Thematisches Glossar "Religion, Worldviews, Ethics"

Anhang (Onlin e Reso urces) zu dem Buc h J ens - Peter Green , Man fred L. Pirne r u nd Jens Büngener (Hrsg.) unter Mitar beit von Ne le Orlemann Reli gionsu nter r icht bi ling ual . Didakt isc he Per spek tive n und Anr egun g en für die P rax is Thematisches Glossar „Religions, Worldviews, Et hics“ Jens - Pet er Gree n Erla nge n : FA U Uni ver sit y Pre ss 2021 – 202 5 1 Inhalt Zur Nutzun g des Glossars .......................................................................................................... 68 Zielgruppe .............................................................................................................................. 68 Sprachliche Hilfen .................................................................................................................. 68 Inhaltl iche Ve r net z un g .......................................................................................................... 69 Suchfun ktion .......................................................................................................................... 69 Work in p rogress .................................................................................................................... 69 Aborig inal s piri tu al ity ................................................................................................................. 70 Dreamtime .............................................................................................................................. 70 Creat or beings ......................................................................................................................... 70 Tjukurpa l aws .......................................................................................................................... 70 Abort ion ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Con flic t of ri gh ts ..................................................................................................................... 70 A bit of tissue or unbo rn life? ................................................................................................ . 71 Ending t he pregnancy ............................................................................................................. 71 Perf ormi ng ab orti ons .............................................................................................................. 72 Sex - sele ctive abortions ........................................................................................................... 72 Backstre et abortion s ............................................................................................................... 73 Psychol ogical impact of abortions ......................................................................................... 73 Regul ating a bo rtion ................................................................................................................ 74 Time limits on abortion .......................................................................................................... 75 Ab or t ion in d ic at io ns ............................................................................................................... 75 Safe access zon es ..................................................................................................................... 76 Abo rti on fund i ng .................................................................................................................... 77 Abrahamic rel igions .................................................................................................................... 77 Abstract s ...................................................................................................................................... 78 Topic/Research question ........................................................................................................ 78 Research fo cus ......................................................................................................................... 78 Previo us research .................................................................................................................... 78 Purpose .................................................................................................................................... 79 Autho r’s position on t he topic (thesis st atement) ................................................................ . 79 Sour ces ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Findi ngs ................................................................................................................................... 79 Furt her research ...................................................................................................................... 79 Accoun t abilit y ............................................................................................................................ 80 Adaptat ion (missiona ry strategy) .............................................................................................. 80 2 Ado pt ion .................................................................................................................................... 80 Agape feast .................................................................................................................................. 81 Aggi orna mento ........................................................................................................................... 81 Agnosticism ................................................................................................................................ . 81 Ahimsa ......................................................................................................................................... 82 Alevism ........................................................................................................................................ 82 Syncret ism ............................................................................................................................... 82 Und er sta nd in g of God ............................................................................................................ 83 Moral co de ............................................................................................................................... 83 Gender roles ............................................................................................................................ 83 Rituals ...................................................................................................................................... 83 Altar call ..................................................................................................................................... 84 Altarpiece ................................................................................................................................... 84 Alt ar servers ................................................................................................................................ 85 Amazing G race ............................................................................................................................ 85 New meanings in new co ntexts .............................................................................................. 85 Message o f hope ...................................................................................................................... 85 Haunt ing tun e ........................................................................................................................ 86 Ambigu ity ................................................................................................................................... 86 Ope n t o in ter pr eta ti on .......................................................................................................... 86 Not all black and white ........................................................................................................... 87 Ambig uity toleran ce ............................................................................................................... 87 Amish .......................................................................................................................................... 87 Origins ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Gel assenheit ........................................................................................................................... 88 Sepa ra ti on fr om the w or l d ..................................................................................................... 88 Correct ive church discipl ine .................................................................................................. 88 Rumsp ringa ............................................................................................................................ 89 Anabaptists ................................................................................................................................ . 89 Ancest ral spirit s ......................................................................................................................... 89 An g el s ......................................................................................................................................... 90 Messeng ers, g uardians, guides .............................................................................................. 90 Hierarchy of angel s ................................................................................................................. 91 Ange l o f Yah we ........................................................................................................................ 91 Heavenly beings ...................................................................................................................... 91 Fall of the rebel angels ............................................................................................................ 92 3 Symbo ls, m etaphors, p ersonification s ................................................................................... 92 Charms, trinkets, worry stones ............................................................................................... 92 Ang els in the visual art s .............................................................................................................. 93 Humanl ike wit h wings ............................................................................................................ 93 Poses and activities ................................................................................................................. 93 Image s with a twist ................................................................................................................. 93 Angli can C ommu ni on ............................................................................................................... 94 Worldwide f amily of independent church es ........................................................................ 94 Archbishop of Canterbury ..................................................................................................... 94 Lambet h Conference ............................................................................................................... 95 An g st ........................................................................................................................................... 95 Animal ethics .............................................................................................................................. 95 Animal rights ........................................................................................................................... 95 Anim al research ..................................................................................................................... 96 An i m al - free rese arch ............................................................................................................... 97 Cruelt y to animal s ................................................................................................................... 97 Animal welfare ....................................................................................................................... 98 Animal welfare activists ......................................................................................................... 98 Anim al husbandry ..................................................................................................................... 99 Livestock farming ................................................................................................................... 99 Inte nsi ve anima l far mi ng ....................................................................................................... 99 Organi c animal f arming ......................................................................................................... 99 Labelling ................................................................................................................................ . 99 Annihilationism ........................................................................................................................ 100 Anthr opolo gy ............................................................................................................................ 1 00 Views, understa ndings, philosophies ................................................................................... 1 00 Optimistic, pessimistic, realistic ........................................................................................... 101 Human nature and evil .......................................................................................................... 101 Ant hroposophy ......................................................................................................................... 1 02 Spir i tua l pa th to k nowled g e ................................................................................................ . 102 Organi sa tions an d initiati ves ................................................................................................ 1 02 Antisemitism ............................................................................................................................. 103 Forms of an tisemi tis m .......................................................................................................... 103 Antisemitic stereotypes ........................................................................................................ 104 Christi an anti - Judaism .......................................................................................................... 104 Anti - Jewish dress co des ........................................................................................................ 10 5 4 Ghettoisation ......................................................................................................................... 105 Fight against antisemitis m ................................................................................................... 105 Antisem itism in the visual arts ................................................................................................ . 106 Apart heid .................................................................................................................................. 107 Apoc aly ptic lite ra tu re ............................................................................................................... 107 Autho r ................................................................................................................................... 1 07 Com for t a nd ho pe ................................................................................................................. 107 Turn of the ages .................................................................................................................... 1 07 Symboli c la ngua ge ................................................................................................................ 108 Ap ocalyp tic thi nking ................................................................................................................ 108 Apos ta sy .................................................................................................................................... 109 Apostles’ Creed ......................................................................................................................... 10 9 Apos tr o phe ................................................................................................................................ . 110 Appeal to ancient wisdo m ......................................................................................................... 110 Arcadia ....................................................................................................................................... 1 10 Argu mentu m ad ho minem ......................................................................................................... 111 Arian con troversy ........................................................................................................................ 111 Ark of the Covenant ................................................................................................................... 112 Armage dd on ............................................................................................................................... 113 Art o f l i fe .................................................................................................................................... 113 Artificial insemination by don or (AID) .................................................................................... 113 Male fertility issues ................................................................................................................ 113 Getting inseminated .............................................................................................................. 114 Impa ct o n the fami ly .............................................................................................................. 114 Ashram ....................................................................................................................................... 114 Assiste d suicide .......................................................................................................................... 115 Vol untary suicide ................................................................................................................... 115 Right to die ............................................................................................................................. 115 Safeg uards .............................................................................................................................. 116 Medical conditions ................................................................................................................. 117 Com ple ted li fe ........................................................................................................................ 117 Suicide by st arvation .............................................................................................................. 117 Suicide pods ........................................................................................................................... 117 Astrol ogy .................................................................................................................................... 118 Belief in the stars .................................................................................................................... 118 Astrol ogic al meta phors .......................................................................................................... 118 5 Pseudoscience ........................................................................................................................ 119 Copin g mec hanis m ................................................................................................................ 119 Asylum ........................................................................................................................................ 119 Accep tin g asyl um - seeker s ..................................................................................................... 119 Rejecting asylum - seekers ...................................................................................................... 120 Church sanct uary .................................................................................................................. 120 Strang ers and fore igners in the Bible ................................................................................... 120 Athei sm ...................................................................................................................................... 121 At m an ......................................................................................................................................... 121 Augsburg Conf ession (1 530) ...................................................................................................... 121 Avatar (Hinduism ) ..................................................................................................................... 122 Axial Age .................................................................................................................................... 122 Baby hatches .............................................................................................................................. 122 Babylonian exile ......................................................................................................................... 12 3 Deportation ............................................................................................................................ 123 Promise of a joyous ret urn ..................................................................................................... 123 Bach, J ohann Sebasti an (1685 – 17 50) .......................................................................................... 123 Glory to God a lone ................................................................................................................. 123 Passion m usic ........................................................................................................................ 124 Bahá’i fait h ................................................................................................................................ . 12 5 Ball, John (? - 138 1) ....................................................................................................................... 125 Banality of evil ............................................................................................................................ 1 27 Bapt ism ....................................................................................................................................... 127 Getting baptised ..................................................................................................................... 127 Inf ant baptism ....................................................................................................................... 128 Adult bapti sm ........................................................................................................................ 12 8 Drop - in bap t i sm .................................................................................................................... 12 8 Baptism bible verse ............................................................................................................... 12 9 Bapt ism al clot hing ................................................................................................................ 129 Imme rsion baptism ............................................................................................................... 129 Dipping , pour ing , spri nk l ing ................................................................................................ 130 Bap tis ts ...................................................................................................................................... 130 Bar m itzvah/Bat mit zvah .......................................................................................................... 130 Base communities ...................................................................................................................... 131 Basic trust ................................................................................................................................... 131 Basic trust versus mist rust ..................................................................................................... 131 6 A gi ft for l i fe ........................................................................................................................... 131 Beat itudes (Matthew 5:1 – 12) ...................................................................................................... 132 Magna Carta ........................................................................................................................... 132 Paradoxical st atements .......................................................................................................... 1 32 Blessed a re... ........................................................................................................................... 132 Becoming like children (Matthew 18 :1 – 4; 19:13 – 14) ................................................................... 133 Children as model s of fait h and lif e ...................................................................................... 133 Children as idealised inn ocents ............................................................................................ 134 Begui ne move me nt ................................................................................................................... 134 Medieval beguinages ............................................................................................................. 134 Conte mpo rary beguinages .................................................................................................... 134 Belief and doubt ......................................................................................................................... 135 Bible ........................................................................................................................................... 136 Script ures ............................................................................................................................... 136 Interpretive approaches ......................................................................................................... 137 Fun d amentalist readings ....................................................................................................... 137 Liberal readings ..................................................................................................................... 138 Allegorical readings .............................................................................................................. 139 Biblical justifications ............................................................................................................. 139 Bible Art Journ aling .................................................................................................................. 139 Bible Be lt ................................................................................................................................... 140 Bible Student movement .......................................................................................................... 140 Bible st udy ................................................................................................................................ . 140 Bible t hrough dance ................................................................................................................... 141 Biblical patriarchs an d matriarchs ............................................................................................ 141 Biblio drama ............................................................................................................................... 142 Bind ing of I sa ac ( Ge nesi s 22:1 – 19) ............................................................................................ 143 Blasp hemy ................................................................................................................................ . 14 3 Blasp heming .......................................................................................................................... 143 Blasp hemy bans ..................................................................................................................... 144 Blessing ...................................................................................................................................... 144 Blessed to be a blessing (G enesis 12:1 – 3) .............................................................................. 144 Blessing rituals ...................................................................................................................... 144 Religious and non - religious blessing s .................................................................................. 145 Blessing symbols ................................................................................................................... 146 Coun ting o ne’s ble ssings ...................................................................................................... 147 7 Seeking a blessing ................................................................................................................. 147 Blessing way ............................................................................................................................... 147 Bodhi t ree .................................................................................................................................. 148 Bod hisatt va ................................................................................................................................ 148 Böckenförde di le mma ............................................................................................................... 149 Bo n if ac e ..................................................................................................................................... 149 Apos tl e to th e Ger ma ns ........................................................................................................ 149 Church refo rmer ................................................................................................................... 150 Donar o ak .............................................................................................................................. 150 Death ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Book of Co mmon Pra yer .......................................................................................................... 150 Book of Esthe r ............................................................................................................................ 151 Theme ..................................................................................................................................... 151 End ing .................................................................................................................................... 151 Book of Job ................................................................................................................................ . 151 Theme ..................................................................................................................................... 151 Job‘s aff lictions ....................................................................................................................... 151 Job’s wi fe ................................................................................................................................ . 152 Job’s f riends ............................................................................................................................ 152 Job’s re sponse ......................................................................................................................... 153 Job’s re ward ............................................................................................................................ 153 Job in modern literature ........................................................................................................ 153 Vi sual represent ations of Job ................................................................................................ 154 Bo o k p a int in g ............................................................................................................................ 154 Brahman .................................................................................................................................... 154 Bridge of Siraat ........................................................................................................................... 155 Bron ze serpent (Numbers 21 :6 – 9) ............................................................................................. 155 Buddhism .................................................................................................................................. 156 Branches, schools, movement s ............................................................................................. 156 Script ures ............................................................................................................................... 156 The four si ghts ...................................................................................................................... 156 The Buddha as a doctor ......................................................................................................... 157 The Four N oble Truths .......................................................................................................... 157 From sel f to non - self .............................................................................................................. 157 Attac h ment ............................................................................................................................ 158 Detachment ........................................................................................................................... 158 8 The Noble Eightfold Path ..................................................................................................... 158 The Five Precepts .................................................................................................................. 158 The Three Jewels ................................................................................................................... 159 Enlightenm en t ...................................................................................................................... 159 Nirva na .................................................................................................................................. 159 Bullyin g ..................................................................................................................................... 160 Types of bullying ................................................................................................................... 160 Harmful be haviour ................................................................................................................ 160 Verbal bul lyi ng ....................................................................................................................... 161 Gest ural bulling ...................................................................................................................... 161 Relational bullying ................................................................................................................. 161 Bullies .................................................................................................................................... 162 Bullying victims ..................................................................................................................... 162 Bystan ders ............................................................................................................................. 162 Anti - bullying po licies ............................................................................................................ 162 Buraq ......................................................................................................................................... 163 Burials, burial gro unds, burial typ es ........................................................................................ 163 Burial s .................................................................................................................................... 