Sustainable use of energy contributes to carbon neutrality and environmental footprints reduction

Sustainable use of energy contributes to carbon neutrality and environmental footprints reduction Keywords Sustainable use of energy Carbon neutrality Environmental footprint reduction Circular economy Heat transfer improvement ABSTRACT It is increasing crucial to improve the sustainable use rate of energy and contribute to carbon neutrality and environmental footprints reduction. This work features cutting-edge selected extended papers and developments that were presented at the 25th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimization for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, held on 5–8 September 2022 in Bol, Croatia. More than 400 papers were accepted and presented at this conference. Out of these papers, the 45 contributions in this Virtual Special Issue represent a selection of the most cutting-edge developments in the topic of the Sustainable Use of Energy Contributes to Carbon Emissions Neutrality and Environmental footprint reduction. This paper provides a review of these contributions and above, and groups them into four research themes: (1) Energy Conversion, Storage, Recovery and Efficiency Improvement, (2) Energy Management, Planning and Optimization, (3) Energy, Environment and Economy, and (4) Heat Transfer, Heat Pumps and Heat Convection. 1. Introduction 2. Energy conversion, storage, Recovery and Efficiency Improvement Further study on energy conversion to the desired or useful form, as well as storage of renewable energy when accessible, is needed to achieve a sustainable use of energy. On the other hand, the energy must be used efficiently and avoid its loss to the environment by proper recovery. An example of process improvement potential on energy savings is the conversion of organic waste solids to bio-oil with valuable compounds from a pyrolysis process [5]. Pyrolysis revalorizes a waste mass stream as a secondary raw material to produce compounds which are a suitable substitute for its unsustainable production from fossil oil. Nevertheless, to become competitive, further research is needed for an efficient use of the energy required, maximizing the value of the bio-oil produced and the distillation energy required for their separation. Energy recovery and the promotion of the use of renewable energies are just as essential as efficient energy consumption in processes. A significant share of the primary energy source by economies is wasted through various conversion processes and their inefficiency [6]. The heat exchanger networks are indispensable for profitable and proper energy recovery [7]. The retrofit of existing heat exchanger networks optimized previously based only on economic considerations is a suit-able option to reduce greenhouse emissions and increase energy savings [8]. Total Site integration can be a source of clean energy (Fan et al., 2021). The use of Rankine cycle systems [9] has a great potential for retrieving energy from low-temperature sources, waste heat recovery or generating power and chilled water from a gas regasification process This current ENERGY special issue involves 45 selected extended papers that were presented and discussed at the 25th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimization for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES), which was held in Bol, Croatia from September 5th to 8th, 2022 and attracted over 500 participants worldwide (both with physical presence and virtually). Ever since 1998, when the 1st PRES conference was held in Prague, the series of PRES conferences has been a recognised platform for bringing together scientists, engineers and decision-makers, for discussing and innovating solutions and technologies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of both industrial and regional systems. The PRES conferences have a 25-year tradition of knowledge creativity and dissemination with a focus on addressing global challenges in energy, emissions, water, pollution, and sustainability using classical and modern engineering approaches, enhanced by numerous interdisciplinary collaborations. Sustainable use of energy plays a significant role in contributing to carbon neutrality and environmental footprint reduction. The guest editors of this VSI have a wealth of knowledge and experience in this topic. This work is developed by reviewing the most recent findings and developments from the mentioned PRES conferences. It provides cutting-edge perspectives and ideas for sustainable use of energy [1], carbon neutrality [2], environmental footprint reduction, circular economy [3] and heat transfer improvement [4]. Several chapters are presented in this work. The research includes topics of section 2 “Energy Conversion, Storage, Recovery and Efficiency Improvement”; section 3 “Energy Management, Planning and Optimization”; section 4 “Energy, Environment and Economy” and section 5 “Heat Transfer, Heat Pumps and Heat Convection”. results show that in cascade design 11.4 % less electricity power is produced than in a separate design due to the temperature limitations of the lower cycles outweighing the potential benefits of high-grade heat. Therefore, the separate design allows for a lower heat sink temperature enabling better utilization of heat sources, is easier to control, more reliable, safer and more flexible and adaptable to the heat sources characteristics than the cascade. However, this fact is only valid for the given availability of heat sources, i.e. in the Slovenia city case study using R245fa as organic working fluid, but in some other scenarios could become advantageous the cascade due to the fact that requires fewer units and the chiller required is smaller which can be economically favourable, mainly when scale economies are considered. Yadav et al. [21] propose, simulate and optimize for a maximum work output a cogeneration system in a natural gas regasification of 5 MMTPA to refrigerate a nearby data centre with 5000 racks and supply 46 % of its