CVD-Engineered Nano Carbon Architectures: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Outlook
Abstract
Description: FAIR data applicable for the Review paper, from the collaboration of the EBEAM project members with the Centre of Nanotechnologies of the CEET, VSB-TUO. Funding: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52071225) and the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 101087143 (Electron Beam Emergent Additive Manufacturing (EBEAM)). Project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 “REFRESH-Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries” via the Operational Programme Just Transition and CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000045 “Circular economy R&D Centre—CirkArena and The Operational Programme Just Transition”.
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Catalyst or Template Type Carbon Source (Feedstock) Temperature (°C) Morphology / Product Mechanistic Highlights Ref. Ni/Al₂O₃ (reduced NiO) CH₄ + H₂ 600 Hollow CNOs (~50 nm) Carbon dissolutionprecipitation; Kirkendall voiding [63] Co on MgO (1-10 wt%) C₂H₄ + Ar 700 Hollow onions (10-50 nm, 99% purity) Co decomposes C₂H₄; MgO prevents sintering [62] MgO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂ C₂H₅OH 700-800 Few-layer graphene shells (3-7 layers) Oxide templating; surface oxygen enables functionalization [64] MgO nanospheres CH₄ + H₂ 800 Hollow graphitic spheres MgO-templated graphitization; durable electrodes [66] SiO₂ or Au@SiO₂ CH₄ 700-900 Hollow or coreshell spheres Geometric templating via SiO₂; HF removal [67] SiO₂/AAO templates Polyphenol vapor 500-950 (ramp) Hollow carbons (porous) Non-isothermal CVD; shell thickness control [68] SiO₂ nanoparticles CH₄ 1000 SiC/graphene core–shell Partial SiO₂ → SiC; oxidecarbide transition [69] Si nanoparticles + vertical graphene CVD carbon + H₂ 700-800 core-shell Si-C Vertically aligned graphene improves conductivity [70] SiO₂ template + CVD carbon C₂H₂ 750 core-shell Si-C composite Controlled voids buffer Si expansion [71] Metal-free (selftemplate) CVD carbon precursor 700 Al-doped hollow cages Atomic Al doping tunes Li⁺ intercalation [72] Dolomite template CVD + Triphenylphosphine 700 P-doped hollow spheres P creates electron-rich redox sites [73] Dolomite + Nsource CVD + NH₃ 750 N-doped hollow carbons Multiscale porosity; improved ion transport [74]