163 Burial groun ds ....................................................................................................................... 163 Land burials ........................................................................................................................... 164 Ossuaries ............................................................................................................................... 164 Cr em a tio ns ............................................................................................................................ 164 Crema tio n tatt oos ................................................................................................................. 165 Diamond bu rial s .................................................................................................................... 165 Green burials ......................................................................................................................... 165 Wate r burials ......................................................................................................................... 165 Air and sky burials ................................................................................................................ 166 Huma n - animal co - burials ..................................................................................................... 166 Burno ut ..................................................................................................................................... 166 Busine ss ethics .......................................................................................................................... 167 Right business policies and practices ................................................................................... 167 Corporat e social respon sibility ............................................................................................. 167 Product responsibility ........................................................................................................... 168 Re sponsibl e investment ........................................................................................................ 168 Respon sible sourcing ............................................................................................................ 169 Cadaver monument s ................................................................................................................. 169 15 Fre edom of con science ......................................................................................................... 243 Clear co nsci ence, guilt y consci ence ..................................................................................... 244 Co n so l at io n ............................................................................................................................... 244 Cons ta nti nia n s hif t ................................................................................................................... 244 Cons tituti onal c ou rt ru li ngs ..................................................................................................... 245 Co nt en t men t ............................................................................................................................. 245 Con version ................................................................................................................................ 245 Life - transfo rming experi ence ............................................................................................... 245 Individual vs. mass conve rsion ............................................................................................ 246 Vol untary vs. forced con version .......................................................................................... 246 Inst antaneous vs. gradual conversion ................................................................................. 246 Coronat ion of the V irgin (En guerran d Quarton) .................................................................... 247 First impressions ................................................................................................................... 2 47 Tri parte co smol ogy ............................................................................................................... 2 47 Trinity .................................................................................................................................... 2 47 Ang els and the blessed .......................................................................................................... 248 Rome a nd Je rusalem ............................................................................................................. 248 The cross as bridg e ................................................................................................................ 248 Underwo rld .......................................................................................................................... 249 Cosmis m ................................................................................................................................... 249 Cosm ology ................................................................................................................................ . 2 50 Ancient Near Easte rn c os mology ......................................................................................... 2 50 Eliz abeth an cos mo logy ......................................................................................................... 2 50 Counselling ................................................................................................................................ 251 Co unte r - Re forma tion ............................................................................................................... 2 52 Coura ge ..................................................................................................................................... 252 Taking heart .......................................................................................................................... 2 52 Moral co urage ....................................................................................................................... 253 Cov ena nt ................................................................................................................................... 253 Binding promises .................................................................................................................. 253 Noah’s C ovenant ................................................................................................................... 253 Abrahamic C o ve n ant ............................................................................................................ 254 Sinai Covenant ...................................................................................................................... 254 New Cove nant ....................................................................................................................... 254 Cow worship (Hinduism ) ......................................................................................................... 2 54 Creation ..................................................................................................................................... 255 16 Creation stories ..................................................................................................................... 2 55 Order out of chaos ................................................................................................................ 255 Dis enc ha n tme nt o f na tu r e .................................................................................................... 255 The creato r as artisan ............................................................................................................ 256 Made in God’s im age ............................................................................................................. 256 Created male and f emale ...................................................................................................... 256 Rule r of cr eation .................................................................................................................... 2 57 Steward of creat ion ............................................................................................................... 2 57 Nami ng as c ontr ol ................................................................................................................. 258 Creation doctrine .................................................................................................................. 258 Creation o f Ada m (Mi che lange lo) ............................................................................................ 259 Ico n i c p ain t ing ...................................................................................................................... 259 God and Adam ...................................................................................................................... 259 The clo ak ............................................................................................................................... 259 The woman under God’s left arm ......................................................................................... 259 The gift of life ....................................................................................................................... 260 Creationism .............................................................................................................................. 260 Creeds ........................................................................................................................................ 2 61 Creedal formulas in t he B ible ............................................................................................... 2 61 Personal creeds ..................................................................................................................... 261 Expressin g f ait h ..................................................................................................................... 261 Cross (C hristian sym bol) .......................................................................................................... 261 Cross (i nscription ) .................................................................................................................... 262 Cross (t ypes) .............................................................................................................................. 2 62 Latin cross ............................................................................................................................. 262 Cel tic cr oss ............................................................................................................................ 2 62 Tau cro ss ................................................................................................................................ 263 St Andre w’s cross .................................................................................................................. 263 Malte se cross ......................................................................................................................... 263 Greek cro ss ............................................................................................................................ 263 Russian O rthodox cross ....................................................................................................... 264 Crusades ................................................................................................................................... 264 Cryon ics ..................................................................................................................................... 265 Cuius regio, eius religio ............................................................................................................ 265 Cult of Reason ........................................................................................................................... 265 Cul t of the Supreme Being ...................................................................................................... 266 17 Cult s .......................................................................................................................................... 267 Cult s, new re ligious groups .................................................................................................. 2 67 Cult l eaders ............................................................................................................................ 267 Cult membe rs ........................................................................................................................ 2 67 Attra c tin g me m bers .............................................................................................................. 2 67 Contro lli ng membe rs ........................................................................................................... 268 Exit counselling .................................................................................................................... 269 Cul tur al a ppropr ia tio n ............................................................................................................. 269 Cultural f ood banks ................................................................................................................. 269 Dalai La ma ................................................................................................................................ 2 70 Living bodhisattva or sim ple Buddhist monk? .................................................................... 270 Search fo r the reincarn ation ................................................................................................ . 270 Changi ng r ole ......................................................................................................................... 2 71 Glo bal symbol ......................................................................................................................... 271 Dance of Dea th ......................................................................................................................... 272 Dar al - Harb ............................................................................................................................... 272 Dar al - Islam ............................................................................................................................... 273 David ......................................................................................................................................... 273 Portrayal s ............................................................................................................................... 273 David and Goliat h (1 Sam uel 17) ........................................................................................... 274 David and Bat hsheba (2 Samuel 11:1 – 12:25 ) .......................................................................... 274 Deaconess .................................................................................................................................. 2 74 Commun ity of sisters ............................................................................................................ 274 Unifo rm ................................................................................................................................ . 2 75 Dead Sea Scroll s ........................................................................................................................ 2 75 The finds ................................................................................................................................ 275 Sectarian t ex ts ....................................................................................................................... 276 Impo rtance ............................................................................................................................ 2 76 Death ......................................................................................................................................... 2 76 Social, bi ologic al, le gal death ............................................................................................... 2 76 The deceased ......................................................................................................................... 277 Debating .................................................................................................................................... 277 The teams .............................................................................................................................. 277 The jury ................................................................................................................................ . 277 Moti on ................................................................................................................................... 278 Pros a nd c ons ........................................................................................................................ 278 18 Cons truc ting a n argu me nt .................................................................................................... 278 Arguin g a case ....................................................................................................................... 279 Outli ning a n ar gume nt ......................................................................................................... 279 Weak a nd str ong ar gu me nts ................................................................................................ 279 Rebuttals ............................................................................................................................... 280 Points of i nfor mati on ........................................................................................................... 280 Delivery ................................................................................................................................ . 2 81 Deep reading ............................................................................................................................. 281 Defender of th e Faith ................................................................................................................ 2 82 Definitions ................................................................................................................................ . 282 Clarif ying t erms ..................................................................................................................... 282 Same concept, different n ames ............................................................................................ 283 Range of meanings ................................................................................................................ 284 Etymo logy .............................................................................................................................. 285 Sem anti c change ................................................................................................................... 2 85 Neol ogis ms ............................................................................................................................ 2 85 Misnomers ............................................................................................................................. 285 Polemi cal ter ms ..................................................................................................................... 285 Dehumanisati on ...................................................................................................................... 286 Deism ........................................................................................................................................ 287 Demons ..................................................................................................................................... 2 87 Demythologising ....................................................................................................................... 287 Deradicalisation ....................................................................................................................... 2 88 Dervish or ders .......................................................................................................................... 288 Desert fathers and mothers ..................................................................................................... 289 Despair ..................................................................................................................................... 289 Diakonia (Diaconia) ................................................................................................................. 290 Diaspo ra ................................................................................................................................... 290 Disciples .................................................................................................................................... 291 Jesus call s disciple s ................................................................................................................ 291 Beloved disciple ..................................................................................................................... 291 Follow i ng Jesus ...................................................................................................................... 291 Trustin g Jesus (Matthew 1 4:22 –33) ....................................................................................... 291 Disillusionment ......................................................................................................................... 2 92 Dispensationalism .................................................................................................................... 292 Dissent ers and nonconf ormists ................................................................................................ 292 19 Distancing expressions ............................................................................................................. 293 Divine Liturgy ........................................................................................................................... 2 93 Divine right of kings ................................................................................................................ 294 Divorce and remarriage ........................................................................................................... 294 Diwali ....................................................................................................................................... 294 Diyanet ...................................................................................................................................... 2 95 Do ut des ................................................................................................................................... 295 Dona tio n o f C ons ta nti ne .......................................................................................................... 295 Dona tio n o f Pe pi n ( 756) .......................................................................................................... 2 96 Double st andard ...................................................................................................................... 296 Dra gon s ..................................................................................................................................... 297 Western ideas ........................................................................................................................ 2 97 Eastern ideas ......................................................................................................................... 2 97 Dreams ..................................................................................................................................... 298 Living one’s dreams ............................................................................................................. 2 98 Missing out on one’s dre ams ............................................................................................... 298 Dying ........................................................................................................................................ 2 99 Terminal patients ................................................................................................................. 299 Reactions to imminent d eath .............................................................................................. 299 Passing away .......................................................................................................................... 30 0 Early Christ ianity ...................................................................................................................... 30 1 Diversit y ................................................................................................................................ 301 The role of w ome n ................................................................................................................ 301 Special abilities and spiritu al gifts: prophecy ...................................................................... 30 2 Eastern Orthodoxy .................................................................................................................... 302 Ec ce Homo ................................................................................................................................ 302 Ecclesia and Synagog a .............................................................................................................. 303 Strasbo urg cathe dral ............................................................................................................. 303 Saint J oseph’s Uni versity (Phil adelphia) .............................................................................. 303 Ecclesiastes ................................................................................................................................ 30 4 Ec onomy f or the Com mo n Good ............................................................................................. 305 Ecosat t va ................................................................................................................................... 30 5 Ecumen ical movem ent ............................................................................................................. 306 Ter mi nol ogy .......................................................................................................................... 306 World Counci l of C hurches .................................................................................................. 30 6 Reconciled diversity .............................................................................................................. 306 20 Ecumen ical wo rship .............................................................................................................. 307 Ecumen ical f ellowship g roups .............................................................................................. 307 Ecumenical communities ..................................................................................................... 307 Ecumenical yout h meetings ................................................................................................ . 307 Ed ic t of N an tes (1 598 ) ............................................................................................................... 308 Edit o rial independence ............................................................................................................. 308 Effective altruism ...................................................................................................................... 308 Egg cryop reservat io n ................................................................................................................ 30 9 Egg don at ion ............................................................................................................................. 309 Donor and recipient .............................................................................................................. 309 Impa ct o n the fami ly ............................................................................................................. 309 Eid al - Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice) .......................................................................................... 310 Eid al - Fitr ( Feas t o f Fas t - Breaking) .......................................................................................... 310 Eight per t housand/F ive per thousand .................................................................................... 310 Eight per t housand ................................................................................................................ 310 Five per t housan d ................................................................................................................... 311 Elijah ........................................................................................................................................... 311 Elijah in the desert ................................................................................................................. 311 Messiani c forerunn er ............................................................................................................. 311 Ascen t in to heave n ................................................................................................................. 311 Passove r Seder ........................................................................................................................ 31 1 Elves ............................................................................................................................................ 312 Embryo P rotection Act .............................................................................................................. 313 Embryo resea rch ........................................................................................................................ 313 Embryo rig hts ............................................................................................................................ 314 Stages of ear ly huma n de velop me nt .................................................................................... 314 Moral st atus ........................................................................................................................... 314 Empathy, compassion, mercy .................................................................................................... 315 Conne cting with others ......................................................................................................... 315 Lacking empathy an d compassion ....................................................................................... 31 6 Setting and keeping limit s .................................................................................................... 316 Teachin g emp athy and compassion ...................................................................................... 31 7 Endon y ms and exonyms ............................................................................................................ 317 Enlightenment (intellectual movement) .................................................................................. 317 Definition ............................................................................................................................... 317 Heter oge neous an d contr adictory ........................................................................................ 318 21 Enso ulment ............................................................................................................................... 318 Successive ensoulment ......................................................................................................... 318 Simul tane ous ens oulme nt .................................................................................................... 319 Enthusi asts (“Schwärm er”) ....................................................................................................... 319 Environmental ethics ................................................................................................................ 320 Epic of Gilgamesh ..................................................................................................................... 320 Epicurus ( ca. 34 1 – 270 B .C .) ........................................................................................................ 321 Materialism and hedonis m .................................................................................................... 321 Freedom f rom fear ................................................................................................................. 321 Epip hany (insight) .................................................................................................................... 322 Equali ty ..................................................................................................................................... 323 Equality of treatment ............................................................................................................ 323 Biblical justifications ............................................................................................................. 323 Equit y ........................................................................................................................................ 32 3 Eschatol ogical reservat ion ........................................................................................................ 324 Esoteri cism ................................................................................................................................ 324 Esoteric elitism ...................................................................................................................... 324 Esote ric e con omy .................................................................................................................. 325 Essenes ...................................................................................................................................... 325 Establi shed church .................................................................................................................... 32 5 Esther mom ent ......................................................................................................................... 326 Ete rni ty ...................................................................................................................................... 326 Ethi cal app roach es .................................................................................................................... 327 Moral reason ing .................................................................................................................... 32 7 Consequ ence - based, duty - based, agent - based .................................................................... 327 The utilitar ian a ppro ach ....................................................................................................... 327 The right s approach .............................................................................................................. 327 The just ice ap p roach ............................................................................................................. 327 The comm on good a p pro ach ................................................................................................ 327 Th e virtue approach .............................................................................................................. 328 The care app roa ch ................................................................................................................. 328 The sit uat iona l approa ch ...................................................................................................... 329 The p rinci ple app roa ch ......................................................................................................... 329 Ethics of responsibili ty .......................................................................................................... 330 Ethi cs of convict ion ............................................................................................................... 330 Ethical issues and dil emmas ..................................................................................................... 330 22 Ident ifying an d addressing issues ........................................................................................ 