electrical consumption avoiding the emission of 210 kt CO 2 /year. The cogeneration system is composed by two stage organic Rankine cycle using ethane and propane as working fluids and producing water a 5 ◦C to refrigerate 34.6 MW and producing 15.8 MW of electricity at a levelized cost of 0.04 USD/kWh; the payback period of the investment is of 4 years. There is still cold energy remaining that could be used for other purposes such as district cooling, cold storage facilities near LNG terminals, and freeze desalination. Zhang et al. [22] propose a new strategy based on the Particle Swarm Algorithm and bisection method to optimize the molar fraction of mixed refrigerant components. The composition of the mixed refrigerant is directly used as an optimization variable instead of the partial flow rates of the mixed refrigerant components; the results show that these design variables are not equivalent. Using the composition as a design variable, the overall stream flow rate can be adjusted independently to ensure the process is convergent and meets the constraints, which improves the performance of the liquefaction optimization process. A heat map is used to analyze the correlation among the properties of the key streams. The heat map visually reveals the correlation between different parameters of the key streams in the process. The energy consumption for the natural gas liquefaction process is reduced by 4 % and the amount of refrigerant required is decreased by 31.9 %. The energy needed for the process decreased with the increase of the low boiling temperature components, such as methane, ethylene, and propane, and increased with the high boiling temperature components, such as n-pentane and n-butane increase. The main compound of the mixed refrigerant in the base case was pentane and in the proposed mixture is propane. Miao et al. [23] develop the selection criteria of zeotropic mixtures for the trans-critical organic Ranking cycle based on the thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis to provide high performances under the assumption that the heat source outlet temperature is not limited. The trans-critical organic Rankine cycle can achieve a better thermal match between the system and heat/cold sources in the heating process of the working fluid compared to the subcritical cycle. The heating side thermal match is primarily affected by the mixture critical temperature. Therefore, the mixture’s critical temperature is a key factor in providing a proper condensation temperature glide improving the system’s performance. System performance is represented by the overall exergy efficiency and the levelized energy cost. The first criteria is to optimize the thermal matching between the system and the heat source and use as secondary criteria the thermal match of the cooling side using the expressions provided in the paper. The system’s total cost is mainly determined by the costs of the evaporator and expander. The criteria proposed can improve the thermo-economic performance, although the heat exchanger area enlarges during the improvement of the thermal match in heat exchangers. Li et al. [24] review the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as anode material for lithium-ion batteries instead of graphite. MOFs can be used as precursors for transition metal oxides with nanostructures based on unique properties such as their unique controllable structure [10]. The thermal fluid used has a great influence on the Ranking or refrigeration cycle efficiency [11] that can be improved with a proper mixed refrigerant composition. Higher use of renewable energies such as the eolic or solar with great potential to reduce the use of fossil combustibles depends on suitable energy storage when there is an energy surplus to provide a safe, flexible and economical electrical grid [12]. Batteries and hydrogen storage for the renewable energies’ surplus are the main options nowadays considered [13]. Another plausible option to operate in synergy with the variations of power produced by renewable energies is to use the time-flexible operation of decarbonized power generation [14]. Besides the use of clean energy, the optimal allocation of resource elements improves the scale efficiency effectively and for this purpose, the barriers between different regions should break down [15]. The energy efficiency and use of renewable energy not only must be applied at the industrial level but also at domestic level at housing [16]. Zhang et al. [17] prove the great bioenergy potential of the pyrolysis of waste textile cotton cellulose activated by phosphoric acid to produce new-generation biofuels. The complexity of the bio-oil collected is reduced and high-value-added oil chemical products are collected, e.g. cyclohexane (27.12 %) and epoxy ketone (30.41 %). Different kinetic models were developed based on a thermokinetic analysis comparing the activated and non-activated samples to provide the basis for its industrial process design which thanks to the activation will simplify the processing and purification steps. Stampfli et al. [18] apply a hybrid two-stage multi-objective optimization algorithm for heat exchanger network retrofit to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and costs as variables in a food industrial case. The case study is a high-value-added industry with the multi-period operation of the heat exchanger network for potato chip production. The two stages of the algorithm are a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for topology and a differential evolution for heat load including hypervolume indicators into the algorithm to optimize the Pareto results of both objectives being the cost of the secondary objective. The results show that greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 50 % but compared to a single-objective optimization, the total annual cost increases by 27 %. Utilities have a great weight in the optimization because, besides the great influence of its costs, they also are directly related to the emissions caused. Utility