft JD, Connellan P (1999) Western Division rabbit control : information pack. Available from: https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1417461 (January 22, 2024). InvaCost v4.1 NIC129 Earl 2003 Earl J (2003) The distribution and impacts of lippia (Phyla canescens) in the Murray Darling system. Murray Darling Basin Lippia Working Group 91. InvaCost v4.1 NIC096 Edwards2008 Edwards G, McGregor M, Zeng B, Saalfeld W, Vaarzon-Morel P, Duffy M (2008) Overview of the project “Crossjurisdictional management of feral camels to protect NRM and cultural values.” Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, Alice Springs, Australia. DKCRC Report Available from: https://www.nintione.com.au/resource/DKCRC-Report54-Overview-of-the-project-Cross-jurisdictional-management-of-feral-camels-to-protect-NRM-and-cultural-values.pdf (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC057 Edwards2010 Edwards GP, Zeng B, Saalfeld WK, Vaarzon-Morel P (2010) Evaluation of the impacts of feral camels. The Rangeland Journal 32: 43–54. InvaCost v4.1 NIC028 EnvAust1997 Environment Australia (1997) Community involvement in off-reserve and on-reserve management of environmental weeds. Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia. Report Available from: https://weeds.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/involvement.pdf. InvaCost v4.1 NIC136 564; Gong2009 Gong W, Sinden J, Braysher M, Jones R, Wales N (2009) The economic impacts of vertebrate pests in Australia. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre Canberra Available from: https://pestsmart.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/IACRC_EconoImpactsSummary.pdf (August 3, 2025). New NSWOG03 NA Gouldthorpe J (2006) Gorse National Best Practice Manual: Managing Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) in Australia. National Gorse Taskforce. Tas Dept of Primary Industries and Water., Hobart, Australia Available from: https://vicgorsetaskforce.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2-Gorse-National-Best-Practice-Manual.pdf (March 18, 2025). New NSWEX02 NA Hafi A, Arthur T, Medina M, Warnakula C, Addai D, Stenekes N (2023) Cost of established pest animals and weeds to Australian agricultural producers. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia. ABARES Research Report Available from: https://doi.org/10.25814/xve7-s985 (December 18, 2023). New NSWOG19 NA Jones R, Vere D (1998) The economics of serrated tussock in New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 13: 70–75. 8 Source NSW_ref_ID Reference_ID Reference New NSWEX01 NA Kalisch-Gordon C (2014) The Economic Costs of Weeds in NSW. Grain Growers Limited, Sydney, Australia Available from: https://www.nrc.nsw.gov.au/Weed%20management%20- %20Economic%20cost%20of%20weeds%20in%20NSW%20-%20Grain%20Growers%20- %20May%202014.pdf?downloadable=1 (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC027 Legge2020 Legge S, Taggart PL, Dickman CR, Read JL, Woinarski JC (2020) Cat-dependent diseases cost Australia AU $6 billion per year through impacts on human health and livestock production. Wildlife Research 47: 731–746. InvaCost v4.1 NIC069 Llewellyn2016 Llewellyn R, Ronning D, Ouzman J, Walker S, Mayfield A, Clarke M (2016) Impact of weeds on Australian grain production: the cost of weeds to Australian grain growers and the adoption of weed management and tillage practices. Grains Research & Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia InvaCost v4.1 NIC032 227 Long K, Robley A (2004) Cost Effective Feral Animal Exclusion Fencing for Areas of High Conservation Value in Australia: A Report. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia InvaCost v4.1 NIC031 IDA2014 Martin G (2014) Cost benefit analysis of winegrape rootstock research, development and extension. Australian Grape and Wine Authority. IDA Economics PTY Ltd, Canberra, Australia Available from: https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/5ad34d17-4c57-4748-935a-60ccf80933a3/GWR-1308 (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC147 12904 Martin TG, van Klinken RD (2006) Value for money? Investment in weed management in Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 28: 63–75. InvaCost v4.1 NIC091 434 McKenzie J, Mifsud G, Dall D, Woolnough A, Hall J, Jackson M (2014) National Wild Dog Action Plan: Promoting and supporting community driven action for landscape-scale wild dog management. Australian Wool Innovation Ltd., Sydney, Australia, 1–66pp. New NSWOG25 NA McLaren D, Ramasamy S, Lawrie A, Morfe T, Pritchard G (2006) Assessing the extent of serrated