330 Facing dilemmas .................................................................................................................... 331 Mak ing , ju sti fyi ng , ac ting on d eci si ons ................................................................................. 331 Setting priorities ..................................................................................................................... 331 Making t rade -o ffs .................................................................................................................. 332 Making except ions ................................................................................................................ 332 Ethical judgem ents ................................................................................................................... 333 Ethics adviso ry boards .............................................................................................................. 333 Ex per t pane ls ......................................................................................................................... 333 Germ an Ethics Council ......................................................................................................... 334 Ethnor eli giou s grou p s .............................................................................................................. 334 Eugen ics .................................................................................................................................... 335 Genetic improvement ........................................................................................................... 335 Negative eugenics ................................................................................................................. 335 Positive e ug en ic s ................................................................................................................... 335 Nazi eugenics ........................................................................................................................ 335 Eurythmy ................................................................................................................................... 336 Euthan asia ................................................................................................................................ . 336 Types of euthanasi a ............................................................................................................... 336 Nazi euthanasia p rogramme ................................................................................................ . 338 Evangel ical Church in Germany ............................................................................................... 338 Evang eli cal co unsels ................................................................................................................. 338 Evang eli cals ............................................................................................................................... 339 Definition .............................................................................................................................. 339 Born - again Christ ians ........................................................................................................... 340 Giving testimony ................................................................................................................... 340 Evil ............................................................................................................................................. 341 Moral evil ............................................................................................................................... 341 Natural evil ............................................................................................................................ 342 Metap hysical evil ................................................................................................................... 342 Exc ommu nica tion ..................................................................................................................... 342 Existentialism ............................................................................................................................ 343 Exodus sto ry .............................................................................................................................. 343 Exorcism .................................................................................................................................... 344 Ex t ro p i an ism ............................................................................................................................. 344 Transhuman ist philosop hy ................................................................................................... 344 23 Entr o py .................................................................................................................................. 344 Ex tropy .................................................................................................................................. 345 Eye for a n eye ............................................................................................................................ 345 Fair innings argument .............................................................................................................. 346 Fair t rade ................................................................................................................................... 346 Fair t rade goals ...................................................................................................................... 346 Fair t rade certification .......................................................................................................... 347 Fa ir trade wo rld shops .......................................................................................................... 34 7 Fait h ........................................................................................................................................... 347 Having faith ........................................................................................................................... 347 Professi ng an d pract ising a fait h .......................................................................................... 347 Cer tai nty of fai th ................................................................................................................... 348 Crisis and loss o f f aith ........................................................................................................... 348 Holdi ng on to your faith ....................................................................................................... 349 Fait h tradit ions and com munities ........................................................................................ 349 Fait h journey s ........................................................................................................................ 349 Famil y ........................................................................................................................................ 350 Views of the fam ily ................................................................................................................ 350 Ty pes of fami ly ...................................................................................................................... 350 Residence arrangements ........................................................................................................ 351 Fanta sy (genre) ......................................................................................................................... 352 F ast in g ....................................................................................................................................... 352 Fate and des tin y ........................................................................................................................ 353 Submitting to t he in evi table ................................................................................................ . 353 Making sense of a chaot ic world .......................................................................................... 353 Shaping destin y ..................................................................................................................... 354 Personi fying f ate ................................................................................................................... 354 Fear and anxiet y ........................................................................................................................ 35 4 Medieval fears ....................................................................................................................... 354 Cont emporary fears .............................................................................................................. 354 Fear of t he mysterious .......................................................................................................... 35 5 Living with fear and anxiety ................................................................................................ . 35 5 Feng shui ................................................................................................................................... 355 Fest ivals and hol idays ............................................................................................................... 356 Brea ks f rom ordinary lif e ...................................................................................................... 356 Times of gift - giving ............................................................................................................... 356 24 Commercialisation ................................................................................................................ 356 Times of e mptiness and d isappointment ............................................................................. 357 Statut ory holidays ................................................................................................................. 357 Inte rc ultu ra l o pp ortu ni ti es ................................................................................................... 357 Hol iday greeting s and wishes ............................................................................................... 357 Fishers o f humans ..................................................................................................................... 358 Five p illars of Islam ................................................................................................................... 35 9 Pro fes si o n of fa i th ................................................................................................................. 359 Prayer ..................................................................................................................................... 359 F ast in g ................................................................................................................................... 360 Almsgiv i ng ............................................................................................................................. 360 Pilgri mage .............................................................................................................................. 360 Flagella nts ................................................................................................................................ . 361 Florilegia .................................................................................................................................... 362 Flow ........................................................................................................................................... 362 Foo d banks ................................................................................................................................ 362 Demand for food ban ks ........................................................................................................ 362 Donating, collecting, distr ibuting food ................................................................................ 363 Fro nt li ne mode l .................................................................................................................... 36 3 Warehouse mo del ................................................................................................................. 363 Pros and co n s ........................................................................................................................ 363 Forg iveness ................................................................................................................................ 364 He al in g t he p ain .................................................................................................................... 364 A gif t, no ob li gatio n .............................................................................................................. 365 F o rt un e - telli ng .......................................................................................................................... 36 5 Foun ta i n of y ou th ..................................................................................................................... 366 Four cardi nal virtues ................................................................................................................. 366 Basic virtues ........................................................................................................................... 366 Pru denc e ................................................................................................................................ 366 Just ice .................................................................................................................................... 366 For titu de ................................................................................................................................ 367 Temp erance ........................................................................................................................... 367 Four Horsem en of the Apocalyp se (Revel ation 6:1 – 8) ............................................................ 367 Sour ces ................................................................................................................................... 367 Heralds of the end o f t he world ............................................................................................ 367 Fran cis of Assisi ......................................................................................................................... 368 31 Right s and responsibi lities .................................................................................................... 454 Human vul nera bility ................................................................................................................. 455 Fra gili ty o f li fe ....................................................................................................................... 455 Vulnerability and neediness ................................................................................................ . 455 Dealing with vulnerability .................................................................................................... 456 Huma nism ................................................................................................................................ . 456 Worldview ............................................................................................................................. 456 Celebrat ions .......................................................................................................................... 457 Spirit ual care ......................................................................................................................... 457 Educati on .............................................................................................................................. 457 Commun ity spaces ................................................................................................................ 458 Humili ty .................................................................................................................................... 458 Humour ..................................................................................................................................... 458 Incongrui ty, superiority, laughter ........................................................................................ 458 Types of humour ................................................................................................................... 459 Uses of humo ur ..................................................................................................................... 459 Humour as a coping mech anism ......................................................................................... 460 Hutterites ................................................................................................................................ . 460 Hymn of t he Pearl ..................................................................................................................... 461 Apo cryphal text ..................................................................................................................... 461 Exile an d sal vation of the soul .............................................................................................. 461 The missio n ........................................................................................................................... 461 Hypo crisy ................................................................................................................................ . 462 Icarus ........................................................................................................................................ 462 Idealism ..................................................................................................................................... 463 Having ideals ......................................................................................................................... 463 Ideals and rea l it y ................................................................................................................... 463 Id enti ty ..................................................................................................................................... 464 Influ e nce s ............................................................................................................................. 464 Ident ity crisis ........................................................................................................................ 464 Finding oneself ..................................................................................................................... 464 Dimensions ............................................................................................................................ 465 Mixed identities ................................................................................................................... 466 Chang e .................................................................................................................................. 466 Igna tian i magi na tion ............................................................................................................... 466 Imit ation of Christ ................................................................................................................... 467 32 Immor tal ity .............................................................................................................................. 467 Quest for eternal life ............................................................................................................ 467 Digital immortality .............................................................................................................. 467 In vitro f ert ilisation (IVF ) ........................................................................................................ 468 In vitro m eat ............................................................................................................................. 469 Incen se ..................................................................................................................................... 469 Indu lge nc es ............................................................................................................................... 4 70 Initiation stories ........................................................................................................................ 470 Unsettling experience ........................................................................................................... 4 70 Imp act .................................................................................................................................... 471 Inn er mission ............................................................................................................................ 47 1 Inn er peace ................................................................................................................................ 47 1 Inquisi tion ................................................................................................................................ . 473 Insig ht dialogue ........................................................................................................................ 47 3 Interpersonal meditation practice ........................................................................................ 473 Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 473 Insp irational quot es .................................................................................................................. 473 Intentional communities .......................................................................................................... 474 Co mm unal living ................................................................................................................... 474 Back - to - the - l and mo vemen t ................................................................................................ 475 Insulari ty ............................................................................................................................... 475 Int ercultural learning ............................................................................................................... 475 Int erfaith cele bration and worship ......................................................................................... 476 Int erfaith comparisons ............................................................................................................. 477 Interfaith dialogue .................................................................................................................... 477 Buil din g bridges .................................................................................................................... 477 Engagi ng i n dial ogue ............................................................................................................. 4 77 Show openness a nd interest ................................................................................................ . 478 Use “I” stat ements ................................................................................................................ 479 Show active listening ........................................................................................................... 480 Seek c ommo n gr ound ........................................................................................................... 4 81 Express disag reement without offend ing anyone ................................................................ 482 Deal constructively with misunderstandi ngs ...................................................................... 4 83 Interpictorial ref erences ........................................................................................................... 4 83 Intertextual references ............................................................................................................. 4 84 Inve stiture cont roversy ............................................................................................................. 485 33 Iona C ommu ni ty ....................................................................................................................... 485 Net work commun ity ............................................................................................................. 485 Gath er ed c o mm uni ty ............................................................................................................ 485 Sc atter ed co m muni ty ........................................................................................................... 486 Levels o f commi tment ......................................................................................................... 486 Living by the Rule ................................................................................................................ 486 Is - ought f allacy ......................................................................................................................... 4 86 Islam .......................................................................................................................................... 487 Submission ............................................................................................................................ 4 87 Follo wers of Islam ................................................................................................................. 487 Branches , schools , mo ve ments ............................................................................................. 487 Sunna h .................................................................................................................................. 488 Islami c dress code .................................................................................................................... 489 Hijab ..................................................................................................................................... 489 Niqab .................................................................................................................................... 489 Khim ar .................................................................................................................................. 489 Chad or .................................................................................................................................. 4 89 Burqa .................................................................................................................................... 490 Islami c swimwear ................................................................................................................. 490 Skull caps .............................................................................................................................. 490 Ban on religious dress .......................................................................................................... 490 Islami c law ................................................................................................................................ 490 Sharia .................................................................................................................................... 490 Fatwas .................................................................................................................................... 491 Dietary laws ........................................................................................................................... 491 Corporal puni shment ............................................................................................................ 491 Ampu ta ti o n .......................................................................................................................... 492 Sto ning ................................................................................................................................ . 492 Islami sm ................................................................................................................................... 492 Ithaca ........................................................................................................................................ 492 Jacob’s La dder (Gene sis 28:10 – 25) ............................................................................................ 4 93 Jainism ....................................................................................................................................... 4 93 Names .................................................................................................................................... 493 Origin .................................................................................................................................... 493 Religion of self - hel p ............................................................................................................. 494 Tirthankaras ......................................................................................................................... 494 34 Ethical principles ................................................................................................................. 494 Great er and lesser vo ws ....................................................................................................... 494 Vegetarianism ....................................................................................................................... 495 Jehovah’s W itn esses .................................................................................................................. 495 Name a nd or igi n ................................................................................................................... 495 Use of the name “Jehovah “ ................................................................................................... 495 Congr ega tions ....................................................................................................................... 495 Prose lytising ......................................................................................................................... 4 96 Ban on blood t ran sfusions ................................................................................................... 496 Jerusalem .................................................................................................................................. 496 Meeti ng poi nt of re ligi ons ................................................................................................... 496 City of David ......................................................................................................................... 4 96 Temple Mount ...................................................................................................................... 497 Church of t he Holy Sepulchre ............................................................................................. 498 New Jerusalem ...................................................................................................................... 498 Jesus .......................................................................................................................................... 498 Jesus’ deat h (inte rpretations) .................................................................................................. 498 At on em e nt ............................................................................................................................ 498 Martyrdo m ........................................................................................................................... 498 Hero’ s journey ...................................................................................................................... 499 Jesus‘ descen t into he ll ............................................................................................................. 4 99 Jesus in Islam ............................................................................................................................ 499 Jesus in Judaism ........................................................................................................................ 500 Jesus in t he movies .................................................................................................................... 5 00 Jesus fi lms .............................................................................................................................. 5 00 Jesus po rtrayals ..................................................................................................................... 500 Jesus in the visual a rts ............................................................................................................... 501 Symbo ls and secret si gns ...................................................................................................... 501 Figures ................................................................................................................................... 501 Physical a ppearance .............................................................................................................. 502 Gest ures and attribut es ......................................................................................................... 503 Resurrection .......................................................................................................................... 50 3 Art tr ad i tio ns ......................................................................................................................... 504 Image s with a t wist ............................................................................................................... 504 Jesus‘ m inistry ........................................................................................................................... 505 Jesus, a n itinerant p reacher and mi racle - wo rk e r ................................................................ . 505 35 Jesus shows con cern fo r t he out cast ..................................................................................... 505 Jesus eat s with tax col lectors and sinn ers ........................................................................... 506 Jesus dies o n the cross ......................................................................................................... 506 Jesus‘ names and titles ............................................................................................................. 506 Jesus’ resurrect ion ..................................................................................................................... 507 Resurrection appearances ..................................................................................................... 507 The em pty to mb .................................................................................................................... 507 Easter t esti monies ................................................................................................................. 50 8 Ea ste r fa ith ............................................................................................................................ 508 Int erpretations of the resurrectio n ...................................................................................... 508 Jes us ’ te mp tati on (M at th ew 4:1 – 11) ......................................................................................... 509 Jewish identity .......................................................................................................................... 509 Jihad ........................................................................................................................................... 510 John the Baptist ......................................................................................................................... 510 Itin erant p reacher ................................................................................................................. 510 Voice in the wilderness .......................................................................................................... 511 Bapt ism ................................................................................................................................... 511 Judaism ....................................................................................................................................... 512 Judaism of Jesus’ day .............................................................................................................. 512 Ethni c branches ...................................................................................................................... 