costs depend on the energy provider and can change with the location and time, and also affect the emissions due to the technology used by the energy provider to produce the energy. The developed algorithm is a useful tool providing the industry with the required insight for the decision-making process during the conceptual phase which can be prioritized the costs or the emissions. Boldyryev et al. [19] optimize using a supertargeting procedure the Total Site heat recovery of a monomer plant by detailed analysis of enthalpy blocks. This paper provides a new extension of the Total Site method accounting optimal amount of energy that can be saved on the inter-plant level. The approach utilises the construction of the Total Site Profiles with real temperature considers heat transfer with intermediate utility and finds cogeneration potential within enthalpy blocks of Total Site heat recovery. Merging of intermediate utilities and optimization of its temperature were considered together with CHP optimization. Targeting of the total annual cost was performed based on the Total Site Pinch concept using a pinch temperature of 20 ◦C. The results minimizing the number of heat exchangers and maximizing the cogeneration potential show that with a total annual cost of 45.3 M euro, the potential for heat recovery is 160.7 MW, power generation is 32.9 MW and emission saving is 398 ktCO 2 /y providing a favourable trade-off between saved energy and spent capital investment for the 144 heat exchangers required. Dokl et al. [20] propose an optimization maximizing the electricity yield of a steam-organic Rankine system to recover waste heat from aluminium production and multiple heat sources at various temperature levels (solar, geothermal and/or biomass renewable heat sources). The storage in the houses. The results show a good agreement between actual energy consumption and the estimated using the method (3.8 %). That modelling accuracy allows further steps to achieve a fully energy-self-sufficient community. The presented approach applied to a real 40 single-family houses community without a grid demonstrates a Smart City solution with very low final energy demand and potential Greenhouse Gas reduction. For a real house with an annual electricity consumption of 8,118 kWh/y, it has been shown that the autonomous electricity system is technically feasible and is capable of providing the necessary services, resulting in the potential of saving 96 % of the GHG emissions compared with complete reliance on the electricity grid. Future practical implementations of this concept have to be optimized on a case-by-case basis, and the optima may retain some grid connectivity and interaction (import or export). 3. Energy management, Planning and Optimization Decarbonization represents an inevitable path in responding to the challenges posed by climate change. This shift necessitates the transformation of the energy system into a low-carbon model. There is a need to advance the progress of energy systems built upon renewable energy sources (RES) and even clean fossil fuels [29]. This is essential not only to enhance energy efficiency but also to reduce carbon emissions. Taking a holistic perspective [30] that encompasses the interplay of various components within the energy system is imperative for the planning, operation, and assessment of integrated energy systems in the future [31]. However, embarking on this decarbonization transition imposes a substantial financial burden on the energy system [32]. This financial strain is magnified by the increasing energy demand and the priority of achieving low-carbon objectives, making energy system planning an increasingly intricate task. Furthermore, as the proportion of renewable energy in the energy mix continues to rise in the future, the complex spatiotemporal variation in renewables introduces an element of uncertainty [33]. Within an energy system, the infrastructure plays a pivotal role as it encompasses the apparatus responsible for energy generation, importation, transportation, storage, and conversion. Hence, the implementation of accurate renewable energy forecasting is a crucial step in reducing these uncertainties, ultimately aiding in the planning, management, and operation of electrical power and energy systems [34]. In addition, employing rigorous, science-based planning methods to quantitatively optimize the transition plan offers a robust means of avoiding unnecessary costs and safeguarding the stability of the energy supply [35]. Renewable energy is commonly identified as a low carbon footprint energy source, yet it is crucial to acknowledge that it is not entirely without life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions [36]. This highlights the principle of negative emission technologies (NETs) to offset residual emissions, which also serve the purpose of offsetting carbon emissions, particularly from sectors challenging to decarbonize [37]. Therefore, the pursuit of efficient energy management, strategic planning, and optimization stands as motivation for research. The works in this energy-related research, in this section, contribute to the broader spectrum of sustainable and innovative energy practices and planning. These studies span an array of domains, from the sophisticated domain of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to the vision of carbon-free energy production on Jeju Island. They explore the advantages of communitybased energy initiatives, create pathways for low-carbon energy planning, and navigate the complexities of transitioning to low-carbon energy systems in developing regions. Alongside, they investigate the frontiers of fluid properties optimization, and hybrid energy solutions, employ predictive modelling and optimization techniques, fortify safety measures, and aim for energy cost reduction in a market controlled by fluctuating fuel prices. With the work focusing on the optimization of the current petroleumbased fuel, Du et al. [38] introduce an intelligent framework for and morphological