tussock resistance to the herbicide, flupropanate in Australia. In: Wagga Wagga, NSW. Available from: https://grasslandnsw.com.au/news/wpcontent/uploads/2010/08/McLaren-Ramasamy-Lawrie-Morfe-Pritchard-2006.pdf (January 22, 2024). InvaCost v4.1 NIC037 2; McLeod2004 McLeod R (2004) Counting the cost: impact of invasive animals in Australia, 2004. Cooperative Research Centre for Pest Animal Control, Canberra, Australia 9 Source NSW_ref_ID Reference_ID Reference InvaCost v4.1 NIC034 McLeod2016; 301 McLeod R (2016) Cost of pest animals in NSW and Australia, 2013–14. eSYS Development Pty Ltd; NSW Natural Resources Commission, Sydney, Australia. Report prepared for the NSW Natural Resources Commission Available from: https://invasives.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Cost-of-Pest-Animals-in-NSW-and-Aus-2013-14-web-HR.pdf (August 13, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC016 McLeod2018 McLeod R (2018) Annual costs of weeds in Australia. eSYS Development Pty Ltd, Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Australia. Report Available from: https://invasives.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Cost-of-weeds-report.pdf (March 18, 2025). New NIC015 NA McLeod R (2023) Annual costs of feral deer in Australia. eSYS Development Pty Ltd, Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Australia, 978–1pp. Available from: https://pestsmart.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Invasives-Cost-of-Feral-Deer-Final-Report.pdf (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC054 Murray et al 2013 Murray DAH, Clarke MB, Ronning DA (2013) Estimating invertebrate pest losses in six major Australian grain crops. Australian Journal of Entomology 52: 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12017 InvaCost v4.1 NIC127 Murray2009 Murray GM, Brennan JP (2009) The current and potential costs from diseases of wheat in Australia. Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia Available from: https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/203957/disease-loss-wheat.pdf.pdf. InvaCost v4.1 NIC044 PageLacey2006; Page2006 Page A, Lacey K (2006) Economic impact assessment of Australian weed biological control. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Adelaide, Australia Available from: https://weeds.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/tech_series_10.pdf (March 18, 2025). InvaCost v4.1 NIC082 409; Parkes1996 Parkes J, Henzell R, Pickles G, Bomford M (1996) Managing vertebrate pests: Feral goats. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia InvaCost v4.1 NIC074 367 Saunders G, Fleming P (1988) Interaction between feral pigs, wild dogs and agriculture on the tablelands and coast of NSW, Unpublished Final Report on Project DAN 15P to the Wool Research and Development Fund. Wool Research and Development Fund, Australia New NSWOG45 NA Sinden J, Jones R, Hester S, Odom D, Kalisch C, James R, Cacho O, Griffith G (2004) The economic impact of weeds in Australia. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Adelaide, Australia. Technical Series No 8 Available from: https://weeds.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/tech_series_8_summary.pdf (March 18, 2025). 16 C. Spatial Partitioning of Costs via Biosecurity Commons Within the Biosecurity Commons platform (Biosecurity Commons, 2024), spatial layers were created for the overlap of the species distribution and the impacted sector/industry, both within NSW and across the broader national or regional location for which the cost estimate applies. Figure C.1 shows an example of the invasive plant common heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum), and overlapping with the impacted sector (i.e., cropping, based on the secondary Australian Land Use and Management Classification “3.3.0 Cropping”). This estimated an overlapping area of 187,894km2 within NSW and 427,207km2 across Australia; therefore, a fraction of 0.439819572 was applied to partition the associated national cost estimate to NSW. Importantly, this approach only provides an estimate of the portion of costs that could be applied to NSW, without accounting for spatial heterogeneity in impacts within the invasive species’ range, or temporal variation in a species’ impacts or their invasive range. Extensions to this method accounting for these factors are viable, but were considered beyond the scope of this project. Figure S3C: Spatial layers created via Biosecurity Commons, of the overlap in the distribution of common heliotrope and cropping areas (upper) across Australia and (lower) within NSW.