512 Religious branches ................................................................................................................. 512 Clerg y ...................................................................................................................................... 513 Judas Iscariot ............................................................................................................................. 514 Name ..................................................................................................................................... 514 Cont roversial f igure .............................................................................................................. 514 Thirty pieces of silver ............................................................................................................ 514 Just war t heory ........................................................................................................................... 515 Law of war .............................................................................................................................. 515 Ius ad bellum .......................................................................................................................... 515 Ius in bel lo ............................................................................................................................. 516 Ius ex bello ............................................................................................................................. 516 Ius post bellum ...................................................................................................................... 516 Just ice ........................................................................................................................................ 516 Distributive justice ................................................................................................................ 516 Pro cedural just ice ................................................................................................................... 517 Retributive justice .................................................................................................................. 517 36 Restorative justice .................................................................................................................. 517 Reparat i ve just ice .................................................................................................................. 518 Intergenerational justice ....................................................................................................... 518 Gender justice ....................................................................................................................... 519 Racial justice .......................................................................................................................... 519 Enviro nment al just ice ........................................................................................................... 519 Cl i m at e just ice ....................................................................................................................... 5 20 Working for justice ............................................................................................................... 5 20 Kaaba .......................................................................................................................................... 521 Kabbalah ..................................................................................................................................... 521 Kaddish ...................................................................................................................................... 5 22 Kant’ s four question s ................................................................................................................ 5 22 Karma ........................................................................................................................................ 522 Kashkul ...................................................................................................................................... 523 Kashrut (Jewish dietary l aws) ................................................................................................... 524 Katholikent ag ............................................................................................................................ 524 Kibbut z ...................................................................................................................................... 524 King James Version ................................................................................................................... 525 Revision of prior t ransl ations ............................................................................................... 52 5 Accessibility ........................................................................................................................... 525 Poetic lan guage ..................................................................................................................... 525 Linguistic i nfl uen ce ............................................................................................................... 525 Literary influence .................................................................................................................. 526 Kingd om of God ........................................................................................................................ 526 Nat iona l and apo calypt ic con cepts ...................................................................................... 526 Jesus pre aches the gosp el of the kingdom of God ............................................................... 526 The kingdom of God as a present and f u ture realit y ........................................................... 527 The kingdom of God as a gift an d a task .............................................................................. 527 Gift be fore co mmand me nt ................................................................................................... 528 Ki ntsug i ..................................................................................................................................... 528 Kipp ah ....................................................................................................................................... 528 Kirchen tag ................................................................................................................................ . 529 K oan .......................................................................................................................................... 529 Kul tur ka mp f (18 71 – 1887) ........................................................................................................... 530 Catho lic church in Impe rial Germany .................................................................................. 530 Pul pi t Law .............................................................................................................................. 530 37 School Supervisi on Law ......................................................................................................... 531 Anti - Jesuit Law ....................................................................................................................... 531 May Laws ................................................................................................................................ 531 Civil Registry Law .................................................................................................................. 532 Mitigation and peace laws .................................................................................................... 532 Labyrint hs an d maze s ............................................................................................................... 533 Labyri nth ............................................................................................................................... 533 Maze ...................................................................................................................................... 533 Min ot aur ................................................................................................................................ 5 33 Creat ing a labyrint h .............................................................................................................. 533 Walkin g a l abyrinth .............................................................................................................. 534 Laity ........................................................................................................................................... 534 Lay people, lay movemen ts ................................................................................................... 534 Lay roles i n the church ......................................................................................................... 535 Las t Judge me nt ......................................................................................................................... 535 Judge men t Da y ...................................................................................................................... 535 The blessed ............................................................................................................................ 536 The damned .......................................................................................................................... 536 Lateran Pact s (192 9) .................................................................................................................. 536 La w of a ttr ac ti o n ....................................................................................................................... 5 36 Legends an d hagiographies ...................................................................................................... 537 Fac t or fic ti on? ...................................................................................................................... 537 Insp irational stori es .............................................................................................................. 537 Talking about a l egend ......................................................................................................... 538 Lenten veil ................................................................................................................................ . 538 Letting go .................................................................................................................................. 538 Liberation theology ................................................................................................................... 539 Life after death .......................................................................................................................... 539 Life choices ................................................................................................................................ 539 Life coaching ............................................................................................................................. 540 Life metaphors .......................................................................................................................... 541 Life stories ................................................................................................................................ . 541 Building stories ..................................................................................................................... 541 Writi ng down or record ing memor ies ................................................................................. 542 Being selective ....................................................................................................................... 543 Recalling th e p ast .................................................................................................................. 543 38 Provid ing unity an d purp ose ................................................................................................ 544 Bridging g enerational and cultural gaps .............................................................................. 545 Life’s big questions .................................................................................................................... 545 Basic existential questions .................................................................................................... 545 Dealing with existential q uestions ....................................................................................... 546 Light (universal symbol) ........................................................................................................... 547 Limbo ........................................................................................................................................ 547 Litany ......................................................................................................................................... 548 Living will .................................................................................................................................. 548 Longtermism ............................................................................................................................. 549 Lord’s P rayer ............................................................................................................................. 549 Lot us (Buddhist symbo l) .......................................................................................................... 549 Love according t o Paul (1 Corinthian s 13) ................................................................................ 550 Hym n to love ......................................................................................................................... 550 Paul ’s unde rst andi ng of lov e ................................................................................................ . 550 The greatest gift .................................................................................................................... 550 The dos of love: patience ...................................................................................................... 550 The dos of love: hope ............................................................................................................ 550 The dos of love: trust ............................................................................................................. 551 The don’ts of love : boasti ng ................................................................................................... 551 The don’ts of love: jea lou sy .................................................................................................... 551 The don’ts of love: giv ing u p .................................................................................................. 551 The don’t s of lo ve: irritability ................................................................................................ 551 The don’ts of lov e: bea ri ng gr udges ..................................................................................... 552 Love (double command ment) .................................................................................................. 552 Love (objects and types) ........................................................................................................... 552 Love of self ............................................................................................................................. 552 Love of and for y our fam ily ................................................................................................... 553 Love between friends (ph ilia) ............................................................................................... 553 Love of a romantic partner (sex us and eros) ....................................................................... 554 Love of neighbours and strang ers (agape) ........................................................................... 554 Love of ene my ....................................................................................................................... 555 Love of nation ........................................................................................................................ 556 Lov e of pe ts ........................................................................................................................... 556 Love of nature ....................................................................................................................... 556 Love of and by God ............................................................................................................... 556 39 Love of material things ......................................................................................................... 557 Luther, Martin (1483 – 15 46 ) ....................................................................................................... 557 Luther ro se ................................................................................................................................ 557 Summ ary of Luther’s theology ............................................................................................. 557 Black cross i nside a red heart ............................................................................................... 557 Whit e rose in a sky - blue field ............................................................................................... 558 Gold en r i ng ............................................................................................................................ 558 Lying .......................................................................................................................................... 558 Types of lies ........................................................................................................................... 558 Ethical views .......................................................................................................................... 559 Magi (Matt hew 2:1 – 12) .............................................................................................................. 559 Magic ........................................................................................................................................ 560 Magical thinking .................................................................................................................. 560 Sorcerers, witches, healers ................................................................................................... 560 Harmful and helpful m ag ic ................................................................................................... 561 Apo tro pa ic ma gic .................................................................................................................. 561 Sympa the tic ma gic ................................................................................................................ 561 Sp ell s ...................................................................................................................................... 562 Mahdi ........................................................................................................................................ 562 Messiani c figure .................................................................................................................... 562 Sunn i Islam ............................................................................................................................ 563 Shia Islam .............................................................................................................................. 563 Mandala ..................................................................................................................................... 563 Meditat io n aids ..................................................................................................................... 563 Sand m andalas ...................................................................................................................... 563 Manichaei sm ............................................................................................................................. 564 Eclect ic .................................................................................................................................. 564 Dualistic ................................................................................................................................ . 564 Maqam Ibrahi m ........................................................................................................................ 565 Marriage .................................................................................................................................... 565 Definition .............................................................................................................................. 565 Spo uses .................................................................................................................................. 565 Same - sex m arriage ................................................................................................................ 565 Child m arr iage ...................................................................................................................... 566 Arrang ed marriag e ............................................................................................................... 5 66 Forced m arriage ................................................................................................................... 566 40 Endoga my ............................................................................................................................. 566 Int erfaith m arriage ............................................................................................................... 566 Martyrs ...................................................................................................................................... 567 Mary Magdal ene ....................................................................................................................... 567 Apos tl e of th e a pos tles .......................................................................................................... 567 Id enti fic ati o n ......................................................................................................................... 568 Portrayal s ............................................................................................................................... 568 Mary (Mot her of Jesus) ............................................................................................................. 568 Titles ...................................................................................................................................... 568 Marian apparitions ............................................................................................................... 569 Marian c ul t ........................................................................................................................... 569 Mariology .............................................................................................................................. 5 70 Mary as a role mod el ............................................................................................................. 5 70 Mary (Mot her of Jesus) in the visual arts ................................................................................. 570 Scenes .................................................................................................................................... 5 70 Figures .................................................................................................................................... 571 Virgin of Guadalupe as syncret ism ....................................................................................... 5 72 Marian i mages as nation al symbols ..................................................................................... 572 Meaning in life .......................................................................................................................... 573 Sources and framewo rks of m eaning ................................................................................... 573 The quest for meaning .......................................................................................................... 573 Crisis of meaning ................................................................................................................... 574 Medical et hics ........................................................................................................................... 575 Ethics, e thic, et hos ................................................................................................................ 575 Pr in cipl e of aut onom y .......................................................................................................... 575 Principle of beneficence ........................................................................................................ 576 Princ i ple of no n - malefi cence ................................................................................................ 576 Principle of justice ................................................................................................................. 576 Principle of freedom of c onscience ...................................................................................... 576 Meditat io n ................................................................................................................................ . 576 Sitting .................................................................................................................................... 576 Walking ................................................................................................................................ . 577 Breat hing ............................................................................................................................... 577 Mant ras .................................................................................................................................. 577 Turnin g withi n ...................................................................................................................... 578 Mind wandering .................................................................................................................... 57 8 47 Pat h (universal symbol) ............................................................................................................ 655 Path , r oad , j our ney ................................................................................................................ 655 At a cro ssroads ...................................................................................................................... 6 55 Narrow vs. broad gate ( Matthew 7:1 3 – 14 ) ............................................................................. 655 Path e tic fa lla cy ......................................................................................................................... 656 Peace ethics .............................................................................................................................. 656 Peaceable K ingdo m (Edward Hicks) ....................................................................................... 656 Peak experiences ....................................................................................................................... 657 Moment s of highest f ulfilment ............................................................................................. 657 Commo n trigg ers .................................................................................................................. 658 Peasant s’ Wa r P anorama (W erner Tübke) .............................................................................. 658 Pent ecost story (Act s 2:1 –36) ................................................................................................... 659 Miracle of languages ............................................................................................................ 659 The descent of the Holy Spiri t (Acts 2:1 –13) ........................................................................ 65 9 Flames, wind, do ve ............................................................................................................... 659 From frightened to fearless .................................................................................................. 660 Pentec os t for me .................................................................................................................. 660 Pentecostalism ......................................................................................................................... 660 Peo ple of th e Book .................................................................................................................... 661 Perfectionism ............................................................................................................................ 661 Personal ity cult ........................................................................................................................ 662 Pharaoh .................................................................................................................................... 662 Pharisee s .................................................................................................................................... 663 Lay moveme nt ....................................................................................................................... 663 Negative stereotyping ........................................................................................................... 663 Philos ophica l cou nselli ng ......................................................................................................... 663 Philo sophy of history ............................................................................................................... 664 Pietà .......................................................................................................................................... 664 Lamentation of Mary ........................................................................................................... 664 Mary holdin g her dea d so n .................................................................................................. 665 Modern piet às ...................................................................................................................... 665 Pilgri mage ................................................................................................................................ 665 The pilgrima ge moti f ........................................................................................................... 665 Pil gri m ways ......................................................................................................................... 666 Pilgrimage leaders ................................................................................................................ 667 Bike pilgrimages ................................................................................................................... 667 48 Horse bac k pil grima ges ........................................................................................................ 667 Reading and walking pilg rimages ........................................................................................ 667 Religious to urism ................................................................................................................. 668 Pil grims (Plymouth Colony) .................................................................................................... 669 Sepa ra ti sts ............................................................................................................................ 669 Worship ................................................................................................................................ 669 Platinum Rule .......................................................................................................................... 669 Po etic just ice ............................................................................................................................ 670 Poetry as fo od for the soul ....................................................................................................... 670 Reading p oems like prayers ................................................................................................ . 670 Poems as language o f t he heart ............................................................................................ 671 Poems as c ompa nio ns ........................................................................................................... 671 Pogro ms .................................................................................................................................... 6 72 Pogro ms, mass murd er, g enocid e ........................................................................................ 672 Pogro m Nigh t 1938 ................................................................................................................ 6 72 Pokrov /Pok r ova ........................................................................................................................ 672 Pola ri ty of l i fe ............................................................................................................................ 673 Pol ytheism ................................................................................................................................ . 673 Pop e .......................................................................................................................................... 674 Papacy ................................................................................................................................... 674 Offices and titles .................................................................................................................. 674 Papal infallibility .................................................................................................................. 674 Peace br oker .......................................................................................................................... 675 Election .................................................................................................................................. 67 5 Papal garments an d insignia ................................................................................................ 676 Inaug uration .......................................................................................................................... 677 Populism and religion .............................................................................................................. 678 P ost -C hrist ian socie ties ........................................................................................................... 678 P ost h um an i sm ......................................................................................................................... 679 Postsecul arism ......................................................................................................................... 679 Power places ............................................................................................................................. 680 Praise a nd worship m usic ........................................................................................................ 680 Pr ana ......................................................................................................................................... 6 80 Praycat ion ................................................................................................................................ 680 Prayer ........................................................................................................................................ 681 Praying a lone and wit h others .............................................................................................. 681 49 Mealt ime prayers ................................................................................................................. 682 Silent pra yer, spontaneo us prayer, scripte d prayer ............................................................ 682 Form s of address ................................................................................................................... 