characteristic, controllable skeleton composition, high porosity with large specific surface area and simple preparation process. The application, recent progress, electrochemical mechanisms, cycle capacity enhancement, performance and challenges of MOFs and their derived transition metal oxides in anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of five modification strategies are summarized: nanostructure, heteroatomic doping, mixed metal, carbon composite and hollow structure. Four challenges and opportunities are highlighted: introduction of in situ characterization techniques, development of other MOF-based materials for applications, combining the advantages of different materials to synthesize more efficient composites and scaling up batteries to better identify and solve problems. Shi et al. [25] have established a hydrogen-electric coupling integrated regional comprehensive energy system which has been optimized using a deep reinforcement learning-based energy management method. The energy surplus is stored as hydrogen, therefore its conversion, utilization and joint operation with renewable energies is considered in a smart grid that includes forecast weather predictions to respond to the energy demand minimizing the economic costs. The method fully considers the influence of information uncertainty on decision-making for hydrogen-electric coupling systems and reduces the dependence of regional energy users on external energy supply while satisfying the supply-demand balance of the system in the whole dispatching cycle using wind and solar energy and participating in the flexible regulation of the grid. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority in results and faster iterative process of deep reinforcement learning compared to genetic algorithms in integrated energy system energy management applications. Cormos et al. [26] perform a techno-economic and environmental assessment of natural gas-fuelled Chemical Looping Combustion for electrical power generation. The chemical looping combustion is an innovative energy-efficient system with inherent CO 2 capture. Various evaluation tools were employed for the integrated assessment e.g., conceptual design, process flow modelling, model validation, thermal integration, and techno-economic analysis. A time-flexible operation of a 250 MW net power output power plant with a decarbonization rate higher than 99 % with thermo-chemical energy storage by reduced and oxidized iron carrier reduces specific investment costs (3 %), operational and power generation costs (2 %) and CO2 capture costs (8 %) than without heat storage. The current development level for Chemical Looping Combustion is up to 1 MW (mainly laboratory and small pilot sizes), therefore, significant efforts are still required to bring this technology to a relevant industrial size. Also, the high-temperature solid storage systems (in the operational range of 600–800 ◦C) require further developments and validation to be technical and commercially mature. Pan and Li [27]. analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics from 2006 to 2019 including the key turning point in year 2014 for the total factor energy efficiency convergence in China from multifaceted perspectives using the DSBM model that includes environmental and relaxation variables aligned with nowadays production practices. After 2014, the rate of EE in China increased significantly and the promotion of the energy revolution in China was effective. The results show that environmental factors have a significant impact on the evaluation of energy efficiency, with the national energy efficiency showing phase fluctuations and a decreasing trend from the east to the centre and then to the west during the sample period. Energy efficiency shows a clubbing phenomenon in the three major regions tending each one to their steady state. The study provides suggestions to converge and improve energy efficiency to high levels, e.g. promoting the use of clean energy or allocation of resource elements. Fedorczak-Cisak et al. [28] state an innovative design method under the concept of a self-sufficient, zero-emissions building complex based on the analysis of three demands. The three demands are buildings with very low and coordinated energy demand; strong residents proactive participation; and a large share of local energy generation with its for both new and retrofit city planning. The research employs a combination of existing tools to evaluate the performance of retrofit scenarios based on primary energy, environmental, and economic performance indicators in three different scenarios. The findings demonstrate the advantages of shifting towards a community-based approach, emphasizing how retrofit solutions can significantly reduce energy consumption and environmental impact. Moreover, the economic analysis reveals that community-based retrofits can be economically beneficial. Establishing energy communities at the local level, founded on decentralized energy generation infrastructure and the utilization of RES, has the potential to play a substantial role in advancing the transition to sustainable energy practices. Zhang et al. [44] present a vital contribution to the challenge of transitioning to low-carbon energy systems, particularly in developing regions facing increasing integration of intermittent renewable power sources into their grids. By formulating a chance-constrained programming model, this work addresses the uncertainties associated with wind power, photovoltaic power, and load, ensuring the reliability of the power supply. A case study in central China highlights the importance of factoring in uncertainty, revealing that an additional power generation capacity must be installed annually on average, resulting in a rise in transition costs. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that transition costs increase dramatically surpassing the confidence level of 99 %, providing essential insights for decision-makers. Martínez-Rodríguez et al. [45] present a novel approach to address the technical, economic, and environmental challenges posed by large solar thermal installations (STIs). By combining heat pumps with STIs, the study offers an efficient and sustainable solution to ensure a continuous supply of heat and power for industrial processes and minimizing STI-occupying areas. The design methodology considers lower irradiance levels than the winter period to guarantee year-round continuous operation. This system significantly reduces the required absorber area for solar collector networks, minimizing environmental impacts and land use. With the application to a second-generation biorefinery, the elimination of sugarcane bagasse burning, for heating, results in zero greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, this approach offers operability throughout the year, sustainability, and feasibility benefits, making it a promising strategy for industrial energy systems. With variable supply, storage for energy management and planning is crucial. Lv et al. [46] presented a comprehensive study on the understanding and optimization of LIBs by focusing on their two-stage aging process. The study developed an effective model using an artificial neural network and nonlinear autoregressive exogenous to predict the turning point and trajectory of aging. Based on the application of the model in three scenarios, the authors revealed that the charging rate and rate temperature are key factors in the performance and lifespan of the battery. The authors optimized the operating parameters affecting the key factors using a genetic algorithm strategy to maximise the life cycle of LIBs and battery management systems. To address the pressing challenge of climate change, Jia et al. [47] introduced an innovative multi-period algebraic targeting approach for low-carbon energy planning that bridges renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, and NETs. The approach accounts for equipment lifetimes and evolving energy mixes in the short and long periods, which can leverage the potential for emissions reduction in later planning periods, thus reducing early emissions reduction pressure. By applying the approach to two of China’s policy scenarios, the study concludes that the deployment of NETs captures atmospheric CO 2 and replaces fossil energy sources. 4. Energy, environment and economy Energy utilization, environmental footprint reduction and economic sustainability have been nexus and drawing increasing attention, especially in the context of carbon neutrality goals worldwide [48]. The studies on this topic are more about inter-regional matters, instead of monitoring mixed oil concentration, with implications for pipeline optimization and oil quality enhancement. Existing methods have fallen short of predicting mixed oil concentration accurately due to the omission of mechanism features, complex high-dimensional feature relationships, and inadequate feature information from limited data. To overcome these challenges, the proposed hybrid model combines mechanism-guided feature engineering, curve parameterization, nonlinear transformation, and generation of virtual samples through a conditional deep co-training network. Real-world cases from multi-product pipelines verify the model, achieving significant reductions in mean squared errors and demonstrating the importance of holistic feature exploration. Cui et al. [39] present a novel and comprehensive control strategy to ensure the safe and stable operation of the coal chemical looping gasification system (CCLGS). The CCLGS, composed of multiple units, plays a crucial role in production benefits, making its safety paramount. To address the complexity of this system, Cui et al. combine accurate process modelling, robust risk computation, and dynamic simulation to enhance safety control in the CCLGS. The results highlight the fuel reactor and air reactor as having higher risk grades than other units, emphasizing their significance. A dynamic control analysis strategy, incorporating safety integrity levels, is subsequently applied to fuel reactor and air reactor processes, demonstrating the effectiveness of pressure controllers in maintaining constant pressure and ensuring stable production. Yuan et al. [40] present a comprehensive approach to optimizing the operation of a heated oil pipeline system under complex industrial conditions. An optimization model, accommodating mixed discrete-continuous decision variables and various constraints, is established to minimize energy costs. To solve this model, an intelligent optimization method combining the hybrid binary-real-coded genetic algorithm (BRCGA) and the penalty method is introduced, tailored to the challenges of heated oil pipeline systems. The model and solution method are applied to a complex real-world heated oil pipeline system, resulting in an 18.7 % reduction in energy costs. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of fluctuating fuel prices on the optimal operation scheme, expressing the relations of dynamic adjustments in response to price changes. The adaptable optimization framework for diverse industrial oil pipeline systems highlights the importance of considering fuel price dynamics in achieving cost-efficient and sustainable operation. Amiri et al. [41] explore the prediction, modelling, and optimization of thermal, physical, and thermophysical properties of graphene oxide nanopowder-deionized water/ethylene glycol nanofluid (nf). Utilizing various techniques including response surface methodology (RSM), multi-layer perceptron neural networks, and machine learning (ML) algorithms, the study achieves accurate predictions for key nf properties. The models demonstrate high precision, with coefficients of determination exceeding 0.998 for all properties. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization algorithms, NSGA-II and MOPSO, are employed to optimize the operation modes, revealing the importance of temperature as a dominant parameter. The study concludes that ML and RSM have higher accuracy for predicting the viscosity of nf. To guide the path towards carbon-free energy production on Jeju Island, Kim et al. [42] introduced rolling horizon optimization-based flexible renewable energy distribution planning (FxRE-Plan) to optimize the RES potential under climate change scenarios by assessing the economic and environmental vulnerability, in terms of climate change. The FxRE-Plan integrates an artificial Intelligence-drive spatiotemporal renewable energy resources production model based on an Adaptive Graph Convolutional Recurrent Network (AGCRN). The AGCRN-based model excels in predicting RES and energy demand, which can reflect the 7 days ahead, and FxRE-Plan substantially reduces greenhouse gas emissions and vulnerability. Aruta et al. [43] study the potential benefits of transitioning from individual to community-based energy perspectives, with implications lubricant production is presented and proves both economic and environmental gains towards circular economy. Sarfaraz et al. [60] conduct a thermodynamic evaluation of mixed refrigerant selection in dual mixed refrigerant NG liquefaction process concerning 3E’s, namely energy, exergy and economics. It has significant impacts on the overall performance of natural gas liquefaction. A new method is proposed in this study to select the mixed refrigerant components based on the thermodynamic behaviour in both cold and warm refrigerant streams. It is found that the performance of dual mixed refrigerant process based on the choice of mixed refrigerant correlated with the Energy, Exergy, and Economics. 5. Heat transfer, Heat Pumps and Heat Convection Heat transfer [61], heat pumps [62], and heat convection [63] are central concepts in the field of thermodynamics and engineering, profoundly influencing a wide array of applications in our daily lives and various industries [64]. The Heat transfer mechanism is explored in many applications, such as collecting solar energy [65] and cooling electronic devices [66]. Heat pumps are energy-efficient devices capable of transferring thermal energy from lower-temperature to higher-temperature regions, especially used in HVAC systems [67], refrigeration equipment [68], and greenhouse cultivation [69]. Furthermore, heat convection represents a crucial mechanism in heat transfer, describing the heat transfer within fluids. When boiling water in a container, the rising of hot water and the sinking of cooler water are classic phenomena of heat convection [70]. Studies in these fields contribute to enhancement in energy efficiency solutions to environmental problems [71] by optimizing energy devices and reducing waste heat emissions [72]. Huang et al. [73] proposed an extended superstructure considering inter-stage multiple utility configuration optimization and both compression and heat exchange on branch streams, to address an issue only considered at the end of streams in traditional work-heat exchange networks. They established a mixed integer nonlinear programming model, which performed multi-objective optimization with the objectives of minimum exergy consumption and minimum total annualized cost. The optimal Pareto solution was obtained by the ε -constraint method. An example with different cases was studied to illustrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed model, where the preferable network configurations to weigh the thermodynamic and economic performances were obtained. Afsari et al. [74] examined the energy efficiency and thermal resistance of a thermosyphon heat pipe with various concentrations, input heat, and working fluids. They applied a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonic waves to create stability. Imaging and spectrophotometric analysis showed that graphene oxide (GO) nanofluid with SDS surfactant was more stable. In the optimum condition, the highest percentage increased thermal efficiency of THP with the mixture of GO nanoparticles and SDS surfactant in distilled water with 0.3 % wt, and input heat of 200 W was 18 % compared to distilled water. This study provided important information on Graphene oxide water-based nanofluid for energy saving in a thermosyphon heat pipe. Wu et al. [75] investigated the packed bed reactors installed with different internal helical heat fins and compared the effects of different pitches for improving methane steam reforming. The results contributed to the improvements in energy utilization efficiency in hydrogen production. To compare quantitatively the performance of flow and heat transfer, the velocity disturbance analysis, thermal resistance analysis and the evaluation of hydrogen mass flow per catalyst mass per pressure drop have been conducted. Based on these performances, the investment cost of hydrogen has been investigated. This research was helpful in saving the cost of hydrogen production and guides the construction of efficient packed bed reactors. Arsenyeva et al. [76] proposed a method for the preliminary selection of heat transfer area, plate size, and corrugation geometry of Plate only local solutions [49]. For example, the imbalances in virtual energy consumption and their transfer network in China have been identified by Wang et al. [50], followed by the carbon neutrality implications are raised. Inter-regional or international economic activities can result in the transfers of virtual environmental footprints, such as embodied energy, and embodied carbon emissions [51]. Carbon neutrality has been a strategic target of many countries. Most countries or regions have set the deadline of carbon neutrality at around the middle of this century, despite very few already achieved because of their very impressive ecosystem carbon sink capacity [52]. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) was proposed by the EU [53], which is a carbon tariff on carbon emissions-intensive products, and might have significant impacts on the carbon neutrality targets of other countries [54]. In this part, we overview the linkages among energy, environment and economy. Chen et al. [55] Explored the relationship between high-speed trains and energy-related carbon emissions, combining the soft environment and hard environment under an integrated theoretical framework. They also discussed the indirect effect of the hard environment on economic and society development, especially the indirect implications. It proved that the introduction of high-speed train systems facilitates swift flows of resources, expertise, and funding, thereby fostering an environment conducive to green innovation. This study probes the hypothesis that the establishment of high-speed train networks can trigger green innovation, ultimately bolstering energy efficiency and mitigating carbon emissions. The study conducted by Man et al. [56] re-evaluated the carbon emissions from the pulp and paper industries of China from the life cycle perspective. They reveal that the carbon emissions of China’s pulp and paper industry are overestimated, which is mainly because of the inaccuracy of energy consumption evaluating factors. The huge gap between the energy consumption calculation standards in the production process and the actual values in the factories is another key reason for the overestimation. A multi-period model for optimizing negative emission technology portfolios was developed by Migo-Sumagang et al. [57], which considers economic and carbon value discount rates. It is mentioned that the multiple environmental footprints, technological readiness, and ecological discount rates are not well considered in the previous studies, however, they are significant for mitigating future climate change and reducing the environmental footprints. The mixed integer linear programming is employed for developing a multi-period, multi-footprint and optimization model for negative emission technology portfolios. The model is illustrated and vitrificated with a case study in the Southeast Asian region until 2100, showing that the technologically ready and cheaper options like afforestation and biochar are selected earlier in the portfolio. Cormos [58] assesses the environmental implications and techno-economic of decarbonized green hydrogen generation processes, by employing biomass gasification. In the study, the author considered several pre-combustion decarbonization technologies, including chemical and physical scrubbing (absorption), membrane, and hybrid membrane-chemical scrubbing. All evaluated biomass gasification concepts have 300 MW hydrogen output with a 90 % carbon capture rate. The integrated assessment is conducted by using various system engineering tools. It shows that the green hydrogen production from decarbonized biomass gasification has promising potential to deliver high energy conversion efficiency (57–59 %), negative carbon emissions, and lower energy and cost penalties for decarbonization (about 2.2–3.5 net points). Yeo et al. [59] point out that a circular economy offers a viable approach to transit toward sustainable development of the oil and gas industries. Their study proposes re-refinery strategies to attain circularity within the oil and gas industries. Two models are developed to address the strategy decision from both Meso and Macro perspectives. The Malaysia case study of lubricant base oil & commercialized significance of achieving a sensible balance between sensible and latent heat storage to optimize system performance. These findings offered valuable insights into effectively utilizing intermittent solar energy through TES-integrated heat pump systems. Wang et al. [81] optimized heat exchangers in advanced nuclear systems by employing triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. based heat exchangers and a printed circuit heat exchanger, I-WP surface, and primitive surface for accelerator-driven subcritical systems were constructed in three dimensions. To obtain the potential enhancement of the thermal performance of TPMS-based heat exchangers, the fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer characteristics in TPMS heat exchangers, especially for the specific working medium of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) were investigated. Parametric analysis, involving solid volume fraction and hydraulic diameter, revealed that TPMS-based heat exchangers achieved 2–3 times the total heat transfer rate with half the volume of conventional ones. This research offered insights into the design and optimization of TPMS based heat exchangers, advancing sustainable and efficient advanced nuclear systems. Z´ aleˇ s´ ak et al. [82] provided a detailed review and assessment of the state-of-the-art methods and approaches suitable for solving inverse heat transfer problems (IHTPs) with and without phase changes. The literature review included the analysis of methods from four mutually distinct categories, i.e., conventional (often iterative, gradient-based) algorithms, meta-heuristic methods, artificial neural networks (ANN)-- based methods, and approaches employing fuzzy logic. The intended contributions of the present review are twofold. Firstly, the study presented a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and developments in inverse HTPs, including cutting-edge research works. Secondly, it critically evaluated the performances of different methods and algorithms, providing practical insights to researchers for selecting suitable approaches to solve their specific inverse HTPs. Luo et al. [83] investigated the discharging performance of a double-pipe closed TCES reactor considering the influences of fin layouts (radial and longitudinal fins) by evaluating several indicators such as the reaction time and outlet temperature. Using the reversible reaction of strontium bromide monohydrate (SrBr 2 ⋅H 2 O) and water vapour forming strontium bromide hexahydrate (SrBr 2 ⋅6H 2 O) for thermochemical materials in numerical simulation. The results showed that the fins improved the exothermic process. The discharging time of the reactor with upward L-shaped fins was reduced by 8.6 % for radial fins and 8.9 % for the reactor with four longitudinal fins. The addition of