6 83 Repetitive prayer ................................................................................................................... 6 83 Refuge ................................................................................................................................... 6 84 Peni te nce .............................................................................................................................. 684 Requests ................................................................................................................................ 684 Praise ..................................................................................................................................... 685 Submission ............................................................................................................................ 6 85 Body language ....................................................................................................................... 6 85 Senso ry prayer ...................................................................................................................... 687 Prayer rug s ............................................................................................................................... 687 Preg na ncy ................................................................................................................................ . 688 Becomi ng pre gna nt .............................................................................................................. 688 Ges ta ti onal a ge ..................................................................................................................... 6 88 Mothe rs - to - be ...................................................................................................................... 68 8 Preg na ncy c ou n se lling ......................................................................................................... 689 Continuing t he pregnancy ................................................................................................... 689 Prenatal medicine .................................................................................................................... 690 Fetal abnormalities .............................................................................................................. 690 Pren atal screen ing ................................................................................................................ 690 Preimplantation diagnosi s (PGD, PIGD) ............................................................................. 691 Fund ing ................................................................................................................................ . 6 91 Prim eval history ........................................................................................................................ 691 Punishment, protection, promise ......................................................................................... 6 91 The Fall (Genesis 3:1 – 24 ) ...................................................................................................... 692 Ca in and Abel (Genesis 4 :1 – 16) ............................................................................................ 692 The Flo od (Genesis 6 – 9) ....................................................................................................... 693 The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11 :1 – 9) ..................................................................................... 693 Princ e - bishops ......................................................................................................................... 694 Principal Conclusion of t he Extraordinary Imperial Delegation ( 1803) ................................ 694 Prog ress .................................................................................................................................... 695 Project ion t heory ..................................................................................................................... 695 God as a project ion .............................................................................................................. 695 Canvase s of the im ag in at io n ................................................................................................ 695 Proo fs o f God ’s exi s tenc e ......................................................................................................... 6 96 50 Prophet ic min istry of t he church ............................................................................................ 697 Prophet s ................................................................................................................................... 698 Cou rt pr op hets ..................................................................................................................... 698 Fre e pr oph e ts ....................................................................................................................... 698 Visions .................................................................................................................................. 698 God ’s messenge rs ................................................................................................................. 698 Pro ph ets of d o om, pr oph ets o f ho pe ................................................................................... 699 Prophet ic gestures ................................................................................................................ 699 True p rophets, fal se prophets .............................................................................................. 699 Prosperi ty go spel ...................................................................................................................... 700 Healt h and wealth pre achers ............................................................................................... 700 The audience ........................................................................................................................ 700 Criticism ............................................................................................................................... 700 Psalm s ........................................................................................................................................ 701 Book of psa lms ...................................................................................................................... 7 01 Psalm s of praise ..................................................................................................................... 701 Psalms of lame nt ................................................................................................................... 7 01 Psalm s of thanksgiving ......................................................................................................... 702 Psalm s of trust ....................................................................................................................... 7 02 Psalm s of co nfession ............................................................................................................. 7 02 Hebrew poetic devices .......................................................................................................... 7 02 Modern psalm s ...................................................................................................................... 703 Pub lic sta temen ts ...................................................................................................................... 7 03 Pulpi t a nn ounc e men ts .......................................................................................................... 703 Se rmon s ................................................................................................................................ . 703 Church maga zines ................................................................................................................. 7 04 Media releases, posit ion pap ers, m emoranda ...................................................................... 704 Purgato ry ................................................................................................................................... 7 04 Purim ......................................................................................................................................... 705 Pur ita ns .................................................................................................................................... 706 Purit ans and the Church of England ................................................................................... 706 Predestination ...................................................................................................................... 706 Purit an value s ....................................................................................................................... 706 Cit y upon a hil l ..................................................................................................................... 708 Purit y and impurit y ................................................................................................................. 708 Clea n a nd u ncle a n ................................................................................................................ 708 51 Ritu al co nta mi na ti on ........................................................................................................... 708 Ritual purif ication ................................................................................................................ 709 Purit y c ultur e ........................................................................................................................... 709 Qi ............................................................................................................................................... 7 10 Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) ..................................................................................... 711 Name ...................................................................................................................................... 711 The inward l ight ..................................................................................................................... 711 Worship .................................................................................................................................. 7 11 Decision - making .................................................................................................................... 7 12 Social responsibility/testimonies .......................................................................................... 7 12 Quaker aid in Germany ......................................................................................................... 713 Quran ( Koran) ........................................................................................................................... 713 Rama .......................................................................................................................................... 714 Incarn ation of Vi shnu ........................................................................................................... 7 14 Role model ............................................................................................................................. 714 Ramadan ................................................................................................................................... 714 Rap tur e ....................................................................................................................................... 715 Meeting Christ ........................................................................................................................ 715 Timing .................................................................................................................................... 715 Rastaf arians ................................................................................................................................ 715 Rationalism ............................................................................................................................... 716 Reconciliation ........................................................................................................................... 7 16 Healing broken relation ships ............................................................................................... 716 Truth and Reconciliation Commissio n ................................................................................. 717 Refor mati on ............................................................................................................................... 717 Time of great chang es ............................................................................................................ 7 17 Fore runners ........................................................................................................................... 718 Reformers .............................................................................................................................. 7 18 Five solas ............................................................................................................................... 7 18 Sola scriptura ......................................................................................................................... 719 Solus C hristus ........................................................................................................................ 719 Sola fide, sola gratia .............................................................................................................. 7 19 95 the ses (1517) ...................................................................................................................... 7 20 Priesthood of all believer s ..................................................................................................... 720 Diet of Worms (1521) ............................................................................................................. 720 Invocavit sermons (1522 ) ........................................................................................................ 7 21 52 Marburg Co lloquy (152 9) ....................................................................................................... 7 21 Luther’s hym ns ...................................................................................................................... 722 Luther’s p ub li ca t ion s ............................................................................................................ 7 22 The Prot estant parsonag e in German cult ural history ........................................................ 7 22 Reformat ion Al tar (Lucas Cran ach) ......................................................................................... 723 Cranach wo rkshop ................................................................................................................ 723 Left - ha nd pane l ( In fa nt b ap tis m) ......................................................................................... 723 Central panel (Last Supper) .................................................................................................. 723 Right - h an d p anel (Confession) ............................................................................................ 723 Predel la (Luther’s sermon) ................................................................................................... 724 Reverse of the altarpiece ....................................................................................................... 724 Reiki ........................................................................................................................................... 7 25 Alternative or esoteri c healing ............................................................................................. 7 25 Energy he aling ....................................................................................................................... 7 25 Reincarnation ............................................................................................................................ 726 Relics ......................................................................................................................................... 7 26 Religion ..................................................................................................................................... 7 27 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 7 27 Bra nch es, s ch ools , d e nom ina tio ns ....................................................................................... 7 27 Func ti ons ............................................................................................................................... 728 Amb ivale nce .......................................................................................................................... 729 Religion and sci ence .................................................................................................................. 7 31 The relationship betwee n religion and science .................................................................... 731 Different worldviews .............................................................................................................. 7 31 Relig ious approaches t o the world ........................................................................................ 7 31 Scien t ific appro aches t o the wo rld ....................................................................................... 732 Spirit ual sensibi lity through scient ific knowledge .............................................................. 7 32 Religion and state ..................................................................................................................... 732 Religion and politics ............................................................................................................. 7 32 Mark 12 :17 .............................................................................................................................. 733 Roma ns 13 :1 –7 ........................................................................................................................ 734 Allian ce of t hrone and altar .................................................................................................. 7 34 Confessional states ................................................................................................................ 7 34 Majorit arianism ..................................................................................................................... 734 Sepa ra ti on of r eli gi o n an d s tate ............................................................................................ 735 Church - sta te se par a tio n and c oo per a tio n ........................................................................... 7 35 53 Religion in the German B asic Law ........................................................................................ 7 36 Religious privileg es ............................................................................................................... 7 37 Religion as opium of/for th e people ........................................................................................ 737 Religion in the mass media ...................................................................................................... 738 Religion in the social media ..................................................................................................... 739 Inf luencers ............................................................................................................................. 7 39 Personal branding ................................................................................................................. 7 40 Influ e nce r - follower in teraction ............................................................................................ 740 Pos tings ................................................................................................................................ . 741 Marketi ng .............................................................................................................................. 741 Religious affiliation and membershi p ...................................................................................... 741 Religious affiliation ............................................................................................................... 741 Religious mem bershi p .......................................................................................................... 742 Religi ous archit ecture ............................................................................................................... 743 Religious change ....................................................................................................................... 743 Religious conflict and violence ................................................................................................ . 744 Religion as a conflict driv er .................................................................................................. 744 Religious divisions ................................................................................................................. 744 Cont roversies ......................................................................................................................... 745 Riots, clashes, hostilities ....................................................................................................... 745 Vandal ism .............................................................................................................................. 745 Arson, bombs, firework att acks ........................................................................................... 746 Sexua l vio lence ..................................................................................................................... 746 Abduct io ns ............................................................................................................................ 747 Beheadings ............................................................................................................................ 7 47 Protest ers, ri oters, t errorists ................................................................................................ . 7 47 Religious discrimination and persecution ............................................................................... 7 47 Discrimination ...................................................................................................................... 7 47 Persecution ............................................................................................................................ 747 Religious diversity and plu ralism ............................................................................................. 748 Internal religious diversity .................................................................................................... 748 Multireligious societies ........................................................................................................ 749 Re ligious market .................................................................................................................. 749 Religious education ................................................................................................................. 749 Religious or non - religio us upbringing ................................................................................ 749 Religious education in ch urches .......................................................................................... 7 50 54 Religious education in sc hools ............................................................................................. 7 50 Denominational religious education ..................................................................................... 751 Cooperative religious educ ation ............................................................................................ 751 Non - denomina tional religious education ............................................................................. 7 51 Explor ing ch urch buildings .................................................................................................. 752 Coll ective worship in schools ............................................................................................... 7 52 Retre ats at schools ................................................................................................................ 7 52 Religious experience ................................................................................................................. 7 52 Sense of transcendence ......................................................................................................... 752 Sens e o f s a fety a nd pr ote c tion .............................................................................................. 7 53 Sense of ultimate concer n ..................................................................................................... 753 Re ligiou s foll owers .................................................................................................................... 753 Followers, adherents, dev otees ............................................................................................. 753 Pract ising, p ious, ardent ....................................................................................................... 7 54 Liberal, sceptical, doubting .................................................................................................. 755 Fanatic, militant, extremist .................................................................................................. 7 55 Religious freedom ..................................................................................................................... 756 Positive and negative religious freed om .............................................................................. 756 Respecting and violating religious freedo m ......................................................................... 756 Religious hatred ........................................................................................................................ 7 57 Hate crimes and incident s .................................................................................................... 7 57 St irring up hate ..................................................................................................................... 7 57 Making hate speeches ........................................................................................................... 758 Posting hat e messages .......................................................................................................... 758 Chant ing slogans and songs ................................................................................................ . 758 Att acking the Quran (Koran) ............................................................................................... 758 Offending religious feelings .................................................................................................. 759 Religious images ....................................................................................................................... 759 Func ti ons ............................................................................................................................... 759 Idol wo rship .......................................................................................................................... 7 59 Icon ocla sm ........................................................................................................................... 760 Narrative religi ous art .......................................................................................................... 760 Dev otional i ma ges ................................................................................................................. 761 Religious graffit i .................................................................................................................... 761 Underst anding relig ious iconography .................................................................................. 7 62 Religious and aesthetic a ppeal ............................................................................................. 7 62 55 Religious jokes .......................................................................................................................... 7 62 Religious language .................................................................................................................... 763 Religious literacy ...................................................................................................................... 764 Religious nat uralism ................................................................................................................ 764 Religious refugees ..................................................................................................................... 765 Religiou s satire .......................................................................................................................... 765 Religious trut h ......................................................................................................................... 766 Religious exclusivism ........................................................................................................... 766 Religious inclusivism ........................................................................................................... 7 66 Religious pl uralis m ............................................................................................................... 7 67 Remember in g ............................................................................................................................ 767 Repentance ............................................................................................................................... 768 Repo rting verbs (beli efs and opinions) ................................................................................... 769 Rerum Novarum (1891) ............................................................................................................ 769 Resilience .................................................................................................................................. 7 70 Emo ti ona l s tre ng th ............................................................................................................... 7 70 Cop ing with adversit y ........................................................................................................... 770 F ou nd at ion s in lif e ................................................................................................................ 770 Sources of strengt h ................................................................................................................ 7 71 Finding n ew strength ............................................................................................................. 771 Building resilience .................................................................................................................. 771 Resistance .................................................................................................................................. 772 Resisting ................................................................................................................................ 772 20th July p lot ......................................................................................................................... 7 72 Tyran nici de ........................................................................................................................... 7 73 Responsible sexuality ................................................................................................................ 773 Ambivalent gift ...................................................................................................................... 773 Con sent, respect, equ ality ..................................................................................................... 773 Loyalt y ................................................................................................................................... 7 74 Respon sible to urism ................................................................................................................. 7 74 Social ly, cultural ly, ecological ly responsi ble ........................................................................ 774 Limit s on mass tourism ........................................................................................................ 7 75 Local communities ................................................................................................................ 7 75 Eco - f riendl y forms of transport ............................................................................................ 775 Ou tdo or e ti qu et te ................................................................................................................. 7 76 Retreats ..................................................................................................................................... 7 76 56 Temporary escap ism ............................................................................................................. 776 Recharging the batteries ....................................................................................................... 776 Retreat centres ...................................................................................................................... 7 77 Revelation claims ...................................................................................................................... 777 Reverence fo r life ...................................................................................................................... 778 Revival movement .................................................................................................................... 779 Righte ou s amo ng the Na tions .................................................................................................. 779 Rite s of p assage ........................................................................................................................ 780 Transit ions ............................................................................................................................ 780 Baby nam ing ......................................................................................................................... 780 Circumcision ......................................................................................................................... 7 81 First C om muni on .................................................................................................................. 7 81 Confir ma tion ......................................................................................................................... 7 81 First day of school ................................................................................................................. 7 81 Comi ng of age ....................................................................................................................... 782 Wedding ................................................................................................................................ 7 82 Separation an d divorce ......................................................................................................... 783 Ritual designers ..................................................................................................................... 7 84 Celebrant s .............................................................................................................................. 784 Ritual slaughter ......................................................................................................................... 78 4 Road novels and movies ........................................................................................................... 785 Role reversal and pers pective t aki ng ...................................................................................... 786 Romanticism ............................................................................................................................. 7 87 Romanticising the world ....................................................................................................... 7 87 Long ing .................................................................................................................................. 787 Dark Romanticism ................................................................................................................ 787 Rose (sym bol) ........................................................................................................................... 788 Rosh Hashan ah ........................................................................................................................ 788 Takin g sto ck ......................................................................................................................... 788 Soundi ng the s hofar ............................................................................................................. 789 Wishin g a good, sweet year ................................................................................................ . 789 Ruach ........................................................................................................................................ 789 Sac k of C ons ta nti no ple (1 20 4) ................................................................................................ . 790 Sacraments ............................................................................................................................... 790 Signs ...................................................................................................................................... 790 Cat holic church ..................................................................................................................... 791 63 Audience reaction ................................................................................................................. 87 1 Theod icy .................................................................................................................................... 871 The probl em .......................................................................................................................... 871 Defences of God .................................................................................................................... 872 Evil as “privatio boni” ............................................................................................................ 87 2 Cons equence of free will ....................................................................................................... 872 Oppor tuni ties to gr ow .......................................................................................................... 872 God as a source of st rength .................................................................................................. 873 Trust in Go d .......................................................................................................................... 873 Tikkun olam .............................................................................................................................. 87 3 Time ........................................................................................................................................... 873 Views of time ......................................................................................................................... 87 3 Kairo s ..................................................................................................................................... 87 4 Passag e of t ime ( metaphors) ................................................................................................ 87 4 Tole ran ce ................................................................................................................................... 875 Different beliefs ..................................................................................................................... 87 5 Accepting ot her ness .............................................................................................................. 87 5 Torah ........................................................................................................................................ 876 Writte n Torah ...................................................................................................................... 876 Oral Torah ............................................................................................................................ 876 Torah po inter ............................................................................................................................ 877 Tori i ........................................................................................................................................... 87 7 Tragic triad (V iktor E. Frankl) .................................................................................................. 87 7 Transcendental ism .................................................................................................................. 87 8 Transhuman ism ....................................................................................................................... 879 Tran sien ce ................................................................................................................................ 880 Impermanence of things ...................................................................................................... 880 Fleetingness of human life ................................................................................................... 880 Sojourn ers on earth .............................................................................................................. 880 Fut ility of human endeavo ur ............................................................................................... 880 Comi ng to terms with tra nsienc e ......................................................................................... 881 Tr ans lati o ns , ad ap ta tio ns , r ein ter pre ta ti ons ........................................................................... 881 Translat ions and f ree renderings .......................................................................................... 881 Reworkings ........................................................................................................................... 882 Tw is ts on fam i lia r tex ts ......................................................................................................... 883 Tr ansrel igio sity ......................................................................................................................... 883 64 Triag e ......................................................................................................................................... 883 Tribulat ions .............................................................................................................................. 884 Trip tych .................................................................................................................................... 884 Tu quoq ue argum ent ................................................................................................................ 885 Twelve A rt icl es (1 525) ............................................................................................................... 885 Twelve Nights .......................................................................................................................... 886 Outsid e ordinary time ......................................................................................................... 886 Period of peril ....................................................................................................................... 887 Wild Hu nt ............................................................................................................................ 887 Rituals ................................................................................................................................... 887 Two k ingd oms d octr ine ........................................................................................................... 888 God 's two ways of rul ing ...................................................................................................... 888 Spiritual kingdom ................................................................................................................ 888 Temporal kingdom .............................................................................................................. 888 Tzitzit ....................................................................................................................................... 888 Ubunt u ..................................................................................................................................... 889 Ultramont anism ....................................................................................................................... 889 Ummah ..................................................................................................................................... 890 Underwo rld .............................................................................................................................. 890 Unitarian Universalism ............................................................................................................. 891 Universal salvation ................................................................................................................... 892 Uto pia n tho ugh t ...................................................................................................................... 892 Euto pias ................................................................................................................................ 892 Anti - uto pia s ........................................................................................................................... 893 Setting of utopian novels ...................................................................................................... 893 Hist orical and so cial background ......................................................................................... 893 Pur po se o f u to pia n fi c tio n ................................................................................................... 894 Value s ....................................................................................................................................... 89 4 Good, desirable, worthwhil e ................................................................................................ 894 Int rinsic value ....................................................................................................................... 894 Extr insi c value ...................................................................................................................... 894 Value syst em s ....................................................................................................................... 894 Core values ........................................................................................................................... 895 Value orientation ................................................................................................................. 895 Value conflicts ...................................................................................................................... 895 Value chang e ........................................................................................................................ 896 65 Vanitas in art and lit erature .................................................................................................... 896 Varanasi .................................................................................................................................... 897 Na m e an d l o cat i on ............................................................................................................... 897 Hinduism .............................................................................................................................. 897 Buddhism ............................................................................................................................. 897 Veganism .................................................................................................................................. 897 Vegetarianism .......................................................................................................................... 898 Type s ..................................................................................................................................... 898 Reasons ................................................................................................................................ . 898 Verger ....................................................................................................................................... 89 9 Vesp er church .......................................................................................................................... 899 Via Dol oros a ............................................................................................................................. 900 Viridit as (St. Hildegard of Bingen) .......................................................................................... 900 Visible mending ........................................................................................................................ 901 Vit a acti va and vita passiva ....................................................................................................... 901 Vit a acti va .............................................................................................................................. 90 1 Vit a passiva ........................................................................................................................... 902 Finding a balance ................................................................................................................. 902 Vitalism ..................................................................................................................................... 903 Vol untary po verty ..................................................................................................................... 903 Volunteering ............................................................................................................................ 90 4 Wabi - sabi ( Wabi Sabi) ............................................................................................................. 905 Aesthetic and spiritual concept ........................................................................................... 905 Wabi - sabi art ........................................................................................................................ 905 Wabi - sabi sp iritualit y .......................................................................................................... 905 Waldensians ............................................................................................................................. 906 Wat ........................................................................................................................................... 906 Religious and social cen tre .................................................................................................. 906 Ordinat io n hall ..................................................................................................................... 907 Assembl y hall ....................................................................................................................... 908 Chedi ..................................................................................................................................... 908 Library .................................................................................................................................. 908 Bell or d rum tower ............................................................................................................... 90 8 Temple etiquette .................................................................................................................. 90 8 Wayside cro sses and shrin es ................................................................................................... 90 9 Western civilisation ................................................................................................................. 909 66 Whatab o ut i s m .......................................................................................................................... 910 Wheel ( Buddhist symbol) ......................................................................................................... 910 Whit e Crucifixion (Marc C hagall) ............................................................................................ 910 Jesus as a Je wish mart yr ........................................................................................................ 910 Ladder ..................................................................................................................................... 911 Jewish col our symbolism (white) .......................................................................................... 911 Flag s, armbands, sign s ........................................................................................................... 911 Armed p easants ..................................................................................................................... 91 2 Pillage d villag e ...................................................................................................................... 912 Refugees ................................................................................................................................ . 912 Light ....................................................................................................................................... 91 3 Wholene ss ................................................................................................................................ . 914 Personal wholeness ............................................................................................................... 914 Social wholeness ................................................................................................................... 914 Remaining a fra gme nt .......................................................................................................... 91 4 Wicca ......................................................................................................................................... 915 Wilderness times ...................................................................................................................... 915 Wisdom literat ure ..................................................................................................................... 915 Wit ch camp s ............................................................................................................................. 91 6 Places of refuge ..................................................................................................................... 916 Neo - pagan camps .................................................................................................................. 916 Wit chcraft ................................................................................................................................ . 916 Belief in witches .................................................................................................................... 916 Devils‘ pact ............................................................................................................................ 91 6 Witches .................................................................................................................................. 917 Wit ches’ gathering ................................................................................................................ 917 Familiars ................................................................................................................................ 917 Witch depictions ................................................................................................................... 918 Malleus Mal eficarum ............................................................................................................ 918 Wit ch hunts ........................................................................................................................... 91 8 Women and religion ................................................................................................................. 919 F em al e st at u s ......................................................................................................................... 919 Female spiritu al it y ................................................................................................................ 91 9 Female ethics ........................................................................................................................ 920 Feminisation of religion ....................................................................................................... 920 Women ’s rights ........................................................................................................................ 920 67 Won de r ..................................................................................................................................... 921 Wondering, marvellin g, b e ing i n aw e .................................................................................. 921 Expressin g a sense of wond er ............................................................................................... 92 2 Word play ................................................................................................................................... 92 2 Works of m ercy ......................................................................................................................... 92 3 The seve n co rporal works of mercy ...................................................................................... 923 The seven sp iritual works of mercy ...................................................................................... 923 World Youth Day ...................................................................................................................... 92 3 Worldview education .............................................................................................................. 924 Worldviews and l ife orientations ............................................................................................ 924 Ter mi nol ogy ......................................................................................................................... 924 Key elements ......................................................................................................................... 925 Func ti ons ............................................................................................................................... 925 Yazidis (Ezidis) .......................................................................................................................... 925 Name ..................................................................................................................................... 92 5 Origin ................................................................................................................................... 926 Beliefs ................................................................................................................................... 926 Yazidi New Year ................................................................................................................... 92 6 Yin and Yan g ............................................................................................................................ 92 6 Yog a ........................................................................................................................................... 927 Religion, sport, lifestyle ........................................................................................................ 92 7 Exercises ................................................................................................................................ 92 7 Benefi ts and risks ................................................................................................................. 92 8 YOLO ........................................................................................................................................ 928 Y om K ip pu r .............................................................................................................................. 92 9 Zealots (Second Temple J udaism) ........................................................................................... 92 9 Ziggurat ..................................................................................................................................... 930 Zionism ...................................................................................................................................... 930 Jewish Zionism ...................................................................................................................... 930 Christi an Zionism .................................................................................................................. 931 Zodiac ........................................................................................................................................ 931 Zoroast rianism .......................................................................................................................... 931 Names .................................................................................................................................... 93 1 Beliefs and ethos ................................................................................................................... 932 68 Zur Nutzung des Glo ssars Zielg ruppe Das Glossar beruht auf ei ner Auswert ung englischer und deutscher Pri nt - und I nter net qu elle n und enthält alltag s - und fachs prachliche Ko llokationen, Synonyme, Antonyme und Redemittel zu schul rele vanten Ausschnitt en aus den Themen feldern „Religions, World views, Ethics“ . Ziel - gruppe si nd Lehrkräf te, die englisch sprachigen Religions - oder Ethikunterric ht erteilen , sowie L ehrkräft e , die religiöse , weltanschaulich e und ethische T hemen im Englischunterri cht 1 behan - deln . E inzelne Themen sin d auch für an dere bilingual e Sachfächer rel evant, insbe sondere für Geschichte, Politik und Erdku nde. 2 Lehrkräft e könn en das Glo ssar bei der Vorbereitung auf Unt errichtsgespräche, für Tafe lan - schriebe, A rbeitsblätter, Lernhilf ekärtchen, Rollenkarten, Lückentex te, Wied erholungsübungen o.Ä . nu tzen u nd dabei das Word - Dokument im Hi nblick auf die jeweilige Unterrichtssituatio n kürz en , erweiter n , il lustrier en oder anderweitig ändern. Der Lerngru ppe kann es in schü lerge - rechter Auswahl zum Nachschlagen oder Nacharbeit en zur Verfügung gestel lt werden. Fortg e - schritt ene Schüler*i nnen können es unbe arbeitet un d ung ekürzt für Hausaufgaben, Präsenta - tionen, Facharbeiten oder außerunterrichtliche Begegnungen (z.B. im Rahmen des Erasmus+ Pro gramms oder des German Ame rican P artnership Program ) benutzen. Im Zweifel gilt : „ K eep it simp le . Less is more“. In vielen Situatione n ist die einfachere, allgemeinsprach liche Formulie - rung k ommu ni kativ ange messener als die bildungs - ode r fachsprachl iche. In jedem F all ist zu bedenken, dass die Vorgab e sprachlicher Hilfen eine inhaltliche Steuerun g bedeutet. Spra chliche H ilfen Im Hinbl ick auf unte rsc hiedliche sp rachliche V oraussetzung en der Lerngruppen u n d unt e r - schiedliche Kommunikat ionssituationen wird Sprach mate rial auf allt ag s - , bil dung s - und fach - sprachlichem Niveau angebo ten. Die einfachere Formulierung s teht in der Regel vor der an - spruchsvoll eren. Abstrakten nomi nalen Begriffen wie „distributive / procedu ral / intergener - ational justice“, „respec tful prese nce“ oder „ques t for mea ning“ ) werden Ver ben zugeordnet (  Justice,  Interfaith celebrat ion and wo rship ,  Meaning in life ) . Kollokationen erleichter n die Verwen dung in S atzzusa mmenhängen. F ür Debat ten, interreli giöse und in t erweltanschaul iche Vergleiche und Begegnungen sowie das Schreiben von Facharbeiten in Seminarfach - bzw. W - Seminarkurse n werden Redemittel bereitgestellt (  Debati ng,  Compa ri ng a nd C ontr as ti ng ,  I nterfaith dialogue,  Abstract s,  Defi nitions) . 3 Lernschwierigkeiten bei ausgewähl ten unregelmäßigen Verben, Präpositio nen o der anderen int erferenzbedingt en Fehlerquel len sind durch F ettdruck hervorg ehoben. Z eitgebu ndene r , diskriminierende r S prachgebrauch (z.B. „Judensau“ - Sk ulptu r , „ pa pis ti sc h“ ) wird durch distan - zierende Anführungszeichen markier t . Erläuterung en oder optionale Element e sind durch Klammern gekennzeichn et. Die d urchgängige Z weisprachigkeit des Glossars fördert die Sprachfähigk eit in beiden Sprachen . Unte rschiedliche Übersetzun gsmö glichkeiten erweitern den Wortschatz und schärf en das Be - wusstse in f ür Bedeu tu ng sfa ce tten . Einzelwörter kann man sich mit h ilfe eines Intern etwör ter - buches vorsprechen lassen . 1 Vgl. J. - P. Gr ee n ( 2022 ) . Re li giö se und ethis che T heme n i n Mater iali en f ür den E ngli sch unte rri cht . In ders ., M. L. Pi rner & J. B ünge ner ( Hrs g.) Re ligi onsu n terr icht bi lin gual . Dida kti sche Pers pe ktiven u nd Anre gun ge n für die Praxis (S. 1 77 – 2 00). Erlangen: FAU University Press. 2 Vgl. J . Bü ngene r & D. H au pt ( 20 22 ) . Die bili ngua len S achfä cher Erd ku nde und G es chic hte. Mö gliche Sy ner gien f ür den bi li ngua le n Reli gions un ter ric ht (Gre e n, Pir ner & B ünge ne r, 2o 2 2 , S. 2 39 –2 48 ). 3 Vgl. J. - P . Gree n ( 202 2 ). „ Clash or Dialogue of Re ligions?” Kurs planu ng i m b ilin gua len Se m inar fach (Gr een, Pi rner & Bü nge ner, 2o2 2 , S. 2 29–23 8). 69 Inhaltl iche Vernet zung Das V o kabular wird vernetzt – nach Them en und Unt erthemen g eglieder t – darge boten . D ab ei wir d unterschiedlichen religiös - wel ta ns ch au lic hen Pos i tio ne n Rec hnung getra g en. Querverweise wi e „Happ iness“  Sh alo m oder „ Fetal abnormalities “  Abo rt i on ,  Preg na nc y: Con tinu in g the Pre g na ncy v erdeutlichen inha ltliche Verbindungen . Für Begriffe wie „Völkerwal lfahrt nach Jerus alem“ (  Messiah) oder „ leidender Gottesknech t“ (  Church Year: Good Friday) wird auf die entsprechenden Bibelstellen 4 verwiesen. Gelegen tliche Verweise auf eng lischspra chige Literatur , z.B. Rob ert Herr ick s „T o the Vir gins to mak e muc h of ti me“ (  Carpe diem) , und Werke der bildenden Kunst , z.B. → Creation of Adam (Mi chelang elo ) , ermöglichen fächerübergreifende Bezüge . Suc hfunktion Das Gl ossar ist m it h ilfe der Su chfunktion leicht zu ers chließen . Die gesuch ten Einzelwörter und Wort verbindungen ersch einen in ihren jeweiligen thematischen Kontexten. Zu beachten ist, dass bei W ört e r n, die in unterschiedlichen Zellen der Tabellen aufgeführt sind (z.B. „spiritual journ ey“ in „F aith journ eys“), zwar unt er „spiritual“ und „jo urney “ , nicht aber unter de r Wort - verbin d ung „s piritual journey“ erscheinen. Work in prog ress Das Glossar ist ein wo rk i n prog res s , das nach un d nach e rgänzt wird . Hinweise un d Anregung en für künft ige Überarbeit ungen sin d unter der E - Ma il -A dresse rp e van g - [email protected] will - kom men. Die j eweils aktuelle Version fin det sich unter Zenodo : h ttps ://doi .org /1 0.5 28 1/ze nod o. 572 67 33 . 4 Vgl. J . - P. Green ( 2022 ) . B ibe lübers etz unge n i m bi ling u alen Reli gio nsu nterr ich t un d En glis ch unter ri cht. (Green, Pir ner & B üng ene r , 2022, S. 201 – 207 ) . 