fins expanded the heat transfer area and made the hydration rate of TCM around fins significantly higher than other parts. A radial fin reactor with 4 fins, a thickness of 2 mm, and an extension length of 20 mm was found to be the ideal configuration using the Taguchi method, and this optimized reactor exhibited higher heat transfer efficiency and HTF output temperature. Teng et al. [84] tackled the complex problem of optimizing retrofit heat exchanger networks (HENs). The re-routing of existing equipment caused various network topologies, increasing the complexity of considerations. To address this, the study employed the P-graph framework to ensure the discovery of optimal solutions within the constraints of the retrofit problem. The framework offered several advantages, including efficient search space exploration, simplified unit placement, consideration of unit re-sequencing and re-piping, stream splitting, and visualization of n-best solutions. Additionally, it leveraged the pinch minimum utility constraint to reduce the search space. The proposed P-graph-- based approach was demonstrated using a real refinery case study to show its capability in obtaining the topology of the optimal HEN, highlighting the economic and energy benefits. Further extensions to other retrofit process integration problems (e.g., retrofit water network, hydrogen network) will be enabled via the proposed P-graph approach. Heat Exchangers (PHEs) for steam-air mixture condensation processes with the developed earlier one-dimensional mathematical model. The heat transfer area was minimized by optimizing the corrugation angle, depth, and plate length. A case study demonstrated the method of recovering low-grade heat from exhaust gases produced during superheated steam drying. The method implemented as a computer program was integrated into an optimization software of the heat exchanger network. Ling et al. [77] established a three-dimensional frost growth model for microchannel louvred fins in microchannel heat exchangers (MHXs) using OpenFOAM software and a self-programming method. Effects on local frost layer thickness, pressure drop, and outlet temperature in MHXs of various boundary conditions, including inlet velocity of moist air, humidity ratio, and cold-wall surface temperature. A low cold-wall temperature reduced the frost-clogging-channel time from 240 seconds to 160 seconds for the rear half’s middle fin. A high humidity ratio decreased clogging time from 280 seconds to 200 seconds. Additionally, a high moist air inlet velocity substantially increased pressure drop from 276 Pa to 1011 Pa at 480 seconds. This study guided the prediction of the local frosting of MHXs under moist conditions. Elfeky et al. [78] delved into thermal ratcheting in parabolic trough power plants for solar energy applications. It conducted a comprehensive simulation of the thermocline reservoir, considering the hybrid tank wall and varying filling zones. By varying the melting temperature of phase change material (PCM) layers and using dimensionless temperature differences (θ m ), the research explored the thermo-mechanical characteristics of cascaded layers storage tanks. The numerical outcomes were validated against experimental data, revealing that specific tank structures like VIII (θ m = 0.4 of the Top layer, θ m = 0.3 of the intermediate layer and θ m = 0.2 of the bottom layer) and XIV (θ m = 0.4 of Top layer, θ m = 0.3 of intermediate layer and θ m = 0.8 of bottom layer) exhibited acceptable thermal performance. In contrast, structure XIII (θ m = 0.8 of Top layer, θ m = 0.8 of intermediate layer and θ m = 0.8 of bottom layer is 0.8) demonstrated the highest overall efficiency at 79.58 %, with structure XII (θ m = 0.6 of Top layer is 0.6, θ m = 0.55 of intermediate layer and θ m = 0.8 of the bottom layer is 0.8) performing the lowest at 22.21 %. This study provided valuable insights into optimizing thermocline storage tank designs for enhancing solar energy utilization. Tian et al. [79] carried out large-scale simulations for different tube banks to explore the effect of geometrical factors. In addition, the heat transfer experiment of dense particles was carried out to validate the heat transfer model used in the discrete element method. Staggered tubes exhibited triangular-shaped stagnation and void zones, whereas aligned tubes had rectangular stagnation zones, one-third of the tube diameter in width, with triangular particle blockade zones within them. Staggered tubes demonstrated a 26 % increase in heat transfer rate compared to aligned tubes. Introducing chamfers to staggered elliptical-like combined tubes significantly boosted heat transfer rates by 54.2 %, when the same heat transfer coefficient was maintained as staggered circular tube banks. This improvement underscored the importance of chamfers at tube junctions and enhanced local heat transfer performance. Circular tubes outperformed elliptical-like combined tubes with chamfers in scenarios where penetration thermal resistance dominated over contact thermal resistance. Additionally, the study developed thermal resistance models tailored to different tube geometries. Yıldız et al. [80] evaluated the thermal performance of a water-to-water heat pump (HP) system integrated with thermal energy storage (TES) for intermittent solar energy utilization. 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Xue-Chao Wang a , b , * , Jin Wang c , Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu d , Benjamin Hung Yang Ong e a State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China b College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China c School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China d Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqu` es 1, 6th Floor, 08028, Barcelona, Spain e Competence Center Thermal Energy Systems and Process Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Technikumstrasse 21, 6048, Horw, Switzerland * Corresponding author. tate Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (X.-C. Wang).