70 Aboriginal spirituality Dre amtime Dreamtime ( rejected by Aboriginal people, esp. if used to refer to the period of creation) die Traumzeit Dreaming Dreamings Tjukurpa ( Anangu world view ) Tjukurpa ( d ie Weltauff assung der austr alischen Ureinwohner ) Creat or beings creation time die Schöpfungszeit period creato r being das Schöpferwe sen Schöpfungswe sen urzeitliche Wesen creato r figure die Schöpferfigur ancest ral being das Ahnen wesen spirit der Ahnengeist (to) travel ( BrE: trave ll ed, trave ll in g; AmE: trave l ed, trave l in g) the la nd durch das Land rei sen (to ) shape das Land forme n ges tal te n (to) leave one’ s mark o n seine Spuren im Land hin terlassen → Ancest ral spirits Tjukur pa laws (to) date back to creation t ime bis in die Schöpf ungs zeit zurückreichen t he b eg in n in g of t im e Anfänge der Zeit (to) pass on laws throug h ceremonies Gesetze durch Zeremonien weitergeben songs Lieder stori es written in rock Geschicht en rock art Felsbi lder rock painting s Felsmalereien dot pa in ti ngs Dot - Pai nti ng P un kt m al er e i → Sacred Abortion Conflic t of rights reproductive au t ono my die reproduktive Selbstbestimmung right to contr ol one ’s own body das Recht, über den eigen en Körper zu bestimmen make decision s about right to a safe abort ion das Recht auf eine sichere Abtreibung ↕ 71 right to life das Recht auf Leben be born , ge boren zu werden → Ado pt ion → Embryo rights → Et hical issues and dilemma s → Ethical judgem ents → Preg na ncy → Prenatal medicine → Women’s ri ghts A bit of t issue or u n born l ife? a bit of t issue* ein bisschen Zellg ewebe* little glob* of tissue ein kleiner Gewebehaufen* tiny blob* winziger Gewebeklumpen* lum p* cells Zellhaufen* spe ck * Zellklu mpe n* clum p* bunch* (to ) use the term “p regnancy tissue ”* den Begriff „ Schwang erschaftsgewebe “* verwenden (to) see (h um an ) embryos as (po te ntia l/ emergi ng) hum a n lif e * (m en s ch - liche) Embryo - nen a ls (potenzielles/ po ten tie lle s werdendes) men schliches Leben* sehen (to) view betracht en (to ) regard verstehen (to) consider human life wit h po ten tial * men schliches Leben mit Ent - wickl ung spo - tenzial/Ent - wicklun gs - po ten tial * unborn (human) life* unge borenes (menschliches) Leben* living beings* Lebewesen* human be ings* Menschen * persons* Personen* (to) a ttrib ute personho od to the embryo/ foe tus (B rE , non - technical) / fetu s (Br E/AmE) dem Embryo / Fötus/ Fetus Personsei n zuschreiben (to ) ascribe Personal ität (to) deny humanness Menschsein absprechen hum a n ity right s Rechte child - to - be* das werdende Kind* child in the womb* Kind im Mutterleib* unborn baby* unge borene Baby* po ten tial potenzielle po ten tie lle * Note how the d ifferent terms, with their d ifferen t → con nota tions , re fle ct di ffe ren t atti tude s to a borti on . → Embryo right s → Pr eg nanc y Ending the pregna n cy (to) wan t an abortion abtreibe n wolle n (to) seek ( soug ht , sou ght ) eine Abtreibung 72 (to) reque st eine n Schwang erschaftsabbruch wün - schen (to) get abtreibe n (können) (to) obtain (to) have abtreibe n (to) underg o eine Abtreibung vornehmen lassen eine Schwangerschaf t abbrechen (to ) deny sb. jmdm. eine Abtreibung/einen Sch wanger - schaft sabbruch verweigern (to) con tinue ↔ (to) end the preg - nanc y die Schwan - gerschaf t for tse tze n ↔ abbrechen (to) te r mina te for tfü hr en ↔ beenden (to) abort (to) ge t r id o f i t ( informal ) „ es ” wegmachen lassen (umga ngs sprac hlic h) Per formin g abort ion s (to) induce an abortion on a woman with/wit hout her volunt ary and info rmed co nsent eine Abtreibung/einen Schwang erschaftsa bbruc h an einer Frau mit/ohne deren freiwillige und informierte Einwilligung/ Zusti mmung einleiten (to ) carry out durchführen (to) p er for m vornehm en (to) ta ke par t in an abortion an einer Abtreibung /einem Schwang erschaftsa bbruc h mitwirken (to) a ss is t w ith …in sta te hospital s … in staat lichen Kran kenhäusern sta te - run öff entl ichen sta te - su pport ed staat lich gefördert en publ ic (AmE) National Health ( Br E) Trust (B rE) pri vate clinics Privatkl iniken abort ion pro vider der Anbiete r von Abtreibungen Abtrei bungsanbieter Abtrei bungsdienst Abtrei bungsprovid er → Con s cience → Medical ethics Sex - select ive ab orti on s sex - selective abortion die geschlecht ss e lektive Abtrei bung geschlecht sspezifische (to) abort f em al e foetuse s (B rE, n on - te chn ica l) fet uses (Br E/Am E) weibliche Föten abtreibe n female foeticide (B rE, n on - tech nic al ) / feticide (Br E/AmE) die gezielte Abtreibung weiblich er Föten (to) cha nge the balan ce of / b et we en the sexes das Geschlecht ergleichgewicht verändern (to) alter das Gleichgewicht zwisch en den Geschle chtern (to) distor t stören (to ) preserve erhalt en (t o ) ma in t ain 79 expan ds on… erweitert … * Not e t hat a bs trac ts of te n use impersonal la nguage ( this paper/stu dy/research ra the r t han I ) Purpose The purpose of this pape r * is to show… Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, … zu zeigen aim study* goal research* This pape r * aims to ou t lin e … Diese Arbeit soll einen Überblick über … geben study * seeks research* explain… will … erklären explore… … unt ersuchen investigate ... * Note that abstracts often use impersonal language ( this paper/study/research ra the r tha n I ) Author ’s position on th e topic ( thesis statement) t hesis statem ent die These This pape r * argues… Diese Arbeit argumentiert … study* shows… zeigt … research* makes the case f or… pläd ie r t für … present s * Note that abstracts often use impersonal language ( this pa per/study/research ra the r tha n I ) Sources source d ie Quelle This pape r * is based on … Diese Arbeit beruht auf … study* draws (up )on… zieht … hera n research* * Note that abstracts often use impersonal language ( this pa per/study/research ra the r tha n I ) Findings f indi ng das Ergebn is This pape r * shows… Die Arbeit zeigt … study* fin ds… kommt zu dem Ergebni s … re - s earch* con cludes … Schluss … present s the find - ing s of… präsentiert die Ergebnisse (+ Genitiv) fr om… results o f… The findings show… Die Ergebnisse zeigen … suggest that … lege n na he … * Note that abstracts often use impersonal language ( this paper/study/research ra the r tha n I ) Further research …remain s in need of further in ve st ig a tio n … bedarf weiterer Unter s uchung study research 80 Accou nta bil ity (to) be accoun ta ble for st h. to sb. jmdm. (ge - gen über) für et w. veran two rtlic h sein re ch ens ch afts pfl ic h tig held accoun ta ble for st h. by sb. von jmd m. für et w. z ur Rechenschaf t gezogen werden responsi ble Verant wortun g to account (to) accou nt for one’s life to God sich vor Gott für/über sein Leben rechtf er - t ig en othe rs anderen oneself sich selbst (to ) give acco unt for vor Gott/anderen/ sich selbst Rechenschaf t f ür/ über sein Leben ablegen (to ) answer to sb. fo r sth. sich vor jmdm . für etw. verantworten (to ) be responsible for st h . für et w. verantwortlich sein (to) take responsib i l it y Verantwortung überneh men Adaptatio n ( missio nary str ategy ) (to) use adaptation as a missiona ry strat egy bei der Mission die Stra t egie der Adaption einsetzen (to) apply acc ommoda ti on Akkommodation (to) build on the existing culture an d religion an die bestehende Kultur u nd Religion anknüpf en (to ) ad ap t the C hristian m essage t o indi genous culture s die christliche Botschaft an indige ne Kult uren anpassen → Mission ary work Adoption (to) g ive a child (up) for adopt ion ein Kind zur Adopt ion freigeben (to) put (to) place (to) have a child adopted (to) give a child away weggeben fortge be n (to) arra nge (for) a n adop tion eine Adoption vermitteln in die Wege leiten tran sracial adoption die tran sethnische Ado pt ion tran sethnic tran s - ethnische interracial „gemi schtrassige “* forei gn Auslandsadopt io n * Note tha t the term “ Ras se ” is controv ers ial. birth mum my die Geb ur ts mut ter tu mmy Bauchmama 81 adopt ive Ado pti vmu tter heart Herze nsma ma Herzma ma Agape feast (to) have a(n) agape eine Agape feiern agape m eal ein Agapemahl abhalte n agape f east eine Agapefeier lovefeast love - f ea st love feast ein Liebesmahl (to) revive the agape meal of the first Christi ans (A cts 2: 46) die Agapemahlze it der er sten C hristen/ C hristinnen wiederbeleb en (Apost elgeschichte 2, 46) (to) be a(n ) pro per meal eine richtige Mahlzeit sein actual full ein Sät tigungs mah l shared geme insames Mahl commu nal Gemein schaftsmahl fel lowship → Early Christi anity → Jesus’ min istry: J esus east with t ax collectors an d sinners → Love (object s an d typ es) : Love of nei ghbours and strangers (ag ape) Aggiorna mento a ggior nam ento ( Italian: bri ngin g up to da te , updating ) das Aggior n a mento ( italienisch: V erheutigung, Ak tualisierung) (to ) respond to change in the mode rn world auf den Wandel in der m odernen Welt reagieren (to) make the gospe l intelligible to moder n peo ple das Evange lium für moderne Menschen verstehbar mache n relevant relevant → Second Vatican Counc il (1962 – 19 65) Agnost ici sm agnost icism der Agnostizismus (to) be a g nos tic ab out/ on God (‘s exis tence) in der Gottesfrage Agnostiker/Agnostikeri n sein (to) believe that it is imp ossible to know whether God exists o r not glauben, dass es unmöglich ist, zu wissen, ob Gott exist iert oder nicht (to) n either believe n or disbelieve in G od w eder an Gott glauben n och seine Existenz bestrei ten (to) s i t o n th e fe nc e sich nicht entscheiden können (to) sus pend judgem ent 82 judgm ent on God(’ s existence) sich in der Gottesfrage di e Entscheidung of fenh a lte n → Atheism → God Ahimsa ahimsa (Sansk rit) : non - vio lence Ahimsa (Sansk rit) : die Gewaltlosigkeit non - harming das Nicht - Ve rl et z en non - in jury mini mizi ng har m die Schadensminimierung Schadensm inderung (to) a pply to al l liv ing b ei ngs für alle Lebewesen gelten (to) preach (the principle of) ahimsa Ahimsa predigen (to) p rac tis e (BrE) (to) p rac tic e (A mE) das Ahimsap rinzip das Ahimsa - Prinz ip prakti zieren (to ) observe befol ge n einhalten (to) p rac tis e (Br E) /(t o) pra ctice (Am E) ahimsa with one’s though ts Ahimsa i n Gedan ken prakti zieren words Wor ten acti on s Tate n deeds in one’s relation - ship wit h oneself Ahimsa i n seiner Beziehung mit sich selbst othe rs anderen the environ - ment der Umwe lt (to) l ive with respect mit Acht ung leben love Liebe compas si on Mitg efühl kindn ess Freundlichkeit gratitude Dankbarkeit forg iveness Verge bung ↕ (to ) harm sb. jm dn . v er let z en jmdn. schädigen (to) cause harm to /o n sb. jmdm. Schaden zufüg en (to) inf lict injury Verletzungen → Animal ethics → Buddhism: The F ive P recepts → Civil disobedience → C ow worship (Hinduism) → Empathy, com passion, mercy → Forgiveness → Gra ti tud e → Jainism : Et h i ca l principles → Jainism: Vegetarianism → Love acc or ding to Pau l ( 1 Corint hians 13) → Love (object s an d typ es) → Reverence for life → Sa tyagraha → Vega nism → Veget arianism Alev ism Syncreti sm Alevism der Alevismus das Alevitent um 83 Alevi ( noun ) der Alevit/die Alevitin Alevi ( adjective) alevitisch (to) be a(n ) branch of Islam eine Konfe ssion des Islam sein hetero dox Islami c group eine hetero - doxe/abwei - chen de islami sche Sonde r - grupp e deviant Muslim musli mi - sche myst ical eine myst ische religion in its own right eine eigenständige Religion sein independent religion syncret ic synkret istische syncret ical syncret istic → Ethn oreli giou s grou ps → Religious disc rimination and persecution → Syncretism Understand ing of God (to ) fi nd Go d everywhere in nat ure Gott überall in der N at ur f in d en i n oneself in sich sel bst (to) come fr om God ↔ ( to) re turn to God von Go tt k omme n ↔ zu Gott zurückkehren → Panentheism → Pa ntheism Moral c ode ( to) con trol o ne’ s ha nds , l oi ns a nd t on gue seine Hände, Lende und Zunge beherrschen → Com mand men ts → Lying → Res ponsible sexuality Gender ro les (to) use the gender - neutral term “can ” (soul) den genderneutralen Beg riff „Can” (Seele) verwenden → Gender rol es → Wo men and religion Ritu als (to) gather in cemevis/djemevis ( Tu rk ish: house of g athering ) sich in Cemevis ( türkisch: Versamml ungshaus) v ersammeln Cem - Häusern (to) hold a cem ceremony eine Cem - Zeremonie abhalte n (to) conduc t ritua l ein Cem - Rit u al vollziehen ausführen durchführen (to) do the (ri tual) semah dance de n (r i tu el len ) S ema h - Ta nz tanzen (to) p er for m auff ühren vorführen (to) sit in a circle in einem Kreis sitzen (to) dance tanzen (t o ) st an d across fro m one another sich gege nüberst ehen side by side nebeneinander stehen (to ) be accompanie d by t he saz (lo ng - necked lut e) von der Saz (Langhalslaute) begleitet werde n (to ) not turn one’ s back on the dede (spiritual leader) dem Dede (Geistlichen) n icht seinen Rücken zuwend en zudrehen → Mystical experience → Prayer: Body Language: Dancing 84 Altar call (to) make a(n) altar call einen Alt arruf mache n (to ) issue call for decision Aufruf zur Ent schei - dung Ruf (to) answer einem Altaruf/(Auf)ruf zur Entscheidung folge n (to) give the invitation (to receiv e Christ) die Einl adung (, Christus anzun eh men,) aussprechen (to) be the (spiritual) cli max of a revival meeting der (geist - liche) H öhe - p un kt einer Erweckun gs - veranst altung sein eines Erweckungs - tre ffe ns einer Erweckungs - versamml ung (to) c ome forward (to t he alta r/ to th e fro n t o f the church/t o the stag e) nach vorn e (zum Altar/in der Kirche/zur B ühne) kom men (to) walk gehen (to) s tep (ste p p ed , st e pp in g ) (to) publi cly profess on e’s faith öffentlich seinen Glauben bekennen commi t (com mi tt ed, commi tt ing ) one’s life to Christ sein Leben öffentlich Christus geben hing eben en t r ust anvert rauen → Conversi on → Evange licals → Revival movement Altarpiec e winged altarpiece with... der Flügela ltar mi t . .. f ol din g Kla ppa lta r Wandelalt ar ...o pe n wing s ... o ffe ne n Fl üg eln . .. g eöf f ne ten ...c los ed ... g eschlossenen The alt arpiece shows... Das Alt arbild zeigt . .. depicts... Das Altargemäl de stellt ... dar. The reredos Das Retabel The retabl e Der Alt araufsatz Die Altartafel The predella Die Predella Der Alt arsockel Das Sockelbild The left - hand p an el Die linke Bildtafel cent ral mittlere Mi ttel ta fel 85 right - hand rechte Bildtafel bo ttom unt ere inner wing Der innere Flüg el out er äußere → Church furnishi ngs → Tript ych Altar server s alta r server der Mini strant / die Ministrantin alta r boy/altar g irl der Messdiener/die Mess dienerin → Laity Amazing G race New mea nings in n ew c ontexts (to) ge t t o ever yon e jeden/jede ansp re - chen (to) have universal appea l (to ) appeal to C hristians and non - Christians Christe n und Nicht christen Christi nnen und N ichtchristinnen (to) use langua ge tha t is not sp e cific al ly Christ ian eine Sprache benu tze n/ verwenden, die nicht spezifisch christlich ist is ope n to di ffer e nt inter preta ti ons die sich versc hieden interpretieren lässt non - Christ ians can rel ate to zu der Nicht christen /Nich t - christin nen Zuga ng finde n (to) me a n dif fe re nt thi ng s to di ffer e n t pe opl e verschiedenen Leuten Verschiede - nes bedeuten Menschen (to) take on new meanin gs in new contexts in neuen Kontexten neue Bedeutungen gewinnen (to) r ei n ter pre t (to) re - interpret the song das Lied neu interpretieren den S ong umdeut en (to) politicise (Br E) (to) politicize (BrE/A mE) politisieren (to) bec ome a s pirit ua l anthem of the civil right s movem ent in the U.S . eine geistliche Hymne de r amerikanischen Bürgerrecht sbewegung werden → Musical sett ings Message of h ope (to ) bring comf ort to sb. jmdm. T ros t bri nge n consola ti on sol ace (to ) be a m essage of hope … eine Botschaft der Hof fn ung ... sein deliverance Befreiung healing des Heilwerdens …for t he despairing ... für die Verzweifelten downtrodden Geknechteten (to) find hope throug h the song aus dem Lied Hof fn ung schöpf en 86 strengt h Kraft (to) become a new p erson ein neuer Mensch werden (to) over come despair Verzweiflung überwinden (to ) ri se from hope lessness Hoff nungs losi gkei t oppressi on Unt erdrückun g → Hop e Haunting tune (to) have a hau nt in g tun e eine eindringliche Melodie haben melody unverge ssliche (t o) to uch sb. jmdn . berühren the heart( s) of … das Herz (die He rzen) + Genitiv → Civil religion → Despair → Evange lical s → Gospel musi c → Hop e → Musi c and Religion → Reformat ion: Sola fide, so la grat ia → Re ligion: Functions → Rev ival mov e men t Ambiguity Open to interp reta tio n ambiguity die Doppeldeutigkeit Mehrdeutigkeit Vieldeutigkeit Uneindeutigkeit Doppelbödigkeit Ambigu itä t (to) be ambigu ous doppeldeutig sein mehrdeutig vieldeutig uneindeutig doppelbödig mult i - layered vielschichtig ope n to in ter pre tation bedeut ung soffen (to) l eave roo m for i nte rpr e tati o n Spielräume für Deutunge n lassen (to) open up Interpretationsspielraum er ö ff n en Interpretationsspielräume (to) o ffe r mu lti pl e inter preta ti ons verschie - dene Deutungsmöglichkei ten bie - ten levels of meani ng Bedeutungsebenen layers Bedeut ungsschichten interpre - tati on Deutungsebenen Deutungsschicht en (t o) fo rce the reader/viewer to consider several interpre - tati ons den Leser/ die Leserin zw inge n, verschiedene Deut ungsmög - lichkeiten in Betra cht zu ziehen thin k throug h den Be - trachter/die Betra chte - rin zu durchden - ken fin d his/her/their o wn answe r zwingen, eine/seine/ihre eigene Antwort zu finden (to) cause uncertainty zur Unsicherheit führen anxiet y Angs t mach en → Symbol s: Characteristics and f unctions of sym bols 87 Not al l blac k and w hite The world is not (all) black an d white. Die Welt ist nicht (nur) schwarz - weiß. Things a re Die Dinge sind a shade of grey. Die Welt besteht aus G rautönen. messy. ist un ordentl ich und kompliziert. Ambigu ity t oler ance (to) develop tolera nce for a mbi guity Amb igu i täts to le ran z entwickeln (to) foster (to ) n urture (to) p ro m ote f ö rd e rn (to s tr en gthe n stärken erhöhen (to) build (up) aufba uen (to) p u t up w it h (cog nit ive) ambiguity (kognitive) Mehrdeutigkeit (en ) a us - halte n (t o) to lera te (moral ) (mo ralische) Uneindeutigkeit (en ) (ethical) (ethi sche) Ambiguität(en) ↕ (to) o ffe r easy answers einfache Antw or te n bi e ten sim p le (to) provide clear - cut klare straig htforward eindeutige → Ethical issues an d dilemm as → Resilience Amish Origin s Amish die Amischen (to) be na med af ter Ja cob Aman n ( 164 4? – pri or to 1 73 0) nach Jakob Amann ( 1644? – vo r 1 7 30 ) bena nn t sein (to) begi n in Switzerlan d about 1525 in der Schweiz um 1525 e ntstehen (to) star t (to) develop (to) origi na te (to ) arise (to) or igi nate from Sw i tze rland ursprüng lich aus der Schwei z kommen (to) b e par t of the An abaptist movement Teil der Täuferbewegung sein (to) go back to auf die Täuferbewegung z urückgehen (to) grow out of aus der Täuferbe wegung hervorgehen (to) come fr om (to) s tem fr om (s te mm ed, ste mm in g ) (to ) have one’s roots in seine Wurze ln in der Täuferbewegung h aben (to) trace one ’s roots to auf die Täuferbewegung zurückführ en origins → Anabaptists 88 Gelas senheit (to) seek to live a life of “gelassenheit” ( soug ht , sou ght ) danach st reben, gelassen zu leben “ gelassen heit“: self - surrender Gel assenheit: das Losla ssen des Ichs submissio n to God ’s will das Sich - Ergeben in den Wille n Gottes Gottergebenheit spirit of humilit y and modes ty Geist der Demut und Bescheidenheit (to ) surrender to th e wil l of God sich dem Willen Gottes e rgeben (to) sub mit (submi tt ed, subm i tt ing ) (to ) surrende r all to G od alles Go tt überlassen → Humili ty Sepa ratio n from the worl d separat ion f rom the worl d (e.g . Ro ma ns 1 2: 2) die Tr ennun g von der We lt (z.B . Rö me r 1 2,2) non - confo rmit y to Abkehr (to) k eep se pa ra te fr om sich von de r Welt abschott en absond ern abkapseln (to) n ot co nfor m t o nicht von dieser Welt sein (to ) see oneself as a p ilgrim and ( a ) strange r in t his world sich als Pilger/Pilgerin un d Fremdling in in deser Welt sehen → Pilgri mage → Transience: Sojo urners on earth (to) ma i ntai n a s tro ng gr o up id e nti ty sich eine starke Gruppenidentität be wahren (to) f oll ow tra di tional ge nde r role s tradit ionellen G eschl e chterro llen folg en (to) be know n for t heir simple living bekannt sein f ür ihre(n ) einfachen Lebensstil agrarian lifest yle land wirtschaftl iche Lebensweise reluc tan ce to a dopt mod ern tech nologi cal co nveni ences Zurückhalt ung gegenüber technischen Annehmlich keiten horse - drawn farmi ng machin ery pferdegezogenen Landwirt schaftsge räte buggies Pf erdekutschen sim p le dress schlichte Kleidung p la in fo cus on church an d family relat ionships Fokus auf Kirche und Familie emp hasis paci fics m Pazif ismus refusal to swear oat hs Ablehn ung des Eids → Anabaptists → Cont ent ment → Gender and religion → Intenti onal communities → Pacifism → Sermon on the Mount (Matt hew 5 – 7) → Simple living C orrect ive c hurch discipline (to ) carry out (cor recti ve) church discipline Gemeindezucht üben (to) exercise congre gati ona l dis cipli ne (to ) admonish errant mem bers irrende Gemeindeglieder ermahn en zurechtweisen 95 Lamb eth C onference (to ) be the ten - ye arly meeting of A ngl ica n bishop s die alle zehn Jahre stattfindende Vollver sa mmlu ng der a nglik anisc he n B ischöfe und Bischöfinnen sein assembly gat hering (to ) meet every ten years alle zehn Jahre t ag en zus amme nkomme n → Church of En gland → Global Anglica n Future Conference (Ga fcon) Angs t (to) feel acut e an g st eine akute Angst empfinden unspecific dread eine unbestimmte existential anxiet y existenzielle ang uish existentielle alien in a worl d without meaning sich in einer sinnlosen Welt fremd f ühlen disoriented… sich orien tierung slos fühlen … con fuse d… verwirrt sei n … …in the face of a(n) appa re n tly meaningless world ... ang esichts einer scheinbar/a nschei nend s i nnlo se n We lt absurd absurden …at having to define oneself … ange sichts der Not we ndigkeit, sich selbst zu defin ieren create one’s own values seine eigenen Werte zu schaff en determine a meaning for on e ’s lif e einen Si nn für sein Leben zu bestimmen choose one ’s own destiny sein eigenes Schicksal zu wählen fate → Basic trust → Des pair → Existentialism → Fate and destiny → Fear and anxiety → Identity → Meaning in life → Parables: P arable of the Madman (Nietz sche) → Theatre o f the Absurd → Value s Animal eth ics Animal rights anim al right das Tierrecht Anim als have thei r own va lue. Tiere haben einen Eigen wert. a value of their own. intrinsic value. (to ) be sentient being s fühlende Wesen sein empfind ungsfähige (to) feel ple asure Freude empfinden pain Schmerz anxiet y An g st ca pac ity of a ni mal s to fee l pa i n die Leidensfähigkeit von Tieren pain perception of / in an im al s das Schmerzempfinden von/bei Tieren sensat ion 96 sensitivity die Schmerzempfindlichk eit (to) take animal sentience into account die Empfindungsfähigkeit von Tieren be - rücksichtig en das Empfi ndungsvermögen (to) reject speciesism Speziesismus ablehn en (to) fight bekämpfen (to) g ive up au f ge ben (to) abandon (to) treat animals as fellow creatures Tiere als Mitge schöpfe betracht en moral ly impor tan t ↔ un im - por tan t Tiere als moral isch bedeutsam ↔ unbed eutsam relevant ↔ irrelevant relevant ↔ irrelevant valuable ↔ worthl ess wertv oll ↔ wertl os (to) b e en ti tle d t o ki nd a nd r es pec tfu l treatm ent by/at t he hands of humans ein Recht auf freundliche und respektvolle Behand lung durch Menschen haben → Ahimsa → Cow worship (Hinduism) → Creation: Steward of crea tion → E nviron me ntal ethics → Golden Rule → In vitro m eat → Moral circle → Or ga n do nati o n and tra ns pla nta tio n : Xen otr ans planta ti o n → P osthum anism → Vegetarianism Animal research (to) te s t new drugs on an i m al s neue Medikamente an Tieren testen/ erpro ben Arzneimettel cosm eti cs kosmeti sche Mittel (to) e xpe ri me nt an Tieren experimentiere n (to) do tes tin g Tierversuche durchf ühren (to ) carry out experiments (to) conduc t experimentation an i m al tes tin g experiments experimentation research on animals an Tieren f orschen anim al research tiere xperiment elle Forschun g betre iben (to) (strictly) regulate/ contr ol Tierversuc he/die tierexperimentel le Forschun g (streng) regeln/reglement ieren/ kontrollieren (to ) phase out a us Tierversuchen aussteig en 3Rs of animal research (to) introduce the t hree R’s/the 3Rs pri nci ple das 3R- Pri nzi p (Replace, Reduce, Refine) einf ühren (to ) establ ish 3-V- P rin zip (to) foll ow rule die 3 R - Regel befol ge n (to) obey guideline (to) c omply wi th con cept das 3R- Ko nz ep t (to) impl ement um se t z en 97 (to) (rigorous ly) enfo rce W. R ussell , R. Burch, The Principle s of Humane Experimental Technique , 1959) W. R ussell , R. Burch, Th e Principles o f Humane Experimental Technique , 1959) (kon se - quent) durchsetzen 1. r eplacem ent 1. die V ermeidu ng (to) find ( non - animal ) alternatives to an i m al tes tin g ( tierfreie ) Alternativen zu Tierversuchen f in d en 2. r educ tion 2. die V erringerung (to) use fewer animals weniger Tiere verwenden (to) ti g hte n experimen tal design die sta tistische Ve rsuchsplanung opt imieren 3. r efinement 3. die V erbesserung (to) impro ve experiments die Experimente verbessern the housing Unte rbringung der Tiere care Pfl ege → Creation: Ruler of creation → Ethics advisory boards Anima l- free research an i m al - free an i m al f ree research die ti erversuchsfreie F orschung (to) u se co m pu ter models Compu ter mode lle verwenden simu lati ons Co mput ers i m u lat i on en (to) grow human or ganoi ds men schliche Organo ide zücht en (to) use mini - orga ns mini orga ns Minio rgane verwenden einsetzen (to ) recreate huma n orga ns on a s mall scale men schliche Organ e im Kleinen nachbild en (to) r e pli ca te in Klein (to ) use t he or gan - o n -a- c hip tech n ol ogy die Organ - on -a- Chip - Technik verw enden (to) work like huma n orga ns die Funktion menschlich er ‚Organe nachahme n (to) mi mic (mimi ck ed , mi mi ck ing) Cr u el ty to an imals cruelty t o animals die Tierquälerei an i m al cruelt y Gewalt gegen Tiere Gew al ttä tigk e it gegenüber Tieren gegen Tiere abuse der Missbrauch von Tie ren Tiermissbrauch neglect die Vernachlässigung von Tieren (to ) harm animals witho ut a reasonable purpose Tieren ohne vernünftigen Grund Schaden zufüg en (to ) cause pain, suffe ring, distre ss or last ing harm ( United Kingdom: An i m al s ( Scientific Proced ures ) Ac t 1 9 86 ) Schmerzen, Leiden oder Schäden zufügen ( Deutschland: Tierschutzgeset z 24.7.1 972) (to ) be cruel to an i m al s Tiere quäle n (to ) (badly) mist reat (schwer/gro b) misshan deln (to) stop (st o pp ed, sto pp in g ) animal suffering Tierleid sto ppe n cruelty t o animals Tierquälerei animal cruelty Gewalt gegen Tiere 98 (to) stun (stu nn ed, s t u nn in g) anim als with carbon dioxide (g as) Tiere mit Kohlendioxid betäuben carbon dioxi de stu nni ng of pigs die Kohlendio xid - Be t äu b un g bei Schweinen CO2 CO2- Betä ubung → Ritual slaughter Animal wel fare (to) cha nge the con sti - tuti on to include animal welf are das Tierwohl in die Verfassung aufnehmen (to) ame nd animal protection den Tierschut z the pr otec tion o f an i m al s (to) re q uir e the sta te to p rote ct th e na tur al foundation s of life and animals (Article 20a, Basic Law) den Staat verpflichten, die natürl ichen Lebensgrundlagen und die Tier e zu schützen (Artikel 2 0a, Grundgesetz) (to) p ro tec t animal welf are das Tierwohl schützen (to) guarantee gewährlei sten (to) p ro m ote f ö rd e rn (to) cha nge the animal welfare an i m al - welf are law das Tierschutzge setz ändern (to) ame nd (to) ti g hte n Animal We lfar e Ac t verschärfen (to) ti gh te n ↔ (to) relax ani mal welf are standards Tierschutzst andards verschärf en ↔ l oc k ern (to) introduce a(n) vol unta ry an i m al welfare label ein freiwilliges Tierwohll abel einf ühren mandatory verpflichtendes off icial nati ona l staat liches → Anim al husbandry → Creation : Steward of creation → Reverence for life → Vegetarianism Animal welfare activists animal welf are organ isation (B rE) organiz ati on (Br E/AmE) die Tierschu tzorgan isation an i m al right s group die Tierrecht sgruppe welf are advocate der Tierschü tzer/die Tierschützerin acti vist campaigner mi l it ant der militante/radikale Tiers chützer die militante/radikale Tiersc hützerin radical animal liberationist (to) take imag es of cruelt y to an i m al s Bilder von Tierquälerei machen (to) film Au f n a hm en (t o) captur e Bilder von Tierquälerei ei nfangen (to) illega lly obtai n illegal i n de n Besitz von B ildern von Tierquälerei gelangen (to ) publi sh Bilder von Tierquälerei veröffentliche n (to ) release (to ) expose animal suff ering Tierleid aufdecken Tierleiden sichtbar m achen → Anim al ethi cs: Cruelt y to anim als → Civil disobedience 99 Animal husbandry Live stock farming live sto ck (sin gula r or plu r al) das Nutztier, die Nutztiere das Vieh anim al husbandry die Tierhalt ung live sto ck farmin g Nutz ti er ha ltu ng (to) keep livest ock Nutz ti er e h alte n Int ensi ve an imal far ming intensive an i m al f arm in g die Int ensivtierhaltung live sto ck produ cti on intensive Tierhalt ung indust ry industrielle fact ory farm ing (pej orative) Massent ierhaltung (abwertend ) cruel husbandry pra ctice s Qualhaltung inhu ma ne live sto ck cond iti o ns unmenschl iche Tierhalt ung practices that violate ani mal welfare (stan dards/guidelines) tierschut zwidrige (to) be kept in cage s in Kä f ig en ge h al t en we rd en (to ) be crowded together i n crat es Boxen eingepfercht sein Verschläg en eingezwängt sein pens Pf erchen K as t ens t än den Org anic animal far ming organic an i m al f arm in g die biologi sch - organische Tierhal tung live sto ck produ cti on Biot ierhaltung indust ry (to) be oriented towards an imal welf are sich am Tierwohl orientieren orientated (to) provide sanit ary con dit ions for raising animals hygien ische Haltu ngsbe di ngu ngen schaff en human e human e species - ap pro pr iate species ap pro pr iate husbandry die artg erechte Tierhalt ung an i m al - ap pro pr ia te animal appropriate tiergerechte Haltung von Nutzt ier en free - r ange f ree range chicken das Freilan dhuh n das Biohuhn Bio - H uhn (to) run free frei laufen (to) roam sich frei bewegen im Freien weiträumig → Animal ethics → In vitro m eat Labe llin g (to ) introduce mandato ry animal husbandry labellin g (Br E) /labeling (Am E) eine verpflichtende Tierhalt ungskennzeichn ung einführen 100 (to) distinguish five ty p es of (a nimal) husbandry: fün f Ha ltu ngsstu fe n u n te rs ch eid en: (1) “ind oor h ous ing” (1) „ S tall” (2) ”ind oor + spac e” (2) „ Stall + Platz” (3) “indoor wit h fresh air” (3) „ Frischluftst all” (4) “outdoor run s/free range” (4) „ Auslauf/Weide” (5) “org anic” (5) „Bio“ Annihi l atio n ism annihilationism ( Latin ni hil : noth i ng ) der Ann ihilation ismus ( la teinisch nihil: nicht s) (to) have annihilationist views annihilationistische Ansic hten haben (to) hold vertret en (to) adv ocate (to) reject the idea of hell die Höllenv ors tellu ng ablehn en (to) deny verneinen (to) believe that the wicked will be com pletel y/tot ally destro yed glauben, dass die Gottlosen/ Frevler/ Frevlerinnen völlig/v ollstä ndi g vernichtet wer - den wiped out annihilated extinguished ausgelö scht put ou t of e xi s tenc e aufhören zu existieren (to) a p peal to biblical te xts/passag es like Matt hew 10:28 (“destro y soul and body”) an d Joh n 3:16 (“peri sh ”) sich auf Bi belstellen wie Matt häus 10,28 („Leib und Seele verderben“) un d Johannes 3,1 6 („verloren/„zugrun de gehen“) be rufen (to) invoke (to) quote Bibelstellen wie ... anführ en (to) cite → Bible: Biblical justificat ions → Hell → J ehovah’s Wi tnesses → Last J udgem ent Ant hropology View s, understa nding s, philosophies an th ropo log y die Anthr opolo gie social an d cultura l anthropology Et hnol og ie biblical a nthropolog y biblische An thropologie das biblische Men schenbil d sb.’s view of human s jmds. Me nschenbild vision human nat ure image hum a n ity model the huma n person underst anding philo sophy man* con cepti on ideas of/ abo u t us** human frag en, was uns* * 101 (to ) ask what makes humans* * den Men schen** zum Men - schen macht * No te that t his us e of “ ma n” i s widely conside red s exi st n ow adays . ** Note tha t the firs t - person plural pronoun we/u s is more pe r sonal and i nclusi ve t han the di s tancing n oun human s . → Ensoul ment Optimistic, pessimistic , re alistic (to) have a(n) optimistic view of human nat ure ein optimistisches Menschen bild haben pessimistic pessimistisches realistic realist isches melioristic melioristisches meliorist (to) see human be ings as… den Men schen als … sehen (to) understand men a nd wo me n Männ er und Frauen betracht en verstehen …created in Go d’s image … nach Gott es Ebenbild g eschaff en …having inalienable rights … Tr äger / Träge rinn en u nveräußerlicher Rechte …inherent ly valuable … an si ch wertwo ll und bedeutsam …auto nomous crea tures … sel bstbest immte(s) W esen …nat ural ly g ood ↔ bad/evil … von Nat ur aus g ut ↔ schlecht/bö se …inna te ly peaceful ↔ violen t friedlich ↔ gewalttätig …essential ly altrui stic ↔ selfish … wesen haft egoistisch ↔ altr u i st isch …inherent ly cooperative ↔ com petit ive kooperati v ↔ wett bewerbsorientiert …fun damental ly … fun damental …basic ally … grun dlegen d … von G rund auf ( to) believe in a divine spark in humans an ei ne n gö tt lic hen Fu nken im Men schen gl a ub en glaub en the perfectib i li ty of human s an die Verbesserungsf ähigkeit des Menschen → Creation → Gnosticis m → Huma n di gni ty → Human rights → Human fallibilit y → Huma n vulnerabi lity → Huma nis m → P osthu ma nis m → Qua kers (Relig ious Society of F riends) → Transhuman ism Human natu re and evi l (to ) see humans as … Menschen als ... sehen …torn between good and evil … zwischen G ut und Böse hin - und hergerissen …having a natural / inna te tende nc y to/for good as well as evil (Imma nuel Kant ) … Wesen mit einer/einem angeb orene n Tendenz zum Guten wie zum Bös e n (Imma nuel Kant ) inclination An l ag e propen sity Hang ...weak and f allible ... schwach un d fehlbar …capable of monstrous deeds … zu monstr öse n Tate n fähig …evil f rom youth (incli nation of the human heart) (Genesi s 8:21) … bös e von Ju gend au f (Dichten und Trachten d es menschlichen Herzens ) (1. Mos e 8,21) ... corr upt ... verderbt ... ro tte n to th e cor e ... b is i n de n Kern verderbt 102 … im ... i m I nners ten … durch und d urch (to) see evil as par t of hu ma n natu re das Böse al s Teil der menschli - chen Nat ur sehen (to ) regard betracht en (to) think of an aberrat ion of hum an nat ure Verirrun g der men schlichen Na tur a force outside human nat ure Kraft a ußerhalb der men schlichen Na tur (to) c ome fr om inside von i nne n k omm en (to ) arise within im Men schen entstehen ↕ (to) c ome/ (to) inv ade fr om ou tside von a uß en k om me n/ei nd r inge n (to) strike at innocent, helpless victi ms unschuldig e, hilflose Op fer überfall en → Banality of evil → Evil → Heart ( Hebrew Bible) → Primeval hi story → Sat an → S in Anthr opo sop hy Spiritu al path to knowledg e a nthroposophy ( Gr eek: wisdom of the human be ing/humanity) die Anthro posophie ( griechisch: Weish eit des Menschent ums) (to) be an a nt hroposophist Ant hroposoph/Anthroposophin sein (to) be a philo sophical movement eine philo sophische Bewegung sein weltanschaul iche spirit ual spirituelle religious religiöse quasi - relig ious quasi - relig iöse quasi religiöse (to) see anthropo - sophy as a (n) spi ritu al pa th to knowle dge die Anthro - posop hie als spirituellen Erkennt ni sweg ver - stehen empirical spiritual science empirische Geistes - wissenschaf t (to) believe in spirit ual realities beyon d the materi al world an geistige Wirklichkeiten jenseits der m at e ri ell en We lt glau - ben supersen sible übersinn liche a hierarchy of angels eine Engelhierarchie nine angelic realms neun Engelreiche (to) ga in k now ledge o f the h ighe r wor lds Erkenntn isse der h ö he ren W elt en e rl an g en → Reincarnation Organ isations and initi atives ant hroposophical pedagogy (Steiner Waldorf education) die ant hropo - sophi sche Pädagogik (Waldorfpädagogik/ Waldorf - Pädagogik? ant hroposophic 103 school ( Steiner Waldorf school) Schu le (Waldor fsc hule) ritua ls (e.g. mor ni ng/ evening circle time) Rituale (z.B. Morgen - kreis/Abendkreis) move - ment art (eurythm y) Beweg ungskun st (Eurythm ie) therap y Bewegungstherapie architecture (Steiner/ Steine r Waldorf architecture): organic architecture with/ feat uring rounded corners, pai nted in colo urful (BrE)/ color ful (AmE) na tur al p ain ts Architekt ur: o rganische Architekt ur mit run den Ec ken, i n bu nt en , nat ürlichen Farben gest r ichen medicine Medizin (biody - nam ic) f arm in g (biodyn amische/biol o - gisch - dynami sche) Landwirt schaft (Demeter - Landwirt - schaft ) agricul ture (Demeter farmi ng/a gri - cultur e) banking das Bankwesen → An g el s → Econ omy for the Co mmo n Goo d → Es otericism → Eurythm y → Higher educ ation (worldview - based) → K a rma → Reincarnation Antisemiti sm Forms of antise mitism religious ant isemitism anti - Semi tism der religiöse Anti se - mitismus economic ök onom is che racist rassisti sche Israel - relat ed israelbezo gene pseud o - scientific pseudo wissenschaftl iche visual visuelle anti - Zio nism d er Antizionismus anti - Jewish feelings ant ijüdische Gefü hle judenfeindliche antisemitic anti - Semi tic senti me nts ant isemitische Ressentiments prejud ice Vorurt eile bias stereot ypes Klischees Stereotypen consp iracy theories Verschwörun gstheorien myt hs Mythen allegations Beh au ptu nge n Anschul digung en writings Schrift en defam atory pam phl e ts Schmähschrif ten infl ammato ry Het zschriften 104 Pam phl e te polemi c Polemi k caricat ures Zerrbilder car to ons Karikaturen gra ffi ti Gra ffi ti daubings Schmierereien (to) have a n anti - Jewis h / antisemitic/anti - Semitic slant eine antijüdische / judenfeindliche/ ant isemitische Tenden z h aben → Antisem itism in the visual art s → Pog rom s → Sc apegoa ts → Zio nism Antisemitic stere otypes (to ) be based on negative stereotypes about Jews auf n egativen Klischees über J uden beruhen (to) have negative Klischees üb er Juden haben (to) hold (to) believe glaub en (to) spread ( spread , spread ) verbreiten (to ) reinforce verstärken (to) p er pe tu ate zum Fortbestehen von negativen Klischee s über Juden beitragen (to ) portray Jews as usurers Juden als Wucherer darstel len exploiters Ausbeut er → Antisemitism in the vi sual arts → Pharisees: N egative stereotyp ing → Sc ap ego a t s : Scapegoating Chris tian an ti -J ud aism Christi an ant i - Judaism der christliche Antijudaismus blood libel die Ritualmordlegende ritual murder accusat ion der Rit ualmordvorwurf die Blutlüge (t o) accu se Jew s of ritual ly murdering children Ju den des Ritual mords an christli chen Kinde rn b eschul digen pois oning w el ls der Bru nne nve rgi ftu ng bezich - t ig en desecrati ng hosts Host ienschändung (to) call Jew s “killers o f Christ”* Juden als „ Christusm örder”* bezeichnen (to) at tack Jews as “murderers o f Christ ”* angreifen “kill ers of Go d”* „Go ttes m örd er“ * “murderers of God”* (to) blame Jews collective ly for th e dea th o f Jesus die Juden kollektiv für de n Jes u To d veran two rtlic h machen (to) hold Jews collectively responsi ble (to m ake sweeping generalisations (Br E) generalizations (Br E/AmE) about “t he Jews” (e.g. John 19:14 – 15 ; 1 Thessalo - nians 2:1 4 – 15) pauschale V erallgem einerungen über „ die Jude n“ m achen ( z.B . J oha nne s 19, 1 4 – 15; 1 Thessalo nicher 2,14 – 1 5) (to ) build a church on t he site of a (dest royed) synagogue eine Kirche an (der) Stelle einer zerstörten Synagog e errichten * Note the use of dis tancing inv erted commas. → Antisem itism in the visual art s → Ecclesia and Synagoga → Judas Iscario t 111 vision of pastoralism and harmony with nat ure die Vision eines idyllischen Lebens auf dem Land im Eink la ng mit der Nat ur einer ländlichen Idylle plac e o f rural tran quillity (Br E) tra nqui l ity (A mE) der Ort länd licher Ruhe en chant ment der Verzaube rung fulf il me n t (Br E ) fulfillm ent (AmE) der Ort erfüllten Le bens happ iness der Gl ücksort (to) long for rural simplicity sich nach län dlicher Ein fachheit sehn en (to) year n (to) seek ( soug ht , sou ght ) t he l ost paradise das verlore ne Paradie s suchen a(n) terrest rial ein irdisches earthl y nos talgia for t he lost paradise die Sehnsucht nach dem verlorenen Paradies longin g paradise lo st yearning (to) be unach ievabl e unerreichbar se in unattain able (to) have a privat e Arcadia ein privates Arkadien haben Et in Arcadia ego: even in Arcadia/in happ iness death is present (Po ussin: Arcadian Shep herds , 16 27; 16 37 / 38 ) Et in A rcadia ego: Auch in Arkadien/im Glück ist der Tod (anwesend). (Poussin: Die arkadische n Hirten , 16 27; 16 37 / 38 ) → Gardens: L a ndscape g ardens → In tentional communi ties: B ack - to - the - land m ove ment → Ha pp in es s → Myt h → Si mple living → Trans ience → Utopian tho ught: Eutopia s Argume ntum ad ho minem ad h ominem a r gume nt ( L atin: t o the p erson) das Ad - homi nem - Argume nt ( l ateinisch: gegen die P erson ) personal att ack on /against sb. der persön liche Angriff auf /gegen jm dn . (to) a ttac k th e o ppo ne nt' s ch ar ac ter , personal trait s o r motives i nste ad of dispro ving his/her /their argu ment (s) den Charakt er, die Ei gen sc ha ft en o d er Motive des Gegners/der Gegnerin angreifen, statt sein (e) /ihr (e) Ar gu men t ( e zu w i derlegen → Debating: Weak and strong arguments → Tu quoque arg ument Arian controversy Ariani sm der Arian ismus Ari an, noun der Arianer/die Arianerin Ari an, a djective ariani sch Arian con trovers y over Christ ’s divinity/the divinity of C hrist der ar i anische S treit über d ie G ottheit Christ i dis pu te 112 (to) be a strict monotheist ein strenger Monotheist/ eine strenge Mon o theistin sein (to) believe tha t … glauben, dass … …t he S on was created by G od … der Sohn von Gott g esc ha f fen wu rd e is a created being ein Ges chöpf ist erschaff enes Wesen has been/ was exalted above all creatures über alle G eschöpfe erhö ht w urde … there was a t ime when the Son was not … es eine Zeit gab, zu der der S ohn no ch nicht existiert h at …d isti nct f ro m God th e Fa the r … von Gott dem Vat er ver schieden ist …subordin ate t o … Go tt de m Va ter u nter g eo rd ne t is t ↕ (to) believe tha t… glauben, dass .. …full divinity is n ecessary for salvation … für die E rlösu ng v ollk omme ne G öttli chkei t notwendig/erforderlich is t redemption …the Son is fully div ine a nd fu lly huma n … de r Sohn v ollk omme n göttlic h u nd vollkomm en men schlich ist bego tten, n ot made .. . gezeugt , nicht geschaffen ist created co - eternal wit h God the F ather … der Sohn u nd Gott d er Va ter gleich ewig sind co - subst antial wesensgleich → God: The triune God → Heresy → Monotheism → Salvation → S on of Go d Ark of the Covenan t a rk of the cove nant d ie Bundeslade (to ) be a portable wooden bo x covered wit h gold (Exodus 25:10 – 22 ) eine tragbare, mit Gold überzogene Hol ztruhe sein ( 2. Mos e 25, 10 – 22) (to) be the mos t impor tan t religious object der wichtigste Kultgegenstand sei n ritua l (to) hous e / (to) ho l d two st one tab le ts inscribed with t he ten comma nd ments zwei St eintafeln mit den den zehn G eb oten enth al te n engraved (to) be kept in the Tabern acle (Exodus 26) in der St iftshütte (2. M ose 2 6) aufbewahrt werden (to) be housed the Te nt o f Meeting im Zelt der Begegnung Revelation (Exodus 29:4 2 – 43) Offen barungszelt (2. M os e 29 ,4 2 – 43) the (fir s t) T em pl e (1 K ings 6:19) im ( er st en ) Tem p el (1. K önige 6,19) (to) be God’ s throne on earth ( Psal m 8 0: 1- 2 ; Exodu s 25 :21 – 22 ) Gott es Thron auf Erden ( P salm 80 ,1 -2 ; Exodus 25,2 1 – 22) sein fo ots to ol (1 Ch ro nic les 28 :2) Fußscheme l (1. Chr oni k 28 ,2) (to ) symbolise ( BrE ) (to) sy mbol iz e (B rE/AmE ) God ’s presen ce Gottes Gegenwart symbol isieren 113 (to ) represent → Com mand men ts → Coven ant → God: God’s p resence and God’ s absence → Judaism → Symbo ls Armageddon Armage dd on (R evela tion s 16:1 6) Harmage d on Harmage ddo n (Offe nbaru ng 1 6,16) loc ati on o f the fi nal , decisive battle be tw ee n good a nd ev il (Revelations 17:12 – 14; 19: 17 – 12 ) der Ort der endzeitlichen Entscheidungs - schlacht zwischen Gut un d Böse (Of fenb aru ng 17 ,1 2 – 14; 19 ,17 – 21) end of (t he) world scenario das Endzeitszenario endzeitliche Szenario dramatic event tha t wi ll … das dramatische/verheerende Ereig nis, das ... der dramatische/verheerende Konflikt , der ... catast rophic con flict …destro y the worl d … die Welt vernichten wird hum a n ity … die Menschheit → Apocalyptic literature → Apo calypti c thin king → Tribulation s Art of l ife ar t of life die Lebenskunst a well - lived life K un st (eines/ des) gelingenden Lebens gelu n genen living a ha ppy life glü ckliche n good gu t en schönen full erfüllten meani ng fu l sinnerfüllten successful erfolgreichen → Philos ophic al cou nselli ng Artificial i nsemi nati on by donor (AID) Male fer tility issue s (to) have ( a ) low s per m cou nt eine verminderte Spermienzahl haben po or s per m q ua li ty schlechtes S perma sperm quality die Spermaqualität Spermienqualität (to) f reeze a sp e rm s amp le eine Sperm aprobe einfrieren (to) use deep - frozen sperm tiefgefrorenes Sperma ver wenden 114 Gett ing insemin ated (to) become pregnant by artif icial insemination with the sperm o f an anony mou s don or durch künstl iche Bef ruchtung mit de m Samen eines anonymen Spenders s chwanger werden (to) be artificial ly in s em in at ed sich künst lich befrucht en lassen (to) get (to) be giv en s per m from a don or Spendersa men erhalten (to ) vi sit a sperm bank eine S am en b an k besuchen (to) be conceived by sperm donation durch eine Samenspende gezeugt werden/sein → Pre gna ncy Impac t on th e famil y donor offs prin g das Spenderkin d dono r con ceived person donor - conce ived (to) tell children how the y were conceived Kindern sagen, wie sie gezeu gt wurden secrecy aroun d biol o gi cal parentag e die Heimlichtuerei um die biologisch e Herk unft surroundi ng (to ) keep sth. secret f rom sb. jmdm. etw. verheimliche n (to) feel that sth. is wrong spüren, d ass etw. nicht stimmt (to ) sense (to ) be confused by sb.’s behavio ur (Br E) / behavior (AmE). von jmd s . Verha lten verwirrt sei n abo ut one ’s origins über seine Herkunft parentag e (to) cause tension(s) in th e family Spa nnu nge n i n de r Fa mil ie verursachen hervorrufen (to ) have a right to know who on e’s bi olo gical fat her is ein Recht darauf haben, zu wissen, wer der biologische Vater ist the bio logical f ather’s identity d ie Identität des biologi schen Vaters zu kenne n/ erfahren d iblings : h alf - bro thers and sisters f rom the same sp erm don or ( p ort manteau word blending “d onor ” and “ s ibling ”) Halbg eschwister, die d urch denselben Samenspender g ezeugt wu rden (to ) seek sb. out ( soug ht , sou ght ) jmdn. ausfindig machen jmdn . aufsp üren → Egg d onati o n: Impac t on the fa mily Ashra m Ashram ( S anskrit “ ś rama ”: religious exertio n, strivin g towards a goa l) der Ashram ( Sanskr it „ ś rama “: religiös e Bemü hu ng, A ns tre ngu ng der Aschram (to) set u p an Ashram eine n Ashram gründen (to ) establ ish (to) found (to) be a commu nity forme d aroun d a spirit ual teacher eine Gemeinschaft um einen spiri tuellen Lehrer/eine spirituelle Le hrerin se in gat hered 115 headed by ein e von einem spirituell en Lehrer/einer spirituellen Lehrerin gele itete Gemeinschaft sein a spirit ual teacher ein spiritueller Lehrer eine spirituelle Lehrerin mast er ein spiritueller Meister eine spirituelle Meisterin guru ein spiritueller Guru (to) foll ow H indu religion hinduist ische Religion prakti zieren (to) p rac tis e (BrE) (to) p rac tic e (A mE) philo sophy Philo sophie → Hinduism → In tentional communities → Re treats Assi sted suici de Volun tary suic ide (to) cho ose to die of one’s ow n will einen selbstbestimmten Tod wä hlen voliti on at a t ime of t heir choosin g den Zeitpunkt des/seines Sterbens selbst wählen in a pl ace Ort mann er die Art patie nt wil li ng to di e der sterbewillig e Patient die sterbewillige Patientin patie nt‘s wish to die der St erbewunsch des Patienten der Patientin desire voluntary sui cide der freiverantwortliche S uizid (to) take the deadly drug(s) yourself das tö dlich e Mitt el selbst nehmen let hal medication tod bringende dose die tö dliche/to dbringende Dosis selbst n eh men (to) self - admi nist er the deadly drug sich das tö dliche /todbringende Mittel sel bst verabreichen let hal medication → Euthanasia → Suicide Right to die (to) defe nd the right to die ( in artic les about the ruling of the German c onstitu - tional court also: the rig ht to a self - determined death ) das Recht auf eine n selbstbe - stim mten T od verteidigen (to) l egalise ( BrE ) (to) l egalize (BrE/Am E) legalisieren (to) exercise selbst bestimmtes Sterben wahrnehm en (to ) restrict beschränken (to) limit einzuschrän ken doctor - assisted docto r assisted suicide die ärztli ch assisti erte Selbstt ötung dying * begleitete Sterbe hilfe physician - assiste d physician assiste d der ärztlich assistierte Suizid das ärztl ich assistie rte Sterben 116 die ärztliche Beihilfe zum Suizid ärztl iche Suizidhilfe Suizidbeihilfe ärztl ich assist iert e Selbsttöt ung ärztl iche Beihilfe zur Selbst ötung Hilfe (to) allow assisted suicide Suizidhilfe erlauben (to) p ermit d ying * Suizidbeihilfe ges ta tte n (to ) pro hibit verbieten (to) ban (ba nn ed, ba nn ing ) unt ersagen (to) outlaw right - to - die organ isation (B rE) organiz ati on (Br E/AmE) die Sterbehilfeorganisation death - wit h - dig n it y society der Sterbehilfeverein (profe ssional) suici de assistant der (professionelle) Sterbehelfer die (professionelle) Sterb ehelferin * Note t hat assisted dying i s a mbiguous. It can mean assi sted suic ide , eut han asia or p all iat ive s edat io n. As sisted dying in th e sense o f ass isted suicide is a euphemism . Safe guar ds (to) p u t up /(to) erect ↔ (to) re move legal hurdles/ obst acles to a ssisted suicid e /dying * rechtli che Hürde n für den assi stierte n Suizid errichten /einziehen ↔ b eseitigen (to) have (…in place ) safeguards Vorsicht smaßnahmen vorsehen Sicherheit svorkehrung en tre ffe n (to) include einschließen (to) build in einbauen (to) impo se guardrails Leitplanken einziehen (to) requi re pat ients to be assessed by t wo doctor s vor sc hr eib en, da ss Pa tie nte n/ Pa tie nti nne n von zwei Ärzten/Ärztinnen begu tachtet werden m üssen the perm ission of a judge (eine) richterliche Geneh migung erfordern approval con sent (to ) have less than six months to l ive wenig er als sechs Monat e zu leben haben (to) be mentally soun d im Vollbesitz der geistigen Kräfte sein cog niti vely urteil sfähig mandatory waiting period die verpflichtende Wartezeit compu lsor y time independent counse lling (BrE ) couns eli ng (AmE) age ncy die unabhän gige Be ratungsstelle centre (Br E) center (A mE) * Note t hat assisted dying i s a mbiguous. It can mean assi sted suic ide , eut han asia or p all iat ive s edat io n. As sist ed dying in th e sense o f ass isted suicide is a euphemism . → Con science → Constitutional court ruling s → Cou nselli ng → Definitions: C larifying term s → Dying → Ethical jud gemen ts → Hu man r igh ts → Medical ethics → Sli ppe ry s lope ar g ume n t → Termin al care: Extendi ng or shortening a pat ient’s lif e 117 Medical c onditions peo ple with a(n) grievous co n di t ion Menschen mit einer/ einem schweren Kran kheit chronic chronischen Erkrankung nicht lebens - bedrohli chen Leiden non - l if e - t hreatening non - life threatening incurable unheil baren irremediable t er min a l Krankheit im E ndst adium Complet ed l ife (to) look back on on e ’s lif e auf sein Leben zurückscha uen over zurückblicken (to ) survey sein Leben Revue passier en lassen (to ) look back and assess o ne’s life eine Lebensbilanz aufstellen ziehen (to) feel (th a t) … das Gef ühl haben, ... …it is enough ... da ss es genug ist …one has had a com plete life ... da ss das Leben gelebt ist com pleted vollendet full li fe ... dass man ein erfülltes Leb en hatte life f ully lived …that one’s life is sha ped and finished ... dass sein/ihr Lebe n seine Form gefu nden hat und vollen det ist → Life stories Suic ide by starv ation suicide - by - starvatio n das Ster be fas te n self - starvation Sich - zu - To de - Hunger n VSE D (v olu ntary s toppi ng of e ati ng a nd drinking) der freiwilllige Verzicht auf Nahrung un d Flüssig keit (FVNF) Essen un d Trinken (to) starve to death sterbef asten (to) end one ’s li fe b y fa s ti ng sein Leben durch Sterbefas ten bee nden (to) te r mina te Suic ide pods (to) use a suicide pod eine Suizidkapsel Suizid - Kapel einsetzen caps ule verwenden Sarco * Sarco * - K ap se l be n ut z en suicide device Suizidvorri chtung death pod Todeskapsel caps ule (to ) press a b utto n (auf) ei nen K no pf drü cke n (to) push (to) o pe ra te the pod with ou t external help die Kapsel ohne fremde Hilfe betätigen assistan ce (to ) release nitr ogen (ga s ) into the airtight/sealed chamber/c abin St ickstoff (g as) in die luftd ic h te /luftdi cht verschlossen e K ap se l einleiten (to) inject einst römen lassen 118 (to) gradually l o se consciousness ( los t , lost ) allm ählich das Bewusst sein verlieren (to) die of hypoxi a ( Greek hypo: un der; insuffi cient supply of oxy gen to cells an d tis sues) infolge von Hypoxie ( grie chisch hypo: unter; Min der ve rso rgun g von Zellen und Geweben mit Sauerstoff) sterben loss of o xygen durch Sauersto ffmang el oxygen deprivation (to) en d one’s lif e without medical supervisio n seinem Leben ohne ärztl iche Begleitung ein Ende setzen oversight Aufsicht * From sarcopha gus ( German: Sarkophag). Astrol og y Belief i n th e sta rs astrol ogy die Astrol ogie Ste rndeutung Sterndeuterei (umgan gs - sp r ach l ich , abwerte nd) Sternendeuterei astrol oger der Astro loge/die Astrologin stargazer der Sterngucker/die Sternguckerin (to ) observe the (mo tio n o f the) sta rs die Sterne beobacht en den Lauf der Gestirne conste llatio ns Stern bilder Sternkonstellationen Gestirnskonstellatione n (to) tr ac k the constel lations thro ugh the year Stern bilder im La ufe des Jahreszyklus verfolgen (to ) regard the st ars as gods die St erne als Gött er sehen Gestirne für G ötter halten (to ) worship (worshi pp ed, worshi pp ing, AmE also worshi p ed, worshi p ing ) als Götte r verehren (to) influenc e human destiny das Schicksal de s Menschen beeinflussen (t o) affe ct (to) c ontr ol bestimmen (to) determine (to) read the f uture from the st ars die Zukunft aus den Sternen lesen (to) p redict vorhersagen → Creation: Disencha ntment of nature → Fate and destiny → Fo rt u n e - tel lin g → Horosc opes → Stars → Zodi ac Astro logi cal m etap hors (to) be writt en in the stars ( bro ught about by a force that controls the future) in/v o n den Ster ne n vorgezeichnet sein 119 completel y in the st ars (t o be uncertai n) in de n Ste r ne n steh e n (un gewiss sein) (to ) be born under a(n) lucky star un t e r einem glü ckliche n Stern geboren sein unluck y keinem gu t en a pair of st ar - cross ’ d lovers (Willia m Shakes peare, Romeo and Juliet , Prol ogue ) zwei Liebende unter schl echte m St er n (William Shakespeare, Ro meo und Julia, Prol og) → Metap hors Pseudo science astro logy ↔ a str onomy die Astrologie ↔ die Astronomie (to ) regard astro logy as a pseudoscience Astro logie als Pseudo wissenschaft betracht en (to) view (to) reject ablehn en (to) conde mn verurteilen (to) den ounce öffentlich kritisieren (to ) dismiss abtun (to) expose entl arven (to) debu nk bloßste lle n → Su per sti tio n Coping mech anism (to) be a c oping mech ani sm ein Bewältigungsmechani smus sein (to) reduce ambiguity Ambigu itä t verring ern Mehrdeutigkeit reduzieren uncertainty Unsicherheit Ungewissheit unpredictability Unberechen barkeit (to) give a sense of contr ol ein Gef ühl der Kontr olle vermitteln (to) provide stabil ity Stabil ität (to) a p peal to people with ( a pronoun ced) intolerance for ambiguity ... M en - schen mit (ausgeprägter) Ambig uitätsintol eranz ansp re - chen in ( a ) crisis in Krisensituationen → Magic: Magical thin king → Mea ni ng i n li fe : Cri si s o f me ani ng Asylu m Accepti ng asylu m - seeke rs asylum - seeker der Asylbewerbe r/die Asylbe werberin (to) l et in genuine pol itical refugees echte(n) politische(n) Flüch tlinge (n) aufnehmen (to) take in vict ims of polit ical repressi on/ oppressi on in their homela nds Opfer(n) politischer Repression in ihren Heimatländern (t o) accep t (to ) grant asylum to Asyl gewähren (to) give shelter to Schut z 120 those who qualify under t he Geneva Conv ent io n o n refugees F lü cht l in ge( n ) im Sinne der Genfer Flüch tli ngsk onve ntion → Religious refugees Reject ing asylu m - seeke rs (to) reject econo mic mi gr ants Wirt schaftsflüchtling e ablehn en (to ) t urn down “bog us“ (eco nom ic) refugees Scheina sylanten/ Scheina sylantinn en abweisen (to ) deny asylum to (to) kic k out (manifes tly) “unf ounde d“ appl icant s Asylbewerber/ Asylbewerbe - rinne n m it ( offenkundig) unbeg ründeten Anträgen ausweisen (to) expel (expe ll ed, expe ll i ng) (to ) send back appl icant s who com e under f alse pretences Asylbewerber/ Asylbewerberi nnen, die Falschan gaben ma chen abschieben (to ) ship back (shi pp ed, shi pp in g) (to) dep ort (to ) forcibly re patri a te failed asylum - seekers asylum see kers abgele hnte Asylbewerber Asylbewerberi nnen rejected unsuccesf ul erfol glose Church s anctua ry sanct uary movement die Kirchenasylbewegung (to) seek ( soug ht , sou ght ) refug e in a church Zuflucht i n einer Kirche suchen church sanct uary Kirchen asyl (to) o ffe r asylum bieten (to) provide gewähren (to) grant (to ) give sb. jmdn. ins K irchenasyl aufnehmen n eh men Ger man Ecum enical Committee o n Church Asylum die Ökumenische Bundes arbeitsgemein - schaft Asyl in der Ki rche (to) p rev e nt de por ta tio n die Abschiebun g verhin dern (to ) submit a hardship dossier (submi tt ed, subm i tt ing ) ein Härtefalldossier vorle gen (to ) reconsider hardship cases Härtefäll e überprüf en (to) reexamine (to ) recognise ( Br E) (to) recognize (BrE/AmE) anerkennen → Con science → German t itles and G erman org anisations → Works of mercy Strang ers and foreigners in the B ible (to) wel co me stran gers Fremde freun dlich aufnehmen (to) care for sich um Fremde kümmer n (to ) show hospitality to Frem den Gastfre undschaft erweisen (to) tr ea t aliens as nati ve - bo rn Frem de F re md lin ge wie Einheimische behandeln 127 quarte red gevierteilt cut i n fou r (to ) display sb.’s bo dy parts in different cities jmd.’s Körperteile in vers chiedenen Städten zur Schau stel len (to) pu t o n v iew * Old pas t tense of (to) spin . → Apo calypti c thin king → Equalit y → Martyr → Messiah Banality of evil banal ity of evil die Banal ität des Bösen term coined by Hannah A rendt … (Ei ch mann i n Jerusalem . A Re po r t on t he Ban a l it y of Evil, 1963) von Ha nnah A rend t geprägte(r)/eingeführte(r ) (Ei ch mann i n J er us alem . Ei n Bericht von der B analität des Bösen, 1963) Beg riff ... phrase in t ro - duced Formu lier ung … …to de scribe the co n t ra st between … … für den Gege ns a tz zwischen . .. K on t ra st discre pan cy die Diskrepanz t en sio n Spa nnu ng …the mediocrity of p eople like Ei ch mann and the monst rosity of their deeds …der Mitt elmäßigkeit von Menschen wie Eichmann und der Ungeheuerlichkeit ihrer Taten ordin ariness Normal itä t (to) appear bland blass wirken (to) c ome ac ross as com pletel y norma l völlig norma l ordin ary ganz gewöhnlich terribl y erschreckend terrif yingly ↕ (to) c ommi t (com mi tt ed, commi tt ing ) horrend ous deeds ungeheuerliche Tate n begehen atroc ious acts ent setzliche verüben monstr ou s crimes monst röse Verbrechen extrem ely harmf ul Taten/Verbrechen begehen, die andere n extrem en Schaden zuf ü ge n → Evil: Moral evil → Sup erior o rders Bapti sm Gett ing baptised ba ptis m die Taufe christen ing (infant bap tism) 128 (to ) baptise ( BrE ) (to) baptize (BrE/AmE) sb. in the name of the triune God jmdn. auf de n Namen/ im Namen des dreieinigen Gottes taufen person bapt ising (BrE) bapti zing (BrE/AmE) sb. der/die Taufende bapt iser (BrE) bapt izer (BrE/Am E) candidate f or baptism der Taufbewerber/die T aufbewerberin der Taufkandidat /die Taufkandidatin der/die Taufwillige the one getting bapt ised (BrE) bapti zed (BrE/AmE) der Täufling der/diejenige, die getauft w ird newly ba ptised (B rE) newl y baptized (Br E/ AmE) der/die neu Getaufte → God: The triune God → John t he B aptist → Missionary work: The Great C ommission (Mat thew 2 8:1 8– 20) → M ormon s (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter -d ay Saints ) : Temple work → Rite s of p assage: Baby naming Infant baptism (to) p rac tis e (BrE) (to) p rac tic e (A mE) infa n t ba pti sm die S äuglingstaufe p raktizieren p edobaptism (forma l) (to ) baptise ( BrE ) (to) bap tize (BrE/AmE) babies Säuglinge tau fe n i nfa nts Babys Kleinkinder Adult baptism (to) p rac tis e (BrE) ( to) pr ac tic e (A mE) adult ba ptis m die Erwachsenen taufe prakti zieren believer‘s Gl aubenstaufe Gläu bi ge n tau fe Bekentnistaufe (to ) baptise ( BrE ) (to) bap tize (Br E/AmE) (informed) adults (mündige) E rwachsene tau fe n (professing) believers (bekennende) Glaubende (to ) consciously choose on e’s faith sich bewusst f ür seinen G lau - ben ent schei - den (to) make a conscious decision to be bapt ised (BrE) bapti zed (Br E/AmE) die Taufe (to ) see baptism as a(n) commi tme nt to Chris t die Taufe als Bekenntnis zu Christus verstehen pro fes si o n of fa i th i n Christ inf orm ed a c t o f fai th bewussten Glaube nsakt Belief m ust come b efor e ba ptis m. Der Gl aube muss der Taufe vora ngehen. precede → Pentecostalism Drop - in baptism (to) o ffe r spo nta neou s bapt ism(s) Spo nta n tau fe n Spo nta n -T auf e n anbieten (to) have veranst alten 129 (to) hold Taufen für Kurzentschl ossene (to) do drop - in Drop - in T au f en po p up pop - up Pop - Up - T a uf e n Pop - up - Ta uf e n Ta ufe n to go (to ) show up without p reregisteri ng ohne Vor anmel du ng vorb eikom men (to) turn u p (to) be bapt ised (BrE) bapti zed (B rE/ AmE on t he spot sich spont an taufen lassen (to) get (to ) be inspired by t he story of the Ethiop ian eunuch (and high official ) (Act s 8:2 6 – 39) von de r Geschichte vom Kämmerer aus Äthiopien inspiriert sein (Apost elgeschichte 8,2 6 – 39) (to ) cheapen baptism ↔ (to) mak e baptis m as easy as po ssible/ea sier to acc ess/m ore accessible die Taufe verramschen ↔ die Taufe so einfach wie möglich mac hen/den Zugang zur Taufe erleichtern Bapt ism bible vers e (to ) choose a baptism (B ible) verse (not customary in English churches) eine n Taufspruch wählen (nicht üblich in englischen Kirchen) Baptismal clothing ba ptis m cl ot h in g die Taufkleidung bapti smal outf it garme nt (to ) wear whit e weiß tragen (to) wear a ba ptis m gown ein Taufkleid t ra gen bapti smal christen ing bapt ismal robe ein Taufgewand bapti smal garme nt fam ily heirloom das Fam ilienerbstück Immer sion bap ti sm (to) p rac tis e (BrE) (to) p rac tic e (A mE) (ful l - )immersion ba ptis m die Ganzkörpertaufe prak tizieren bapt ism by immers ion/ submersio n (t o ) st an d i n the water im Wa sser stehen (to) go unde r unt ertauchen (intransiti v) (to) su bme rge (intransitive) in (to ) submerge sb. jmdn . untert auchen (to) be di pp ed under the water unt ergeta ucht werden (to) be wholly immersed gan z vom Wasser bedeckt werden com pletel y (to ) be brought up wieder emporgehoben w erden (to ) symbolise ( BrE ) (to) sy mbol iz e the deat h , burial an d resurrectio n of J esus Tod, B egräbnis und Auferst ehung Jes u symbol isieren 130 (Br E/AmE) the death of th e nat ural self den Tod des nat ürlichen Menschen the rebirt h into a n ew l if e die Wiedergeburt in ein neues Leben (to ) be reborn wiedergeboren werden → Jesus’ death (interpretations) → Jesus’ resurrection → Mikveh (Mikvah): Taking a rit ual bath → Pur ity a nd i mpu ri ty : Ri tu al pur i fic ati on → Sym bo ls Dipping , pouring , sprinkling (to) dip (di pp ed , di pp i ng ) sb. ’ s head in the water jmdn. mit dem K opf in s Wasser tauchen (to) dunk (to) pour water o ver sb.’s head den Kopf mit Wasser übergießen (to) spri nkle bespreng en (to) (gently) sprinkle (a little) water on /o ver the fore head die Stirn mit (etwas) Wasser benetzen befeuchten Baptists (to ) be one of the main bran ches of Protest antism einer der H au ptz wei g e de s Pro te sta ntis mus sein (to) begi n in 17 th century Engl and im 17. Jahrhundert in Englan d entstehen (to) star t (to) develop (to) origi na te (to ) arise → Baptism: Adult bapt ism → Church polities: Cong regationalism → Dissenters and non con formis ts → Helwy s , Thoma s (c. 15 75 – c. 1 61 6 ) → Religious diver sity and pluralism: Internal religious diversity Bar mitzvah/Bat mitzvah bar ( Ar amaic: son ) ( Hebrew: com - mand me nt , law ) Bar ( ar amäisch: S o hn ) Mitzwa ( h e br ä - isch: des Ge botes/ der Pf licht) bat ( H ebrew: daughter) Bat (hebr äisch: Tocht er) (to) cal l a boy/a gir l (up ) to th e Tor a h einen Jungen/ein Mädche n zur Tora aufruf en (to) r ea d fro m/ ou t o f the Tora h aus der Tora vorl esen (to) r ec i te ( fr om ) (to) sin g die Tora si n gen vorsing en (to) cha nt leinen (to) c a nti ll a te cantillat ion die Kantillat ion (ritua l) chanting der Sp rechgesang (to) bec ome relig iously responsi ble for on e’s acti on s religionsmündig werden accoun ta ble 131 → Judaism → Rites of passage → Torah Base communi ties (to) star t base communities Basisgemeinden grün den (to) s e t u p ( set , set , se tt ing ) basic ecclesial communiti es (BECs ) ( Spanish : “ comunidades eclesiales de base ”) kirchliche Basi sgemei nschaften ( spanisch : „ c omunidades eclesiales de base “) (to ) establ ish (to) form bilden (to) orga nise (Br E ) (to) orga nize (Br E/Am E) oneself sich selbst organisiere n (to ) be self - help and mutual aid groups Selbst hilfegruppen sein (to) r e fle c t o n the Bi ble über die Bibel nachdenken (to) apply the Bible t o one’s life die Bibel auf das eigene Leben beziehen situation die eig ene Situation anwenden → Bible st udy → Libera tion theo logy Basi c tru st Basic tr ust versu s mistrust (to) tr us t ↔ (to ) mistrust the worl d der Welt traue n ↔ misst rauen (to ) distrust life dem Leben othe r peo ple anderen (to) have a basic trust in ↔ mist rust in ein Grundvert raue n/ Urvertrauen ↔ ein Grun dmisstrauen/ Urmisst rauen in die Welt haben in das Leben in an dere (to) exp erience the worl d as… die Welt als … erleben (to) see sehen …a go od and predictable p lace … gut en und bere chenbaren Ort …friendly … freun dli ch …indifferent … indifferent …threat ening … bedrohlich …hosti le … feindlich (to) be based on sb./sth. ↔ ultimate ly unfoun ded auf/in jmdm./etw. gründ en ↔ le tztlich unbeg ründet sein A gift for life (to) be a precio us gift ein kostba res Geschenk sein treasure f or life Schatz f ürs Leben (t o) devel op a basic trust in ↔ mist rust/ distrust in the worl d ein Grundver - trauen/ Urvertrauen ↔ ein Grundm iss - trauen /Urmiss - traue n in die Welt entwickeln (to) give sb. life in das Leben jmdm. vermitteln (to) foster othe r peo ple in an dere schaff en f ö rd e rn 132 (to) s treng th en basic trust das Grun dvertrauen stärken (to ) reinforce Urvertrauen verstärken → An g st → Fa it h → Hope: Hope as op enness for surprise → P salms: P salms of t rust → Resilience Beatitud es (Mat thew 5 :1 – 12) Magn a Carta Mag n a Carta of the New Testament die Magna Carta des Neuen Testaments Kingd om of God Charta des Reiches Gottes beatitude ↔ anti - be a ti tud e die Seligpreisung ↔ die Anti - Seli gpreisung coun ter - be a ti tud e counter beatitude (to) pr omis e the kin gdo m of G od das Reich Gottes verheiß en → Interte xtual references → Kingdo m of God → Sermon on the Mount ( Matthew 5 – 7) Paradox ical state ment s (to) be paradoxical paradox sein paradoxical st atements paradoxe Aussag en (to) chal lenge atti tu des Einstellungen infrage/ in F rage stellen value s Wert e appa re n t l o sers ↔ real winners die scheinbaren Verlierer ↔ die wahr en Gewinner (to) tu rn out to be … sich als … herausst ellen → Paradox Blessed are ... Blessed are. .. Selig sind ... Glückselig Happ y Gl ücklich (1) . ..the poor in spirit (King James Bibl e) (1) ... die da gei stlich ar m sind (Lutherbibe l 20 17 ) . ..tho se who are spirituall y needy (N ew International Readers Version) ... die geistlich Armen (Schlachter 2000 ) …arm sind vor G ott ( Ein heit sübersetzung ) ... tho se who know they are in sp iritual need (Easy - to - Read V ers ion ) (to) be poo r before God : (to) put o ne's tru st in Go d, not i n y ou rs elf, h uma nk ind , or materi al thing s ar m sein vor Gott: se i n V ertr au en a u f Go tt setzen, nicht auf si ch s elbst , den Menschen oder materielle Güter (2) .. . those who mourn (Eng lish Standard Version ) (2 ) ... die da Leid tragen (Lutherbibe l 20 17 ) (3) ... t he meek (Ki ng James Bible) (3) ... die Sa nftmütige n (Lutherbibe l 20 17 ) … those who are humble (4) … those who hu ng er and thirst afte r right eousness (Eng lish Standard Version ) (4) ... die da hungert und dürstet nach der Gerechtigkeit (Luth erbibel 201 7 ) (5) … t he mer ci ful (King James Bible) (5 ) … die Barmherzigen (Lutherbibel 2017 ) (6) … the pure in he art (King James Bible) (6) … die reinen Herzens sind 133 (Lutherbi bel 20 17 ) (7) …the peace makers (King James Bible) (7) ... die Friedfertigen (Lu therbibel 1984) … die Friedensstifter … die Frieden stiften (Lutherbibel 2 017) … those who work fo r peace . .. die f ür de n Frieden arbeiten (8) …t hose who are persecuted for right eousness’ sake (Eng lish Standard Version ) (8) ... d ie um der Gerechtigkeit willen verfol gt werden (Lutherbibel 2017 ) Tak en from the H OL Y B IBLE: EAS Y -TO- READ V ERSION ©20 14 by Bible L eague I nterna tiona l. Used by p ermiss ion. Script ur e quotation s are from t he E SV® Bible (The Holy Bib le, English St andard Ve rsio n®) , Copyrigh t © 2001 by Cro ssway , a pub lish ing mi nist ry of G ood Ne ws Pub lishe rs. Used by pe rmissio n. Scri pture ta ken fr om the H oly Bi ble , N EW IN TER NATIO NA L READ ER'S VE RS ION® .Cop yri ght © 199 6, 19 98 Bibl ica . All rig hts r ese rved thr oug hou t the w orld. U sed by permissio n of B iblica. Einhe its übe rse tzu ng de r H ei lig en S chri ft © 2 016 K ath oli sche B i bela nsta lt, St uttg art All e Re cht e vorbehalten. Lutherbibel, revid ierter Text 19 84 , durc hge sehe ne Ausg abe , © 19 99 D euts che Bibe lge sel ls chaf t, Stu ttgar t . Lut herbi bel, rev idi e rt 20 17, © 2 016 D euts c he Bi belg es ell schaf t, Stu ttga rt. Bibeltext der Schlachter. Copy ri ght © 2000 Genfer Bibelgesell schaft. Wiedergegeben mit freu ndlicher Genehmigung. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. → Cross (t ypes): Malte se cross → Happiness → Jesus’ m inistry: Jesus shows concern for the outc as t → Kingd om of G od → Musical settings → Serm on on the Mount ( Matthew 5 – 7) → Values: Good, de sirable, wort hwhile Becoming like chil dr en (Matthe w 18:1 –4 ; 19 : 13 – 14 ) Child ren as mod e ls of faith and life (to) hold u p children as models of faith Kinder als Vor - bilder des Gl aubens hinstellen (to ) praise Christi an life christli chen Le - bens darstel len authentic authent ischen (to) promise the kingdom o f God to children Kindern das Reich Gottes verheißen (to) receive the kingdom of God li ke children (Luke 18:17) das Reich Gottes wie ein Kind empfa nge n (t o) accep t anneh men (Lukas 1 8,17) (to) embrace (to) be o pen to sich wie ein Kind für das Reich Gottes öffnen (to) be childlike ↔ childish kindlich ↔ kindisch sein trust ing ↔ distrust ful vertrauen svoll ↔ misstrauisch mist rustful natural ↔ bound by social con venti ons nat ürlich ↔ durch gesellschaft liche Kon ve nti onen g eprä gt spont aneous ↔ self - conscious spo nta n ↔ gehem mt in nocent ↔ cynical unschul dig ↔ z yn is c h o p en t o won de r ↔ blin d to won der offen für das Wunder ↔ blind f ür das Wunder (to) explore the worl d with a sense of won der staunend die W elt entdecken (t o) disco ver (to) know o neself (to b e) dependent on othe rs ↔ (to) feel independent and self - dep en d ent sich von an deren abhängig wissen ↔ sich unabhän gig und auf sich selbst gest ellt fühle n (to) l ive in t he present moment im Augenblick leben 134 ganz in der Gegenwart (to) pla y w i tho u t pur po se zweckfrei spielen (to) s peak th e tr u th with out th e fe ar of s oci al con seq u en ce s ↔ ( to) be afraid of appearing stu pid ( H.C. An dersen, The Emp eror’s New Clothes) ohne Angst vor sozialen Ko nsequenzen die Wahrheit sagen ↔ Angst haben, dumm zu erscheinen (H.C. Anderse n, Des Kaisers neue Kleider) → Basic trust → Faith → Flow → Girl with balloon (Banksy ) → Kingd om of God → Mindfulness → Natality (Hannah Arendt) → Won de r Child ren as idealise d innocents (to) ideali se (Br E) (to) idealize (B rE/ AmE ) children an d childhoo d Kinder und Kindheit idealisieren verklären (to) r oma ntic ise (B r E) (to) r oma ntic ize (BrE/AmE) romant isieren in nocent ( adjective) unschul dig in nocent s die unschuldigen Kinder Begu in e movem ent Medieva l begui nages Beguine movement die Beginenbewegung Beguinal beguinal commu nity die Beginen - Gemein schaft die Beginengemeinschaft (to) be a wome n’s movement eine Frauenbewegung sein spirit ual reform geistliche Erneuerungs - bewegun g lay Laienbewegung (to) found a beguinage einen Begi ne nh o f g r ün den (to) l ive in in einem Be gi nenh o f l e ben → Laity → Voluntary p overty Co ntempo rary b eguinages (to) renew Beguine cultu re die Beginenkultur erneuern (t o) re vive the culture of the Beguines wieder aufgreifen (to) adapt the culture of the Beguines to moder n ti mes an die Moderne anp assen für die Moderne weiterentwickeln (to) set u p ( set , set , se tt ing ) a Beg uine network ein Beginen - Netzwerk gründen wome n‘s housing proj ec ts Fraue nwohnpro jekte star - ten feminist feministische Wohnprojek te (to) establ ish mult i - ge nerati on Mehrgenerationen - Woh n proje kte mult i - ge nerati ona l (to) be a commi t ted com mun ity eine verbindliche Gemeinsc haft sein in verbindlicher Gemeins chaft leben feminist - inspired feministisch inspiriert sein frauenbewegt non - de nomi na tio nal überkon fessionell 135 non d en om ina tio nal nond en om ina tio nal → Inte nti ona l c ommu niti es → Women and religion Belief and d oubt belie f der Gl aube die Glaube nsüberzeugung Glaube nsanschauung Glaube nsvorstellung Glaube nsaussage der Glaube nsinhalt Glaube nsgrundsatz belie f i n... der Glaube an ... believer der/die Gl äubige G la u be n de (to) belie ve i n. .. glau be n a n ... (basic) t e ne t (fo rma l) der (grun dlegende) G laubenssatz Glaube nsgrundsatz (grun dlegende) Lehrsat z doct rin e die Doktrin ( to ) accept Christi an/Buddhist , etc. belie f s c hristliche/ buddhistische usw . Glaube nsüberzeugung en bejahen ( to) embrace (to) hold haben (to) be secure in one’s belie f in seinem Glauben sicher sein (to) feel sich in sei nem Glauben sicher fühlen → Apostl es’s Creed → Confe ssional document s → Creeds → Fai th ↕ disbelie f der Ung laube doubt der Zweifel (to) doubt Christi an/Buddhist, etc. beliefs an christ lichen/ buddhistischen usw. Gl aubensinhalten zweifeln (to) have ( one’s) doubts a bout am christ lichen/bud dhistischen usw . G l au ben (t o) be sceptical (Br E )/ skept ical (A mE) a bo ut dem christ lichen Glauben gegenüber skept isch (eingestellt) sein (to) question christli che Glauben s - überzeug ung en/ Glaube nsinhalte/ Glaube nsaussagen infrage/ in F rage stelle n (to) chal lenge (to) deny le ug n en (to) reject ablehn en scep tic ( Br E) skeptic (AmE ) der Skeptiker/die Skeptikerin non - believer* der/die Nichtg laubende Nichtg läubige u nbeliever * der/die Ungläubige disbeliever* infidel (pejorative)) the infidel, pl (pejo rative ) die Ungläubigen (abwertend) 136 * Note t hat n on - b eliev er is a neutral term s uggest in g absence of belief. Unbel iev er and disbel iev er suggest re ject ion of be lief or refusal to believe. T hey may be used pej oratively. → Inte r fai th d ia log ue : U s e “ I” sta teme n ts → Reporting verbs (beliefs and opinions ) → Tolerance: Different belie fs Bible Script ures Old First Te st a men t das Alte Erste Te st a men t New Seco nd Neue Zweite Old Testament + noun a lttestamentlich alttest amentarisch ( abwertend, antijudaistisch ) New Testament + noun neutestamentlich Hebrew script ures die Hebräische Bi bel Bible T a n a kh (acronym made from the first Hebrew letters of the three parts of the Hebrew Bible) der T a n a ch der T e n a ch (Akr onym aus den hebräischen Anfangsbuch - staben der drei Teile der h ebräisch en Bibel) T hora (In struction), N evi im (Prophet s), K etuvim (Writings) T ora (die Weisung), N ev iim (Propheten), K etuvi m (S chrift en) histo rical books die Geschicht sbücher didactic Lehrbücher pro ph etic prophet ischen Prophet enbücher cano ni cal script ures kanonischen Schrift en deuterocanon ical books deuterokanonischen Bücher apocryp hal apok ryphen Apo crypha die Apokryphen (to) pu t th e Bi b le toge ther die Bibel zusammenstellen (to) compile the Bible (to) include a book in the Bible ein Buch in die Bibel aufnehmen C hristian cano n den christ lichen / jüdischen Kan on J ewish (to) regard a book as cano ni cal ein B uch als kanonisch ansehen au thor ita ti ve au tori ta tiv maßgebend binding verbindlich useful reading nützliche Lektüre (to ) not consider t he deuterocanonical books as equal t o script ure (Martin Luther) die deuterokanonischen Bücher der heiligen Schrift nicht gleich acht en (Martin Luther) → Antisem itism: Christ ian anti -J udaism → Book of Job → Child hood Gospel of Thomas → Dead Sea Scroll s → Ecclesiastes → Gospels (New Testam ent) → Hy mn of the Pearl → Psa lms : 143 Bindi ng of Isaa c (G ene sis 2 2:1 – 19) binding of Isaa c die Bin dung Isaaks near - sacr ifi ce near sacrif ice Beinahe - Opf e run g sacrif ice Opfe rung offering Abraham t ested die Prüf ung Abraham s test ing of Abraham Abraham’s sacrif ice Abrahams Opfe r offering Op f er g an g willingness to sacrifice Isaa c Bereit schaft, Isaa k zu opfern (to) be a sparsel y told story eine sparsam erzählte Geschichte sein cruel grausame terribl e schreckliche furchtbare terrif ying ent setzliche uns ettl i ng verstöre nde ha unti ng Geschichte sein, die eine n verfolgt (to) foll ow God ’s comma nd Gottes Befehl befol ge n (to) obey order gehorchen (to) question hint erfragen (to) chal lenge widerspre chen (to ) disobey missacht en b lind obedience der blin de Geho rsam unqu es tio ni ng beding ungslose (to) be willing to sacrif ice one ’s son bereit sein, seinen Sohn .. . zu opfern ready off er up …as a burnt offering … als Brandopfer (to ) sacrifice a ram einen W idder opfern (to) pu t a n e nd to h uma n sa cr ifi ce Menschen opfer beenden (to ) replace human sacrifice with animal sacrif ice durch Tieropfer ersetzen ablösen (to ) foreshadow Jesus‘/J esus’s crucifixi on auf J es u Kreuzigu ng hindeuten (to) a ntici pa te Jes u Kreuzigung vorweg nehmen (to) p re fig ur e (to ) quest ion the G od of this st ory den Got t die se r Geschich - te infrage/in Frage stellen/ hint erfragen das Gottesbil d Gottesverst ändnis → Abrahamic rel igions → Biblical patriarchs an d matriarchs → Ble ssing → Eid al - Adha (Feast of t he Sacrifice) → Fa it h → God → Jerusalem: Tem ple Mo u nt → Jesus’ d eath (interp retations) Bla sphe my Blasphemin g blasphe mer der G otteslästerer/die Gotteslästerin [Document text truncated for crawler view.]